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fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI
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A Low Profile Patch Antenna for Ultrawideband

Application
Mohammed N. Shakib, Student Member, IEEE, M. Moghavvemi, and Wan N. L. Mahadi

AbstractIn this letter, a low profile stacked patch antenna is

proposed for UWB operations. The antenna design is comprised
of three patches; a 350 angularly folded patch feed (bottom
patch), T-shaped patch (middle patch), and strip-loaded patch
(top patch). The wide bandwidth is achieved with the integration
of a 350 angularly folded patch feed with a T-shaped patch. The
antennas size is reduced by using the shorting wall technique.
The existence of electromagnetic coupling between the T-shaped
patch and strip-loaded patch further improves the impedance
bandwidth. The design exhibits a compact electrical dimension of
0.12 0.14 0.08 , where is the wavelength of the lowest
operating frequency. The measured results showed that the
antenna can achieve a bandwidth of 107.46% (3.1 10.3 GHz).
Acceptable gain, stable radiation patterns, and low group delay
variation in the operating band are achieved as well. These
measured results signify the effectiveness of the proposed
antenna configuration in the context of UWB application.
Index TermsPatch antenna, wideband antenna, UWB
antenna.

I. INTRODUCTION

LTRAWIDEBAND (UWB) antennas have been the

subject of quite a number of studies, due to their
widespread applications in areas ranging from wireless
communications and sensing to radar systems and microwave
imaging. With the aim to propelling the UWB system as a
competitor in the growing market with other narrow band
communication systems, antennas with small sizes and wide
impedance bandwidths are constantly in demand [1]. Patch
antennas are widely used in UWB systems, due to its simple
structure, low profile, and light weight. Nevertheless, the
conventional patch antenna still experiences a minor percent
of bandwidth. On this basis, an effort is made to achieve
miniaturized antennas with new techniques for broadband
operation [2]. Various designs of the stacked patch structure
have been studied to improve the bandwidth. In [3], a coaxial
probe fed stack antenna is designed to achieve an impedance
bandwidth of 25.7%. A strip loaded slotted stacked patch
The authors are with the Department of Electrical Engineering, Center of
Research in Applied Electronics (CRAE), and Electromagnetic Radiation and
Devices Research Group (EMRD), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur,
Malaysia and University of Science & Culture, Tehran, Iran. (e-mail:
mahmoud@um.edu.my,
engmdns@yahoo.com,
crae@um.edu.my,
wnliza@um.edu.my). The authors would like to thank the support of the
Bright Spark Grant (No: BSP/APP/1133/2012) and PPP Grant (No: PG1312013A) of the University of Malaya.

antenna [4] and meandering probe fed stacked patch antenna

[5] can achieve bandwidths of 34.9% and 37%, respectively.
Several other stacked configurations, such as the L-probe fed
stacked with U-slot patch [6], E-shape patch stacked with a
rectangular patch [7], a stacked patch with V-slotted
rectangular microstrip [8], and a driven patch with 5 stacked
parasitic radiators [9], were obtained as well. These antennas
can achieve a bandwidth of up to 44%-48%.
Recently, a low profile U-slot stacked antenna is presented
in [10]. This antenna uses the combination technique of high
and low dielectric constant material to obtain a 52.94%
bandwidth. In [11], a double E-shaped stacked patch low
profile antenna was developed, which is capable of obtaining a
54% bandwidth for UWB operation. However, the bandwidth
only covers 2.85GHz to 4.95GHz. A dual layer stacked patch
antenna is designed for UWB applications in [12]. Despite the
fact that this antenna is capable of achieving a bandwidth of
56.8%, its frequency is limited to a range between 3.06GHz to
5.49 GHz. Moreover, the antennas reported in [10]-[12]
requires large antenna sizes to acquire the bandwidth. An
asymmetric E-shaped patch antenna with folded patch feed
technique [13], [14] and shorting pins, is developed in [15].
This antenna obtained an impedance bandwidth of 76.18%
with an electrical size of 0.38 0.15 0.08 , and ground
plane size of 0.67 0.67 . In [16], two antennas with folded
ramp shape feed, shorting pin, and center pin techniques are
used to obtain 94.17% and 98.22% bandwidths, which require
the electrical dimensions of 0.39 0.14 0.10 and
0.21 0.18 0.08 , respectively. Although these structures
require large ground plane, no information about the size of
the ground plane and its effects are discussed.
In this letter, a low profile stacked patch antenna is
proposed for UWB operations. The characteristics of this
proposed antenna is obtained by integrating a 350 angular
folded patch feed, T-shaped radiating patch, shorting wall, and
a strip-loaded stacked patch to achieve a wide impedance
bandwidth. In our proposed antenna, a bandwidth of 107.46%,
ranging from 3.1 to 10.3 GHz, is achieved by utilizing the
proposed combined techniques. The electrical size of the
proposed antenna is 0.12 0.14 0.08 , with maintaining
a ground plane size of 0.49 0.49 . Details of antenna
design analysis and its experimental results of the constructed
prototype are presented and discussed.
II. ANTENNA DESIGN AND STRUCTURE
The patch antenna with a coaxial probe feed produces narrow
bandwidth due to its high Q-factor. With increasing height of

