Vat Lieu Polyme Blend

Vin khoa hc v cng ngh vit nam
THI HONG
VT LIU POLYME BLEND
Nh xut Bn khoa hc t nhin v cng ngh
Mc lc
Li gii thiu b sch chuyn kho
Cc t vit tt
Li gii thiu
Li ni u
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M u
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Chng I. Nhng vn chung ca polyme blend
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I.1. Mt s khi nim v polyme blend

I.2. Nhit ng hc qu trnh ho tan cc polyme
I.3. Gin pha v chuyn pha ca hn hp cc polyme
I.4. Cc dng polyme blend
I.5. S lc lch s pht trin v ng dng ca polyme blend
Ti liu tham kho
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Chng II. Cc phng php xc nh s tng hp ca

cc polyme
II.1. Phng php gin pha
II.2. Phng php da vo nhit thu tinh ho
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II.3. Phng php da vo nht dung dch polyme blend

II.4. Phng php da vo m - men xon ca polyme
blend trng thi nng chy
II.5. Phng php da vo tnh cht c hc
II.6. Phng php da vo ph hng ngoi
II.7. Phng php da vo nh hin vi
II.8.-Cc-phng-php-khc-nh-gi-kh-nng tng hp
ca cc polyme
II.9. Kt hp cc phng php nh gi kh nng tng
hp ca cc polyme
Ti liu tham kho
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Thi Hong
Chng III. Cc phng php ch to vt liu polyme blend

III.1. Ch to polyme blend t dung dch polyme
III.2. Ch to polyme blend trng thi nng chy
III.3. Phng php lu ho ng
III.4. Trng hp monome trong mt polyme khc
III.5. Phng php to cc mng li polyme an xen
III.6. Cc phng php khc ch to polyme blend
Ti liu tham kho
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Chng-IV.-Cc-bin-php-tng-cng-tng-hp
polyme blend
IV.1. Bin tnh polyme
IV.2. S dng cc cht tng hp l polyme
IV.3. a vo cc hp cht thp phn t
IV.4. Cc phn ng chuyn v
IV.5. a vo h cc cht khu mch chn lc v lu ho ng
IV.6. Cc tng tc c bit trong polyme blend
IV.7. a vo cc ionome
IV.8. To cc mng li polyme an xen nhau
IV.9. Cc phng php khc tng cng tng hp cc
polyme
Ti liu tham kho
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Cc t vit tt
AA:
axit acrlylic
ABS:
copolyme styren- butadien - acrylonitril
AES:
cao su etylen-propylen-dien ghp copolyme

styren-acrylonitril
AFM:
hin vi nguyn t lc
AN:
acrylonitril
CAB:
xellulo axetat butyrat
CSTN:
cao su thin nhin
DCP:
dicumyl peoxit
DMA:
phn tch c hc ng
DMTA:
phn tch c nhit ng
DSC:
nhit lng vi sai qut
EAA:
copolyme etylen-axit acrylic
EMA:
copolyme etylen-co-axit metacrylic
EPDM:
etylen-propylen-dien monome
EP-g-MA:
cao su etylen-propylen-g-anhydrit maleic
EPDM-g-MMA: EPDM ghp metyl metacrylat

EPDM-MA:
copolyme EPDM-anhydric maleic
EVA:
copolyme etylen-co-vinyl axetat
EVOH:
copolyme etylen-co-vinyl alcol
FTIR:
ph hng ngoi bin i Fourier
GMA:
glyxidyl metacrylat
HIPS:
PS bn va p
HBP:
poly(amit-este) siu nhnh
Thi Hong
HNBR:
cao su butadien-nitril hydro ho
HPB:
polybutadien hydro ho
IPN:
mng li cc polyme an xen

(interprenetrating polymer networks)
LCP:
polyme tinh th lng
LCST:
nhit ho tan ti hn di
LDPE:
polyetylen t trng thp
LDPE-g-AA: LDPE ghp axit acrylic

LLDPE:
polyetylen mch thng, t trng thp
LLDPE-g-AA: LLDPE ghp axit acrylic

LLDPE-g-MA:LLDPE ghp anhydrit maleic
MA:
anhydrit maleic
2,6MgSPS:
PS cha 2,6% mol sunfonat trung ho magie
MMA:
metyl metacrylat
MMA-g-MA: copolyme metylmetacrylat ghp anhydrit maleic

MMA-MAA: copolyme metylmetacrylat-co-axit metacrylic
MMA-POSS: copolyme MMA - oligosilsesquioxan a din
2,6MnSPS:
PS cha 2,6% mol sunfonat trung ho mangan
NBR:
poly(acrylonitril-co-butadien)
PA:
polyamit
PA-g-MMA: PA ghp metyl metacrylat

PBAT:
poly(butylen adipat-co-terephtalat)
PBO:
2,2-(1,3-phenylene)-bis-(2-oxazolin)
PBT:
poly(butylen terephtalat)
PC:
polycacbonat
PC-b-PMMA: copolyme khi polycacbonat-polymetyl metacrylat

PCl:
poly(-capro lacton)
Cc t vit tt
PDLLGA:
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poly(D,Llactic-co-axit glucolic)
PDMAEMA: polydimetylaminetylmetacrylat
PEA:
poly(etyl acrylat)
PEB:
poly(etylen-co-butylen)
PECH:
poly(epiclohydrin)
PEG:
poly(etylen glycol)
PE-g-AA:
polyetylen ghp axit acrylic
PEH:
poly(etylen-co-hexen)
PEMA:
poly(etyl metacrylat)
PEN:
poly(etylen 2,6-naphtalat)
PEO:
poly(etylen oxit)
PE-PA:
copolyme polyetylen-polyamit
PES:
poly(ete sunphon)
PET:
poly(etylen terephtalat)
PF:
nha phenol formaldehyt
PHBV:
poly(hydroxybutyrat-co-hydroxyvalerat)
PHMA:
poly(n-hexyl metacrylat)
PI:
polyizopren
PLA:
poly(lactic axit)
PLLA:
poly(L-lactic axit)
PMA:
poly(metyl acrylat)
PMMA:
polymetyl metacrylat
PP:
polypropylen
PP-g-AA:
copolyme PP-g-axit acrylic
PP-g-GMA:
PP-g- glyxidyl metacrylat
PP-g-MA:
copolyme PP-g-anhydrit maleic
PP-HBP:
PP ghp poly(amit este) siu nhnh
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Thi Hong
PP-MA:
copolyme propylen-anhydrit maleic
PPO:
poly(2,6-dimetyl-1,4-phenylen oxit)
PS:
polystyren
PU:
polyuretan
PVA:
poly(vinyl axetat-co-vinyl alcol)
PVAx:
polyvinyl axetat
PVB:
poly(vinyl butyral)
PVC:
polyvinyl clorua
PVDF:
polyvinyllidenfluorit
SAN:
copolyme styren-acrylonitril
SBS:
copolyme khi styren-butadien-styren
SEBS:
copolyme tribloc styren-b-etylen-co-butylen-b-styren
SEM:
hin vi in t qut
STVHP:
copolyme styren-co-4-vinylphenol
Tcl:
im m
TEGOMER: copolyme tribloc polycaprolactonpoly(dimetylsiloxan)polycaprolacton

TEM:
hin vi in t truyn qua
Tg:
nhit thu tinh ho
Tm:
nhit nng chy
TMA:
phn tch c nhit
TPU:
polyuretan nhit do
UCST:
nhit ho tan ti hn trn
VA:
vinyl axetat
2,6ZnSPS:
PS cha 2,6% mol sunfonat trung ho km
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Li ni u
Polyme blend l mt loi vt liu t hp c to thnh t t nht
hai homopolyme/copolyme thnh phn. Trn hp hay blend ho cc
polyme/copolyme (nht l t cc polyme v copolyme c
thng mi ho) ngy cng ph bin ch to vt liu polyme mi
c cc tnh cht, hnh thi cu trc v gi thnh nh mong mun, r
hn v tn t thi gian hn so vi trng hp, ng trng hp cc
monome hay ng trng ngng cc hp cht thp phn t mi. Vt
liu polyme blend c mt trong hu ht cc lnh vc ca k thut v
i sng nh t, hng khng, ng st, vin thng, xy dng, dt
may, nng nghip, th thao, y t
Cng vi qu trnh cng nghip ha, hin i ha t nc, nhu
cu v cht do, trong c polyme blend khng ngng tng v
cng nghip cht do tr thnh mt ngnh kinh t quan trng,
ng gp xng ng vo chin lc xut khu ca t nc. V vy,
yu cu v o to cn b c trnh cao trong lnh vc vt liu
polyme v polyme blend ngy cng tr nn cp thit.
Trn th gii c mt s cun sch vit v vt liu polyme t
hp, trong c polyme blend. l nhng ti liu khoa hc qu
cho cc cn b nghin cu v trin khai trong lnh vc cht do, vt
liu polyme t hp nc ta hin nay, cc sch chuyn kho v
vt liu polyme blend bng ting Vit cha c. V vy, vit v xut
bn sch chuyn kho v vt liu polyme blend l rt cn thit.
Cun sch chuyn kho ny c vit trn c s tham kho cc
cng trnh cng b ca cc tc gi trong v ngoi nc v cc
kt qu nghin cu ca tc gi trong lnh vc vt liu polyme blend.
N c s dng lm ti liu ging dy chuyn cho sinh vin,
hc vin cao hc trong lnh vc ha hc v cng ngh polyme, ha
cng ngh, vt liu cao phn t v t hp mt s b mn thuc
Khoa Cng ngh Ha hc, Trng i hc Bch khoa H Ni,
Khoa Ha hc, Trng i hc S phm H Ni v cho hc vin
cao hc, nghin cu sinh Vin K thut nhit i, Vin Khoa hc
v Cng ngh Vit Nam. Ngoi trnh by cc khi nim v polyme
blend, s ho trn v s tng hp ca cc polyme, cc dng
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Thi Hong
polyme blend, cc phng php ph bin xc nh s tng hp ca

cc polyme, sch chuyn kho tp trung nu cc phng php ch
to vt liu polyme blend, cc bin php tng cng s tng hp
ca cc polyme trong polyme blend. y l c s khoa hc v cng
ngh quan trng ch to vt liu polyme blend c cu trc v tnh
cht mong mun, gp phn ng dng vt liu polyme blend c cht
lng vo cc lnh vc k thut v i sng. Cun sch chuyn
kho s l ti liu khoa hc v sch tham kho c ch cho bn c l
sinh vin, hc vin cao hc, nghin cu sinh, cc cn b k thut
hot ng trong lnh vc vt liu polyme, cao su, cht do, vt liu
compozit v bn c khc c quan tm
Mc d c nhiu c gng khi vit v bin son cun sch
chuyn kho ny, nhng khng th trnh khi thiu st. Tc gi rt
mong nhn c kin ng gp ca cc ng nghip cng bn c
nng cao cht lng v ni dung cun sch. Xin trn trng cm
n. Mi kin ng gp, ph bnh xin gi v a ch:
Thi Hong
Vin K thut nhit i, Vin Khoa hc v Cng ngh Vit Nam,
S 18 ng Hong Quc Vit, qun Cu Giy, H Ni.
in thoi: (04) 37564265, email: thoang@vnd.vast.ac.vn
Tc gi
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M u
Mt trong nhng thnh tu quan trng ca khoa hc v cng ngh
vt liu trong vi chc nm tr li y l nghin cu, ch to v
ng dng c kt qu cc vt liu polyme trn hp, polyme t hp,
trong c vt liu polyme blend. Vt liu ny , ang v s c
mt trong hu ht cc lnh vc ca i sng v k thut vi cc u
th ni tri. Trn hp hay blend ho cc polyme (nht l t cc
polyme v copolyme c thng mi ho) l mt hng rt c
trin vng ch to cc vt liu polyme mi, kt hp c nhiu
tnh cht tt ca cc polyme thnh phn, p ng c cc yu cu
k thut, r hn v tn t thi gian hn so vi trng hp hay ng
trng hp cc monome mi cng nh ch to copolyme khi,
copolyme ghp v copolyme thng k t cc monome thng dng.
C th iu chnh mt di kh rng cc tnh cht ca vt liu nh
thay i t l cc polyme thnh phn v iu kin ch to thu
c vt liu polyme c cc tnh cht mong mun... Tuy nhin, do
khc nhau v cu to, cu trc, phn cc, trng lng phn t,
nhit chy mm, ch s chy, nht chy tng i, kh nng
ho tan trong cc dung mi... nn khi trn hp hu ht cc polyme
khng c kh nng ho trn v tng hp vi nhau v to thnh mt
h c cu trc nhiu pha.
Lm th no nh gi cc polyme c kh nng ho trn,
tng hp hon ton, tng hp mt phn hay khng tng hp?
Bng s kt hp gia nghin cu l thuyt (cc vn v dung dch
polyme, hn hp cc polyme, nhit ng hc cc qu trnh ho tan,
gin pha, chuyn pha, chuyn trng thi cc polyme...) v thc
nghim trn cc hn hp polyme khc nhau, cc nh khoa hc
xut v ng dng nhiu phng php xc nh kh nng tng
hp ca cc polyme.
Hin nay, trn th gii v Vit Nam ang c nhiu phng
php khc nhau ch to polyme blend. Trong , cc phng php
ch to polyme blend trong dung dch, trng thi nng chy trn
cc thit b gia cng cht do, lu ho ng v to cc mng li
an xen ca cc polyme c s dng ph bin hn c.
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Thi Hong
Tnh cht v hnh thi, cu trc ca vt liu polyme blend ph

thuc vo nhiu yu t, c bit l kh nng tng tc v trn ln
ca cc polyme trong h. ch to vt liu polyme blend c cht
lng cao, mt vn rt quan trng l phi nng cao kh nng
ho trn v tng hp ca cc polyme, to ra vt liu c hnh thi
hc pha bn vng, trong pha phn tn vi kch thc ti u
phn tn u vo pha lin tc, khng b thay i theo thi gian,
khng b nh hng ca cc tc ng bn ngoi. Cng vi s pht
trin ca cng ngh polyme v vt liu polyme trn hp, trong thi
gian qua, cc nh khoa hc v cng ngh nghin cu v tm ra
cc bin php nng cao kh nng ho trn v tng hp ca cc
polyme. y l mt trong nhng vn quan trng nht ca cng
ngh vt liu polyme blend. Cun sch chuyn kho ny trnh by
mt cch tng i h thng v cc vn lin quan ti vt liu
polyme blend nh nhit ng hc cc qu trnh ha tan cc
polyme, s ho trn v tng hp ca cc polyme, cc phng
php nh gi kh nng ho trn, tng hp polyme, cc phng
php ch to polyme blend v cc gii php nng cao kh nng
ho trn v tng hp polyme.
Chng I
NHNG VN CHUNG CA POLYME BLEND
I.1. Mt s khi nim v polyme blend

Mc d vt liu polyme blend c nghin cu, ng dng t lu
nhng hin nay vn cha c mt nh ngha chnh thc v loi vt
liu ny. T nhng nm bn mi ca th k hai mi, nh bc hc
P. J. Flory (ngi c gii thng Nobel v ha hc) nghin
cu v nhit ng hc v cn bng pha trong hn hp polyme
nhng thut ng polyme blend vn cha xut hin trong cc cng
b khoa hc ca ng v cc cng s. Vo nhng nm tm mi ca
th k hai mi, J. F. Rabek l mt trong cc nh khoa hc u tin
chnh thc a ra khi nim polyme blend. Theo ng, polyme blend
(hay polyblend) l mt hn hp vt l ca 2 hoc nhiu
polyme/copolyme, gia cc polyme/copolyme ny khng c lin kt
ng ho tr [1]. Theo L. A. Utracki, polyme blend l mt hn hp
ca t nht 2 polyme hoc copolyme [2]. Theo P. Painter v M.
Coleman, polyme blend l mt hn hp ca hai hay nhiu polyme.
Vt liu ny c nhng tnh cht mi da trn cc tnh cht ca cc
polyme ban u (polyme c s hay polyme thnh phn) [3]. Theo
B. M. Rao, P. R. Rao v cng s, polyme blend l mt hn hp
polyme, trong c t nht 2% polyme hoc copolyme trong mt
polyme hoc copolyme khc [4]. D. R. Paul v C. B. Bucknall quan
nim rng polyme blend l mt trng hp c bit ca dung dch
cc polyme [5]. W. E. Baker v G. H. Hu cho rng, polyme blend l
loi vt liu trn hp c to thnh bi s kt hp 2 hoc nhiu
polyme khc nhau nhm tho mn yu cu s dng no [6].
Nh vy, polyme blend l mt khi nim rt rng, song t cc
khi nim v polyme blend nu trn, c th thy polyme blend l
mt loi vt liu trn hp hay vt liu t hp. Ngoi trn hp cc
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Thi Hong
polyme c bn cht, cu to, cu trc i phn t khc nhau, hn

hp ca 2 polyme c tng hp t cng mt monome, song c cu
trc i phn t khc nhau nh polyetylen mch thng v mch
nhnh, polypropylen cu trc ng u lp th v khng ng u
lp th cng c xem l polyme blend Mt hn hp polyme to
thnh khi trng hp mt monome trong mt polyme khc cng l
mt polyme blend. Trong ho hc polyme, c th kt hp hai
polyme c cu to ho hc khc nhau thnh mt copolyme nh
phn ng gia cc nhm chc cui mch. Nhng copolyme khi
nh vy c th b phn pha, song chng li c xem l h mt
thnh phn. Tng t, nu ch c mt phn cc polyme to khi v
ch yu phn b lp b mt phn cch gia hai polyme, khi h
to thnh l mt polyme blend. Vt liu lp to thnh t cc loi
polyme khc nhau (mi lp l mt loi polyme thnh phn) cng
c gi l polyme blend.
Trong polyme blend, gia cc polyme c th c tng tc vt
l hoc tng tc ho hc, c th l h ng th hoc d th. Trong
polyme blend ng th, hai polyme thnh phn khng cn c tnh
ring v tnh cht ca polyme blend thng l trung bnh cng ca
hai polyme . Trong polyme blend d th, cc tnh cht ca c hai
polyme thnh phn hu nh c gi nguyn [1-3,6].
Khi nghin cu v hnh thi cu trc pha ca polyme blend,
ngi ta cho rng: polyme blend l mt loi vt liu c nhiu pha,
trong c mt pha lin tc/pha nn (matrix) v mt hoc nhiu
pha phn tn (dispersion phase). Mi mt pha c to nn bi mt
polyme thnh phn. Khi s dng nha novolac phenol formaldehyt
lm cht n tng cng cho cao su, nha novolac nm pha phn
tn, cn pha lin tc l pha cao su. Tuy nhin, trong thc t tn
ti mt s vt liu polyme blend khng hon ton theo quan nim
nh vy, l vt liu polyme blend c 2 pha polyme lin tc xen
k nhau (co-continuous two-phase morphology) nh vt liu
polyme blend PVC/NBR, SBR/NBR/polyacrylonitril mt s t l
thch hp [7-10].
I.2. Nhit ng hc qu trnh ho tan cc polyme

Nghin cu nhit ng hc qu trnh ho tan cc polyme gp phn
m t nh lng qu trnh trn cc polyme trong mt h. N c
Chng I. NHNG VN CHUNG CA POLYME BLEND
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xy dng da trn c s l thuyt nhit ng hc ca cc dung dch

thng (dung dch cc hp cht thp phn t). i vi mt h cc
polyme cho trc, t cc phng trnh nhit ng hc, c th tnh
ton v thit lp gin pha, hoc t cc gin pha xc nh c
bng thc nghim ngi ta c th phn tch, nh gi cc thng s
ph thuc thnh phn, nhit , thng s ho tan... ca cc polyme
[11-18]. Phng php thit lp v m t hm nhit ng ca qu
trnh trn cc polyme (nng lng t do trn - G) da vo thuyt
nhit ng hc hin tng c Flory Huggin nghin cu rt
chi tit [11]. y l c s quan trng nh gi mc ho trn
(miscibility) hay tng hp (compatibility) ca cc polyme.
L thuyt Flory - Huggin
L thuyt Flory - Huggin v nhit ng hc qu trnh trn cc
polyme c xy dng trn c s l thuyt nhit ng hc v dung
dch cc hp cht thp phn t trong Ho l i cng. Trong iu
kin ng nhit, ng tch v ng p, phng trnh nhit ng m
t quan h gia bin thin nng lng t do vi bin thin ni nng,
bin thin entropy v nhit ca h c vit nh sau:
G = H - TS
(I.1)
Trong :
G: bin thin nng lng t do, H: bin thin ni nng hay
entalpy, S: bin thin entropy, T: nhit ca h.
Vn dng l thuyt v dung dch cc hp cht thp phn t khi
xy dng phng trnh nhit ng ca dung dch cc polyme, Flory
v Huggin chp nhn nhiu gi thuyt gn ng. Trong , cc
mt xch/n v monome ca cc polyme thnh phn c phn b
ngu nhin trn cc mng c ln bng nhau v bin thin
entropy ca h l:
RV A
B
S = ______ ( ____ ln A + ____ ln B )
Vr
MA
MB
(I.2)
Thi Hong
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Trong :
V: th tch ca h, Vr: th tch ca mt n v monome, A v
B: phn th tch ca polyme A v polyme B tng ng, MA v MB:
khi lng phn t ca polyme A v polyme B tng ng v R:
hng s kh l tng.
Vi cc polyme thnh phn khng phn cc, tng tc phn t
gia cc polyme ch yu l lc phn tn, khi ni nng ca h l:
RTV
H = _______ A B AB
Vr
(I.3)
Trong :
AB: thng s tng tc phn t gia polyme A v polyme B.
Thay cc biu thc (I.2) v (I.3) vo (I.1), Flory v Huggin a
ra phng trnh nhit ng hc m t bin thin nng lng t do
ca h 2 polyme n phn tn nh sau:
RVT A
B
G = _______ ( ____ ln A + ____ ln B + A B AB)
Vr
MA
MB
(I.4)
Bng thc nghim, ngi ta c th xy dng gin nhit ng

