Giao Trinh Nhiet Dong Luc Hoc Ky Thuat PDF

TRNG AI HOC S PHAM KY THUAT TP HCM
GVC.ThS. LE KIM D NG
GIAO TRNH BAI GIANG
MON HOC:
NHIET ONG LC HOC KY THUAT
Thang 1 nam 2005
Truong DH SPKT TP. HCM
http://www.hcmute.edu.vn
MUC LUC
Chng 1: Nhng khai niem c ban. ---------------------------------------------------- 5
1.1: Nguyen ly lam vie c cua may nhiet. ------------------------------------------------- 5
1.2: He nhie t ong va pha n loai.--------------------------------------------------------- 5
1.3: Cha t moi gii.-------------------------------------------------------------------------
1.4: Trang thai va tho ng so trang tha i nhiet ong.------------------------------- ---
1.4.1: Tho ng so trang thai. -----------------------------------------------------------
1.4.2: Phng trnh trang thai. -----------------------------------------------------
Chng 2: Chat moi gi i. ----------------------------------------------------------------- 11

2.1: nh ngha.----- ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 11
2.2: Hon hp kh ly tng. ---------------------------------------------------------------- 11
2.2.1: nh luat Gip Dalton. ------------------------------------------------------ 11
2.2.2: Bie u th thanh phan ho n hp. ----------------------------------------------CM
H
TP.
t
a
2.2.3: Xac nh ca c ai lng cua ho n hp. -------------------------------------u
h
Ky t
m
a
h
2.2.4: Phan ap sua t tha nh phan. --------------------------------------------------Su p
H
D
ng
2.3: Kh th c. -----------------------------------------------------------------------------Truo
n
quye
2.3.1: Khai niem. ------------------------------------------------------------------------Ban
12
13
15
15
15
2.3.2: Qua trnh hoa hi a ng ap (hi n c ). ------------------------------------
16
2.3.3: Phng phap xac nh thon g so tra ng thai cu a hi. ----------------------
18
2.4: Khong kh am . ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 21

2.4.1: nh ngha. -------------------------------------------------------------------- 21
2.4.2: Phan loai. ---------------------------------------------------------------------2.4.3: Ca c tho ng so ac trng cu a khong kh am . --------------------------------
21
22
2.4.4: o th i-d cu a khong kh am . ----------------------------------------------- 24
Chng 3: Nhiet va con g. --------------------------------------------------------------27
3.1: Qua trnh nhie t ong. --------------------------------------------------------------27
3.2: Nhiet l ng va ca ch tnh nhiet lng theo nhie t dung rie ng. -----------------27
3.2.1: nh ngha nhiet dung rieng. -----------------------------------------------27
3.2.2: Phan loai. ---------------------------------------------------------------------27
3.2.3: S phu thuo c nhie t dung rie ng va o nhie t o. -----------------------------28
3.2.4: Tnh nhiet lng theo nhie t dung rie ng. ----------------------------------29
3.2.5: Nhiet dung rieng cu a hon hp kh ly tn g. -----------------------------30
Thu vien DH SPKT TP. HCM - http://www.thuvienspkt.edu.vn
3.3: Cac loai co ng. ------------------------------------------------------------------------
31
3.3.1: Con g thay oi the tch. ------------------------------------------------------- 31

3.3.2: Cong ky thuat. ---------------------------------------------------------------- 31
Chng 4:nh luat nhiet ong th nhat. ----------------------------------------------- 33
4.1: No i dung,y ngha nh luat . -------------------------------------------------------- 33
4.2: Phng trnh nh luat nhiet o ng th nhat . ------------------------------------- 33
4.2.1: Phng trnh can ba ng na ng lng tong quat. ---------------------------- 33
4.2.2: Phng trnh nh luat th nhat cho he kn va h. ------------------------ 33
4.2.3: Phng trnh nh luat th nhat qua trnh lu ong. ---------------------- 34
4.2.4: Phng trnh nh luat th nhat oi v i qua trnh hon hp. ------------- 34
4.3: ng dung nh luat th nha t e tnh bie n thie n ca c ham tra ng thai va ca c
thong so qua trnh. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 35
4.3.1: Ca c qua trnh nhiet ong c ban cua kh ly tn g. ----------------------- 35
HCM
P.
4.3.2: Ca c qua trnh nhiet ong c ban cua kh th c. --------------------------uat T
h
Ky t
Chng 5: Cac qua trnh nhiet ong cua kh va hi.

