STONES

Engineering materials

MATERIALS OF
CONSTRUCTION
The materials of construction, for the purpose of convenience ,
Can Be broadly classified into the following three groups:

Cement materials such as lime, cement, mortar, etc

protective materials such as paints, varnishes, plaster etc
Solid materials such as stones, bricks, iron, timber, etc.

STONES

It is the first ever natural substance to be used as a building

material.
It has no definite chemical composition and shape, hence
classification of stones is carried out through mapping their
sources and minerals which they contain.

NATURAL EXISTANCE OF
STONE

TYPES OF STONE

Stones can be classified on the basis of their sources and their formation process:

geological

physical

chemical

igneous
plutonic
hypabyssal
volcanic

stratified

siliceous

unstratified

argillaceous

foliated

calcerous

sedimentary
residual
chemical
organic

metamorphic
thermal
cataclastic
plutonic

METHODS OF EXCAVATION

Stone quarrying: quarrying

with hand tools , quarrying
with channelling machines
and quarrying with blasting.
Tools for manual quarrying:
steel wedge, steel point and
plug and feathers.
Tools for blasting: dipper,
jumper, priming needle and
scraping spoon and tamping
bar.

DIPPER

TAMPING
BAR

JUMPER

PRIMING
NEEDLE

SCRAPING
SPOON

DRESSING OF STONES

Dressing is the process of

cutting the stones into suitable
sizes , with surfaces which are
suitable for various uses to
which they shall be put.

TESTS FOR GOOD QUALITY

STONES

Acid test
Attrition test
Crushing test
Crystallization test
Freezing and thawing test
Hardness test
Impact test
Microscopic test
Smiths test
Water absorption test

HISTORICAL APPLICATION OF
STONES

Hanging garden, Babylon- King

Nebuchednezzar
Agra fort
India gate
Amber palace,
Jaipur

CASE STUDY-WORLD TRADE

PARK

CASE STUDY-WORLD TRADE

PARK

Outdoor flooring-ocean black granite

Indoor flooring-wonder marble
Lift cladding-jeerabar white(polished)
Fountains-telephonic black granite
Ramp-jeerabar white
(sandblasted);blackcobbles(lining)
Pathways-grey pebble

CASE STUDY-WORLD TRADE

PARK

The use of stone is restricted to flooring and

landscaping, mainly consisting of granite and marble
Granite

All costs in per square feet

CASE STUDY-HINDUSTAN
MARBLES

CASE STUDY-HINDUSTAN
MARBLES

cutting

CASE STUDY-HINDUSTAN
MARBLES

polishing

CASE STUDY-HINDUSTAN
MARBLES

moulding

CASE STUDY-HINDUSTAN
MARBLES
Works undertaken at the workshop

cutting

CASE STUDY-HINDUSTAN
MARBLES
Tool
s
used

CASE STUDY-HINDUSTAN
MARBLES
Nijrala

Ita

All costs in square

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Abhinav Chaturvedi-architect, professorconstruction materials, ASA
Anand Saraswat-engineer
Ankit Pareek-landscape architect, world
trade park
Maluji-proprietor of hindustan marbles
Manoj Sharma-supervisor, hindustan
marbles

Thank you