t cc thng s bit v da vo (I.4) tnh thng s tng tc
phn t AB cho mt h 2 polyme cho trc. Ngoi ra, c th xc
nh AB bng mt s phng php khc nh phng php p sut
thm thu, sc k kh... Tuy nhin, mi phng php u c nhng
hn ch nht nh. c gi tr AB v nh gi 2 polyme c kh
nng trn ln vi nhau trong mt h, cn vn dng tng quan gia
cc thng s tng tc v thng s ho tan:
Vr
AB = ___ (A B)2
RT
(I.5)
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Trong :
A v B: thng s ho tan ca polyme A v polyme B tng ng.
tnh AB t biu thc (I.5) cn phi bit thng s ho tan ca
cc polyme. Ni chung, thng s ho tan ca cc polyme c xc
nh bng thc nghim v c cng b trong nhiu ti liu. Do
phng php v iu kin th nghim xc nh thng s ho tan ca
cc polyme khc nhau, nn cc kt qu cng b v thng s ho tan
ca cng mt polyme c s sai lch. iu ny dn ti nhng kt qu
khng thng nht v gi tr ca AB. Tuy nhin, vic s dng thng
s ho tan ca cc polyme cho php nh gi kh nng trn ln cc
polyme kh chnh xc. tnh thng s ho tan ca polyme ta c
biu thc:
= Fi/M
(I.6)
Trong :
: t trng ca polyme nhit cho trc, M: khi lng
phn t ca monome, Fi: tng cc hng s tng tc phn t ca
cc nhm trong monome.
H polyme blend 3 thnh phn, trong c mt thnh phn
ng vai tr ca cht tng hp ang ngy cng c quan tm
nghin cu. Khi cc thnh phn ca h ny l n phn tn, phng
trnh nhit ng hc ca qu trnh trn hp 3 thnh phn c dng:
RVT A
B
C
G = _______ (____ lnA + ____ ln B )+____ lnC+ABAB+BCBC+ACAC)
Vr MA
MB
MC
(I.7)
Trong :
C: phn th tch ca polyme C, MC: khi lng phn t ca
polyme C, BC: thng s tng tc phn t gia polyme B v
polyme C, AC: thng s tng tc phn t gia polyme A v
polyme C.
20
Thi Hong
Cc kt qu nghin cu thc nghim lin quan ti polyme

blend 3 thnh phn trn c s polyetylmetacrylat (PEMA),
polymetylmetacrylat (PMMA) v polyvinyllidenfluorit) (PVDF)
kh ph hp vi kt qu tnh ton l thuyt theo phng trnh (I.7).
Hin nay, cc s liu nhit ng ca cc polyme blend 3 thnh phn
c cng b rt hn ch v cha c phng php nh gi nhanh
kh nng ha trn ca cc polyme trong h.
Nh vy, trong qu trnh xy dng l thuyt nhit ng hc
hin tng, Flory - Huggin s dng m hnh mng tnh
entropy ca h, cc tc gi phi chp nhn mt s gi thuyt gn
ng. Cc phng trnh nhit ng hc I.4 v I.7 khng th vn
dng c cho h cc polyme c cc v c cc tng tc mnh,
ng thi n cng b qua hiu ng gy ra bi phn th tch t do
trong h. Mt khc, l thuyt ny ch xy dng trn c s cc
polyme trong h l n phn tn m trong thc t, phn ln cc
polyme tng hp c u dng a phn tn. V nhng hn ch
ny nn trong mt s trng hp, c s sai khc v kt qu gia
gin nhit ng xc nh bng thc nghim v tnh ton theo l
thuyt. Mt c trng nhit ng thng hay gp cc dung dch
polyme v polyme blend m t xut hin hn cc dung dch thp
phn t, l qu trnh tch pha khi nhit ca h tng ln. Hin
tng ny cha th gii thch c bng l thuyt nhit ng hc
ca Flory - Huggin. Tuy c nhng hn ch song l thuyt Flory Huggin vn l mt trong nhng c s l thuyt quan trng v nhit
ng hc qu trnh trn hp cc polyme. khc phc nhng hn
ch nu trn, trong nhng nm qua, mt s tc gi pht trin v
m rng l thuyt Flory - Huggin cho h cc polyme a phn tn,
trong c lu n phn th tch t do, s ti nh hng ca cc
i phn t polyme trong hn hp cc polyme [19, 20].
S ho trn, s tng hp ca cc polyme trong polyme blend
nh gi mc trn hp cc polyme, ngi ta a ra cc khi
nim v kh nng ho trn (miscibility) v kh nng tng hp
(compatibility) cc polyme. Kh nng ho trn cc polyme th hin
s trn hp cc polyme mc phn t v to thnh h vt liu
polyme ng th, mt pha [1, 2]. Khi , mc phn tn ca mt
polyme trong polyme nn t kch thc phn t hay kch thc
nanomet. Nhiu tnh cht quan trng v u im ni tri ca
polyme blend lin quan vi c tnh ny ca h. Khi cc polyme
21
thnh phn khng c kh nng trn hp v mt nhit ng, h cc

polyme s tch pha.
Kh nng tng hp ca cc polyme th hin kh nng trn cc
polyme vo nhau bng mt bin php k thut/cng ngh no
to thnh mt h vt liu polyme mi p ng cc yu cu ra nh
tng cng cc tnh cht c l, tnh cht in mi, bn nhit,
bn in, bn dung mi... [2, 5, 6]. Thc t c nhiu polyme
khng c kh nng trn hp v mt nhit ng (khng ha trn)
nhng polyme blend ca chng vn c tnh cht c l, bn nhit,
bn in tt, tc l cc polyme thnh phn c kh nng tng
hp tt, p ng c cc yu cu s dng nht nh.
S ho trn v s tng hp cc polyme lin quan cht ch ti
nhit ng hc qu trnh trn v ho tan cc polyme nh cp
trn. Cng ging nh trn ln cc cht lng thp phn t, qu trnh
trn ln cc polyme thng l qu trnh thu nhit. V mt ho hc,
s khng tng hp ca cc polyme khng tng t nhau v mt
cu to, cu trc, khi lng phn t, thng s tan... dng nh l
mt quy lut v s ho trn cc polyme to thnh mt hn hp ng
th (nh dung dch thc mt pha) ch l trng hp ngoi l. S
ngoi l ny ch c th xy ra vi cc polyme phn cc, polyme ny
c tng tc c bit vi polyme kia. V mt nhit ng hc, cc
polyme ho trn vi nhau khi bin thin nng lng t do (khi trn
chng vi nhau) mang gi tr m:
GM = HM - T. SM < 0
(I.8)
v o hm ring bc 2 ca bin thin nng lng t do theo t l

th tch ca polyme th hai trong hn hp polyme mang gi tr
dng:
2GM/22 > 0 mi t l
(I.9)
Trong :
HM - bin thin entalpi (nhit trn ln) khi trn 2 polyme
SM -bin thin entropy (ch mc mt trt t) khi trn 2
polyme
Thi Hong
22
Ngha l, khi trn 2 polyme vi nhau, nng lng t do qu

trnh trn Gtr gim nu qu trnh to nhit (HM < 0) v tng
entropy trn SM. Trong trng hp entropy trn SM khng ng
k, bin thin nng lng t do qu trnh trn GM < 0 nu nhit
trn ln HM < 0. Theo l thuyt Flory - Huggin c in, quan h
gia GM vi thng s tng tc phn t gia cc polyme v thnh
phn cc polyme nh sau:
GM/RTV = AB A B
(I.10)
Theo (I.10), 2 polyme ch ho trn v tng hp hon ton khi

thng s tng tc phn t AB < 0. Hai polyme polyetylen oxit v
polymetylmetacrylat ho trn hon ton do c AB bng - 0,35.
Trn thc t, s thay i GM trong qu trnh hnh thnh hn
hp l tng ca cc polyme, c xc nh ch yu qua i lng
HM. i lng ny lin quan ti s khc nhau gia mt nng
lng kt dnh (cohesive energy density) ca cc polyme:
HM = [VA(A- B)2(1- A) 2]1/2
(I.11)
Trong :
VA v A: th tch v phn th tch ca thnh phn polyme A
trong hn hp polyme.
A v B: thng s tan ca polyme A v polyme B.
T phng trnh (I.10), c th nh gi kh nng ho
trn/tng hp ca 2 polyme hoc cp dung mi - polyme nu bit
cc thng s ho tan tng ng vi 2 polyme hoc thng s ho tan
ca cp dung mi - polyme (bng I.1) [21, 22]:
23
Bng I.1. Thng s ho tan ca mt s dung mi v polyme [22].
Dung mi
Thng s
ho tan
(MPa1/2)
Polyme
Thng s
ho tan
(MPa1/2)
Nc
23,4
Polyetylen
Formamit
19,2
Cao su
propylen
Glyxerin
16,5
Cao su butyl
7,9
Anhydrit
sucxinic
15,4
Polyizopren
8,1
Etylen cacbonat
14,5
Polybutadien
8,4
Metanol
14,5
Polystyren
8,6 - 9,1
Dimetyl sulfoxit
13,4
Cao su butadien nitril
9,4 - 10,3
Caprolactam
12,7
Polycloropren
8,8 9,2
Pyridin
10,7
Poly(vinylpyridin butadien)
Acrylonitril
10,5
Polybutadienmaleat
Axeton
10,0
Polyetylenterephtalat
10,7
Toluen
8,9
Nylon6,6
13,6
Hexan
7,3
Polyvinylclorua
9,6
11,6
Polyuretan
9,5 10,0
11,0
Nha-amino,
epoxy, phenoxy
8,5 14,0
Toluilen
diizoxianat
Epiclohydrin
7,9 - 8,1
etylen-
7,9
9,5
9,6 10,6
Khi trn cc polyme, nu gi tr HM cng nh, cc polyme

cng c kh nng ho trn v tng hp. Nh vy, 2 polyme trn
Thi Hong
24
ln tt vi nhau, qu trnh trn phi l qu trnh to nhit, i hi c

tng tc c bit gia cc polyme thnh phn. Cc tng tc ny
c th l cc tng tc ho hc (to thnh lin kt ho tr) hoc
tng tc khng to thnh lin kt ho hc nh lin kt hydro,
tng tc ion-ion, tng tc ion-dipol, tng tc lng cc (dipoldipol) v tng tc cho-nhn [23].
Qu trnh trn cc polyme ph thuc mnh vo nhit . Cc
polyme trn hp tt nhit thp c th khng cn trn hp tt
nhit cao hn, v d trong qu trnh gia cng.
Trn hnh I.1 l nh quang hc khuch i ca mng polyme
blend PS/poly(vinyl metyl ete) (20/80, pkl/pkl) vi cc chiu dy v
nhit khc nhau. R rng l mng polyme blend c hnh thi hc
t cc git phn tn ( 137oC) sang 2 pha ng lin tc ( 131 v
126oC) v ng th ( 124oC) [24].
Hnh I.1. nh quang hc khuch i ca mng polyme blend

PS/poly(vinyl metyl ete) (20/80, pkl/pkl) cc nhit khc nhau [24].
I.3. Gin pha v chuyn pha ca hn hp cc polyme

Mt hn hp polyme hay polyme blend trng thi cn bng khi
nng lng t do ca qu trnh trn cc polyme t gi tr cc tiu
trong nhng iu kin cho trc no . iu ny c ngha l mt
hn hp ng th cc thnh phn polyme nm trng thi bn
vng, khi nng lng t do (GM) ca n thp hn tng nng lng
t do ca cc thnh phn (GK) trng thi bit lp:
GM = GM - GK < 0
(I.12)
25
Nh vy, 2 hn hp polyme c t l cc thnh phn khc nhau

cng c th tn ti bn nhau. Khi , nng lng t do GM l tng
ca cc GM ca c hai pha. i vi mt hn hp cc polyme, bin
thin nng lng t do GM l hm ca nhit v t l ca cc
polyme thnh phn (hnh I.2). Trong trng hp ny, cc polyme
thnh phn tch ra khi nhau nhit T1, trong khi nhit
T3, h lun bn vng ti tt c cc nng khc nhau ca cc
polyme thnh phn. Ngc li, nhit T2, khi phn th tch ca
polyme A trong khong A1 n A2, h s phn thnh hai pha c
phn th tch ca polyme A trong mi pha l A1 v A2. Cc hn
hp polyme lun trng thi bn khi phn th tch ca polyme A
nm ngoi khong A1 v A2. Hai tip im ca ng tip tuyn
chung vi th hm GM theo A l hai im A1 v A2. Biu
din nhit theo phn th tch A1 v A2 tng ng thu c
ng "binodal" trong gin pha ca h. Cc hn hp polyme c
phn th tch nm pha trong ng "binodal" s khng c kh
nng tn ti v mt nhit ng, l vng hon ton khng ho
tan ca cc polyme, tc l GM > 0. Vng ngoi l vng ho tan
ln nhau khng hn ch ca cc polyme, tng ng vi thnh phn
v nhit GM < 0. V th im un ca cc ng GM
ln gin pha thu c ng "spinodal". Cc hn hp polyme
c phn th tch nm trong ng "spinodal" khng bn v s b
tch pha. Ngc li, cc hn hp polyme c phn th tch nm
gia ng "spinodal" v "binodal" c th tn ti v c gi l
cc hn hp gi bn. Cc h ny ch tch pha khi c hot ho
bi s to mm/to tm pht trin pha. Trong vng gi bn, ch
cn mt s thay i nh v nng , s tch cc pha polyme s
xy ra. ng "spinodal" v "binodal" gp nhau ti im ti hn
(critical point), c trng bi nhit ho tan ti hn Tc v phn
th tch ti hn Ac.
Bng thc nghim, ngi ta c th xc nh c ng
binodal v spinodal ca h cc polyme. ng binodal l
ng c trng quan trng ca h, v l thuyt, rt kh c th tnh
ton xc nh c ng ny. Trong khi , ng spinodal
c th xc nh c mt cch kh n gin v n gin nht l xc
nh im ti hn v cc thng s c lin quan ca h.
Thi Hong
26
Hnh I.2. Gin pha hn hp polyme/polyme blend.

a) Gin nng lng t do theo phn th tch ca polyme cc
nhit khc nhau. b) ng binodal v spinodal
ca hn hp polyme.
trng thi binodal, ho th ca cng mt polyme cc pha

trong h phi bng nhau. i vi h 2 polyme ta c:
GM
_______
A1
GM
_______
A2
(I.13)
27
GM
_______
B1
GM
_______
(I.14)
B2
S dng phng trnh (I.4) ca Flory - Huggin, t (I.13) v

(I.14) c th rt ra h phng trnh m t cc i lng c trng
ca h trng thi binodal. Trng thi spinodal ca h c
c trng bi iu kin l vi phn bc hai ca hm GM theo t l
thnh phn phi bng khng:
2GM
_______
2A
= 0
(I.15)
T (I.4) rt ra:
(AB)sp = [1/MA(A)sp + 1/MB(B)sp].1/2
(I.16)
Trong :
(AB)sp: thng s tng tc gia polyme A v B trng thi
spinodal
(A)sp v (B)sp: phn th tch ca polyme A v polyme B
trng thi spinodal
iu kin ti hn c tho mn khi vi phn bc hai v bc ba
ca GM theo u bng khng, ta c:
2GM 3GM
________
= ________ = 0
(I.17)
2
3
A
A
T phng trnh (I.4) v theo (I.17) ta rt ra cc iu kin ti
hn sau:
1
(AB)cr = (1/2)
(MA)1/2
1
+
(MB)1/2
2
(I.18)
Thi Hong
28
(A)cr =
(b)cr =
(MB)1/2
(MA)
1/2
1/2
(I.19)
+ (MB)
(MA)1/2
(MA)1/2 + (MB)1/2
(I.20)
Trong :
(AB)cr: thng s tng tc gia polyme A v polyme B
(A)cr v (b)cr: phn th tch ca cc polyme A v polyme B
tng ng iu kin ti hn.
nh gi kh nng ho trn/tng hp ca hai polyme,
cn so snh phng trnh (I.5) vi (I.18). Nu AB > (AB)cr, 2
polyme c kh nng trn hp mt s t l thnh phn nht
nh. Khi chnh lch gia AB v (AB)cr cng ln, khong t l
thnh phn m 2 polyme c kh nng trn hp cng b.
Vi mt t l thnh phn nht nh, liu 2 polyme c kh nng
trn hp hay khng, cn so snh phng trnh (I.5) vi (I.16).
Nu AB (AB)sp, 2 polyme khng c kh nng trn ln.
Kh nng trn ln v ho tan cc polyme vi nhau rt hn
ch v ph thuc vo nhiu yu t nh khi lng phn t, cu
to, cu trc, phn cc, thng s tan ca polyme... Nhit
ng vai tr quan trng trong cn bng pha lng - lng. Nhiu
hn hp cc hp cht thp phn t hoc cc cp polyme khng
trn ln vi nhau tr thnh trn ln tt khi un nng. Ngc li,
c nhiu hn hp cc hp cht thp phn t hoc cp polyme
trn ln tt s b tch pha khi un nng [25]. Nhit (T)
xy ra qu trnh tch pha ca hn hp v l mt hm ca thnh
phn () vi nhit tch pha thp nht gi l nhit ho tan
ti hn di (lower critical solution temperature, LCST). Nm
pha trn ng ny, hai polyme khng trn ln nhau (tch pha)
v pha di ng ny hai polyme trn ln tt vi nhau
thnh mt pha. Bng thc nghim, ngi ta xc nh hn hp
polyme c hiu ng nhit trn ln m (to nhit) c gi tr
LCST. Nhit ho tan ti hn di c th iu chnh bng
29
cch thay i khi lng phn t trung bnh ca cc polyme v

t l thnh phn cc polyme. Hn hp polyme c hiu ng nhit
trn ln dng s khng c gi tr LCST, m ch c nhit ho
tan ti hn trn (upper critical solution temperature, UCST).
Nm pha di ng UCST, 2 polyme khng trn ln vi
nhau v khi tng nhit , vng pha trn ng UCST, 2
polyme ho trn tt vo nhau [2, 5, 20, 26, 27].
Trong thc t, c kh nng tn ti nhiu loi gin pha
khc nhau ca cc hn hp polyme (hnh I.3). l cc h c
nhit ho tan ti hn trn (UCST), nhit ho tan ti hn
di (LCST), c ng thi c UCST v LCST v khng c
nhit ho tan ti hn [2, 3, 5, 6, 10, 19, 20, 26, 28-35]. Hn
hp polyme c UCST (I.3a) thng c trng cho polyme blend
ca cc oligome c thng s tng tc AB mang gi tr dng.
Gin pha ny t tn ti polyme blend vi cc polyme c
khi lng phn t trung bnh ln. Tuy nhin, gin pha ny
thng gp polyme blend ca mt s copolyme. Hn hp
polyme c LCST (I.3b) thng c trng cho polyme blend ca
cc homopolyme c khi lng phn t trung bnh ln. Hnh
I.3c l gin pha ca hn hp polyme c mt LCST nm trn
mt UCST. Gin ny thng xut hin vi dung dch polyme
khi m LCST lun xut hin trn nhit si ca dung mi.
Hnh I.3d l gin pha ca polyme blend vi UCST nm trn
LCST v to thnh mt vng trn khp kn. Hnh I.3e l gin
pha ca polyme blend vi UCST hp nht vi LCST to thnh
mt gin pha khng c vng nhit tn ti mt pha trong
ton b di thnh phn hn hp polyme. c bit, khi mt trong
hai polyme thnh phn l a phn tn th c th tn ti dng
gin pha c nhiu UCST (I.3f) v nhiu LCST (I.3g).
30
Thi Hong
Hnh I.3. M t cc loi gin pha ca polyme blend

(a) c 1 UCST, (b) c 1 LCST, (c, d) c ng thi 1 UCST v 1 LCST,
(e) khng c nhit ho tan ti hn, (f) c 2 UCST, (g) c 2 LCST.
Hnh I.4 minh ha mt trong cc loi gin pha ca polyme

blend - gin pha ca hn hp poly(etylen-co-hexen) v
poly(etylen-co-butylen) (PEH/PEB, PEH l polyme kt tinh, PEB l
polyme v nh hnh). Trong gin ny, xut hin gi tr UCST
31
146oC v t l PEH 0,44 (pkl). Nh vy, polyme blend PEH/PEB

khng c kh nng tng hp. Cc ng cong binodal v
spinodal tnh ton v c v trn gin l cc ng nt lin
m (TS) v nt t tng ng. ng gm cc hnh vung mu
trng biu hin nhit nng chy cn bng (equilibrium melting
temperature) (Tm) ca PEH trong polyme blend PEH/PEB [36].
Hnh I.4. Gin pha ca polyme blend poly(etylen-cohexen)/poly(etylen-co-butylen) (PEH/PEB). ng cong binodal v
spinodal: ng nt lin m v nt t tng ng. ng gm cc
hnh vung mu trng: nhit nng chy cn bng [36].
Chuyn pha trong hn hp 2 polyme

Trn hnh I.5 l gin trnh by s chuyn pha ca mt hn hp 2
polyme c trn vi nhau. Nu c 2 polyme c cu trc v nh
hnh, nhit thu tinh ho (Tg) thay i n iu theo thnh phn
polyme. Nu mt polyme c cu trc kt tinh, nhit chy s gim
nh v polyme ny b pha long bi polyme kia. Ngi ta gi
nh, pha v nh hnh tn ti l mt hn hp ng th. N s ging
nh cao su nhit ln hn Tg v tr thnh thu tinh nhit
nh hn Tg.
Thi Hong
32
Hnh I.5. Chuyn pha trong hn hp 2 polyme.
I.4. Cc dng polyme blend

C 3 dng polyme blend [1, 2, 5, 23, 37, 38]:
1. Polyme blend ho trn (miscible polymer blend): entanpy
trn ln Htr < 0 do cc tng tc c bit gia 2 polyme v s
ng nht c quan st thy mc nano hoc mc phn
t. Loi polyme blend ny ch c mt nhit thu tinh ho (Tg)
duy nht gia Tg ca 2 polyme thnh phn (Tg - glass transition
temperature, nhit polyme chuyn t cng v gin sang
mm v d un). Trng hp ny 2 polyme c xem l tng hp
v mt nhit ng (tng hp hon ton).
2. Polyme blend ho trn mt phn v tng hp mt phn:
mt phn ca polyme ny tan trong polyme kia, ranh gii phn chia
pha khng r rng. C 2 pha polyme (mt pha giu polyme 1, pha
kia giu polyme 2) l ng th v c 2 gi tr Tg. C s chuyn dch
Tg ca polyme ny v pha Tg ca polyme kia.
33
3. Polyme blend khng ho trn v khng tng hp: hnh thi

pha ca 2 polyme rt th, ng knh pha phn tn ln, khng u,
ranh gii phn chia pha r rng, bm dnh b mt 2 pha rt ti, c 2
Tg ring bit ng vi Tg ca 2 polyme ban u.
I.5. S lc lch s pht trin v ng dng ca polyme blend