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the antenna, the Q-factor can be reduced, and the bandwidth
can be improved. However, the increasing probe length costs
increases in the inductance on the antenna and limits the
impedance bandwidth. In this regards, the basic folded-patch
feed technique with air substrate is used to enhance the
impedance bandwidth of the antenna [14], [15].
Fig. 1. shows the geometric configuration of the antenna.
The proposed antenna is composed of a T-shaped patch
stacked with strip-loaded patch, shorting wall, ground plane,
and a 350 angularly folded patch feed. The antenna is
constructed from copper, with a thickness of 0.5mm. The
antenna has a dimension of 15 17 10 mm3, mounted at the
center of a 60 60 mm2 ground plane. In the design, air is used
as the substrate, while the antenna is shorted using a shorting
wall and coaxial probe. Typically, a coaxial long probe feed is
used for an electrically thick substrate patch antenna [6].
However, the longer probe increases the inductance and limits
the bandwidth to less than 10% of the resonant frequency [9].
In the design, a thick antenna with a height of 10mm is used,
but the probe length is only 3mm. Thus, without increasing the
probe inductance, a thick antenna is realized. Again, this
antenna also reduces the effect of the inductive reactance of
the probe. This improves the bandwidth. With a 350 angularly
folded patch feed design, the probe length is shortened,
leading to smaller probe inductances. Hence, it helps widen
the bandwidth. In this design, the horizontal portion of the
feeding plate increases the capacitance at the feed point, which
helps compensate for the inductance of the probe. This results
in a further wide impedance bandwidth being realized.

III. RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS

The antenna has been simulated and optimized using
commercial software named HFSS. Fig. 3 shows the simulated
and measured reflection coefficient of the proposed antenna.
The antenna is measured using an E8364B network analyzer.
The fabricated antenna has a bandwidth of 107.46%, ranging
from 3.1GHz to 10.3GHz, while the simulated antenna has
107.25% bandwidth, ranging from 3.2GHz to 10.6GHz. Some
discrepancies between the simulated and measured results
were present, which is due to the prototype and fabrication
errors. This proposed antenna shows significant improvement
(more that 50%) when compared to the basic folded patch
design technique reported in [13], where the authors realized a
wide bandwidth of 53.5%. Table I shows the comparison
between the proposed antenna and the antenna designs
reported in [4]-[14]. It can be seen that, compared to the
stacked designs reported in [4]-[12], the proposed structure
exhibits more than 50% wider impedance bandwidth, with a
smaller electrical dimension of 0.12 0.14 0.08 . Again,
compared to the designs reported in [13] and [14], the
proposed antenna achieved more than 50% and 30% wider
impedance bandwidth, respectively, by maintaining a compact
electrical dimension. In addition, the ground plane of the
strip-loaded patch (top patch)
units: [mm]

two parallel slots

y
5.5

7.5

0.5

A shorting wall using an optimized size of 7.5x10mm

metal plate is connected to the ground plane, which reduces
the overall size of the antenna. This shorting wall also helps
increase the resistance and reduces the reactance of the
antenna in the lower frequencies. The T-shaped patch is
optimized for optimal performance. The top edge of the 350
angularly folded patch, combined with right edge of the Tshaped patch, results in better matching of the antenna at the
higher frequency. As the patches (T-shaped patch & striploaded patch) are electromagnetically coupled with each other,
it further enhances the bandwidth of the antenna. The striploaded patch leads to the excitation in the upper resonance and
improves the impedance matching in the upper frequency
band. In addition, by the use of two parallel slots, this striploaded patch increases the resistance of the antenna and acts as
a capacitive reactance to eliminate part of the inductive
reactance. Thus, wider impedance bandwidth is achieved.
Another shorting wall (as shown in Fig. 1b) is connected as a
bridge in between the top and middle patch of the antenna.
The bridge length (shorting wall) influences the bandwidth
and radiations on the patch. An optimized length of 7.5 mm
helps improve the stability of the radiation patterns on the
antenna, as well as realizing a wider impedance bandwidth. In
this design, a 3mm longer probe is used, and a 50 SMA
connector is connected in order to obtain a good impedance
matching of the designed antenna. Fig. 2 shows the fabricated
proposed antenna, where a shilling and a ruler are placed on
top of the ground plane for size comparison.