---------------------------------pham
u
DH S
43
46
46
5.1: Qu a trnh ne n kh hoac hi. r----------------------------------------------------uong
T
n
46
5.1.1: Khai niem. ---------------------------------------------------------------------quye
Ban
5.1.2: Qua trnh nen kh trong may nen piston mot cap.--------------------------
46
5.1.3: Qua trnh nen kh trong may nen piston nhieu ca p. ---------------------- 49
5.2: Qua trnh lu ong . ----------------------------------------------------------------- 53
5.2.1: Khai niem. --------------------------------------------------------------------- 53
5.2.2: Cac gia thiet khi nghien cu qua trnh lu ong. ------------------------- 53
5.2.3: Ca c cong th c c ban cua qua trnh lu ong. ---------------------------- 55
5.2.4: S phu thuo c hnh dang ong dan vao to c o khi lu ong. ------------- 58
5.3: Qua trnh tiet lu. -------------------------------------------------------------------- 61
5.3.1: Khai niem va a c iem qua trnh tiet lu. -------------------------------- 61
5.3.2: Hieu ng Joule-Thomson. -------------------------------------------------- 62
Chng 6: nh luat nhiet o ng th hai. ----------------------------------------------- 63
6.1: Chu trnh nhiet o ng. ---------------------------------------------------------------- 63
6.1.1: nh ngha ve chu trnh. ----------------------------------------------------- 63
6.1.2: Chu trnh thuan chieu. -------------------------------------------------------- 63
6.1.3: Chu trnh nghch chie u. ------------------------------------------------------ 63
6.1.4: Con g cu a chu trnh. ----------------------------------------------------------- 63
6.1.5: Hieu suat nhiet,he so lam lanh,he so bm nhie t. ------------------------ 64
6.1.6: Chu trnh Carnot. -------------------------------------------------------------- 65

6.2: nh lua t nhie t ong th hai. ------------------------------------------------------- 67
6.2.1: No i dung va cach phat bieu. -------------------------------------------------
67
6.2.2: o bien thien entropy cua he nhiet o ng. ---------------------------------
67
6.3: Exergy. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 69

6.3.1: Khai niem. --------------------------------------------------------------------- 69
6.3.2: Ca c bie u th c ve exergy. ---------------------------------------------------Chng 7: Chu trnh thuan chieu. -------------------------------------------------------
69
71
7.1: nh ngha va pha n loa i. ----------------------------------------------------------- 71

7.2: Chu trnh o ng c o t trong (kie u piston). --------------------------------------- 71
7.2.1: Chu trnh ong c ot trong cap nhiet ang tch. ------------------------- 72
7.2.2: Chu trnh ong c ot trong cap nhiet ang ap. ------------------------- 74
7.2.3: Chu trnh ong c ot trong cap nhiet hon h p. -------------------------M
HC
TP.
t
7.2.4: So sanh hie u suat nhie t. -----------------------------------------------------a
u
h
Ky t
m
a
h
7.3: Chu trnh turbine kh. --------------------------------------------------------------Su p
H
D
7.3.1: Chu trnh turbine kh capTrnhie
uongt ang ap. ---------------------------------
n
quye
7.3.2: Chu trnh turbine
Ban kh cap nhiet ang ap co ho i nhie t. -------------------
76
7.4: Chu trnh o ng c pha n lc.
-----------------------------------------------------
86
7.4.1: Chu trnh ong c phan l c tr c lu. --------------------------------------
86
7.4.2: Chu trnh ong c phan l c turbine may nen. ----------------------------
87
7.4.3: Chu trnh ten la. -------------------------------------------------------------
89
7.5: Chu trnh o ng lc thiet b hi n c. ---------------------------------------------
91
77
79
79
81
7.3.3: Chu trnh turbine kh cap nhiet ang tch. --------------------------------- 83

7.3.4: Chu trnh turbine kh cap nhiet ang tch co hoi nhiet. ------------------ 85
7.5.1: Chu trnh Carnot kh th c.(hi nc) ---------------------------------------- 91