S lc lch s pht trin ca polyme blend
Polyme blend c s dng trong i sng v k thut t lu
song tng u tin v t hp cc polyme thuc v Thomas
Hancock khi ng trn hp cao su thin nhin v gutta percha
ch to mt hn hp cc hp cht cao phn t dng lm vi
chng thm nc. S pht trin nhanh chng ca polyvinyl
clorua (PVC) v copolyme butadien - acrylonitril (NBR) to
iu kin cho polyme blend PVC/NBR xm nhp th trng vo
nm 1942. Cng nm , polyme blend mng li cc polyme
an xen (interprenetrating polymer networks - IPN) ca styren
v butadien (tn thng mi l Styralloy-22) ra i. Vo
nhng nm 1950, nh pht minh ra polypropylen (PP) iu ho
lp th m Cng ty Phillips Petroleum ch to polyme blend
ca PP vi polyetylen (PE) nhm tng cng bn va p
nhit thp ca PP. Trong nhng nm 1960, polyme blend trn c
s etylen - propylen - dien (EPDM) v mt s polyme nhit do nh
PP, polyamit (PA) c thng mi ho. Trong nhng nm
1970, mt lot polyme blend trn c s etylen - propylendien/polyolefin,-polyetylenterephtalat/polybutylenterephtalat
(PET/PBT), polycacbonat/nha acrylonitril butadien styren
(PC/ABS) c ng dng lm cc chi tit t, xe my, dng c
th thao Trong nhng nm 1980, polyme blend t cc polyme
tnh nng cao (high performance) v PA c ch to v a vo
ng dng thc t, trong c polyme blend PA/polyete-b-amit
(PEBA) (tn thng mi l Rilsan) c dng lm lp ph
dng bt (powder coating) rt tin li. Trong nhng nm 1990,
Tp on Bayer pht trin mnh cc polyme blend trn c s PC
+ ABS, PC + PA, PA6+PA66 vi cc tn thng mi Bayblend
v Cycoloy [39]. Nhng du mc lch s pht trin ca polyme
blend c trnh by trong bng I.2.
Thi Hong
34
Bng I.2. Nhng du mc lch s pht trin ca polyme blend [2].
Nm
S kin
1846
Thomas Hancock cng b pht minh u tin v polyme

blend trn c s cao su thin nhin v gutta percha
1942
Cng b pht minh u tin v polyme blend nhit do

trn c s PVC v NBR; Cng ty Dow. Chem. thng
mi ho polyme blend IPN (interprenetrating polymer
networks - mng li cc polyme an xen) ca styren v
butadien (tn thng mi l Styralloy-22)
1946
Pht trin nha acrylonitril butadien styren (ABS) l hn

hp c hc ca NBR vi poly(styren-co-acrylonitril)
(SAN)
1947
Nghin cu s ho trn v tng hp ca 35 cp polyme,

c 3 cp ho trn hon ton l nitroxellulo vi
polyvinylaxetat (PVAc) hoc polymetylmetacrylat
(PMMA) v benzylxellulo vi polystyren (PS)
1951
Pht minh polypropylen (PP) iu ho lp th, tng

cng bn va p nhit thp ca n bng cch
trn hp vi polyetylen (PE)
1960
Pht hin kh nng trn hp ca PS vi polyphenylen ete

(PPE), h blend Noryl PS/PPE c thng mi ho
1962
Cc loi cao su etylen-propylen (EPR) v etylen

propylen-dien (EPDM) c thng mi ho v s dng
nng cao bn va p cho polyme nhit do; ch to
polyme blend ca ABS vi poly (-metylstyren-coacrylonitril) (ABS c bn nhit cao)
1969
Cc polyme blend ca ABS/PVC v PP/EPDM c

thng mi ho vi cc tn thng mi l Cycovin v
Santopren
1975
Cng ty DuPont ch to nylon siu dai t

polyetylenterephtalat (PET) c b sung mt lng nh
cht n hi polyolefin
35
1976
Pht trin polyme blend PET/polybutylenterephtalat

(PBT) (seri Valox 800)
1977
Pht trin polyme blend trn c s polycacbonat (PC) v

ABS vi cc tn thng mi l Bayblend v Cycoloy
1979
Pht trin polyme blend trn c s PC bin tnh bng

PBT hoc PET vi tn thng mi l Xenoy
1980
Ch to polyme blend dai ca cao su vi PBT (tn

thng mi l Celanex 500) v polyoxymetylen (POM)
(tn thng mi l Celcon C-400); polyme blend ca
ABS vi polysulfon (PSO) (tn thng mi l Arylon-T)
1981
Ch to polyme blend ca poly (styren-co-maleic

anhydrit) (SMA) vi ABS (tn thng mi l Cadon) v
PC (tn thng mi l Arloy); polyme blend PPE/PS (tn
thng mi l Prevex)
1982
Selar c s dng bin tnh v tng kh nng tng

hp ca polyamit (PA) v nh hnh v polyolefin
1983
Ch to polyme blend ca PPE vi PA, m ra h polyme

blend tnh nng cao (high performance) vi tn thng
mi l Noryl plus; Cng ty ATOCHEM a vo th
trng 2 polyme blend c cha polyete-b-amit (PEBA)
l PBT/etylen vinylaxetat copolyme (EVA)/PEBA (tn
thng mi l Organter) v PA/PEBA (tn thng mi l
Rilsan) dng lm lp ph dng bt (powder coating)
1984
Pht trin polyme blend ca polyuretan (PU) vi PC (tn

thng mi l Texin); polyme blend ABS/PA (tn
thng mi l Elemid); polyme blend PC/PBT/cht n
hi (tn thng mi l Macroblend) s dng trong cng
nghip t
1985
Ch to polyme blend ca PC vi poly(acrylat-costyren-co-acrylonitril) (ASA) (tn thng mi l

Terblend-S)
1986
1996
Pht trin polyme blend PC/ABS cht lng cao (tn

thng mi l Pulse v Bayblend) ch to ni tht
t, dng c th thao
Thi Hong
36
Mt s ng dng ca polyme blend
Hnh I.6. Mt s chi tit ca xe my 3 bnh (a) ch to t polyme

blend PC/PET (b, c) [40].
Theo c tnh ca cc chuyn gia, tng sn lng polyme

blend ca th gii khong 1,5 triu tn/nm v hng nm s tng 8 10% [23]. Vt liu polyme blend c ng dng rng ri trong
nhiu lnh vc khc nhau ca i sng v k thut: polyme blend t
PVC v PE clo ho (CPE, ng vai tr ca cht tr gia cng v tng
bn va p) c dng lm ng nha cng cp, thot nc, ng
bo v cp in thoi, cp quang... N c u im l rt bn c l,
bn ho cht, chu thi tit, gi thnh r hn so vi cc ng thp v
thp hp kim. Vt liu polyme blend t PVC vi polyuretan (PU)
v NBR c dng nhiu trong cng nghip giy da, c bit l
dng ch to giy da, giy th thao. Vt liu ny nh, n
hi, t b mi mn, d sn, v, trang tr... Vt liu cch in polyme
blend t EPDM v PE khu mch (XLPE) dng sn xut v dy
v cp in lc. N c bn in, bn nhit, bn ho cht v
37
bn thi tit cao, c bit l kh nng chu lnh rt tt. Mt s nha

nhit do k thut ca tp on Bayer AG - Cng ho lin bang c
l cc vt liu polyme blend trn c s PC + ABS (tn thng mi
Bayblend), PC + PA (tn thng mi Triax) [39] v PC + PET [40].
Cc vt liu ny c s dng gia cng cc chi tit thay th kim
loi trong t v xe my, dng c th thao... c im ni bt ca
cc vt liu ny l bn va p nhit thp, mi mn nh, bn
nn, bn nhit cao... Trn hnh I.6 l mt s chi tit ca xe my 3
bnh ch to t polyme blend PC/PET [40]. Vt liu polyme blend
t PVC v lp ph acrylic c s dng sn xut cc thanh
profile, ca nha. Trong , lp ph acrylic b mt c tc dng
chng try sc cho nn nha PVC.
Hoa K, Cng ha Lin bang c l cc nc s dng v cung
cp polyme blend nhiu nht trn th gii. Trong bng I.3 l cc nh
cung cp polyme blend trn c s mt s nha k thut v cht n
hi Hoa K [2].
Bng I.3. Cc nh cung cp polyme blend trn c s mt s nha k
thut v cht n hi Hoa K [2].
Nh cung
cp
Nha k thut
c s
Polyme blend
Allied
Polyamit
Polyamit/cht n hi
ARCO
SMA
Polycacbonat/SMA
Amoco
Chem.
Polysulfon
Polysulfon/ABS,
Polysulfon/PET
Polyarylat
Polyarylat/polyeste
BorgWarner
ABS
ABS/polycacbonat
Celanese
Axetal
Axetal/cht n hi
Polyamit
Polyamit/cht n hi
PBT
PBT/PET, PBT/cht n hi
Polyphenyl ete/polystyren
Dow Chem. ABS
Polycacbonat/ABS, TPU/ABS
Thi Hong
38
Co.
Polycacbonat
Du Pont
Axetal
Axetal/cht n hi
Polyamit
Polyamit/cht n hi
Polyamit/polypropylen
PET
PET/cht n hi
Emser
Polyamit
Polyamit/cht n hi
GAF
PBT
General
Electric
PBT
Polycacbonat
Polycacbonat/polyetylen
Polycacbonat/PBT
Polyphenylenete
Polyphenylen-ete/polystyren
Polycacbonat/copolyeste - cht
Copolyeste - cht n hi
n hi
Polyeteimit
Mobay
Polycacbonat
Polyeteimit/nha nhit do
Polycacbonat/ABS,
Polycacbonat/polyetylen
Polycacbonat/PET
Nycoa
Polyamit
Polyamit/cht n hi
LNP
Polyamit/cht n hi
Thermofil
Polycacbonat/PET
WilsonFiberfil
Polyamit/cht n hi
Trong khong vi chc nm tr li y, ngi ta pht trin

mnh vt liu polyme blend trn c s cc polyme c kh nng b
phn hu bi sinh vt (vi khun, nm mc, to, enzym...). Cc loi
vt liu tiu biu l: PE bin tnh tinh bt, tinh bt nhit do/PCL
vi tn thng mi Mater - Bi ca hng Novamont (Italia) hay tinh
bt nhit do/PCL hoc polyhydrobutyrat-co-valerat vi tn
39
thng mi Bioplast ca hng Biotec-Germany (c). Chng

c s dng rng ri trong cc lnh vc y - sinh hc v nng
nghip nh lm mng ph t hu (che sng gi cho cy trng,
gi m cho t), bu m cy ging, ti v cc dng c ng thc
phm dng mt ln...
Ti Vit Nam, mc d cha c s liu thng k y v chnh
thc song vt liu polyme blend ngy cng c ng dng rng ri
trong nhiu lnh vc nh c kh, giao thng vn ti, xy dng, dt
may... V d, polyme blend CSTN/PE dng ch to cc loi m
chng va p tu, thuyn cho ngnh ng thu, cc loi sut si
trong ngnh dt may [41 - 45]. Polyme blend PVC/NBR dng
ch to m cao su - nha cho ngnh ng st. Mt s keo dn cao
su - kim loi trn c s cao su nitril - nha PF c s dng
trong mt s lnh vc k thut v dn dng. Mt s vt liu polyme
blend t cc cc nha nhit do nh PE/PA/PE-g-MA, PE/PA/PEg-AA v PP/PA/PP-g-MA c s dng ch to cc ph kin
n hi cho t vt b tng ng st (cc loi cn nha v coray).
Cc sn phm trn c cung cp cho cc cng ty, x nghip
thuc Tng Cng ty ng st Vit Nam, m bo cht lng ca
ngnh, gp phn thay th hng nhp khu. Trn hnh I.7 l sn
phm cn nha t polyme blend PE/PA ang c lp t trn cc
tuyn ng st nc ta [46].
Hnh I.7. Sn phm cn nha t polyme blend PE/PA

(mu trng) ang c lp t trn cc tuyn ng st nc ta [46].
Thi Hong
40
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41
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42
Thi Hong
26. H. Wang, K. Shimizu, E. hobbie, Z. G. Wang, J. C. Meredith, A.

Karim, E. J. Amis, B. S. Hsiao, E. T. Hsieh, C. C. Han, Phase
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blends: Monte Carlo simulation vs Mean field theory, Neumann
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28. V. Pipich, Ordering transition and critical phenomena in a three
component polymer mixture of A/B homopolymers and a A-B
diblockcopolymer, Ph. D dissertation, Ucraine, 13-15 (2003).
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miscible
ethylene-styrene
copolymer
blends,
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miscible blends of linear and branched polyethylens,
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Temperature-induced morphological evolution in polymer blends
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35. Nguyn Phi Trung, Nghin cu ch to v kho st tnh cht chu
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su thin nhin, Lun n tin s Ho hc, H Ni (2002).
36. Z. Wang, H. Wang, K. Shimizu, J. Y. Dong, B. S. Hsiao, C. C.
Han,
Structural
and
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in
poly(ethylene-co-hexene) and poly(ethylene-co-butylene) blends
43
due to the competition between liquid-liquid separation and

crystallization, Polymer, Vol. 46, 2675-2684 (2005).
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http://www.psrc.usm.edu/macrog/blend.htm
38. Polymer blends, http://www.ch.ic.ac.uk/law/blends.html
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Thermoplastics, Hanoi, 26th August (1997).
Engineering
40. W. F. Smith, Principles of Materials Science and Engineering,

International Edition, New York (1996).
41. Nguyn Quang, Bo co tng kt d n SX-TN cp Nh nc
Hon thin cng ngh v sn xut m chng va p tu bin t
vt liu compozit trn nn cao su thin nhin, m s KHCN3.DA4, H Ni, (2002).
42. Nguyen Quang, Do Quang Khang, Tran Thi Thanh Van,
Application of polymer blends based on the natural rubber/PE in
the buffers for anticollision of ships, Report in Technomer in TU
Chemnitz, Germany, november/2003, 1-8 (2003).
43. Nguyn Quang, Phm Thy Hng, Trnh Vn Thnh, Nghin cu
nh hng cng ngh v t l thnh phn n tnh cht ca vt
liu trn c s blend PE/CSTN, Tp ch Khoa hc v Cng ngh,
V.35, No 1, 18-23 (1997).
44. Trn Thanh Sn, Nguyn Quang, Thi Hong, Bo co tng kt
ti cp Trung tm Khoa hc T nhin v Cng ngh Quc gia
giai on 2000-2001 Trin khai cng ngh ch to cc sn phm
k thut trn c s vt liu polyme blend ng dng vo ngnh
GTVT ng st v ngnh dt may thay th hng nhp khu, H
Ni (2002).
45. Nguyn Quang, Quang Khng, Nguyn Vn Khi, Phm Anh
Dng, L Th M Hnh, Nghin cu nh hng ca cng ngh
trn hp n tnh cht ca vt liu CSTN t hp vi LDPE ng
dng lm m chng va p tu bin, Tp ch Ha hc, T.39, No
4B, 46-52 (2001).
46. Thi Hong, Bo co tng kt ti KH-CN cp Vin Khoa hc
v Cng ngh Vit Nam Nghin cu ch to vt liu polyme
blend trn c s polyolefin vi polyamit v cao su c s dng
44
Thi Hong
cht tng hp polyme mi thch hp ng dng cho ngnh

GTVT ng st, ngnh hng khng v ngnh du kh, H Ni,
thng 4, 40 (2004).
Chng II
CC PHNG PHP XC NH S TNG HP
CA CC POLYME
Da vo s phn chia cc dng polyme blend trnh by I.4

(polyme blend ho trn v tng hp hon ton, polyme blend ho
trn v tng hp mt phn, polyme blend khng ho trn v khng
tng hp), cc chuyn gia tng kt cc phng php xc nh
s tng hp ca cc polyme. l cc phng php da vo gin
pha, nht dung dch polyme blend, m men xon ca polyme
blend trng thi nng chy, tnh cht c hc, ph hng ngoi, nh
hin vi in t v kt hp cc phng php nh gi kh nng
tng hp ca cc polyme.
II.1. Phng php gin pha

Nh trnh by I.2, s ho trn v s tng hp ca cc polyme
lin quan cht ch ti nhit ng hc qu trnh trn hp v ho tan
chng cc iu kin khc nhau v ph thuc vo nhiu yu t nh
khi lng phn t, cu to, cu trc, phn cc, nhit ho tan
ca polyme... Da vo gin pha ca cc polyme trong mt h
(phn nh s ph thuc ca nhit trn ln, nhit ho tan v thng
s tng tc Flory-Huggins vo thnh phn ca cc polyme), ngi
ta c th nh gi s to thnh mt pha hay tch cc pha polyme.
Hn hp polyme vi hiu ng nhit trn ln m (to nhit) c nhit
ho tan ti hn di (LCST). Nm pha trn ng LCST, 2
polyme khng trn ln (tch pha) v nm pha di ng LCST,
2 polyme ho trn tt vi nhau. Ngha l, khi lm lnh, cc polyme
ho tan vo nhau tt hn. Hn hp polyme vi hiu ng nhit trn
ln dng c nhit ho tan ti hn trn (UCST). Nm pha
di ng UCST, 2 polyme khng trn ln nhau v khi tng nhit
, vng pha trn ng UCST, 2 polyme ho trn tt vo nhau.
46
Thi Hong
Cc polyme ho tan vo nhau khi tng nhit trn ln [1 - 4]. Trn

thc t c cc dng gin pha ca hn hp polyme nh: ch c
nhit ho tan ti hn di (TLCST); ch c nhit ho tan ti hn
trn (TUCST); va c nhit ho tan ti hn di, va c nhit
ho tan ti hn trn vi TUCST < TLCST; gin pha vng kn vi
TUCST < TLCST ( ngoi vng, 2 polyme ho trn cn trong vng
xy ra tch pha 2 polyme) v khng c nhit ho tan ti hn
(hnh I.3) [2, 3, 5].
xy dng gin pha, ngi ta thng da vo php o
c/ m. Nh xc nh im c hay im m ca hn hp
polyme (im ranh gii gia ho tan v khng ho tan/tch pha ca
cc polyme) c th v c ng cong im m theo thnh phn
hn hp polyme. im m chnh l nhit cng tn x
nh sng thay i bt thnh lnh/bt ng. Mun xc nh im
m, trc ht cn phi to mng polyme blend bng cch ho tan
cc polyme trong cng mt dung mi hoc trn hp c hc, trn
hp nng chy cc polyme vi cc thnh phn khc nhau. Cc mng
ny c gia nhit hoc lm ngui qua im m. im m ca
mng polyme blend c th c xc nh trc tip trn knh hin vi
bng mt thng hoc nh detector quang in. Gn y, phng
php tn x nh sng c s dng rt ph bin xc nh im
m ca mng polyme blend. S m/c chnh l kt qu ca tn x
nh sng do s khng ng nht/tch pha ca polyme blend [2].
H. Y. Chen, S. P. Chum v cc cng s nghin cu cc gin
pha - cc ng cong im m (Tcl) ca cc copolyme etylenstyren vi hm lng styren khc nhau (57,1 - 67,7%). Cc tc gi
nhn thy, cc polyme blend u c nhit ho tan ti hn trn.
Tuy nhin, khi gim khi lng phn t v gim s khc nhau v
hm lng styren trong cc copolyme etylen-styren, nhit ho
tan ti hn trn ca polyme blend gim. iu ny cho php nhn
nh hn hp cc copolyme etylen-styren ni trn chuyn t khng
tng hp sang tng hp mt phn [6].
Nhit ho tan ti hn trn c quan st thy trn gin
pha ca polystyren (PS) vi polybuten, polyizopren, polybutadien,
poly--caprolacton, polymetylphenylsiloxan v poly(butadien-cometylstyren). Nh vy, polyme blend ca PS vi cc polyme cn li
l polyme blend khng tng hp [1].
Chng II. CC PHNG PHP XC NH S TNG HP CA CC POLYME
47
Trn gin pha ca cc polyme blend to thnh t copolyme

styren-co-4-vinylphenol (STVPh) vi hm lng 4-vinylphenol
khc nhau (7 v 9%) v poly(n-hexyl metacrylat) (PHMA), tt c
cc polyme blend u xut hin nhit ho tan ti hn di (hnh
II. 1). R rng l cc polyme blend ny ho trn tt vi nhau [2].
Tcl (oC)
[STVPh(x)] (%)
Hnh II.1. Gin pha ca hn hp copolyme styren-co-4vinylphenol (STVPh) vi hm lng 4-vinylphenol khc nhau
(x=7 v 9%) v poly(n-hexyl metacrylat) (PHMA) [2].
Khi nghin cu gin pha ca hn hp copolyme etylenpropylen-dien (EPDM)/polystyren-co-acrylonitril (SAN) c hm

lng acrylonitril 30%, cc tc gi nhn thy 2 polyme ny khng
tng hp vi nhau mi t l v trn gin pha ca chng xut
hin nhit ho tan ti hn trn (hnh II. 2) [7]. Tin hnh trng
hp ghp monome c cc nh metyl metacrylat vo EPDM,
copolyme ny tr thnh c cc. Trn gin pha ca EPDM-gPMMA (phn trm ghp MMA vo EPDM 26%) v SAN xut hin
nhit ho tan ti hn di (hnh II. 3). iu cho php khng
nh EPDM-g-MMA v SAN ho trn vi nhau tt c cc t l
Thi Hong
48
kho st. iu ny c th gii thch bi cc i phn t PMMA

trong EPDM-g-PMMA ng vai tr tng cng tng hp EPDM
v SAN. Nhm C=O trong EPDM-g-PMMA tng tc mnh vi
nhm CN trong SAN (tng tc lng cc) [7].
220
180
cl
T ( C)
200
160
140
120
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
[S A N ] (% )
Hnh II.2. Gin pha ca polyme blend EPDM/SAN [7].
180
160
120
cl
T ( C)
140
100
80
60
40
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
[S A N ] (% )
Hnh II.3. Gin pha ca polyme blend EPDM-g-PMMA/SAN [7].
M. Taimoori v cng s xy dng gin pha ca hn hp

polystyren (PS) vi polyvinyl clorua (PVC) v PS vi polyvinyl
axetat (PVAc). Trn gin pha ca cc hn hp polyme u c
nhit ho tan ti hn di v nhit ho tan ti hn trn khi s
49
dng PVC v PVAc c khi lng phn t thp [3]. Khi trn
polymetyl metacrylat (PMMA) v polycacbonat (PC), F. Case
thu c gin pha ca hn hp polyme dng vng kn vi cc
im m t 454 ti 514oC [8] (minh ho trn hnh II. 4). Nh vy,
cc hn hp polyme ni trn ch c kh nng ho trn v tng hp
mt phn vi nhau.
T
UCST
2 pha
1 pha
LCST
0
100
[PC] (%)
Hnh II.4. Gin pha minh ho polyme blend PMMA/PC.
Cc cp polyme c cc sau y c nhit ho tan ti hn

di: PVC v polymetacrylat, polyvinylidenflorua v polyacrylat
hoc polymetacrylat, poly--caprolacton v SAN. Chng to thnh
mt h ng th (ho trn hon ton) v ch b tch pha khi tng
nhit [1].
T gin pha ca hn hp poly(etylen oxit) (PEO) v
poly(ete sunphon) (PES), G. Dreezen, D. A. Ivanov v cng s cho
thy hn hp polyme c nhit ho tan ti hn di thp nht t
l PEO/PES 90/10 v 2 polyme ho trn vi tt c cc t l nhit
di 75oC. Nhit m ca polyme blend PEO/PES cc t l
75/25 v 50/20 ln lt l 80 v 101oC [9]. Kt hp vi nghin cu
nh hin vi in t qut ca cc polyme blend PEO/PES, cc tc gi
khng nh polyme ny ho trn kch thc nanomet.
50
Thi Hong
Trn gin pha ca hn hp polyme xellulo axetat butyrat