17

T-shaped patch
(middle patch)

12
3

(a)
shorting wall

1.5

350

10

ground plane

3
shorting wall coaxial probe

350 angularly
y
folded patch feed
(bottom patch)

(b)
Fig. 1. Geometry of proposed patch antenna. (a) Top view, (b) Side view

Fig. 2. Photo of the fabricated antenna.

0

S11[dB]

-10

Simulated
Measured

-20
-30
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Frequency [GHz]

Fig. 3. Reflection coefficient of the proposed antenna.

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This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI
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Table I: Comparison of different antennas

ANTENNA
ANTENNA SIZE
GROUND PLANE
TYPE

[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
[10]
[11]
[12]
[13]
[14]
Proposed

0.41
0.25
0.24
0.26
0.19
0.25
0.78
0.39
0.32
0.16
0.16
0.12

0.54
0.25
0.28
0.31
0.25
0.25
0.84
0.28
0.24
0.14
0.16
0.14

0.05
0.11
0.08
0.09
0.12
0.05
0.03
0.14
0.09
0.07
0.07
0.08

BW

SIZE

0.41 0.54
0.82 1.23
Not given
0.73 0.65
0.38 0.29
0.54 0.54
Not given
0.41 0.41
0.72 0.64
2.84 2.84
0.83 0.83
0.49 0.49

34.90%
37.00%
44.40%
44.60%
47.00%
48.00%
52.94%
54.00%
56.80%
53.50%
73.78%
103.86%

occurred due to the feeding and construction discontinuities

and unwanted probe radiation of the antenna. These can cause
asymmetry in the radiation patterns. The asymmetrical
structure of the antenna results in a beam squinting of 25 0400
from the boresight. The fluctuation in the gain at the boresight
was caused by the beams squint. However, the squinted beam
is helpful in an indoor environment, where the antenna is fixed
in such a way that the ground plane of the antenna is
perpendicular to the ceiling. In Fig. 6(b, d), a high level of
cross-polarization is observed at the yz-plane. The crosspolarization levels in yz-plane increase substantially due to the
unwanted higher order modes at higher operating frequencies
[2]. There are some discrepancies between the simulated and
measured radiation patterns observed in [17]. High crosspolarization in the simulation, as well as measurements
observed in xz- & yz- planes in the given frequencies, which
show the lack of polarization purity in the design of [17]. In
our design, a cross-polarization radiation label in xz-plane is
below -18dB, -24dB, and -19dB from the boresight of the
antenna at 3.5GHz, 6.5GHz and 9GHz respectively which
shows better polarization purity of the proposed antenna.
Gain [dBi]

proposed antenna is small by 80% and 20%, compared to the

designs in [13] and [14], respectively. The proposed antenna is
wider in bandwidth and smaller in size compared to the
designs reported in [15] and [16]. A modified PIFA antenna
achieved a 125% bandwidth while the antenna geometry is
placed at the corner of the ground plane [17]. In this referred
design, the bandwidth decreased, while the ground plane size
is reduced to 25 25 mm2. In our proposed design, while
placing the antenna geometry at the corner of the ground plane
and varying the ground plane size from 50 50 mm2 to
17 17 mm2, the antenna offers high stability in the
impedance bandwidth (as shown in Fig. 7d).

8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0

Sim.
Mea.
3

Fig. 4 shows the HFSS-predicted current distribution on the

designed antenna. It can be observed from Fig. 4(a) that the
concentrated current flows along the angularly folded patch
feed and shorting wall. This suggests that the shorting wall
and partial angularly folded patch affects the antennas
performance at lower operating frequencies. Fig 4(b) shows
that the concentrated current flows extensively in the
angularly folded patch feed to the right portion of the Tshaped patch. That basically means that the angularly folded
patch feed and T-shaped patch significantly affect the
impedance matching at the middle operating frequencies. In
Fig. 4(c), it is indicated that the current intensely flows at the
angularly folded patch feed and at the edge of the strip-loaded
patch especially on the arms, which signify the affects on the
impedance matching at the higher end operating frequencies
of the antenna.

(b)

(c)

Fig. 4. HFSS-predicted current distribution at a) 4GHz, b) 6GHz, c) 8GHz.

Fig. 5 shows that acceptable boresight gain is achieved for the

proposed antenna. The measured gain steadily increases with
the frequencies and reaches its maximum of about 5.8dBi at
7.5GHz, and thereafter the gain slowly falls with the increases
of the frequencies. The measured radiation pattern in the xzplane and yz-plane is shown in Fig. 6. A discrepancy between
simulation and measurement is observed. The discrepancy

5 6 7 8 9
Frequency [GHz]

10 11

Fig. 5. Simulated and measured boresight gain of the antenna.