7.5.2: Chu trnh Rankine. ------------------------------------------------------------ 92
7.5.3: Ca c bie n pha p nang cao hieu sua t nhiet cu a chu trnh kh thc.--------
94
7.5.4: Chu trnh qua nhie t trung gian. --------------------------------------------- 96

7.5.5: Chu trnh hoi nhiet. ----------------------------------------------------------- 97
7.5.6: Chu trnh ghep. ---------------------------------------------------------------- 100
7.5.7: Chu trnh cap nhiet cap ie n. ----------------------------------------------- 102
Chng 8: Chu trnh ngc chie u. -------------------------------------------------
104
8.1: nh ngha va pha n loa i. ------------------------------------------------------------ 104

8.1.1: nh ngha. -------------------------------------------------------------------- 104
8.1.2: Phan loai. ----------------------------------------------------------------------
104
8.2: Chu trnh may lanh va bm nhie t dung khong kh. -----------------------------
105
8.3: Chu trnh may lanh dung hi. ----------------------------------------------------- 107

8.3.1: Chu trnh may la nh co may ne n. ------------------------------------------- 107
8.3.2: Chu trnh may la nh ejecteur. ------------------------------------------------ 109
8.3.3: Chu trnh may la nh hap thu. -----------------------------------------------
111
Bai tap.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 113
Bang.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
o th.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 132
u
DH S
g
n
ruo
K
pham
P. HC
uat T
y th
T
yen
u
q
an
117
-5-
CHNG 1
NHNG KHAI NIEM C BAN

1.1: NGUYEN LY LAM VIEC CUA MAY NHIET
May nhiet la thiet b thc hien qua trnh chuyen hoa gi a nhiet nang va c
nang hai nguon nong (T1) va lanh (T2).
May nhiet c chia lam hai nhom: Nhom ong c nhiet va nhom may lanh,
bm nhiet.
ong c nhiet: Gom may hi n c, ong c ot trong, ong c pha n lc, turbine
hi, turbine kh, loa i nay lam viec theo nguye n ly chat moi gii nhan nhiet (Q1) t
nguon nong ( qua trnh chay nhie n lieu), ke en la gian n e bien mot phan nhiet
tha nh cong (L0), sau o chat moi gii nha phan nhiet (Q2) cho nguon la nh. Q1 - Q2 =
L0 .
May lanh va bm nhiet : Lam viec theo nguyen ly ma y tieu hao nang lng L0,
truyen (Q2) va (L0)
chat moi gii nha n nhiet (Q2) t nguon lanh e lam la nh vat, roCi M
H
.
P
T t con bm nhie t s dung
cho nguon nong. May lanh s dung nhiet (Q2 ) e lam la
at va
hnuh
t
y
K
(Q1) e si am hoac say.
pham
H Su
gD
Nhiet va cong la cac rda
nang lng la cac a i lng vat ly phu thuo c
ng
uon
T
n
vao qua trnh.
quye
Qui c:
Ban
Nhiet nhan
Q>0
Nhiet nha
Q<0
Cong sinh ra L > 0

Cong tieu hao L < 0
n v:
1cal
= 4,18 J
1 Btu
= 252 cal
1 Btu/h
= 0,3 W.
(British Thermal Unit)
1.2: HE NHIET ONG VA PHAN LOAI .

He nhiet o ng la mot vat hoa c nhieu vat c ta ch ra e nghien cu nhng tnh
chat nhiet ong cua no. He nhiet o ng bao gom :
a/ He kn va he h:
oi vi he kn cha t moi gii kho ng bao gi i xuyen qua be mat ranh gii nga n
ca ch gi a he thong vi moi trng, khoi lng cha t moi gii xem la khong o i. (moi
chat trong ma y lanh).
Ngc la i he thong h chat moi gii co the vao va ra khoi he thong. (ong c
ot trong, o ng c phan l c, ong c turbine).
b/ He co lap va he oan nhiet:
Mot he thong c goi la co lap khi hoan toa n khong trao o i nang lng na o
(nhiet va c nang) gia cha t moi gii va moi trng.
-6-
Neu gia he va moi trng ch khong co s trao oi nhiet ma thoi th goi la he