(CAB)/poly(etylen glycol) (PEG) c nhit ho tan ti hn di
khi khi lng phn t ca PEG ln hn 8.000. Polyme blend
CAB/PEG c nhit ho tan ti hn di 168oC vi t l
CAB/PEG 40/60. iu chng t CAB v PEG ho trn tt. Do
, mng polyme blend thu c trong sut [10].
Nh vy, xy dng gin pha ca polyme blend theo t l
cc polyme thnh phn l mt cng c rt c hiu qu nh gi
kh nng ho trn v tng hp ca cc polyme. Nh gin pha
ta c th bit c 2 polyme ho trn tt (tng hp hon ton),
ho trn v tng hp mt phn hay khng ho trn v khng
tng hp.
II.2. Phng php da vo nhit thu tinh ho

Theo cc chuyn gia trong lnh vc ho l polyme, trng thi
mm cao ca polyme, cc mt xch trong i phn t c linh
ng ln nn d dng thay i hnh dng sp xp. Trong phm vi
nhit no y, polyme b cng li m khng to thnh mng li
tinh th gi l thu tinh ho polyme. Qu trnh thu tinh ho polyme
l qu trnh chuyn t trng thi mm cao sang trng thi thu tinh,
qu trnh ny km theo s thay i cc tnh cht vt l ca polyme
nh th tch, t trng, cc tnh cht c hc, cc tnh cht in mi
[4]. Nhit thu tinh ho (Tg - glass transition temperature) ca
polyme chnh l nhit polyme chuyn t cng v gin sang
mm v d un v ngc li. N phn nh s linh ng, mm
ca cc mch i phn t polyme. xc nh nhit thu tinh
ho ca polyme ngi ta thng da vo cc phng php ng tin
cy nh xc nh th tch ring (phng php dilatomet), o t
nhit, o m un n hi, nhit lng vi sai qut (DSC), phn tch
c nhit (TMA), phn tch c nhit ng (DMTA), xc nh tnh
cht in nh tang ca gc tn hao in mi... [1, 2, 4, 11].
Xc nh nhit thu tinh ho ca polyme blend rn l mt
cng c quan trng nh gi mc ho trn v tng hp ca
cc polyme. Nu polyme blend c 2 nhit thu tinh ho Tg ca 2
polyme thnh phn hay polyme ban u (parent polymers), 2
polyme khng tng hp v c hin tng tch 2 pha polyme. Nu
polyme blend c 2 nhit thu tinh ho Tg v 2 gi tr Tg chuyn
51
dch t Tg ca polyme ny v pha Tg ca polyme kia th 2 polyme

tng hp khng hon ton (tng hp mt phn). Nu polyme
blend ch c mt nhit thu tinh ho duy nht nm gia 2 Tg
ca 2 polyme thnh phn, 2 polyme ho trn v tng hp hon
ton [11, 12]. Trong trng hp ny, hn hp polyme dng ng
th, mt pha. S ng nht ca cc polyme trong hn hp c
quan st mc nano hoc mc phn t. Kch thc ht
(particle size) trong polyme blend t 2 n 15 nm [2, 12]. Di y
xem xt s tng hp ca mt s polyme blend nh xc nh nhit
thu tinh ho ca n.
B. M. P. Ferreira, C. A. Zavaglia v cng s ch to polyme
blend
trn
c
s
poly(L-lactic
axit)
(PLLA)
v
poly(hydroxybutyrat-co-hydroxyvalerat) (PHBV) bng phng
php c phun. S dng phng php nhit lng vi sai qut v
phng php phn tch c nhit ng (da vo ng cong m un
tn hao (E) - nhit v tan - nhit ), cc tc gi xc nh
nhit thu tinh ho ca PLLA v PHBV trong polyme blend. Cc
gi tr nhit thu tinh ho ca PLLA v PHBV trong polyme
blend cc t l khc nhau theo cc ng cong m un tn hao
(E) - nhit dao ng quanh 96 v 42oC. Da vo cc ng
cong tan - nhit , Tg ca PLLA v PHBV ln lt dao ng
quanh 101 v 47oC. Vi phng php nhit lng vi sai qut, cc
tc gi cng thu c 2 gi tr nhit thu tinh ho tng ng vi
Tg ca 2 polyme ban u. iu ny cho php khng nh PLLA v
PHBV khng tng hp vi nhau [13].
X. B. Xie, K. C. Tam v cng s ch to polyme blend t
polyme tinh th lng (LCP) co-polyeste v copolyme styrenacrylonitril-butadien (ABS) bng phng php n trn my n 2
trc vt xon 280oC. Cc tc gi nghin cu nhit thu tinh
ho ca pha nn ABS (tc l Tg ca polystyren-co-acrylonitril,
SAN) khi hm lng LCP thay i bng cc phng php DSC v
DMTA. Nhit thu tinh ho ca SAN trong polyme blend khng
ph thuc vo hm lng LCP, hu nh khng thay i khi hm
lng LCP thay i (bng II.1) [14]. iu ny chng t cc polyme
LCP v ABS khng tng hp.
Thi Hong
52
Bng II.1. Tg ca ABS (SAN) vi cc hm lng LCP khc nhau [14].
Tg (oC)
Hm lng LCP (%)

0
10
20
30
50
100
DMTA
115,1
116,2
115,8
113,8
115,4
84,5
DSC
104,5
103,4
104,3
104,5
103,5
Khi nghin cu s bin i nhit thu tinh ho ca

polyamit 12 (nylon 12) v copolyme ABS trong hn hp 2
polyme, B. M. Rao, P. R. Rao v cng s nhn thy c s chuyn
dch Tg ca polyme ny v pha Tg ca polyme kia. S chuyn
dch Tg ln nht l 61,5 v 75,8oC t l nylon 12/ABS l 60/40.
Nh vy 2 polyme nylon 12 v ABS tng hp mt phn vi
nhau. S tng tc gia 2 polyme trn xy ra mnh nht t l
60/40 (bng II.2 v hnh II.5) [15].
Bng II.2. Tg ca nylon 12 v ABS cc t l khc nhau [15].
T l nylon 12/ABS
(%)
Tg ca nylon 12
(oC)
Tg ca ABS
(oC)
100/0
48,0
90/10
50,0
90,5
80/20
56,0
81,7
70/30
59,2
77,9
60/40
61,5
75,8
50/50
55,4
79,3
40/60
51,5
89,9
0/100
99,2
53
Nhit (oC)
Hnh II.5. Gin DSC ca nylon 12, ABS v blend
cc t l khc nhau [15].
J. Sheng, H. Ma v cng s nghin cu nhit thu tinh

ho ca polyamit 6 (nylon 6) v polyetylen t trng thp (LDPE)
trong polyme blend c v khng c LDPE ghp axit acrylic (LDPEg-AA). Nhit thu tinh ho ca nylon 6 v LDPE khng thay i
khi t l nylon 6/LDPE thay i (tng ng l 97,7 v 88,6oC).
iu chng t nylon 6 v LDPE l 2 polyme khng tng hp
[16]. Nhit thu tinh ho ca cc polyme thnh phn trong
polyme blend nylon 6/LDPE-g-AA v nylon 6/LDPE-g-AA/LDPE
c s chuyn dch theo t l ca cc polyme thnh phn. Nh vy
c th khng nh cc polyme blend nylon 6/LDPE-g-AA v nylon
6/LDPE-g-AA/LDPE bn tng hp (semi-compatible) hay
tng hp mt phn. iu ny c th gii thch bi phn ng gia
nhm cacboxyl trong LDPE-g-AA vi nhm amin cui mch
xy ra b mt ranh gii pha khi trn hp nng chy nylon 6 v
LDPE-g-AA cng nh nylon 6, LDPE-g-AA v LDPE.
Phn ln polyme blend t polyimit vi cc copolyme arylatcacbonat c 2 nhit thu tinh ho, do cc polyme blend ny
khng tng hp. Trong khi , mt s polyme blend t polyamit
54
Thi Hong
hoc polyimit vi polyarylat ch c mt nhit thu tinh ho, tc

l cc polyme blend ho trn tt [17].
Mng polyme blend ca si fibroil (nh nylon 2) vi nylon 66
c mt nhit thu tinh ho thp hn Tg ca nylon 66 (khong
50oC) khi hm lng si fibroil khng vt qu 50%. Khi hm
lng si fibroil ln hn 50%, polyme blend si fibroil/nylon 66
khng c nhit thu tinh ho. Nh vy, si fibroil v nylon 66
ch ho trn v tng hp tt khi hm lng si fibroil khng vt
qu 50% [18].
Ph thuc vo t l ca poly-axit lactic (PLA) v bt la m gluten, trong polyme blend PLA/gluten c th c mt hoc 2 nhit
thu tinh ho ( cc t l PLA/gluten 20/80, 50/50 v 80/20,
polyme blend c mt Tg; cc t l khc ca 2 polyme, polyme
blend c 2Tg). Do , PLA v gluten ch tng hp mt phn vi
nhau [19].
H. Y. Chen, Y. W. Cheung v cc cng s xc nh nhit
thu tinh ho ca cc polyme blend trn c s copolyme etylenstyren c hm lng styren khc nhau (4,3 - 70,9%). Hu ht cc
polyme blend ni trn c 2Tg v Tg ca cc copolyme etylen-styren
c xu hng tin v pha Tg ca nhau tr polyme blend to thnh t
cc copolyme etylen-styren c hm lng styren gn nhau (52 v
58%). Nh vy, cc copolyme etylen-styren ch tng hp mt
phn vi nhau [20].
Mng polyme blend -chitin/poly(vinyl alcol) ch c mt nhit
thu tinh ho tt c cc t l. Tg ca polyme blend tng nh
theo hm lng -chitin. Hu ht cc mng polyme blend chitin/poly(vinyl alcol) u trong sut. Do , 2 polyme -chitin v
poly(vinyl alcol) ho trn tt vi nhau [21].
Phng H, E. Schacht nghin cu cc polyme ng xuyn
thm (interpenetrating polymer network-IPN) trn c s polyuretan
(PU) li ho vi polydimetylaminetylmetacrylat (PDMAEMA)
hoc polymetacrylic axit (PMA) [22, 23]. y l mt dng polyme
blend c bit. Kt qu xc nh nhit thu tinh ho ca hn hp
PU/PDMAEMA cho thy, Tg ca 2 polyme c xu hng xch li
gn nhau khi tng hm lng PDMAEMA. iu ny c th gii
thch bi lin kt hydro gia nhm NH - uretan trong PU v cc
nhm nhn proton trong PDMAEMA nh uretan cacbonyl, ete
55
cacbonyl, amin bc ba. R rng 2 polyme c s an xen khng hon

ton, ngha l ch ho trn v tng hp mt phn do khng phi tt
c cc lin kt hydro u c to thnh trong IPN (do mt phn
nhm C=O trong 2 polyme khng tham gia lin kt). Ngc li, hn
hp cc polyme PU v PMA ch c mt nhit thu tinh ho duy
nht. iu ny cho php khng nh PU v PMA tng tc hon
ton v 2 polyme ho trn tt vi nhau.
C mt s phng trnh tnh ton v d bo nhit thu tinh
ho ca polyme blend ho trn v tng hp hon ton (c mt gi
tr Tg) theo l thuyt v kinh nghim. Chng c xy dng trn c
s quan h ph thuc gia nhit thu tinh ho ca polyme blend
vo cc t l cc polyme thnh phn, Tg ca cc polyme ban u v
bn cht tng tc gia cc polyme thnh phn.
Trng hp l tng l nhit thu tinh ho ca polyme
blend tun theo phng trnh cng tuyn tnh.
Tg = W1Tg1 + W2Tg2
(II.1)
Trong :
W1, W2: phn khi lng hoc phn th tch ca polyme 1 v
polyme 2.
u.
Tg1, Tg2: nhit thu tinh ho ca polyme 1 v polyme 2 ban
Nu polyme 2 c Tg ln hn polyme 1, khi Tg ca polyme

blend tng tuyn tnh theo t l ca polyme 2 trong h (hnh II.6).
Tuy nhin, c mt s polyme blend c Tg ln hn nh d on
(ng Tg nm pha trn ca ng thng) do cc i phn t
ca cc polyme tng tc vi nhau rt mnh. a s cc trng
hp, do cc i phn t ca cc polyme tng tc vi nhau yu
nn Tg ca polyme blend thng nh hn nh d on (ng Tg
nm pha di ca ng thng). Trong 2 trng hp ny, s
ph thuc gia nhit thu tinh ho ca polyme blend vo t l
cc polyme thnh phn, Tg ca cc polyme ban u v bn cht
tng tc gia cc polyme c m t bng cc phng trnh d
bo theo kinh nghim nh phng trnh Fox, phng trnh
Thi Hong
56
Gordon-Taylor, phng trnh Kwei, phng trnh Couchman,

phng trnh Braun-Kovacs... [2, 24].
Tg
Tg ca polyme 2
Tg ca polyme
1
% Polyme 2
Hnh II.6. S ph thuc Tg ca polyme blend ho trn vo t l cc
polyme thnh phn.
Khi nghin cu s ph thuc gia nhit thu tinh ho ca

polyme blend PMMA/PC c cu trc nano (vi Tg ln lt l 112
v 144oC), R. Y. F. Liu, Y. Jin v cc cng s nhn thy polyme
blend PMMA/PC ch c mt nhit thu tinh ho tt c cc t l
2 polyme thnh phn, v vy, 2 polyme ho trn tt vo nhau. Tg
ca PMMA tng khong 10oC trong khi Tg ca PC gim khong
22oC. Tg ca polyme blend ho trn ni trn kh ph hp vi
phng trnh cng tuyn tnh hoc phng trnh Fox di y.
1/Tg = W1/Tg1 + W2/Tg2
(II.2)
Nhit thu tinh ho ca polyme blend PMMA/PC (t l 1/1,

phn th tch) xc nh bng phng php DSC l 122oC. N kh
gn vi Tg ca polyme blend tnh ton theo phng trnh cng
tuyn tnh l 128oC v theo phng trnh Fox l 126oC [25].
57
Trong cc cng trnh [26, 27], cc tc gi xc nh nhit

thu tinh ho ca polyme blend poly(etylen terephtalat)
(PET)/poly(etylen 2,6-naphtalat) (PEN) c ch to bng phng
php trn nng chy. Khi 2 polyme PET v PEN c nht thc
tng t nhau (intrinsic viscosity, 0,63 v 0,65dl/g), Polyme blend
ch c mt nhit thu tinh ho tt c cc t l PET/PEN, do ,
PET v PEN ho trn hon ton [26]. Nhit thu tinh ho ca
polyme blend xc nh bng DSC cc t l PET/PEN hon ton
ph hp vi Tg ca polyme blend tnh ton theo phng trnh Fox.
Polyme blend ca copolyme styren-butadien-styren (SBS) v
poly(2,6-dimetyl 1,4-phenylen oxit) (PPO) ch c mt nhit thu
tinh ho nm gia Tg ca 2 polyme thnh phn. iu chng t
PPO ho trn hon ton vi cc khi PS trong SBS [28]. Do thng
s tan (solubility parameter) ca PPO v PS rt gn nhau, ln lt l
9,6 v 9,5 (cal/cm3)0,5 nn pha cng (PS) trong SBS d ho tan
trong PPO. Trong polyme blend ny, Tg ca pha mm khng thay
i trong sut qu trnh trn nng chy 2 polyme 180oC. Nh vy,
PPO ch tng tc mnh vi pha cng PS trong SBS. Cc tc gi
nhn thy phng trnh Fox khng ph hp d on Tg ca
polyme blend SBS/PPO theo t l 2 polyme thnh phn. Trong khi
, phng trnh Gordon-Taylor di y rt ph hp d on
Tg ca polyme blend ny cc t l khc nhau:
Tg =
W1Tg 1 + kW 2Tg 2
(II.3)
W1 + kW 2
Trong :
W1, W2: phn khi lng hoc phn th tch ca polyme 1 v
polyme 2
Tg1, Tg2: nhit thu tinh ho ca polyme 1 v polyme 2
k: hng s phn nh ln tng tc gia 2 polyme trong
blend
Gi tr k cng cao, tng tc gia 2 polyme cng mnh. Thng
s k bng 2/1 v l s chnh lch h s dn n nhit gia
trng thi lng v trng thi thu tinh nhit thu tinh ho ca
58
Thi Hong
tng polyme. Ni chung k thng c s dng nh mt thng s

gn ng [30, 29].
Trn hnh II.7 l th Gordon-Taylor ca polyme blend
SBS/PPO theo t l ca 2 polyme. Tg ca polyme blend xc nh
bng thc nghim rt ph hp vi Tg ca polyme blend d bo theo
phng trnh Gordon-Taylor [28].
Hnh II.7. th Gordon-Taylor ca polyme blend ho trn

SBS/PPO [28].
J. W. Park v S. S. Im xc nh polyme blend poly(L-lactic

axit) (PLLA)/poly(vinyl axetat-co-vinyl alcol) (PVA) l polyme
blend ho trn do ch c mt nhit thu tinh ho tt c cc t l
ca 2 polyme thnh phn. So snh vi Tg ca polyme blend
PLLA/PVA xc nh bng thc nghim, cc tc gi nhn thy n
ph hp vi Tg ca polyme blend c tnh ton theo phng trnh
Gordon-Taylor v thng s tng tc k = 2,8 [29].
K. Krutphun v P. Supaphol nghin cu polyme blend ca
poly(trimetylen terephtalat) (PTT) v PEN trng thi v nh
hnh. Polyme blend ny ch c mt nhit thu tinh ho tt c
cc t l PTT/PEN. Nh vy, 2 polyme PTT v PEN ho trn hon
ton [30]. S ph thuc Tg vo thnh phn ca polyme blend
PTT/PEN ph hp vi phng trnh d bo Gordon-Taylor (h s
tng tc k = 0,57).
59
Ngoi cc polyme blend ho trn c mt nhit thu tinh ho

vi cc polyme tng tc mnh hoc tng tc yu vi nhau cn c
cc polyme blend ho trn m cc polyme thnh phn khng c
tng tc c bit. Tuy nhin, Tg ca chng theo t l 2 thnh phn
thng lch m so vi tnh ton l thuyt. Chng hn, polyme blend
ca PMMA izotactic v PMMA syndiotactic. Nhit thu tinh ho
ca polyme blend ny ph hp vi Tg ca polyme blend d bo theo
phng trnh Gordon-Taylor [2].
C. F. Huang, S. W. Kuo v cc cng s xc nh nhit
thu tinh ho ca polyme blend trn c s PMMA v PMMA cha
cc oligome silsesquioxan a din (PMMA-POSS) tng hp bng
k thut trng hp gc chuyn nguyn t vi nha phenolic. Tt c
cc polyme blend PMMA/nha phenolic v PMMA-POSS/nha
phenolic u c mt nhit thu tinh ho tt c cc t l 2
polyme thnh phn. iu chng t cc polyme blend ni trn
ho trn hon ton. Cc tc gi xy dng th ph thuc gia
nhit thu tinh ho ca cc polyme blend vi t l 2 polyme
thnh phn v Tg ca cc polyme ban u bng phng trnh cng
tuyn tnh, phng trnh Fox, phng trnh Kwei (hnh 10) [31].
Phng trnh Kwei l phng trnh d bo v tnh ton Tg ca
polyme blend trn c s pht trin phng trnh Gordon-Taylor:
W T + kW T
1 g1
2 g2
T =
+ qW W2
g
1
W + kW
1
2
(II.4)
(II.4)
Trong :
q l thng s gn ng. N tng ng vi ln cc tng tc
c bit trong polyme blend v phn nh cn bng gia tng tc t
lin kt (self-association) trong polyme v tng tc c bit gia
cc polyme.
Phng trnh Kwei phn nh chnh xc s ph thuc Tg ca
polyme blend vo thnh phn 2 polyme trong cc polyme blend ni
trn. T hnh 10, cc tc gi tnh c k = 1, q = -37 cho polyme
blend PMMA/nha phenolic v k = 1, q = 35 cho polyme blend
PMMA-POSS/nha phenolic (s dng phng php tnh ton gi tr
Thi Hong
60
bnh phng ti thiu). Gi tr q = -37 cho polyme blend

PMMA/nha phenolic cho thy tng tc t lin kt trong nha
phenolic ln hn cc tng tc c bit gia PMMA v nha
phenolic.
T l thnh phn 2 polyme

Hnh II.8. S ph thuc Tg ca polyme blend vo thnh phn
2 polyme [31].
a - Phng trnh Fox, b - Phng trnh cng tuyn tnh,
c - Phng trnh Kwei cho polyme blend PMMA-POSS/nha
phenolic, d - Phng trnh Kwei cho polyme blend
PMMA/nha phenolic
Cc vng trn en l s liu thc nghim ca polyme blend