0
0
330-100
30
330-100
30
300 -20
60
300 -20
60
-30
-30
-40
-50

270

240
210

270

90
120
150

330-100
300 -20
-30

270

-40
-50

30
60
90

240
210

120
150
180
(c)
0
60
90
120
150
180
(e)

330-100
300 -20
-30
270

120
150
Sim. co-pol
Mea. co-pol
Sim. cross-pol
Mea. cross-pol

180
(b)
0
30
60

-40
-50

90

240
210

120
150
180

30

240
210

90

240
210

180
(a)
0

-40
-50

330-100
300 -20
-30
-40
-50
270
(a)

330-100
300 -20
-30
-40
-50
270

(d)
0
30
60

90

240
210

120
150
180

(f)
Fig. 6. Measured and simulated radiation patterns. a) xz-plane at 3.5GHz, b)
yz-plane at 3.5GHz, c) xz-plane at 6.5GHz, d) yz-plane at 6.5GHz, e) xz-plane
at 9GHz, f) yz-plane at 9GHz.

A parametric study was performed to investigate the antennas

performance. One parameter was varied, while all other
parameters were kept constant. Fig. 7(a) shows the effect on

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the reflection coefficient with different ground plane size. It is
observed that, as the size is increased or decreased, the
bandwidth shifted upwards at lower frequencies, resulting in
band reduction on the antenna. The impedance mismatch
occurs in the lower frequency end, which is due to the effect
of the ground plane [1]. With an infinite ground plane, only
slight shifting at lower resonant is observed (shown in Fig 7a).
Hence, a ground plane of 60mm 60mm was chosen as the
optimum value. Fig. 7(b) shows that with increasing or
decreasing the arms length, the impedance mismatch at the
lower and upper resonances occurs. This results in a
bandwidth reduction on the operating frequency. Thus, an
optimum length of 5.5mm was chosen for the arm length of
the parallel slots. As shown in Fig. 7(c), the lower resonance
and upper edge frequencies are affected by changing the angle
of the folded patch feed. By increasing or decreasing the angle
of the folded patch feed, the lower resonance shifts upwards,
resulting in the downgrading of the impedance bandwidth.
Hence, an optimum value of 350 angle of folded patch feed
was chosen for the antenna design.
50mmx50mm
60mmx60mm
70mmx70mm
infinite gnd plane

-20
-30

+0.7mm

-10

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Frequency [GHz]

5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Frequency [GHz]

50mmx50mm
40mmx40mm
30mmx30mm
17mmx17mm

35 degree angle
40 degree angle

-10

S11 [dB]

S11[dB]

[3]

[4]

(b)

-30

[2]

-30

30 degree angle

-20

REFERENCES
[1]

-20

(a)
0

A compact low profile UWB antenna, consisting of a 350

angularly folded patch feed, T-shaped patch stacked with
strip-loaded patch configuration, and a shorting wall has been
presented in this letter. By integrating these techniques with an
optimized patch shaped structure, a bandwidth of 107.46%
(3.1-10.3GHz) is achieved. The antenna has a compact size of
0.12 0.14 0.08 . The proposed antenna demonstrated a
wide impedance bandwidth, suitable radiation characteristics,
minimal variation of group delay, and satisfactory gain for
UWB applications. The details pertaining to the antenna
design and its low-profile characteristics render this antenna
suitable to be deployed for practical wireless communication
applications, especially in an indoor environment.

-15

-25

-40

IV. CONCLUSION

0mm

-5

-10
S11 [dB]

S11 [dB]

-0.5mm
0

[5]
[6]
[7]

-10
-20

[8]

-30
-40

-40

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10111213
Frequency [GHz]

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Frequency [GHz]

(d)
(c)
Fig. 7. Effect on reflection coefficient a) on various ground plane size, b) with
various length of U shaped arm, c) with different angle of folded patch, d) on
various ground plane size while antenna placed at corner of the ground plane.

[9]

[10]

[11]

To measure and identify the S21 and group delay values, a

distance of 50cm between the two equal (Tx/Rx) antennas was
chosen. Fig. 8(a) shows the measured values of S21 in the faceto-face scenarios. Fig. 8(b) indicates group delay on the
antennas. The measured group delay is almost flat, at about
2.5ns, while the variation is about 0.61ns. This small variation
in group delay signifies the good pulse transmission function
characteristics of the proposed antenna to be used for UWB
applications.
S21 [dB]

Group Delay [ns]

0
-20
-40
-60
-80
-100

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101112
Frequency [GHz]

6
5
4
3
2
1
0

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

4.5 6 7.5 9 10.5

Frequency [GHz]

(a)
(b)
Fig. 8. Measured a) S21 (Magnitude), b) group delay of the antenna.

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