oa n nhiet.
1.3: CHAT MOI GII.
Chat moi gii (CMG)la chat trung gian dung e thc hien ca c chuyen bien ve
nang lng.
Chat moi gii c s du ng trong nhie t ong thng da ng kh hoa c hi. (cha t
moi gii c xem la dang kh khi ca c thong so thng gap xa tra ng thai ba o hoa,
loa i nay nhiet o ti han tha p. Ngc lai cha t moi gii c goi la dang hi.)
Trong nhiet ong ky thuat chat moi gii dang kh c chia lam hai loa i: Kh
ly tng va kh thc.
Chat kh c xem la kh ly tng khi hoi u 2 ye u to :
- The tch ba n tha n pha n t kh bang khong.
- Lc tng tac gia ca c phan t cung bang khong.
Con lai c goi la kh thc.
1.4: TRANG THAI VA CAC THONG SO TRANG THAI .
M
. HC
P
T
at t va t ly cua chat moi gii
ucha
Trang tha i la tap hp cac ai lng xa c nh tnh
y th
K
am
tai thi iem nao o. Ca c thong so dung e xa
u pchnh trang thai cua cha t moi gii c
S
H
goi la thong so trang thai, moi rtra
ngg Dthai xa c nh th thong so trang tha i cung co
uon
T
nhng gia tr xac nh. quyen

n
a
B
Mot trang thai c go i la can bang cua chat mo i gii khi cac thong so trang
tha i co cung mot gia tr moi iem trong toa n bo khoi chat mo i gii. Ng c la i goi la
trang tha i chat moi gii khong ca n bang.
1.4.1: Thong so trang thai.

e bieu dien trang thai cua chat mo i gii ngi ta nh en ba thong so trang
tha i c ban: Nhiet o, ap suat, the tch rieng. Ngoai 3 thong so nay con dung en cac
thong so kha c nh : Noi nang, Enthanpy, Entropy, Exergy,
a/ Nhiet o:
Nhiet o la thong so bieu th mc o nong la nh cua va t, con theo thuyet ong
hoc phan t nhie t o bieu th gia tr ong nang trung bnh cua cac pha n t chuyen
ong tnh tien.
2
3
Trong o:
kT
T : Nhiet o tuyet o i, K
m : Khoi lng pha n t, kg
: Van to c trung bnh cac phan t, m/s
k : Ha ng so Boltzmann.
k = 1,3805 .10-23 (J/o)
e xac nh nhiet o ngi ta thng dung 2 thang o nhiet o :
(1-1)
-7-
Nhiet o bach pha n. ( Nhiet o Celcius : t, 0C )

Nhiet o tuyet o i. ( Nhiet o Kelvin : T, K )
Moi quan he :
T(K) = t(0C) + 273,15
Ngoa i ra con co ca c thang nhiet o khac nh : Nhiet o Fahrenheit t(0F),
Rankine T(0 R).
Moi quan he :
5 o
t F 32
9
5
t o C T o R 273,15
9
t oC
(1-2)
(1-3)
b/ Ap suat:
Ap suat la l c ta c dung cac phan t theo phng pha p tuye n len mot n v
dien tch thanh bnh cha.
p
a y:
F
S
(N/m2)
p : a p sua t tuyet oi (N/m2)

F : lc tac du ng (N)
K
pham
P. HC
uat T
y th
(1-4)
u
DHNS = 1 kgm/s2)
(1
g
n
ruo
S : dien tch qtha

uyennh bnh (m )
Ban
e o ap sua t ngi ta dung nhieu n v o khac nhau, ta co moi quan he gi a

ca c n v o ap suat nh sau :
1at = 9,81 . 104 (N/m2) 0,981bar 9,81 . 104 Pa
= 1 kG/cm2
= 14,7 psi
= 10 mH2O
= 735,5 mmHg
Ngoa i ra ta co ca c khai niem khac ve ap suat nh:

Pd
P
Pck
Pkt
P
Trong o:
p: ap suat tuyet o i
pd : ap suat d
pKT : a p sua t kh tri
pCK : ap suat cha n khong
* Khi o ap sua t bang chieu cao cot thuy ngan phai qui ve ieu kien 00 C tr c
khi chuyen o i n v, theo cong thc:
h00C = h (1- 0,000172.t)
Trong o :
h00C : chieu cao cot thuy ngan 00 C .
h
: chieu cao cot thuy ngan t 0C.
-8-
c/ The tch rieng:

The tch rieng la the tch cua mot n v khoi lng.
Neu mot lng kh co kho i lng la G kg, the tch la V m3 th the tch rie ng se la :
v=
V
G
, (m3/kg)
(1-5)
Khoi lng rieng la ai lng nghch ao cu a the tch rieng.
1
v
, (kg/m3)
(1-6)
d/ Noi nang: ( ky hieu: u, J/kg)

Noi nang cua mot vat bao gom: nhiet nang, hoa nang, nang lng nguyen t.
oi v i qua trnh nhiet o ng hoa nang va nang lng nguyen t khong thay oi ne n
s thay oi noi nang cua vat ch la s thay oi nhiet nang.
Noi nang bao gom: Noi o ng nang va no i the nang.
Noi ong na ng sinh ra la do chuyen o ng tnh tien, chuyen ong dao ong,
chuyen ong quay cu a cac phan t.
CM
Noi the nang sinh ra la do l c tng tac cac pha n ta.t TP. H
u
y th
K
Theo thuye t ong ho c phan t th no i o
g nang phu thuoc vao nhiet o, no i
anm
u ph
S
H
the na ng phu thuo c vao khoang cachonca
cDphan t, la ham n tr cu a the tch, do vay:
u g
r
T
u = f (T,quv)yen
Ban
oi vi kh ly tng th:
u = f (T)
Mat kha c noi nang la mot thong so trang tha i, ch phu thuo c vao trang thai a u
va cuoi, khong phu thuoc vao qua trnh tien hanh.
du = cv dT.
Khi cho qua trnh tien hanh t trang tha i 1en trang thai 2 o bien thien noi nang se
la:
u = cv ( T2 T1)
(1-7)
a y: cv la nhiet dung rieng khoi lng ang tch(J/kg.o)

e/ Nang lng ay: (d : J/kg)
oi v i dong kh hoac chat long chuye n o ng, ngoai ong nang va the nang
ben ngoai con mot nang lng giup khoi kh dch chuyen, goi la na ng lng a y.
Nang lng ay c xac nh bang bieu thc :
d = pv
(1-8)
Nang lng ay la mo t thong so trang thai va ch co he h, khi dong kh

chuyen ong th nang lng ay thay oi va tao ra cong lu ong e ay dong kh
dch chuyen.
f/ Enthanpy: (i, h: J/kg)
Enthanpy la mot thong so tra ng thai.
-9-
Trong nhiet ong enthanpy c nh ngha bang bieu thc:

i = u + pv
(1-9)
oi vi kh thc enthanpy phu thuoc va o 2 trong 3 thong so tra ng thai c ba n,

con o i vi kh ly tng th:
(1-9)
di = du + d(R.T)
di = cvdt + RdT
di = cpdT.
o bien thien enthanpy gi a hai tra ng thai 1 va 2 se la:

i = cp (T2 T1)
(1-10)
g/ Entropy: (s: J/kg.o)

Entropy la mot a i lng vat ly ma s thay oi cua no ch ng to co s trao o i
nhiet.
Phng trnh vi pha n entropy co dang :
ds
dq
T
( 1-11)
M
. HC
P
T
uat
dq : nhiet lng trao oi gi a chat moi gii va

hmoi trng trong qua trnh vo
Ky t
m
a
h
cung be.
Su p
H
D
uong
h/ Exergy: (e: J/kg)
Tr
uyen
Exergi la nangBl
an qng toi a co the bien hoan toan tha nh cong trong qua trnh
thuan nghch. oi v i nhiet nang:
q=e+a
Trong o :
(1-12)
q : nhiet nang
e : exergy
a : anergy phan nhiet nang khong the bien thanh cong.
1.4.2: Phng trnh trang thai :

Phng trnh trang thai cua chat kh mot cach to ng quat c bieu dien theo
moi quan he ham so nh sau:
F ( p,v,T) = 0
No cho phep ta xa c nh c mot trang thai bat ky khi biet 2 trong 3 thong so
trang tha i.
a/ Phng trnh trang thai cua kh ly tng:
+ Phng trnh tra ng thai khi viet cho 1 kg kh co dang :
p.v = R.T
Trong o :
(1-13)
p : a p sua t tuyet oi (N/m2)

v : The tch rieng
(m3/kg)
R : Hang so cha t kh (J/kg.o)