PMMA-POSS/nha phenolic; Cc hnh vung en l s liu thc
nghim ca polyme blend PMMA/nha phenolic.
Bng II.3 lit k mt s phng trnh ph bin d bo nhit
thu tinh ho ca polyme blend ho trn vo t l v Tg ca cc
polyme thnh phn [1, 2].
61
Bng II.3. S ph thuc nhit thu tinh ho ca polyme

blend ho trn vo t l v nhit thu tinh ho ca cc
polyme thnh phn [1, 2].
Tn phng
trnh
Cng thc
Cng tuyn tnh
Tg = W1Tg1 + W2Tg2
Fox
1/Tg = W1/Tg1 + W2/Tg2
Gordon-Taylor
Tg =
Kwei
Tg =
W 1T g 1 + kW 2 T g 2
W 1 + kW 2
W1T g 1 + kW 2T g 2
Couchman
ln T g =
W1 + kW 2
+ qW 1W 2
W 1 ln T g 1 + kW
W 1 + kW
Braun-Kovacs
T g = T g1 +
ln T g 2
f g 2 + g 1
1 1
Trong , Tgi, Wi, i: nhit thu tinh ho, phn khi lng,
phn th tch ca polyme i; : s chnh lch hng s dn n nhit
gia trng thi thu tinh v trng thi lng; fg phn th tch t do
ca mt polyme nhit thu tinh ho ca n.
Thi Hong
62
II.3. Phng php da vo nht dung dch polyme blend

o nht ca dung dch polyme blend l mt trong nhng phng
php quan trng nh gi s tng tc ca cc polyme trong mt
dung mi no . T c th d on kh nng tng hp ca cc
polyme. C s l thuyt ca vn ny nh sau: tng tc y gia
cc polyme ho tan trong mt dung mi chung c th gy ra s co
ngt cc b, cc cun ca cc i phn t polyme v do lm
gim nht ca dung dch polyme blend so vi nht ca dung
dch polyme blend c tnh ton trn c s cng tuyn tnh theo
nht v t l ca cc polyme thnh phn. Trong trng hp ny, 2
polyme khng c kh nng tng hp. Ngc li, khi cc i phn
t ca 2 polyme c tng tc ho hc v vt l (ht nhau mnh nh
lin kt hydro chng hn), kch thc phn t ca chng cng nh
nht ca dung dch polyme blend s tng ln so vi tnh ton l
thuyt. Do , 2 polyme c kh nng tng hp mt phn vi nhau
(hnh II.9). xc nh nht ca dung dch polyme ngi ta
thng s dng cc nht k mao qun (capillar) nh nht k
Otswal, nht k Ubbelohde, nht k Cannon-Fanske [11].
Pp
2 polyme A v B tng hp mt phn
[]hh
[]tt
[]hh
2 polyme A v B khng tng hp
Nng ca hn hp polyme (phn th tch)

Hnh II.9. S ph thuc nht ca dung dch polyme blend vo
nng th tch ca cc polyme.
[]tt = []AA + []BB
63
(II.5)
Trong :
[]tt: nht ca dung dch polyme blend A/B
[]A, []B: nht ca dung dch polyme A v polyme B trong
cng mt dung mi
A, B: nng ca polyme A v polyme A (phn th tch)
Khi nghin cu nht thc ca dung dch polyme blend
etylen-propylen-dien monome (EPDM)/cao su thin nhin cc t
l khc nhau c v khng c 10% EPDM-anhydrit maleic (EPDMMA) trong dung mi toluen, S. H. Botros nhn thy vi dung dch
polyme blend EPDM/cao su thin nhin (CSTN) khng c EPDMMA, ng nht thc - t l thnh phn l mt ng cong v
lun nm di ng nht thc - t l thnh phn ca dung dch
polyme blend EPDM/CSTN c EPDM-MA (l mt ng thng).
iu ny cho thy polyme blend EPDM/CSTN l polyme blend
khng tng hp. EPDM-MA c tc dng lm cho EPDM v
CSTN tng hp mt phn vi nhau [32].
Chu Chin Hu nh gi kh nng ho trn v tng hp
ca cc polyme blend PVC/CSTN epoxy ho v cao su
clopren/CSTN epoxy ho bng phng php o nht trong cc
dung mi tng ng l xyclohexanon v toluen [33]. Tc gi nhn
thy khi hm lng nhm epoxy trong CSTN epoxy ho nh hn
50%, nht ring ca dung dch polyme blend PVC/CSTN epoxy
ho u nh hn nht ring ca tng cu t v thp hn ng
chun (ni nht ring ca dung dch PVC v dung dch CSTN
epoxy ho). Nh vy, khi hm lng nhm epoxy trong CSTN
epoxy ho nh hn 50%, PVC v CSTN epoxy ho hu nh khng
tng hp. C th gii thch iu ny nh sau: khi hm lng nhm
epoxy trong CSTN epoxy ho nh hn 50%, lc tng tc gia
nhm epoxy trong CSTN epoxy ho vi nguyn t clo ca nha
PVC cha ln thng c tng tc y gia PVC v CSTN
epoxy ho do chng c phn cc rt khc nhau [33].
Khi hm lng nhm epoxy trong CSTN epoxy ho ln hn
50%, nht ring ca dung dch PVC/CSTN epoxy ho u ln
hn nht ring ca tng cu t v cao hn ng chun (ni
64
Thi Hong
nht ring ca dung dch PVC v dung dch CSTN epoxy). C th

gii thch hin tng ny nh sau: khi hm lng nhm epoxy trong
CSTN epoxy ho ln hn 50%, do nh hng ng thi ca 2 yu
t: mt nhm chc phn cc tng, kh nng va chm gia cc
nhm chc hot ho ca CSTN epoxy ho vi nha PVC tng ln
rt cao cc t l polyme thnh phn. Tng tc gia nhm epoxy
trong CSTN epoxy ho vi nguyn t clo hot ng ca nha PVC
ln thng tng tc y gia 2 polyme v lm cho mch i
phn t ca PVC v CSTN epoxy ho an xen vo nhau. Do ,
nht ring ca dung dch polyme blend PVC/CSTN epoxy ho cao
hn nht ring ca dung dch tng cu t. Kt qu o nht
chng t khi hm lng nhm epoxy trong CSTN epoxy ho nh
hn 50%, PVC v CSTN epoxy ho khng tng hp hoc tng
hp mc thp. Khi hm lng nhm epoxy trong CSTN epoxy
ho ln hn 50%, PVC v CSTN epoxy ho c kh nng tng hp
mnh hn.
Vi dung dch polyme blend cao su clopren/CSTN epoxy ho,
khi hm lng nhm epoxy trong CSTN epoxy ho nh hn 25%
v t l cao su clopren nh hn 50%, nht ring ca dung dch
polyme blend cao su clopren/CSTN epoxy ho u nm di ng
chun (ni nht ring ca dung dch cao su clopren v dung dch
CSTN epoxy ho). iu ny c th gii thch bi s t hp ca cc
i phn t CSTN epoxy ho ln hn tng tc gia cc i phn t
CSTN epoxy ho v cao su clopren cng nh tng tc y gia
cc i phn t ca 2 loi cao su do khc nhau v mc phn cc.
Tng tc y s cng mnh khi hm lng nhm epoxy trong
CSTN epoxy ho cng thp v do , CSTN epoxy ho v cao su
clopren khng tng hp vi nhau.
Khi hm lng nhm epoxy trong CSTN epoxy ho ln hn
25%, nht ring ca dung dch polyme blend cao su
clopren/CSTN epoxy ho u nm trn ng chun mi t l.
Trong trng hp ny, mc phn cc ca CSTN tng ln ng
k v tng tc gia cc nguyn t clo trong cao su clopren vi
nhm epoxy trong CSTN epoxy ho thng c tng tc y
gia 2 loi cao su. Cng tng mc epoxy ho ca CSTN th
nht ring ca dung dch polyme blend cao su clopren/CSTN epoxy
ho cng ln v xu hng lch ra khi ng chun v pha dng
65
cng ln, ngha l kh nng tng hp ca cao su clopren v CSTN

epoxy ho cng tng.
Theo Huggins, quan h gia nht ring []r v nng ca
dung dch polyme c biu din nh sau:
[]r/C = [] + K[]2C
(II.5)
vi K l h s Huggins ca polyme trong dung mi bit;

nht thc ca dung dch polyme [34].
nht ring ca dung dch polyme blend c th hin bi
phng trnh sau [35, 36]:
[]r(hh) = [1].C1 + [2].C2 + b11C12 + b22C22 + 2(b11 b22)1/2C1C2
(II.6)
Trong :
[]r(hh) l nht ring (specific viscosity) ca dung dch
polyme blend; 1, 2 l nht thc (intrinsic viscosity) ca dung
dch polyme 1 v polyme 2 trong cng mt dung mi v cng mt
iu kin o; C1 v C2 l nng ca polyme 1 v polyme 2 trong
dung dch polyme blend; b11 v b22 l h s tng tc tng ng vi
cc i phn t polyme 1 v polyme 2 trong dung mi bit;
b12 = (b11 .b22)1/2 l h s tng tc gia cc polyme trong hn hp.
T phng trnh ny ngi ta pht trin thnh phng trnh
tnh ton nht ring ca dung dch polyme blend theo kinh
nghim nh sau:
[]r(hh) = [C1(r(1))c + C2(r(2))c]/C
(II.7)
Trong :
[]r(hh) l nht ring ca dung dch polyme blend; (r(1))c v
(r(2))c l nht ring ca dung dch polyme 1 v polyme 2 nng
C = C1 + C2 v C1 v C2 l nng ca polyme 1 v polyme 2
trong dung dch polyme blend.
Thi Hong
66
Mc d quan h trn khng hon ton ng nh l thuyt song

phng trnh ny vn c s dng tnh ton nht ring ca
dung dch polyme blend.
H s tng tc gia cc polyme b12 phng trnh tnh ton
nht ring theo l thuyt khng c ngha khi cc h s b11 v b22
mang gi tr m. V th, ngi ta s dng biu thc b12 = (b11 +
b22)/2 thay th cho biu thc b12 = (b11 .b22)1/2 [35, 36]. Khi
nht ring ca dung dch polyme blend c vit nh sau:
[]r(hh) = [1].C1 + [2].C2 + b11C12 + b22C22 + ((b11 + b22)/2)C1C2
(II.8)
Thng s b12 = (b11 + b22)/2 c trng cho tng tc gia cc
polyme trong hn hp. C th bit gia polyme 1 v polyme 2 c
hay khng c tng tc khi so snh cc gi tr b12 xc nh bng
thc nghim v b*12 tnh ton theo l thuyt.
Kh nng tng hp ca hn hp polyme c d bo bi
thng s:
b = b12 - b*12
(II.9)
Gi tr b m cho bit dung dch polyme blend khng tng

hp v tng tc y gia cc polyme. Ngc li, gi tr b dng
cho bit dung dch polyme blend c kh nng tng hp mt phn
do tng tc ht gia cc polyme.
V. Suthar, A. Pratap v cng s nghin cu nht ca
dung dch polyme blend poly(-hydroxyl butyrat-cohydroxyvalerat)(PHBV)/etyl xellulo vi dung mi l diclometan
cc t l PHBV)/etyl xellulo 90/10 (k hiu a1), 80/20 (a2), 70/30
(a3) v 60/40 (a4) [35]. Cc tc gi xy dng th ph thuc
gia nht ring ca dung dch polyme blend PHBV)/etyl xellulo
vo nng ca chng, t xc nh thng s b cho tng dung
dch polyme blend PHBV)/etyl xellulo cc nng khc nhau
(hnh II. 10). R rng l dung dch polyme blend PHBV)/etyl
xellulo cc t l khc nhau u c thng s b m tr polyme
blend t l 60/40, nng 2%. t l ny, PHBV v etyl xellulo
c tng tc vi nhau. Nh vy, polyme blend PHBV)/etyl
67
xellulo l polyme blend khng tng hp, tr polyme blend t l

PHBV)/etyl xellulo 60/40.
Nng (g/dl)
Hnh II.10. Thng s b theo nng ca cc dung dch polyme
blend cc t l PHBV)/etyl xellulo ln lt l 90/10 (a1), 80/20 (a2),
70/30 (a3) v 60/40 (a4) [35].
Trong hn hp 3 thnh phn gm polyme A, polyme B v dung

mi, h s Huggins K gm 3 thng s tng tc: K1, K2 v K3 [36]:
1. Tng tc thu ng (hydrodynamic interaction) gia cc
polyme vi h s tng tc K1:
K [ ]2 w A2 + K [ ]2 wB2 + 2( K K )1 / 2 [ ][ ]w A wB
A A
B B
A B
A B
K =
2
1
([ ]w A + [ ]wB )
A
B
(II.10)
Thi Hong
68
Trong :
[A], [B]: nht thc ca cc dung dch polyme A v
polyme B; A v B: phn khi lng ca cc polyme A v polyme
B; KA v KB: h s Huggins tng ng vi cc dung dch polyme A
v polyme B.
2. S hnh thnh cc phn t kp (double molecules) do tip
xc gia cc i phn t ca 2 polyme vi h s tng tc K2 tng
ng:
K2 =
k
[ ]
([ ] 2 [ ]1 )
(II.11)
Trong :
k: hng s v c th c b qua cho cc dung mi khng phn
cc. []1 c tnh theo nht thc ca dung dch cc i phn t
polyme ring r v []2 l nht thc ca dung dch cha cc i
phn t ca hn hp 2 polyme.
3. Cc tng tc ht v y gia cc i phn t polyme A v
polyme B vi h s tng tc tng ng K3 =
Nh vy, h s K= K1+ K2 + K3 K1+
K2 c b qua khi khng c cc lc ht c bit mnh gia
cc i phn t polyme chng c th tp hp li v cc nng
dung dch nh. Khi :
= K - K1
> 0:2 polyme A v polyme B ho trn vi nhau; < 0:2
polyme A v polyme B khng tng hp.
Bng II.4 trnh by nht ring, cc gi tr b, b v ca dung
dch polyme blend metylmetacrylat-co-axit metacrylic (MMAMAA)/PS cha 2,6% mol sunfonat trung ho magie (2,6MgSPS) cc
t l khc nhau (dung mi 1,4 -dioxan, 25oC). Cc gi tr b > 0 v
> 0 cho thy MMA-MAA v 2,6 MgSPS ho trn tt vi nhau
mi t l MMA-MAA/2,6 MgSPS trong 1,4 -dioxan.
69
Bng II.4. nht ring, cc gi tr b, b v ca dung dch polyme

blend MMA-MAA/2,6 MgSPS [36].
T l MMAMAA/2,6MgSPS
[A]
(dL/g)
1/0
0,580
0,111
0,25/0,75
0,282
0,148
0,060
1,468
0,50/0,50
0,419
0,187
0,022
0,596
0,75/0,25
0,282
0,343
0,503
3,752
0/1
0,504
0,169
Trong bng II.5 l nht ring, cc gi tr b, b v ca

dung dch polyme blend metylmetacrylat-co-axit metacrylic
(MMA-MAA)/PS cha 2,6% mol sunfonat trung ho km
(2,6ZnSPS) cc t l khc nhau (dung mi 1,4 -dioxan, 25oC).
Cc gi tr b < 0 v < 0 ch ra tng tc y gia cc i phn t
ca MMA-MAA v 2,6ZnSPS. Do , MMA-MAA v 2,6ZnSPS
khng tng hp mi t l MMA-MAA/2,6ZnSPS trong 1,4 dioxan.
Bng II.5. nht ring, cc gi tr b, b v ca dung dch polyme
blend MMA-MAA/2,6ZnSPS [36].
T l MMAMAA/2,6ZnSPS
[A]
(dL/g)
1/0
0,580
0,111
0,25/0,75
0,461
0,090
- 0,152
- 0,018
0,50/0,50
0,407
0,094
- 0,176
- 0,014
0,75/0,25
0,401
0,043
- 0,463
- 0,477
0/1
0,518
0,253
Thi Hong
70
Khi nghin cu cc gi tr b v ca dung dch polyme blend

metylmetacrylat-co-axit metacrylic (MMA-MAA)/PS cha 2,6%
mol sunfonat trung ho mangan (2,6 MnSPS) cc t l 75/25;
50/50 v 25/75 trong dung mi 1,4 - dioxan, cc tc gi nhn thy,
dung dch polyme blend MMA-MAA/2,6 MnSPS c cc gi tr b
< 0 v < 0 cc t l 75/25 v 50/50. iu ch ra tng tc
y gia cc i phn t ca MMA-MAA v 2,6 MnSPS, do
MMA-MAA v 2,6 MnSPS khng tng hp cc t l ni trn.
Ngc li, dung dch polyme blend MMA-MAA/2,6 MnSPS t l
25/75 c gi tr b > 0 v > 0. Ngha l, t l ny, xut hin
tng tc ht gia cc i phn t ca MMA-MAA v 2,6 MnSPS
nn MMA-MAA v 2,6 MnSPS tng hp mt phn vi nhau. Nh
vy, ph thuc vo t l MMA-MAA/2,6 MnSPS m MMA-MAA
v 2,6 MnSPS c th tng hp mt phn hoc khng tng hp.
Nh vy, phng php xc nh nht ca dung dch polyme
blend v cc thng s tng tc b v gia cc polyme l phng
php quan trng nh gi s ho trn v tng hp gia cc
polyme trong h.
II.4. Phng php da vo m men xon ca polyme blend

trng thi nng chy
M men xon trng thi nng chy (melt torque) ca mt polyme
hay hn hp cc polyme c quan h cht ch vi nht chy
tng i (relative melt viscosity) ca polyme hay hn hp cc
polyme (polyme blend). S ph thuc m men xon (M) ca
polyme hay polyme blend vo tc trn (S) trng thi nng chy
trong thit b lu bin s dng r to trn nh sau [37]:
M = CoSb
(II.12)
Trong :
Co - hng s ph thuc vo hnh dng (geometry) thit b; b hng s c trng cho polyme nng chy.
Trong hu ht cc trng hp, th logarit m men xon (M)
ca polyme blend nng chy v logarit tc trn (S) l mt ng
thng v dc b c xem nh tng ng vi ch s n trong
nh lut nng lng:
= Kn
71
(II.13)
Trong :
- ng sut trt; - tc trt; K - hng s t l xc nh
mt dng vt liu nng chy v c tnh ton theo nh lut
nng lng.
Cc thng s nh ng sut trt , tc trt v nht chy
tng i c xc nh bng cch thay cc gi tr n, m men xon
v tc trn vo cc biu thc s dng cho cc xi lanh ng trc v
bin i cho vt liu chy khng l tng nh di y:
1 =
1 =
M1
2 R m2 h
(II.14)
2 S1
nR
2/n
m
( R i 2 / n R e 2 / n )
= 1/ 1
(II.15)
(II.16)
Trong :
Ri, Re v Rm: ng knh trong, ng knh ngoi v ng
knh trung bnh ca xi lanh
h: chiu di ca xi lanh
Cn c vo biu thc trn ta thy nht chy tng i ca
polyme blend lun t l thun vi m men xon trng thi nng
chy ca polyme blend.
Kho st s bin i m men xon ca polyme blend trng
thi nng chy l mt trong nhng phng php ng tin cy
nh gi s tng tc ca cc polyme, nht l cc polyme c kh
72
Thi Hong
nng phn ng. y l c s d on s tng hp v khng

tng hp ca cc polyme. Ngi ta theo di s bin i m men
xon ca mt khi lng hay th tch mu nghin cu c tnh
ton cc thi im trn khc nhau ti mt nhit tng i n
nh v tc r to trn khng i. Cc thit b trn ni c s
dng ph bin nht nghin cu m men xon ca polyme blend
l Haake Torque Rheometer, Haake Rheomixer, Brabender [37-39].
Theo nguyn l chung, khi trn hp 2 polyme A v B, nu
chng khng c cc tng tc c bit v khng c kh nng tng
hp vi nhau th gi tr m men xon ca polyme blend A/B n
nh sau khi nng chy hon ton. Nu gia 2 polyme A v B-co-C
hoc 2 polyme A v B-g-C c tng tc, m men xon ca polyme
blend A/B-C c xu hng bin i khng n nh v cao hn gi tr
m men xon ca polyme blend A/B cng mt thi im trn
nng chy. c bit, nu xy ra phn ng ho hc gia polyme A
v copolyme B-C (phn C trong copolyme B-C phn ng vi
polyme A) to thnh cc copolyme khi hoc copolyme ghp ti
ch (in-situ) A-C th m men xon ca hn hp polyme c xu
hng tng t ngt v copolyme ny s ng vai tr ca cht
tng hp cho polyme blend A/B-C. Trong trng hp ny, 2
polyme tng hp mt phn vi nhau nh phn ng ho hc tng hp nh phn ng hay tng hp phn ng (reactive
compatibility).
Trong cng trnh nghin cu tnh cht lu bin v kh nng
gia cng ca polyme blend PP/EPDM trn thit b trn ni Haake
190oC (cao hn nhit nng chy ca polyme nn l PP) vi
thi gian trn 10 pht v tc trn 60 vng/pht, M. A. L.
Manchado, J. Biagiotti v cng s cho thy m men xon (Mx)
ca polyme blend PP/EPDM l mt hm ca hm lng EPDM.
Cc gi tr m men xon cc t l PP/EPDM khc nhau u
thp hn gi tr m men xon tnh theo l thuyt cng mt t l
(theo quy tc cng l ng nt lin trn hnh II.11) [40]. R
rng l PP v EPDM l 2 polyme khng tng hp do 2 polyme
khng c cc tng tc c bit.
73
30
Mx (N.m)
25
20
15
10
5
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
[EPDM] (%)
Hnh II.11. S thay i m men xon (Mx) ca polyme blend

PP/EPDM theo hm lng EPDM [40].
M. J. Abad, A. Ares v cng s ch to polyme blend

PP/copolyme etylen-vinyl alcol (EVOH) c v khng c ionome
natri (copolyme ngu nhin etylen/axit metacrylic vi cc nhm
cacboxyl c trung ho mt phn hay hon ton bi ion natri)
215-220oC trn thit b Brabender, tc quay 2 trc vt xon 45
vng/pht. Cc tc gi nghin cu s tng hp ca cc polyme
blend PP/EVOH v EVOH/ionome natri theo s bin i m men
xon ca chng trng thi nng chy [41]. Hnh II.12 biu din s
ph thuc logarit m men xon ca polyme blend PP/EVOH vo
hm lng EVOH. Logarit m men xon ca PP gim khi tng hm
lng EVOH v tt c polyme blend PP/EVOH u c logarit m
men xon lch m so vi gi tr m men xon tnh theo l thuyt
(theo quy tc cng logarit m men xon ca 2 polyme cc t l
khc nhau - ng nt lin). y l bng chng cho thy PP v
EVOH khng c kh nng tng hp. S gim nht chy tng
i hay m men xon khi trn nng chy 2 polyme l in hnh cho
polyme blend khng tng hp.
Thi Hong
74
1.1
1.0
Log Mx (N.m)
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
[EVOH] (%)
Hnh II.12. S ph thuc logarit m men xon (log Mx) ca polyme

blend PP/EVOH vo hm lng EVOH [41].
Trong polyme blend EVOH/ionome natri, tt c cc t l,

logarit m men xon ca polyme blend u lch dng so vi gi
tr m men xon tnh theo l thuyt (ng nt lin trn hnh
II.13). iu ny chng t EVOH v ionome natri c kh nng
tng hp mt phn v ionome natri c th tng cng tng hp
mt phn cho polyme blend PP/EVOH. Cht tng hp ionome
natri d trn ln vi PP v tng tc tt vi EVOH do to thnh
copolyme ti ch nh phn ng este ho gia nhm cacboxyl
trong ionome natri vi nhm hydroxyl trong EVOH (tng hp
phn ng). Ngoi ra cn c cc tng tc ion - dipol v tng tc
hydro gia ion natri v nhm cacboxyl trong ionome natri vi
nhm hydroxyl trong EVOH.
Q. W. Lu v C. W. Macosko nghin cu s tng hp ca
polyuretan nhit do (TPU) vi PP chc ho l PP ghp nhm amin
bc nht (PP-g-NH2) trn thit b trn ni Haake 190oC vi thi
gian trn 10 pht v tc trn 75 vng/pht [42]. Cc tc gi nhn
thy, m men xon ca polyme blend TPU/PP-g-NH2 tng theo hm
lng PP-g-NH2 v t gi tr ln nht khi hm lng PP-g-NH2
75
trong khong 50-90%. S tng m men xon ca polyme blend

TPU/PP-g-NH2 lin quan ti tng tc gia nhm NH2 trong PP-gNH2 vi nhm uretan trong TPU. Nh vy, c th khng nh TPU
v PP-g-NH2 tng hp mt phn vi nhau. nht chy tng i
() ca polyme blend TPU/PP-g-NH2 c tnh ton theo m men
xon (tc l ng sut), tc r to (tc l tc trt) v tc
r to 75 vng/pht, quan h gia nht chy tng i (, Pa s)
v m men xon ca polyme blend TPU/PP-g-NH2 c th hin
nh sau:
1.18
1.16
Log Mx(N.m)
1.14
1.12
1.10
1.08
1.06
1.04
1.02
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
[Ionome Na ] (%)
Hnh II.13. S ph thuc logarit m men xon (log Mx) ca polyme

blend EVOH/ionome natri vo hm lng ionome natri [41].
4,59 n(1 0,924 2 / n ) M

a
(II.17)
Trong :
M - m men xon, m-gf; n - ch s nh lut nng lng (power
law index); a - hng s c trng cho hnh dng thit b.
76
Thi Hong
S tng hp phn ng ca polyme blend trn c s PA vi

cao su chc ho, PA vi polyolephin chc ho v copolyme
metylmetacrylat-anhydrit maleic (MMA-MA) c nhiu tc gi
nghin cu bng phng php xc nh bin i m men xon ca
polyme blend trng thi nng chy [38, 43-47]. Vi polyme blend
PA/cao su etylen-propylen-g-anhydrit maleic (EP-g-MA), do phn
ng amit ho gia nhm amin cui mch ca PA vi MA trong EPg-MA m m men xon ca h tng ln nhanh chng (ngay sau khi
hn hp polyme nng chy hon ton, m men xon ca polyme
blend PA/EP-g-MA tng gp 4 ln so vi polyme blend khng c
kh nng phn ng PA/EP) [43]. Copolyme PA-EP to thnh ti
ch c vai tr ca mt cht tng hp gip cho PA/EP-g-MA
phn tn v bm dnh vo nhau tt hn. Nh vy, polyme blend
PA/EP-g-MA l polyme blend tng hp mt phn. Trong polyme
blend PA/PP c mt copolyme PP-g-MA, nh phn ng amit ho
gia nhm amin cui mch ca PA vi MA ca PP-g-MA trong qu
trnh trn nng chy 230oC trn thit b trn ni Haake m m
men xon ca polyme blend 3 thnh phn PA/PP/PP-g-MA tng ln
ng k so vi polyme blend PA/PP (khng c kh nng phn ng).
S to thnh copolyme PA-PP tng cng s phn tn v bm
dnh gia PA v PP. Hm lng PA b trch ly bng axit formic
trong polyme blend 3 thnh phn PA/PP/PP-g-MA nh hn so vi
polyme blend PA/PP [45]. R rng, nh c copolyme PP-g-MA m
2 polyme PA v PP tng hp mt phn vi nhau.
Khi trn nng chy PA vi polyetylen mch thng t trng thp
(LLDPE) v PA vi LLDPE ghp axit acrylic (LLDPE-g-AA)
230oC trn thit b trn ni Haake, m men xon ca polyme blend
PA/LLDPE-g-AA lun ln hn m men xon ca polyme blend
PA/LLDPE cng mt thi gian trn v tng theo hm lng
LLDPE-g-AA (hnh II.14). Nh copolyme PA-LLDPE to thnh ti
ch ng vai tr ca mt cht tng hp m PA v LLDPE-g-AA
phn tn v bm dnh vo nhau tt hn. C th khng nh polyme
blend PA/LLDPE-g-AA l polyme blend tng hp mt phn.
S tng m men xon ca polyme blend PA/LLDPE-g-AA l
do phn ng amit ho gia nhm amin cui mch ca PA vi nhm
cacboxyl ca AA trong LLDPE-g-AA. Phn ng ny din ra trong
mt vi pht v ph thuc vo t l thnh phn PA/LLDPE-g-AA.
...-[-CH2-CH2-]-CH2-CH-C-OH
n
O
- HOH
77
NH2- (- CH2 -)- C - [- NH - (CH2) - C -]-...

x
x
n
O
O
...-[-CH2-CH2-]-CH2-CH-C -[-NH-(CH2) - C -]-...

n+1
x
n
O
O
Nng chy
Phn ng amit ho gia nhm amin cui mch ca PA

vi AA trong PE-g-AA
10.0
50/50
50/50
60/40
60/40
Mx (N.m)
9.5
LLDPE/PA
LLDPE-g-AA/PA
LLDPE/PA
LLDPE-g-AA/PA
9.0
8.5
8.0
7.5
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
t (giy)
Hnh II.14. S bin i m men xon theo thi gian trn LLDPE v
LLDPE-g-AA vi PA cc t l 50/50 v 60/40.
Khi a copolyme LLDPE-g-AA vo polyme blend

PA/LLDPE, m men xon ca h tng theo hm lng LLDPE-gAA. iu ny lin quan ti phn ng amit ho to thnh copolyme
PA-LLDPE nh trnh by trn. Cc copolyme LLDPE-g-AA,
PA-LLDPE tng cng s phn tn v bm dnh ca PA v
LLDPE. Nh vy, nh c copolyme LLDPE-g-AA, 2 polyme PA
v LLDPE tng hp mt phn [44]. Tng t, m men xon ca
polyme blend PA/LDPE (80/20) tng ln ng k khi thm vo h
2% copolyme etylen-axit acrylic (EAA) v mt lng nh 2,2(1,3-phenylene)-bis-(2-oxazolin) (PBO) 240oC trong thit b n
78
Thi Hong
trn Brabender. iu ny c th gii thch bi phn ng ca vng

oxazolin th nht trong PBO vi nhm amin cui mch ca PA v
phn ng ca vng oxazolin th hai trong PBO vi nhm cacboxyl
ca EAA nhit cao to thnh copolyme PA-g-EAA b mt
ranh gii pha. Nh copolyme PA-g-EAA to thnh ti ch m PA
v LDPE tng hp mt phn. Kt qu ca qu trnh tng hp
phn ng trong polyme blend PA/LDPE c 2% EAA v mt lng
nh PBO l cc polyme PA v LDPE bm dnh v phn tn tt vi
nhau [46].
Khi nghin cu m men xon ca mt lot polyme blend
PA/MMA-MA c t l thnh phn khc nhau, A. Bassani, A. V.
Machado v cng s thy rng m men xon ca h tng theo hm
lng ca copolyme MMA-MA. Khi a copolyme MMA-MA vo
polyme blend PA/cao suetylen-propylen-dien ghp copolyme
styren-acrylonitril (AES), m men xon ca polyme blend PA/AES
tng ln. iu ny lin quan ti s hnh thnh copolyme khi hoc
copolyme ghp PA-MMA do phn ng gia nhm amin cui mch
ca PA vi MA ca MMA-g-MA trong qu trnh trn nng chy
220oC trn thit b n trc vt xon. S tng hp phn ng do to
thnh copolyme PA-MMA ti ch tng kh nng bm dnh gia
PA v AES, n nh hnh thi pha, chng li s kt t ca cc
polyme (nh copolyme PA-MMA nm b mt ranh gii pha) [47].
Nh vy, s tng m men xon ca hn hp 2 polyme c kh
nng phn ng, hn hp 2 polyme v cu t th ba c kh nng
phn ng vi mt hoc c 2 polyme trong qu trnh trn nng chy
c th khng nh 2 polyme tng hp mt phn.
II.5. Phng php da vo tnh cht c hc

Da vo phng php phn tch c hc ng (dynamic mechanical
analysis, DMA) v c nhit ng (dynamic mechanical thermal
analysis, DMTA), ngi ta xc nh cc gi tr m un hn hp, m
un tch lu do (m un do), m un tn hao v tang gc tn hao
c hc (tan ) ca cc polyme thnh phn v polyme blend (cc vt
liu c tnh cht n nht, viscoelastic) [48-53]. y l mt trong
nhng phng php nhy v chnh xc nht nh gi mc ho
trn v tng hp ca polyme blend. Trong cc phng php trn,
79
ng sut ko v dn di khi ko vt liu c m t bng cc

phng trnh dao ng hnh sin:
= o sin(t + )
(II.18)
= o sin(t)cos + o cos(t)sin
(II.19)
= o sin(t)
(II.20)
Trong :
: ng sut ko, : dn di khi ko vt liu mt thi im
t no , : tn s gc, : gc tn hao c hc.
ng sut ko v dn di c th ng pha ( = 0o) v lch pha
(0 < < 90o). Trong trng hp ng sut ko v dn di lch pha
nhau, quan h ko - dn ca vt liu c th hin nh sau:
o
= o E sin(t) + o E cos(t)
(II.21)
Trong :
E: phn thc ca m un v c gi l m un do hay m
un tch tr do (storage modulus), E = (o/o) cos. N phn nh
nng lng (ko dn) c th b li khi vt liu b bin dng. N cng
th hin kh nng do v kh nng tch tr nng lng ca vt liu.
E- phn o ca m un v c gi l m un nht hay m
un tn hao (loss modulus), E = (o/o)sin . N phn nh kh
nng tiu tn nng lng v tn hao nng lng do nhit gy ra bin
dng vt liu.
Quan h gia m un hn hp E* (complex modulus), m un
tch tr do, m un tn hao v gc tn hao c hc ca vt liu
c m t trn hnh II.15 v theo cc cng thc sau:
tan = E/ E
(II.22)
Thi Hong
80
Hnh II.15. Quan h gia m un hn hp, m un tch tr do,

m un tn hao v gc tn hao c hc ca vt liu [53].
M un hn hp phn nh kh nng chng li bin dng ca

ca vt liu v c biu din nh sau:
E* = /
(II.23)
Tang gc tn hao c hc (tan ) phn nh kh nng gim chn

(damping ability) ca vt liu [48, 49, 53]. Ni chung, cng pic
ln nht trn ng cong m un tn hao - nhit v tan - nhit
tng ng vi nhit thu tinh ho Tg ca vt liu. Phng
php DMA v DTMA c xc nh mt tn s xc nh v ch
ng nhit hoc bt ng nhit. Cc thit b DMA v DTMA
thng c s dng l cc thit b o lu bin vi tn gi
Rheometer hay Rheometric [14, 48-53].
Trn c s so snh gi tr m un tn hao hay tan ca polyme
blend, cc polyme thnh phn v so snh chng vi nhau, c th xc
nh cc polyme ho trn, tng hp hon ton, tng hp mt
phn hay khng tng hp. Polyme blend ho trn hay tng hp
hon ton s c mt gi tr cc i ca m un tn hao hay tan
nm gia cc gi tr tng ng vi cc polyme thnh phn. Vi
polyme blend khng tng hp s c 2 gi tr cc i m un tn
hao hay 2 gi tr cc i ca tan cc nhit tng ng vi cc
polyme thnh phn. Cc tnh cht c hc ng ni trn ca polyme
blend ph thuc vo bn cht v t l ca cc polyme thnh phn,
81
tng t nh quan h gia Tg ca polyme blend vo t l ca cc

polyme thnh phn v Tg ca cc polyme trong h.
Trong mt cng trnh cng b, W. G. F. Senger, O. van den
Berg v cng s nghin cu m un tch tr do, m un tn hao
ca cc polyme blend trn c s cc polyme khng phn cc nh
PP, PE v PS. Cng vi phng php o cc thng s in mi, cc
tc gi xc nh nhit thu tinh ho ca cc polyme blend
PS/PP v PP/PE cc t l khc nhau da vo ng cong m un
tn hao - nhit ca chng. Cc mu c ko cng tn s 1 Hz,
nhit gia nhit mu t - 150 ti 200oC v tc gia nhit mu
5oC/pht. Trn th m un tn hao - nhit ca polyme blend
PS/PP cc t l khc nhau, xut hin 2 pic cc i tng ng vi
nhit thu tinh ho ca PP (gia -11 v -8oC, ng vi qu trnh
hi phc ( relaxation) trong PP) v nhit thu tinh ho ca PS
xung quanh 93oC ng vi qu trnh hi phc c bn (
relaxation) trong PS (hnh II.16) [54]. R rng l PS v PP l
polyme khng tng hp vi nhau.
Nhit (oC)
Hnh II.16. M un tn hao ca polyme blend PS/PP
82
Thi Hong
Trong polyme blend PP/PE c cc t l khc nhau, 2 pic cc

i trn ng cong m un tn hao - nhit tng ng vi nhit
thu tinh ho ca 2 polyme thnh phn. S xut hin 2 nhit
thu tinh ho polyme blend PP/PE cho php khng nh PP v PE
khng tng hp [54].
B. M. P. Ferreira, C. A. Zavaglia v cng s nghin cu cc
ng cong m un tn hao - nhit v tan - nhit ca
polyme blend PLLA/PHBV. Cc tc gi nhn thy trn cc ng
cong m un tn hao - nhit v tan - nhit ca polyme blend
PLLA/PHBV u xut hin 2 pic cc i tng ng vi s chuyn
thu tinh ca 2 polyme thnh phn [13, 55]. Nhit thu tinh ho
ca PLLA v PHBV c xc nh theo ng cong m un tn
hao xung quanh 42 v 96oC v theo ng cong tan , Tg ca PLLA
v PHBV xung quanh 47 v 101oC [13]. S tn ti 2 nhit thu
tinh ho ca polyme blend PLLA/PHBV tng ng vi Tg ca
PLLA v PHBV cho thy polyme blend PLLA/PHBV khng tng
hp. Trn cc ng cong tan - nhit ca polyme blend
PLLA/poly(etylen-oxit) (PEO) cc t l khc nhau, xut hin 2
pic cc i rt gn vi nhit thu tinh ho ca PLLA v PEO
(ln lt l 100 v -10oC). iu ny ch ra 2 polyme PLA v PEO
khng tng hp [56].
W. Hoyt nghin cu m un tn hao v tan ca polyme
blend PLA/PMMA v ca 2 polyme thnh phn. Polyme blend ny
c 2 gi tr Tg ng vi Tg ca PLA (75,38oC) v Tg ca PMMA
(117, 56oC). Nh vy, PLA v PMMA khng c kh nng tng
hp [57]. Tng t, trn cc ng cong tan ca polyme blend
PLA/poly(butylen adipat-co-terephtalat) (PBAT) xut hin 2 vng
chuyn thu tinh tng ng vi cc polyme thnh phn PLA v
PBAT [58]. Nhit thu tinh ho ca polyme blend khng thay
i theo t l PBAT khng nh gia PLA v PBAT khng c
cc tng tc c bit v 2 polyme ny khng tng hp.
Trn cc ng cong tan - nhit ca polyme blend
LCP/ABS u xut hin pic cc i tng ng vi s chuyn thu
tinh ca pha lin tc ABS (cng chnh l ca SAN). Nhit thu
tinh ho ca SAN hu nh khng thay i v khng ph thuc vo
t l ca LCP trong polyme blend. Nh vy, LCP v ABS khng
tng hp vi nhau [14].
83
J. S. Joon, S. H. Oh v cng s nghin cu tnh cht c nhit

ca polyme blend PLLA/EVA trn thit b Rhevibron nh phn tch
cc ng cong tan - nhit ca polyme blend c t l
PLLA/EVA khc nhau v hm lng VA trong EVA l 70 v 85%.
Trn tt c cc ng cong tan - nhit ca polyme blend
PLLA/EVA vi hm lng VA trong EVA l 70% (EVA70) u c
2 pic cc i tng ng vi nhit thu tinh ho ca PLLA v
EVA70. Nhit thu tinh ho ca PLLA v EVA trong polyme
blend PLLA/EVA70 khng ph thuc vo t l PLLA/EVA70. R
rng l PLLA v EVA70 khng c kh nng tng hp [59].
Tri li, trn tt c cc ng cong tan - nhit ca polyme
blend PLLA/EVA vi hm lng VA 85% (EVA85) u ch c 1
pic cc i nm gia Tg ca PLLA v EVA85 (hnh II.17) [59]. Pic
chuyn thu tinh ca polyme blend PLLA/EVA85 ph thuc vo t
l PLLA/EVA85. Nhit thu tinh ho ca polyme blend
PLLA/EVA85 xc nh bng thc nghim kh ph hp vi tnh
ton theo l thuyt cc t l PLLA/EVA85 khc nhau v tun theo
nh lut Fox. Kt qu nghin cu Tg ca polyme blend
PLLA/EVA85 cho thy PLLA v EVA85 ho trn v tng hp
hon ton.
Nhit (oC)
Hnh II.17. ng cong tan - nhit ca polyme blend
PLLA/EVA85 cc t l khc nhau [59].
84
Thi Hong
Khi kho st tnh cht c nhit ca polyme blend trn c s

diglyxidyl ete bisphenol A, nha epoxy siu nhnh c ng lng
epoxy 373 v cht ng rn izophoron diamin, R. Mezzenga v J.
A. E. Manson nhn thy c s ph hp gia nhit thu tinh ho
ca polyme blend xc nh theo cc i trn cc ng cong tan nhit v nhit thu tinh ho ca polyme blend tnh ton theo
phng trnh Fox. iu ny cho php khng nh polyme blend ho
trn hon ton v to thnh mt pha ng th tt c cc t l
diglyxidyl ete bisphenol A/nha epoxy siu nhnh [60].
Hnh II.18 biu din s ph thuc ca m un tch lu do (G)
vo m un nht hay m un tn hao (G) ca polyme blend
PLLA/EVA85 (50/50) cc nhit 150, 160 v 170oC. Trong
khong nhit 150 - 170oC, quan h gia G v G l mt ng
thng. Nh vy, polyme blend PLLA/EVA85 (50/50) ho trn hon
ton v trong h khng c bt c mt phn vi d th no
(microheterogeneity) [59].
Hnh II.18. Quan h gia m un tch lu do (G) v m un

nht/m un tn hao (G) ca polyme blend PLLA/EVA85 (50/50)
nhit 150-170oC [59].
85
Ngoi cc tnh cht c hc ng, cc tnh cht c c xc nh

bng phng php tnh nh bn mi mn, bn ko t,
dn di khi t, bn va p, bn un... u c th s dng
nh gi kh nng tng hp hay khng tng hp ca cc polyme.
Chu Chin Hu v Nguyn Vit Bc nghin cu bn mi mn
Acron nh gi lc kt dnh ni ca polyme blend trn c s
CSTN epoxy ho (hm lng nhm epoxy 50%) v t hp PVC c
20% cht ho do dioctyl phtalat. Cc tc gi nhn thy bn mi
mn ca polyme blend t gi tr cc i khi t l 2 polyme ni trn
l 50/50. C th t l ny CSTN epoxy ho v PVC tng tc vi
nhau mnh nht, kh nng bm dnh gia chng tng ln ng k,
do 2 polyme tng hp mt phn [61].
J. Z. Diao v cng s nghin cu bn ko t v bn
va p ca polyme blend PP/PVC c v khng c poly(amit-este)
siu nhnh (HBP) v PP ghp poly(amit este) siu nhnh (PP-HBP)
[62, 63]. Vi polyme blend PP/PVC (80/20) c HBP (hm lng t
0,5 ti 4%), bn ko t v bn va p ca polyme blend
PP/PVC/HBP u ln hn so vi polyme blend PP/PVC (khng
tng hp). S c mt ca HBP lm cho PP v PVC tng hp mt
phn vi nhau. iu ny c th gii thch bi cc nguyn nhn sau:
th nht, khi thm HBP vo polyme blend PP/PVC, nht ca
PVC gim ng k. Th hai, nguyn t hydro metenyl ca PVC
tng tc vi nhm cacbonyl ete v nhm amit ca HBP to thnh
lin kt hydro. Do , kh nng gia cng v trn hp PP v PVC d
dng hn [62]. Tng t, khi a PP-HBP (hm lng t 2,5 ti
20%) vo polyme blend PP/PVC (80/20), bn ko t ca
polyme blend PP/PVC/PP-HBP ln hn so vi polyme blend
PP/PVC (hnh II.19). iu ny cho php khng nh nh PP-HBP
m PP v PVC tng hp mt phn. PP-HBP ci thin kh nng
bm dnh pha km ca PP v PVC cng nh ng sut b mt ln
gia 2 pha PP v PVC trong polyme blend [63].
Khi nghin cu tnh cht c ca polyme blend PP/PS bn va
p (HIPS), T. J. A. Melo, L. H. Carvalho v cng s nhn thy
bn ko t, dn di khi t, m un n hi v bn va p
ca polyme blend PP/HIPS (70/30) c s dng copolyme tribloc
styren-b-etylen-co-butylen-b-styren (SEBS) ln hn so vi polyme
blend PP/HIPS khng s dng SEBS. Cc tnh cht c hc ca
polyme blend PP/HIPS ln nht khi hm lng SEBS l 5% [64].
Thi Hong
86
SEBS c tc dng tng kh nng trn ln v tng tc PP v HIPS.