T : Nhiet o tuyet oi (K)
-10-
+ Phng trnh tra ng thai oi vi G kg kh :

p.v.G = G.R.T
p.V = G.R.T
(1-14)
+ Phng trnh khi viet cho 1 kmol cha t kh:

T (1-13)
p.v. = .R.T
pV = .R.T
vi : V = v. : The tch 1 kmol kh. (m3/kmol)
at : R = .R : Hang so pho bien chat kh (J/kmol.o)
pV = RT
R =
(1-15)
pV
(1-16)
Theo Avogadro Ampere: ieu kien tieu chuan : p = 760 mmHg, t = 00C =
273,15 K, the tch 1 kmol kh ly tng V = 22,4 m3 vay :
M
760 5
. HC
P
.10 .22, 4
T
uat
101332.22,4
y th
R = 750
K
273,15
273,u15pham
DH S
g
n
uo
R = 8314
(J/kmol.o
)
Tr
n
e
y
nR qu 8314
R =Ba
.
b/ Phng trnh trang thai kh thc:

Trong thc te ca c kh s dung eu la kh thc va viec tnh toa n no rat phc ta p.
e thiet la p phng trnh cho kh thc ngi ta da vao phng trnh cua kh ly tng
roi them vao mot so he so ieu chnh c rut ra t thc nghiem.
Theo Vander Waals phng trnh co da ng:
a
p 2 .v b R.T
v
(1-17)
Trong o: a/v2: He so ieu chnh ve ap suat noi bo, khi ke en l c ta c dung

tng ho gi a ca c phan t.
b : He so ie u chnh ve the tch ban than phan t.
a,b: Con goi la ca c hang so ca biet bien thien theo cac loa i chat kh.
-11-
CHNG 2
CHAT MOI GII

2.1: NH NGHA .
Nh a trnh bay chng 1 chat moi gii la cha t trung gian dung e thc hien
ca c chuyen bien ve nang lng, chat moi gii ta thng gap da ng kh hoac hi.
Chat moi gii c xem la dang kh khi trang thai cua no xa trang tha i ba o
hoa, thng nhiet o t i ha n tng oi tha p. Ngc la i mot chat xem la the hi khi
nhiet o ti ha n cu a no tng oi cao so v i thong so thng gap.
Trong nhiet ong ky thua t ta co the xem: O2 , N2, H2, hi nc trong khong
kh la kh ly tng. Con hi nc trong thiet b ong l c hi nc, Freon ( R12, R22,
R134a,), amonia c (NH3) trong may lanh khong c xem la kh ly tng.
V du :
- ong c hi nc: chat moi gii la hi nc.
- ong c ot trong, turbine kh: chat moi gii laP.sa
nMpham cha y.
HC
at T
hu
- May lanh: chat moi gi i la cac loai Freon
Ky t hay amoniac.
2.2: HON HP KH LY TNG.
ruo
H Su
ng D
pham
T
Trong nhiet o ng kyuythua
en t co mo t so trng hp chat mo i gii bao gom nhieu
q
Ban ( khong kh gom: O2 , N2 va mot so kh khac)
tha nh phan kh khac nhau
Vay e xa c nh cac thong so cua ho n hp ta can phai biet cac thong so cua
ca c thanh phan.
La hon h p kh th bat ky thanh phan nao trong o eu co cung nhiet o va
chiem toan bo the tch cua hon hp.
2.2.1: nh luat Gip Dalton.
Ap suat cua hon h p kh ly tng ba ng tong cac ap suat rieng phan cua cac
chat kh thanh pha n.
n
p=
(2-1)
i 1
p : a p sua t hon hp.

pi : phan ap suat chat kh th i. (a p suat rieng phan)
Ap suat rieng phan cua cha t kh thanh phan la ap sua t cua chat kh o khi no
chiem toan bo the tch cua hon hp va ieu kien nhiet o cua ho n hp.
Neu goi :
V, T la the tch va nhiet o cua hon h p.
pi, Gi, Ri la a p sua t rieng phan, khoi lng, hang so chat kh cua
tha nh phan th i trong hon hp.
piV = GiRiT .
Pi
Gi Ri T
V
(2-2)
-12-
Tng t :
n
i 1
I Ii
(2-3)
i 1
n
S Si
i 1
2.2.2: Bieu th thanh phan hon hp .