Do , n gp phn lm cho PP v HIPS tng hp mt phn.
Hm lng PP-HBP (%)

Hnh II.19. S thay i bn ko t ca polyme blend PP/PVC
(80/20) theo hm lng PP-HBP [63].
tng kh nng tng hp ca polyme blend khng tng

hp PP/PA, ngi ta s dng copolyme c kh nng phn ng l
PP-MA [65-67]. S c mt ca PP-MA c th tng kh nng
tng tc gia cc pha PP v PA, do bn ca polyme blend
tng mnh v c th vt qu bn ca tng polyme [65].
Chnh phn ng amit ho gia nhm amin cui mch ca PA vi
MA trong PP-MA trng thi nng chy to thnh copolyme
PA-PP v copolyme ny tng cng s phn tn v bm dnh
gia PA v PP [66, 67]. Mt im ng ch l PP-MA c th
lm tng dn di khi t ca polyme blend [66]. Nh vy, PPMA c tc dng lm cho PP v PA tng hp mt phn.
Trong polyme blend PE/PA s dng copolyme c kh nng
phn ng nh PE-g-AA, bn ko t ca polyme blend tng
ln ng k. Nh phn ng ca nhm AA trong PE-g-AA vi
nhm amin cui mch ca PA to thnh copolyme PE-PA m PE
v PA phn tn vo nhau v bm dnh vi nhau tt hn [44]. Do
, PE v PA tng hp mt phn vi nhau. Cc copolyme
87
khng c kh nng phn ng nh EVA hay PE-g-acrylamit vn

c th ci thin tnh cht c hc ca polyme blend PE/PA. M
un n hi, bn ko t ca polyme blend PE/PA tng ln
ng k khi thm vo 1% EVA [68]. EVA c kh nng tng
cng bm dnh PE v PA do cc i phn t PE trong EVA d
trn ln, an mc vi cc i phn t PE v phn VA trong EVA
d tng tc vi nhm amit trong PA (tng tc dipol-dipol). M
un n hi, bn ko t v dn di khi t ca polyme
blend PE/PA (20/80) tng ln r rt khi a vo PE-g-acrylamit
vi hm lng t 4 n 10% [69]. Nh s dng hm lng EVA
v PE-g-acrylamit hp l m PE v PA tng hp mt phn.
CH2
CH
- CH2- C
CH2
O
CH2
- CH2- C
CH3
H2N -......[NHCO]......-...
CH3
O
CH
HN -......[NHCO]......-...
CH2
OH
Phn ng amit ho gia nhm amin cui mch ca PA vi nhm

anhydrit maleic trong PP-MA
Khi nghin cu tnh cht c hc ca polyme blend cao su
butadien-nitril v cao su butadien-nitril hydro ho (NBR/HNBR),
I. A. Hussein, R. A. Chaudhry v cng s nhn thy bn ko
t ca polyme blend tng r rt cc t l NBR/HNBR 10/90
v 50/50. NBR v HNBR c cu trc tng t nhau nn chng d
dng trn hp v cc t l NBR/HNBR ni trn, NBR v
HNBR tng hp mt phn [70].
Thi Hong
88
CSTN v PU nhit do l 2 polyme khng tng hp do s

khc nhau v cu to, cu trc, khi lng phn t, phn
cc... Khi a copolyme ABS (vi hm lng t 0,5 ti 2,5%)
vo polyme blend CSTN/PU (10/90), bn ko t ca polyme
blend tng ln ng k [71]. C th ABS tng cng tng tc
v bm dnh CSTN v PU. S c mt ca ABS lm cho CSTN v
PU tng hp mt phn.
Khi s dng copolyme LLDPE-g-MA (vi hm lng kho
st t 0,5 ti 3%), m un n hi ca polyme blend
LLDPE/PMMA (cc t l 70/30 v 90/10) t gi tr cc i
hm lng LLDPE-g-MA ln lt l 1,5 v 1%. bn ko t
ca cc polyme blend ni trn t gi tr cc i hm lng
LLDPE-g-MA ln lt l 1,5 v 2% [72]. Cc nhm C-O-C v
cacbonyl trong copolyme LLDPE-g-MA c th tng tc vi cc
nhm C-O-C v cacbonyl trong PMMA (tng tc lng cc).
Do , m un n hi v bn ko t ca polyme blend
LLDPE/PMMA c ci thin r rt khi c LLDPE-g-MA v
polyme blend LLDPE/PMMA tr nn tng hp mt phn.
Bng II.6. Nng lng nt b mt ca PP, cc polyme blend
PP/EPDM v PP/EPDM/EMA [74].
Mu
Jc (kgf.cm/cm2)
PP
2,9
PP/EPDM (50/50)
2,08
PP/EPDM/EMA (50/50/5)
8,62
5,30
6,22
6,91
bn nt (fracture energy) biu hin bng nng lng nt

b mt ca polyme blend cng l mt cn c quan trng nh
gi kh nng tng hp ca cc polyme trong h [73, 74]. Bng
II.6 trnh by s liu v nng lng nt b mt (Jc) ca polyme
blend PP/EPDM (50/50) c v khng c ionome trn c s
89
copolyme etylen-co-axit metacrylic (EMA) vi cc nhm

cacboxyl c trung ho 50% bi ion Zn2+) [74]. Nng lng nt
b mt ca polyme blend PP/EPDM/EMA ln hn so vi polyme
blend PP/EPDM. Kt qu ny cho thy EMA tng dai ca PP
v polyme blend PP/EPDM [74]. EMA c tc dng lm cho PP
v EPDM tng hp mt phn.
W. Zhang, B. X. Fu v cng s s dng copolyme ca
MMA vi oligosilsesquioxan a din (MMA-POSS) tng dai
ca polyme blend PS/PMMA. Hm lng POSS trong copolyme
MMA-POSS nh hng r rt ti nng lng nt b mt ca
polyme blend PS/PMMA (chiu dy copolyme MMA-POSS s
dng nh nhau - 100m). Khi thm copolyme MMA-POSS cha
5% xyclopentyl POSS, nng lng nt b mt ca polyme blend
PS/PMMA tng khng ng k so vi polyme blend PS/PMMA
khng c copolyme MMA-POSS. Tuy nhin, khi thm vo
copolyme MMA-POSS cha 8% xyclopentyl POSS, nng lng nt
b mt ca polyme blend tng hn 2 ln. c bit, nng lng nt
b mt ca polyme blend tng hn 6 ln khi s dng copolyme
MMA-POSS cha 8% xyclopentyl POSS. Copolyme MMA-POSS
tng kh nng tng tc gia PS v PMMA, gim ng sut b mt
ranh gii 2 pha polyme [75]. V vy, PS v PMMA tng hp mt
phn nh s dng copolyme MMA-POSS.
II.6. Phng php da vo ph hng ngoi

Phng php ph hng ngoi c dng nghin cu tng tc
gia cc nhm chc ca cc polyme thnh phn hay gia cht tng
hp vi cc polyme thnh phn... Nu pic hp th c trng cho cc
nhm chc ca cc polyme thnh phn c gi nguyn trong ph
hng ngoi ca polyme blend th cc polyme ny khng tng hp.
Ngc li, nu trong polyme blend xut hin cc pic hp th c
trng mi (to thnh do phn ng ho hc gia cc nhm chc) hay
c chuyn dch pic c trng ca cc nhm chc so vi cc pic c
trng ca n trong polyme thnh phn (do tng tc c bit), c
th d on cc polyme tng hp mt phn. Qu trnh ghi ph
hng ngoi c tin hnh trn my quang ph hng ngoi hoc
thit b quang ph hng ngoi bin i Fourier (FTIR)... [1, 2, 11,
76-79].
Thi Hong
90
S sng (cm-1)
Hnh II.20. Ph FTIR ca cc polyme blend PBT/PVB
v c-PBT/PVB [81].
J. R. Khurma, D. R. Rohindra v cng s nghin cu ph

hng ngoi FTIR ca mng polyme blend PLA/poly(vinyl
butyral) (PVB). Hai polyme ny u c nhm cacbonyl trong i
phn t v v tr s sng c trng cho nhm cacbonyl ca PLA
( 1760cm-1) cho bit c s tng tc gia cc nhm cacbonyl
ca PLA v PVB trong polyme blend hay khng. Trn ph hng
ngoi ca polyme blend PLA/PVB cc t l khc nhau khng
c s chuyn dch pic c trng ca nhm ny hay bt k mt
nhm no khc ca PLA v PVB. iu ny cho thy gia 2
polyme PLA v PVB khng c bt c tng tc no v 2 polyme
ny khng tng hp [80].
91
A. R. Tripathy, W. Chen v cng s so snh ph hng

ngoi ca cc mng polyme blend trn c s poly(butylen
terephtalat) v poly(vinyl butyral) (PBT/PVB) v polyme blend
t polyme to thnh ti ch (in situ) do phn ng trng hp
oligome vng ca PBT (c-PBT) v trn hp n vi PVB c mt
cht xc tc stannoxan. Khng c s thay i cng pic c
trng cho dao ng ho tr nhm OH ( 3610cm-1) ca PVB
trong polyme blend PBT/PVB (60/40) so vi PVB. Ngoi ra,
khng c s dch chuyn pic hp th c trng cho dao ng ho
tr nhm cacbonyl ca este ( 1730cm-1) trong PBT khi tng t l
PBT trong polyme blend. Nh vy, PBT v PVB khng tng
hp vi nhau. Trn ph hng ngoi ca c-PBT/PVB vi c-PBT
chim t l ln hn, pic hp th c trng cho dao ng ho tr
nhm OH ( 3610cm-1) ca PVB gim khi tng t l c-PBT trong
qu trnh blend ho in situ (hnh II.20). S gim pic hp th c
trng cho dao ng ho tr nhm OH ca PVB c th do phn
ng ghp c-PBT vo PVB qua nhm OH (chuyn v este) v to
thnh copolyme c-PBT-g-PVB [81]. Nh s to thnh copolyme
c-PBT-g- PVB ti ch m c-PBT v PVB tng hp mt phn.
Trn hnh II.21 l cc pic hp th c trng cho nhm cacbonyl
trn vng ph hng ngoi 1700-1750cm-1 ca polycaprolacton,
polycaprolacton-g-MA, polyme blend polycaprolacton/tinh bt
(20%) v polycaprolacton-g-MA/tinh bt (20%). Tt c cc ph
hng ngoi trn u c pic c trng cho nhm cacbonyl s
sng 1726cm-1. Tuy nhin, vi polyme blend polycaprolacton-gMA/tinh bt cn xut hin mt pic mi 1739cm-1. S xut hin
pic hp th mi c th do s to thnh nhm cacbonyl nh phn
ng gia nhm OH ca tinh bt v MA ca polycaprolacton-gMA. S to thnh copolyme polycaprolacton - tinh bt ti ch
khi trn hp nng chy 2 polyme gip cho 2 polyme ny
tng hp mt phn [82].
Thi Hong
92
S sng (cm-1)
Hnh II.21. Pic c trng cho nhm cacbonyl trn vng ph hng
ngoi 1700 - 1750 cm-1 ca polycaprolacton (A), polycaprolacton-gMA (B), cc polyme blend polycaprolacton/tinh bt (20%) (C) v
polycaprolacton-g-MA/tinh bt (20%) (D) [82].
Lin kt hydro hay tng tc hydro l mt trong trong nhng

tng tc vt l tiu biu ca nhiu cp polyme. Trn ph hng
ngoi ca polyme blend PMMA mch thng v 12-tert-butyl este
dendrime (c khi lng phn t trung bnh s = khi lng phn
t trung bnh khi = 2046, hm lng thay i 0-20%), cc pic
hp th c trng cho cc nhm chc ca PMMA v 12-tertbutyl este dendrime u c s chuyn dch. Pic hp th c trng
cho nhm C-H bt i xng chuyn dch t s sng 2995cm-1
(khi hm lng 12-tert-butyl este dendrime 0%) ti s sng
2990cm-1 (khi hm lng 12-tert-butyl este dendrime 20%). Pic
hp th c trng cho cc nhm N-H v C-N chuyn dch t s
sng 1652cm-1 v 1066cm-1 (khi hm lng 12-tert-butyl este
dendrime 0%) ti s sng 1682cm-1 v 1068cm-1 (khi hm lng
12-tert-butyl este dendrime 20%). S d c s chuyn dch cc
pic hp th c trng trn l do tng tc hydro gia nhm
cacbonyl ca PMMA v nhm amit ca 12-tert-butyl este
dendrime. Nh tng tc c bit ny m PMMA v 12-tert-butyl
este dendrime tng hp mt phn [83].
93
Cu trc phn t ca 12-tert-butyl este dendrime (a) v PMMA (b)

M. Zeng ch to mng thm thu trn c c polyme blend
ca polyuretan tan trong nc (waterborne polyurethane) v
cacboxymetylchitin. Ph hng ngoi ca polyme blend
polyuretan/cacboxymetylchitin cho thy xut hin lin kt hydro
mi gia polyuretan v cacboxymetylchitin, do , 2 polyme ny
tng hp mt phn [84].
Khi nghin cu ph hng ngoi ca poly(D,L-lactic-co-axit
glucolic) (PDLLGA), copolyme tribloc polycaprolactonpoly(dimetylsiloxan)-polycaprolacton (TEGOMER) v polyme
blend PDLLGA/TEGOMER cc t l khc nhau, A. Porjazoska,
O. Karal-Yilmaz v cng s nhn thy c s chuyn dch pic hp
th c trng ca nhm cacbonyl trong polyme blend so vi cc
polyme thnh phn. Pic hp th c trng ca nhm cacbonyl trong
TEGOMER, PDLLGA v polyme blend PDLLGA/TEGOMER
(85/15) ln lt l 1720cm-1, 1759cm-1 v 1755cm-1 (hnh II.22)
[85]. S chuyn dch pic hp th c trng ca nhm cacbonyl
trong polyme blend c th gii thch bi tng tc hydro gia cc
nhm OH cui mch ca TEGOMER v cc nhm cacbonyl ca
PDLLGA. Nh tng tc hydro ny m PDLLGA v TEGOMER
tng hp mt phn.
Thi Hong
94
S sng (cm-1)
Hnh II.22. Ph FTIR ca TEGOMER (a), PDLLGA (b) v polyme
blend PDLLGA/TEGOMER (85/15) (c) [85].
Trn ph hng ngoi ca mng polyme blend ch to t CSTN

epoxy ho (hm lng nhm epoxy 50%) v PVC, Nguyn Vit
Bc v Chu Chin Hu nhn thy mt s pic c trng cho lin kt
95
C-Cl 605 v 637cm-1 u b dch chuyn (ti s sng 615 v

640cm-1). Cng pic hp th c trng cho vng epoxy (
870cm-1) trong polyme blend gim khi tng t l PVC. Pic hp th
c trng cho lin kt hydro trong CSTN epoxy ha ( 3500cm-1)
chuyn dch v s sng thp hn v tng dn cng . Nh vy
xut hin lin kt hydro gia nguyn t clo ca PVC vi nhm
hydroxyl ca CSTN epoxy ha v tng tc gia nguyn t clo ca
PVC vi vng oxyran ca CSTN epoxy ha. Nh cc tng tc c
bit ny m kh nng tng hp ca CSTN epoxy ho vi PVC
tng ln [86, 87].
P. Kolhe v R. M. Kannan so snh ph hng ngoi ca
mng polyme blend chitosan/poly(etylen glycol) (PEG) vi ph
hng ngoi ca chitosan v PEG [88]. Cc tc gi nhn thy, trn
ph hng ngoi ca mng polyme blend chitosan/PEG (70/30),
khng xut hin cc pic hp th c trng 1650cm-1 tng ng
vi vn ph th nht ca nhm amit trong chitosan v pic hp th
c trng 1760cm-1 tng ng vi dao ng dui ca nhm
cacbonyl trong PEG. Cng pic hp th c trng 1580cm1
tng ng vi vn ph th hai ca nhm amit tng ln r rt so
vi chitosan ban u. iu ny c th gii thch bi cc tng tc
gia nhm amit trong i phn t chitosan v nhm cacbonyl
trong PEG (tng tc hydro v tng tc lng cc). V th,
chitosan v PEG tng hp mt phn.
X. Ma, J. Yu v cng s nghin cu ph FTIR ca polyme
blend PLA/poly(propylen cacbonat) cc t l khc nhau. Cc tc
gi cho thy gia PLA v poly(propylen cacbonat) c mt s
tng tc c bit nh tng tc hydro C-H...O=C v tng tc
lng cc gia cc nhm C=O hoc gia nhm C=O v nhm CO-C. V vy, polyme blend PLA/poly(propylen cacbonat) tng
hp mt phn [89].
Tng tc ion c th nhn bit bng ph FTIR v tng tc
ny l mt trong nhng c s phn on cc polyme c kh
nng tng hp hay khng. R. Tannenbaum, M. Rajagopalan v
cng s dng ph FTIR nghin cu c ch chuyn proton
trong polyme blend ca copolyme axit perflurinat cha cc nhm
axit sunlfonic v poly(etyl acrylat) bin tnh bng cch a vo
cc nhm 4-vinyl piridin nh l cc ng monome trong mch
96
Thi Hong
polyme [90]. Cc tc gi phn bit cc nhm piridin v

piridinium bi cc pic hp th c trng ca chng 1416 v
1642cm-1. Cng ca cc pic ny l hm ca nng mol
ng monome piridin trong polyme blend v gip nh lng
proton dch chuyn t nhm axit sunlfonic sang nguyn t nit
trn nhm piridin to thnh cp cation piridinium v anion
sunlfonat. S tn ti tng tc ion gia copolyme axit
perflurinate cha cc nhm axit sunlfonic v poly(etyl acrylat)
bin tnh tng kh nng tng hp mt phn ca 2 polyme
ny [90].
II.7. Phng php da vo nh hin vi

Phng php nh hin vi rt thch hp nghin cu hnh thi
cu trc ca vt liu t hp (vt liu a thnh phn, vt liu c
nhiu pha, vt liu c nhiu lp...). N l cng c quan trng
xc nh mc ho trn, tng hp hon ton, tng hp mt
phn hay khng tng hp ca cc polyme trong polyme blend.
Nh nh hin vi ca polyme blend, ngi ta c th quan st thy
s ng nht v khng ng nht, s ng th v d th, s lin
tc v khng lin tc (gin on) ca cc pha polyme trong
polyme blend... Cc phng php ph bin xc nh hnh thi
cu trc ca polyme blend l hin vi in t qut (scanning
electron microscope, SEM), hin vi in t truyn qua
(transmission electron microscope, TEM), hin vi nguyn t lc
(atomic force microscope, AFM), nh vi nhit [1, 2, 11, 91, 92].
Hin nay, ngi ta c th chp nh hin vi in t qut v hin vi
in t truyn qua ca polyme blend vi phn gii cao, c
nanomet, trong pha phn tn c phn tn vi kch thc
siu nh trong pha lin tc.
V. Thirtha, R. Lehman v cng s nghin cu nh hin vi
in t qut ca polyme blend PC/PE c ch to trn my n
220-260oC, tc trc vt 50 vng/pht theo cc t l khc
nhau. Cc tc gi nhn thy, PC phn tn trong PE (khi PE l pha
nn) v PE phn tn trong PC (khi PC l pha nn) khng u.
Hnh thi pha ca polyme blend rt th, kch thc pha phn tn
thay i t 2 n 8m, ranh gii 2 pha r rng, bm dnh b mt
2 pha km (hnh II.23) [93]. C th khng nh PC v PE khng
c kh nng tng hp.
97
Hnh II.23. nh SEM ca polyme blend PC/PE

C. Thongpin, O. Santavitee v cng s nghin cu hnh thi

b mt nt gy (fracture surface) ca polyme blend PVC/PE (hm
lng PE 5 v 30%) bng nh hin vi in t qut v nhn thy s
tch pha trong polyme blend ny [94]. Do PVC v PE l 2 polyme
c bn cht v phn cc hon ton khc nhau nn polyme blend
PVC/PE khng tng hp.
Nghin cu nh hin vi in t qut ca mng polyme blend
ch to t huyn ph ca gelatin ph liu (t cng nghip dc) v
dung dch PVA/nc, E. Chiellini, P. Cinelli v cng s cho thy s
tch pha ca polyme blend gelatin ph liu/PVA (50/50) sau khi ch
to v th nghim ko dn. Cc tc gi cho rng gelatin ph liu v
PVA khng c kh nng tng hp [95].
Hnh thi cu trc ca polyme blend ch to t PA v
polyolefin (PE, PP) trng thi nng chy rt c quan tm
nghin cu. Cc nh hin vi in t qut ca polyme blend
PA/PE cho thy cu trc in hnh ca polyme blend khng
tng hp. l s phn tn cc pha vo nhau khng u v rt
th, c ranh gii phn pha r rt, bm dnh pha km Khi chc
98
Thi Hong
ho PE bng cch ghp vo n mt trong cc nhm chc c kh

nng hot ng ho hc nh MA, nhm izoxianat hay nhm
cacboxyl, hnh thi cu trc ca polyme blend PA/PE chc ho
thay i r rt. Nh phn ng gia MA hoc nhm izoxianat hay
nhm cacboxyl trong PE chc ho vi nhm amin cui mch ca
PA to thnh cht tng hp ti ch (copolyme PA-PE) m PA
v PE phn tn vo nhau tt hn (kch thc pha phn tn gim
so vi polyme blend PA/PE, ranh gii phn pha khng r rt).
Nh vy, polyme blend ca PA v PE ghp MA cng nh PA v
PE ghp vo nhm izoxianat hoc nhm cacboxyl l polyme
blend tng hp mt phn [44, 96, 97].
Tng t, nh hin vi in t qut ca mng polyme blend
PA/PP-g-AA cho thy PA v PP-g-AA phn tn vo nhau kh
ng u, kch thc ht PA (trch ly bi axit formic nng) kh
nh, thay i t 0,5 n 2m v ph thuc vo hm lng PA
ban u trong mng [98]. iu ny ch ra PA v PP-g-AA tng
hp mt phn nh phn ng gia nhm amit trong PA v nhm
cacboxyl ca PP-g-AA to thnh cht tng hp ti ch l
copolyme PA-g-PP. nh hin vi in t qut ca mng polyme
blend trn c s PE closulfonat ho vi CSTN cho thy khi tng
phn cc ca CSTN, kh nng tng hp mt phn ca n
vi PE closulfonat ho tng [99]. Vi cc polyme blend
PS/EVA c cng t l, kch thc ht trung bnh ca pha phn
tn gim khi tng hm lng VA trong EVA. Nh vy, kh
nng tng hp (mt phn) ca EVA vi PS tng khi tng
phn cc ca EVA [100].
Nghin cu nh hin vi in t qut ca polyme blend
PLLA/PS, P. Sarazin v B. D. Favis khng nh 2 polyme ny
hon ton khng tng hp [101]. Trn hnh II. 25 l nh hin vi
in t qut ca mng polyme blend PLA/hexanoyl chitosan (Hchitosan) to thnh t dung dch ca 2 polyme trong cloroform.
M. Peesan, P. Supaphol v cng s nhn thy khi H- chitosan l
pha phn tn, n phn b kh u trong pha lin tc PLA, kch
thc ht gim v s lng ht tng khi tng hm lng Hchitosan t 20 ln 50% (H- chitosan c trch ly khi mng
polyme blend bng xyclohexan). Khi PLA l pha phn tn, n
phn b rt u trong pha lin tc H- chitosan, kch thc ht
tng v s lng ht gim khi tng hm lng PLA t 20 ln
99
50% (PLA c trch ly khi mng polyme blend bng axit

axetic c). T , cc tc gi nhn nh rng polyme blend
PLA/H- chitosan tng hp mt phn [102].
Hnh II.24. nh SEM ca mng polyme blend H-chitosan/PLA cc

t l 20/80 (a); 40/60 (b); 50/50 (c); 50/50 (d); 60/40 (e); 80/20 (f). Cc
hnh a-c: tng ng vi pha phn tn H-chitosan c trch ly bng
xyclohexan; cc hnh d-f: tng ng vi pha phn tn PLA c
trch ly bng axit axetic c [102].
L. P. Tan, C. Y. Yue v cng s nghin cu hnh thi cu trc

nhn (core) v v (skin) ca PC v LCP c v khng c lantan
axetylacton hydrat da trn nh hin vi in t qut ca chng. Phn
tch hnh thi cu trc nhn v v ca polyme blend PC/LCP khng
100
Thi Hong
c lantan axetylacton hydrat, cc tc gi nhn thy LCP phn tn vo

pha lin tc PC vi kch thc khng u (t 1 ti 15m), kh th, c
s phn pha r rt (hnh II. 26) [103]. iu ny c th khng nh PC
v LCP khng tng hp vi nhau. Ngc li, nhn v v ca
polyme blend PC/LCP c lantan axetylacton hydrat, kch thc ca
pha phn tn LCP vo pha lin tc PC gim ng k (kch thc
trung bnh 2,5m). iu ny c th gii thch bi phn ng este ho
gia PC v LCP nh cht xc tc lantan axetylacton hydrat to thnh
cht tng hp c cc cu trc ho hc tng t vi PC v LCP, do
, 2 polyme tr nn tng hp mt phn (hnh II. 26) [103].
Hnh II.25. nh SEM nhn ca polyme blend PC/LCP c (a)

v khng c lantan axetylacton hydrat (b) v v polyme blend c (c)
v khng c lantan axetylacton hydrat (d) [103].
101
Trn nh hin vi in t qut ca cc polyme blend PE/EVA v

PP/copolyme acrylonitril-styren c dicumyl peoxit (DCP) ch to
trng thi nng chy, cc pha phn tn vo nhau kh u v kch
thc pha phn tn gim ng k so vi cc polyme blend khng c
DCP. Cc copolyme ghp to thnh ti ch ng vai tr ca cht
tng hp - gim ng sut b mt gia cc pha polyme thnh phn.
Nh cc cht tng hp to thnh ti ch m cc polyme blend
PP/copolyme acrylonitril-styren v PE/EVA tng hp mt phn
[104, 105].
Bng II.7. Cc c trng hnh thi ca polyme blend PP/PBT c
v khng c PP-g-GMA cc t l khc nhau [108].
Mu PP/PBT/PP-gGMA
dn (m)
dsa (m)
Hnh thi pha

phn tn
80/20/0
1,28
3,74
Ma
78/20/2
1,01
2,16
trn
75/20/5
0,69
1,96
cc
70/20/10
0,63
1,61
git
60/20/20
0,48
1,07
60/40/0
4,30
10,28
Ma
58/40/2
2,60
8,58
trn
55/40/5
1,30
3,36
cc
50/40/10
1,04
3,09
git
40/40/20
0,91
2,17
20/80/0
2,04
5,67
Ma
18/80/2
1,41
4,30
trn
15/80/5
1,29
3,48
cc
10/80/10
0,82
1,15
git
0/80/20
0,61
0,93
Thi Hong
102
Khi a cht tng hp l PP chc ho nh PP-g-MA vo

polyme blend PA/PP; PP-g-GMA vo polyme blend PP/PBT, kch
thc pha phn tn gim r rt so vi cc polyme blend PA/PP,
PP/PBT khng c cht tng hp [45, 106-108]. Trn bng II.7 l
cc c trng hnh thi ca polyme blend PP/PBT c v khng c
PP-g-GMA cc t l khc nhau. Khi s dng 2-20% PP-g-GMA,
kch thc ht trung bnh s (dn) v kch thc ht b mt trung bnh
(dsa) ca pha phn tn gim. S c mt ca PP-g-MA, PP-g-GMA
lm cho cc polyme blend PA/PP v PP/PBT tng hp mt phn.
dn =
n d /n
i
; dsa =
d /d
3
i
2
i
n: s ht; di: ng knh ht th i

Tng t, cc cht tng hp l mt trong 2 polyme thnh
phn c chc ho (bng cch ghp vo MA) gip cho cc polyme
blend trn c s PE/tinh bt; PS/PU; PE/PMMA, PET/poly (etylen
octen) tng hp mt phn [109-112].
nh hin vi in t qut ca cc polyme blend trn c s mt
s copolyme v hp cht cao phn t khng cha nhm hot
ng cng cho thy chng c kh nng tng hp mt phn.
Chng hn, kch thc ca cc pha PVC v CSTN trong polyme
blend PVC/CSTN/NBR ng u hn v nh hn so vi kch
thc ca cc pha ny trong polyme blend 2 thnh phn
PVC/CSTN [113]. Copolyme PC-b-PMMA gim kch thc ca
pha phn tn trong polyme blend PC/SAN cha 24% AN [114].
Du lc tng kh nng phn tn, gim kch thc ca tinh bt
trong pha LLDPE-g-MA [115].
T nh hin vi in t qut ca polyme blend dextran/poly (axit
acrylic) cc t l khc nhau ( phng i 10.000 ln), M. G.
Cascone, G. Polaco v cng s cho thy polyme blend dextran/poly
(axit acrylic) c cu trc ng th v khng ph thuc vo t l 2
polyme thnh phn (hnh II.26) [116]. C th nhn nh tng tc
hydro rt mnh gia dextran v poly (axit acrylic) gip cho 2
polyme ho trn tt vo nhau.
Phn tch nh hin vi in t truyn qua (TEM) v nh hin vi
nguyn t lc (AFM) c phn gii cao, cc chuyn gia cho thy
kch thc nano ca pha phn tn trong cc mng polyme blend [25,
117-122]. Trn hnh II.27 l nh TEM ca polyme blend ca
103
polyizopren (PI)/PMMA vi PI c nhum mu bng OsO4 v

xut hin vi mu ti. R rng l pha PI phn b khng u (vi
kch thc t vi chc ti vi trm nm) trong pha lin tc PMMA.
Do , 2 polyme PI v PMMA khng c kh nng tng hp [117].
Hnh II.26. nh SEM ca polyme blend dextran/poly (axit acrylic)

cc t l 40/60 (a) v 60/40 (b) [116].
104
Thi Hong
Hnh II.27. nh TEM ca polyme blend PI/PMMA [118].
nh topo-AFM ca mng polyme blend siu mng PS/PMMA

(kch thc 100 x 90m2) cho thy r s tch pha trong polyme
blend (hnh II.28). iu ny c th hin bi cc o nh ca
mt polyme thnh phn nh ln khi nn ca mt polyme thnh
phn khc [118]. Nh vy, 2 polyme PS v PMMA khng tng
hp vi nhau.
Hnh II.28. nh topo-AFM ca mng polyme blend siu mng

PS/PMMA (kch thc 100 x 90m2) [118].
105
R. Y. F. Liu, Y. Jin v cng s nghin cu nh AFM ca

mng polyme blend PC/PMMA (c khi lng phn t trung bnh
ln lt l 62kg/mol v 132kg/mol) c ch to bng phng php
ng n trng thi nng chy vi 2 u to hnh kt hp theo cc
phng thng ng v nm ngang. Cc mng c chiu dy khc
nhau v ph thuc vo s lp PC v PMMA (t 8 n 4096) [25].
T nh AFM ca cc mng polyme blend PC/PMMA c cc lp vi
chiu dy trung bnh 100 v 25nm (hnh II.29), cc tc gi nhn
thy cc lp PC phn tn lin tc v ng u (mn v sng) trong
pha PMMA [25, 119]. R rng l cc pha polyme PC v PMMA
phn tn vi kch thc nan mt mt cch u n trong nhau.
Polyme blend PC/PMMA t t tng hp tr thnh polyme blend
ho trn.
Hnh II.29. nh AFM ca mng polyme blend PC/PMMA c cc lp

vi chiu dy trung bnh 100nm (bn tri) v 25nm (bn phi) [25].
Nh vy, phng php nh hin vi rt thun li xc nh

hnh thi cu trc ca pha phn tn trong pha lin tc. N gp phn
nh gi kh nng ho trn, tng hp hon ton; tng hp mt
phn hay khng tng hp ca cc polyme trong polyme blend.
106
Thi Hong
II.8. Cc phng php khc nh gi kh nng tng hp

ca cc polyme
xc nh s tng hp ca polyme blend ngi ta cn p dng
cc phng php sau:
- Cn c vo nhit nng chy ca polyme kt tinh trong
polyme blend gim: s gim nhit nng chy ca polyme kt
tinh c s dng nghin cu tng tc gia mt polyme kt
tinh mt phn v mt polyme v nh hnh. V mt polyme c th
ho thp trong polyme blend ho trn/tng hp c xem nh
trng thi tinh khit (pure state) v nhit phn kt tinh
ca n ho trn vi pha v nh hnh s thp hn, do xy ra s
gim nhit nng chy ca polyme kt tinh mt phn [2]. Ni
mt cch khc, khi 2 polyme ho trn/tng hp trng thi
nng chy, th ho ca polyme kt tinh gim do thm vo
polyme th hai. iu ny dn n gim nhit nng chy cn
bng (equilibrium melting temperature) khi tng hm lng
polyme v nh hnh, c bit trong polyme blend, gia cc
polyme c cc tng tc c bit. Cc polyme blend khng ho
trn/khng tng hp s khng c s gim nhit nng chy
ca polyme kt tinh trong [24]. Trong polyme blend
poly(D,Llactic-co-axit
glucolic)/
copolyme
tribloc
polycaprolacton-poly(dimetylsiloxan)-polycaprolacton
(PDLLGA/TEGOMER), nhit nng chy ca polyme kt tinh
TEGOMER gim khi tng hm lng polyme v nh hnh
PDLLGA. Nhit nng chy ca TEGOMER ban u v cc
polyme blend PDLLGA/TEGOMER cc t l 85/15 v 50/50
ln lt l 56oC, 46oC v 48oC. S gim nhit nng chy ca
TEGOMER trong polyme blend PDLLGA/TEGOMER cho thy
PDLLGA v TEGOMER tng hp mt phn [85].
- Th nghim Molau: trn 2 polyme vi mt dung mi hoc
ho tan 2 polyme trong mt dung mi, nu xy ra tch pha trong
dung mi, cc polyme khng tng hp. Nu dung dch ca cc
polyme c mu c, 2 polyme c th tng hp mt phn. Trn
hnh II.30 l th nghim Molau ca polyme blend polyme blend
PA/PE v PA/PE ghp 2-hydroxy-etyl-metacrylat-izophoron
diizoxianat (PA/PE-g-HI) (t l 80/20) trong dung mi axit
formic. Trong ng nghim 1 bn tri, xy ra hin tng tch pha
107
ca polyme blend PA/PE (dung dch PA trong axit formic

pha di, phn PE nh cc ht huyn ph pha trn). Nh
vy, PA v PE khng tng hp. Trong ng nghim 2 bn phi,
dung dch ca polyme blend PA/PE-g-HI c mu c v pha
di l huyn ph ca cc ht PE-g-HI phn ng vi PA trong
qu trnh trn nng chy (phn ng ca nhm NCO v nhm
amin cui mch). Kt qu trn cho thy PA v PE-g-HI tng
hp mt phn [97].
Hnh II.30. Dung dch th nghim Molau: (1) polyme blend PA/PE
(80/20) v (2) PA/PE-g-HI (80/20).
Tng t, R. Scaffaro v cng s tin hnh th nghim

Molau polyme blend PA/PE (80/20) c v khng c copolyme
etylen-axit acrylic (EAA) (2 pkl) v 2,2-(1,3-phenylen)-bis(2oxazolin) (PBO) (0,2 hoc 0,35 pkl). Trong ng nghim ca
polyme blend PA/PE, c s tch pha vi dung dch trong sut ca
PA trong axit formic pha di ( c nh hn 300 FTU) v
lp cc ht PE pha trn. c ca dung dch polyme blend
PA/PE/EAA tng ln ti 600 FTU l do phn ng to thnh
copolyme PA-PE khi trn nng chy 2 polyme c EAA. Khi a
108
Thi Hong
PBO vo polyme blend 3 thnh phn PA/PE/EAA, c ca

dung dch polyme blend tng mnh, trn 1000 FTU. iu ny c
th gii thch bi s to thnh mt lng nh PA-g-EAA v PAPE khi trn nng chy polyme blend 3 thnh phn PA/PE/EAA
c PBO. S tng c dung dch ca polyme blend PA/PE khi
c EAA v PBO cho php nhn nh cc polyme PA v PE tng
hp mt phn [46].
V s tch pha ph thuc vo nng cc polyme v nhit
nn phng php ny ch tham kho s b v a ra cc
nhn nh tng i.
- To mng mng t dung dch long ng th ca hn hp
polyme: nu mng thu c m v d v vn, cc polyme khng
tng hp. Phng php ny kh th v ch tham kho s b.
- Quan st b mt v hnh thc bn ngoi ca sn phm t
hn hp polyme c ch to trng thi nng chy: nu cc
tm mng ca vt liu polyme blend trong sut, cc polyme c
th tng hp. Ngc li, nu tm mng thu c b m, cc
polyme khng tng hp. Phng php ny kh th v ch
tham kho s b.
II.9. Kt hp cc phng php nh gi kh nng tng

hp ca cc polyme
nh gi tht y v chnh xc cc polyme khng tng
hp; tng hp mt phn hay ho trn (tng hp hon ton),
ngi ta thng phi hp 2 hay nhiu phng php nh gi
kh nng tng hp ca cc polyme [123 - 130].
J. R. Khurma, D. R. Rohindra v cng s phi hp cc
phng php nghin cu mng polyme blend trn c s PLA v
PVB (khi lng 50.000-80.000) to thnh t dung dch ca
PLA v PVB trong cloroform. l cc phng php xc nh
nhit thu tinh ho, da vo tnh cht c hc v ph hng
ngoi. Cc tc gi cho thy cc mng polyme blend PLA/PVB
c 2 nhit thu tinh ho tng ng vi nhit thu tinh ho
ca PLA v PVB; dn di khi t ca polyme blend
PLA/PVB gim khi tng hm lng PLA; trn ph hng ngoi,
khng c s chuyn dch ca bt k mt pic hp th c trng
109
no trong polyme blend PLA/PVB so vi v tr ca cc pic

trong PLA v PVB ban u. Nh vy, 2 polyme PLA v PVB
khng tng hp [123]. Tng t, khi nghin cu nh hng
ca hnh thi cu trc (quan st trn nh hin vi in t qut) ti
nhit thu tinh ho cng nh tnh cht c hc ng ca cc
polyme blend trn c s cc polyme khc nhau v cu to, cu
trc, khi lng phn t, nhit nng chy nh PS, PP, PE,
V. M. Thirtha, R. L. Lenhman v cng s khng nh cc
polyme blend PS/PP v PS/PE khng tng hp [124, 125].
Nghin cu nht thc ca dung dch polyme blend
EPDM/CSTN cc t l khc nhau c v khng c 10%
EPDM-MA trong dung mi toluen v quan st nh hin vi in
t qut ca cc polyme blend EPDM/CSTN, S. H. Botros nhn
thy nht thc ca dung dch polyme blend
EPDM/CSTN/EPDM-MA ln hn nht thc ca dung dch
polyme blend EPDM/CSTN, gia EPDM v CSTN c s tch
pha r rt. Khi c EPDM-MA, 2 pha EPDM v CSTN phn tn
vo nhau tt hn, vi kch thc nh hn. Nh vy, nh EPDMMA, 2 polyme EPDM v CSTN khng tng hp tr thnh
tng hp mt phn [32]. Q. W. Lu v C. W. Macosko
nghin cu polyme blend polyuretan nhit do (TPU)/PP-g-NH2
bng phng php xc nh m men xon v nh hin vi in t
qut. S tng m men xon ca polyme blend TPU/PP-g-NH2
khi trn hp nng chy lin quan ti tng tc gia nhm NH2
trong PP-g-NH2 vi nhm uretan trong TPU [42]. Cc pha TPU
v PP-g-NH2 phn tn vo nhau kh u, vi kch thc vi
micromet. Nh vy, c th khng nh TPU v PP-g-NH2 tng
hp mt phn.
Nghin cu polyme blend poly(2-hydroxypropyl metacrylat)/
polyvinylpirolidon bng cc phng php xc nh nhit thu
tinh ho v ph hng ngoi, S. W. Kuo, C. C. Shih v cng s cho
thy polyme blend ny ch c mt nhit thu tinh ho tt c cc
t l ca 2 polyme thnh phn, gia poly(2-hydroxypropyl
metacrylat) v polyvinylpirolidon lun tn ti lin kt hydro cc
nhit v t l thnh phn khc nhau. Cc tc gi khng nh
polyme blend poly(2-hydroxypropyl metacrylat)/polyvinylpirolidon
ho trn tt (tng hp hon ton) [126]. Trong cng trnh nghin
cu polyme blend poly(4-trimetylsilylstyren)/polyizopren bng cc
Thi Hong
110
phng php gin pha v xc nh nhit thu tinh ho, M.

Harada, T. Suzuki v cng s cho thy polyme blend ny lun
tn ti mt pha ng th cc t l 2 polyme thnh phn khc
nhau, c nhit ho tan di hn di (LCST) 172oC v ch
c mt nhit thu tinh ho nh hn LCST cc t l 2
polyme thnh phn. Do , 2 polyme poly(4-metylsilylstyren)
v polyizopren ho trn tt (tng hp hon ton) [127]. Phn
tch gin pha ca hn hp poly(etylen oxit) (PEO) v
poly(ete sunphon) (PES), G. Dreezen, D. A. Ivanov v cng s
ch ra rng hn hp polyme c nhit ho tan ti hn di
(<75oC) [9]. Kt hp vi nghin cu nh hin vi in t qut
ca cc polyme blend PEO/PES, cc tc gi nhn thy cc
polyme ny ho trn kch thc nan mt.
M. G. Cascone, G. Polaco v cng s kt hp cc
phng php gin pha, xc nh nhit thu tinh ho, tnh
cht c hc ng v nh hin vi in t qut nghin cu s
tng hp ca polyme blend dextran/poly (axit acrylic). Cc
mng polyme blend dextran/poly (axit acrylic) cc t l khc
nhau u c nhit ho tan di hn di (LCST), trong sut
khi un nng ti 200oC, ch c mt nhit thu tinh ho ph
thuc vo t l dextran. Polyme blend to thnh mt pha hon
ton ng th, khng ph thuc vo t l 2 polyme thnh phn
[116]. Nh vy, 2 polyme dextran v poly (axit acrylic) ho trn
tt (tng hp hon ton).
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Vin khoa hc v cng ngh vit nam

VT LIU POLYME BLEND

Nh xut Bn khoa hc t nhin v cng ngh

Chng I. Nhng vn chung ca polyme blend

I.1. Mt s khi nim v polyme blend

Chng II. Cc phng php xc nh s tng hp ca

II.3. Phng php da vo nht dung dch polyme blend

Chng III. Cc phng php ch to vt liu polyme blend

copolyme styren- butadien - acrylonitril

cao su etylen-propylen-dien ghp copolyme

xellulo axetat butyrat

cao su thin nhin

phn tch c nhit ng

nhit lng vi sai qut

copolyme etylen-axit acrylic

copolyme etylen-co-axit metacrylic

cao su etylen-propylen-g-anhydrit maleic

EPDM-g-MMA: EPDM ghp metyl metacrylat

copolyme EPDM-anhydric maleic

copolyme etylen-co-vinyl axetat

copolyme etylen-co-vinyl alcol

ph hng ngoi bin i Fourier

poly(amit-este) siu nhnh

cao su butadien-nitril hydro ho

mng li cc polyme an xen

polyme tinh th lng

polyetylen t trng thp

LDPE-g-AA: LDPE ghp axit acrylic

polyetylen mch thng, t trng thp

LLDPE-g-AA: LLDPE ghp axit acrylic

PS cha 2,6% mol sunfonat trung ho magie

MMA-g-MA: copolyme metylmetacrylat ghp anhydrit maleic

PS cha 2,6% mol sunfonat trung ho mangan

PA-g-MMA: PA ghp metyl metacrylat

PC-b-PMMA: copolyme khi polycacbonat-polymetyl metacrylat

polyetylen ghp axit acrylic

nha phenol formaldehyt

copolyme PP-g-axit acrylic

PP-g- glyxidyl metacrylat

copolyme PP-g-anhydrit maleic

PP ghp poly(amit este) siu nhnh

copolyme propylen-anhydrit maleic

poly(vinyl axetat-co-vinyl alcol)

copolyme khi styren-butadien-styren

copolyme tribloc styren-b-etylen-co-butylen-b-styren

TEGOMER: copolyme tribloc polycaprolactonpoly(dimetylsiloxan)polycaprolacton

hin vi in t truyn qua

nhit thu tinh ho

nhit nng chy

phn tch c nhit

nhit ho tan ti hn trn

PS cha 2,6% mol sunfonat trung ho km

polyme blend, cc phng php ph bin xc nh s tng hp ca

Tnh cht v hnh thi, cu trc ca vt liu polyme blend ph

I.1. Mt s khi nim v polyme blend

polyme c bn cht, cu to, cu trc i phn t khc nhau, hn

I.2. Nhit ng hc qu trnh ho tan cc polyme

Chng I. NHNG VN CHUNG CA POLYME BLEND

xy dng da trn c s l thuyt nhit ng hc ca cc dung dch

Bng thc nghim, ngi ta c th xy dng gin nhit ng

Chng I. NHNG VN CHUNG CA POLYME BLEND

Cc kt qu nghin cu thc nghim lin quan ti polyme

Chng I. NHNG VN CHUNG CA POLYME BLEND

thnh phn khng c kh nng trn hp v mt nhit ng, h cc