Thanh pha n hon hp co the bieu th theo khoi lng, the tch hoa c so mol.
a/ Thanh phan khoi lng: (gi)
Thanh phan khoi lng mot cha t trong ho n hp la t so gia khoi lng cha t o
vi kho i lng hon hp.
gi
Gi
G
P. HC
uat T
(2-4)
h
a cha
gi : Thanh phan khoi l ng cum
Ky tt th i trong hon hp.
Trong o:
Su
Gi: khoi lng chatg th
DH i.
ruon
pha
T
G: khoiuyl
en n g hon hp.
q
Ban
G = Gi
n
i 1
gi
i 1
i 1
(2-5)
b/ Thanh phan the tch: (ri)

Thanh phan the tch cua mot chat trong hon hp la t so gi a the tch rieng
pha n cu a chat o v i the tch hon h p.
ri
Trong o:
Vi
V
(2-6)
ri : Thanh pha n the tch cua cha t th i trong ho n hp.

Vi : The tch rieng pha n cu a chat th i.
V : The tch hon hp.
The tch rieng phan Vi cua chat th i trong ho n hp, ieu kien ap suat va
nhiet o cu a hon hp:
pVi = GiRiT
Vi
Gi RiT
p
(a)
(2-7)
-13-
T (2-2) :
piV = GiRiT
(b)
(a) va (b) pVi = piV

Vi
p
i
V
p
Vp
Vi i
p
Hay:
(c)
ri
V n
V i pi .
p i 1
i 1
n
Theo Gip-Dalton :p =
i 1
V Vi
i 1
Tng t : (c)
ri
i 1
i 1
pi
1
p
c/ Thanh phan mol:(ri)
K
pham
P. HC
uat T
y th
(2-8)
Thanh phan mol cua mot chatntrong

DH Shon h p la t so gia so kmol cua chat o
g
uo
vi so kmol cua hon h p. yen Tr
qu
Bain
M
ri
M
Trong o:
(2-9)
Mi : so kmol cha t th i.
M : so kmol hon hp.
n
ri
i 1
i 1
Mi
1
M
(2-10)
2.2.3: Xac nh cac ai lng vat ly cua hon hp.

a/ Phan t lng cua hon hp:
Ta co: pV M = M.R.T
Ma:
V = V .M
pV = M.R.T
va:
pV = G.R.T
pV = G
T (a) va (b)
(a)
M=
(b)
G
M
-14G
i 1
1
Gi 1
i 1 G i
(c)
Gi
G
Ma t (2-4): g i
=
G
Gi
i 1
Hay
1
gi
i 1
(2-11)
b/ Hang so chat kh R cua hon hp:

8314
Ta co:
Hay
R = 8314.
n
i 1
gi
Hoa c R co the xa c nh:
a
Gi Ri T
u ph
S
H
D
V
uong
r
T
en
n
n
Gni RqiuTy
GRT
a
p
p i B
V
V
i 1
i 1
T (2-2) :
Pi
hua
Ky t
.
t TP
HCM
(2-12)
G R
i
GR
i 1
G R
i
i 1
G
n
Ma (2-5):
gi
i 1
i 1
R g i Ri
i 1
c/ The tch rieng hon hp:

n
Vi
V
i 1
v
G
G
n
n
G
Vi i
Ma :
i 1
i 1
1 n Gi
G i 1 i
(2-13)
-15n
vi
gi
i 1
i 1
v
i 1
gi
(2-14)
Khoi lng rieng cua hon hp:

n
1
i
v
i 1
gi
2.2.4: Phan ap suat thanh phan

Phan ap suat tha nh phan c xac nh theo a p sua t hon hp (o c).
Ta co: piV = GiRiT
(a)
pV = GRT
T (a) va (b)
ma
pi p. g i
(b)
pi Gi Ri
p
GR
Ri
R
(vi g i
K
R = .R = i Ri = 8314 J/kmol.o
pham
u
S
H
ng D
Ri
o
u
r
T
yen
R i
u
q
Ban
pi p. g i
Gi
)
G
P. HC
uat T
y th
(2-15)
2.3: KH THC.
2.3.1: Khai niem.
Trong th c te ta gap kha nhieu trng hp chat moi gii kho ng c xem la kh
ly tng ma la kh thc, v du nh CO2, NH3 va ca c loai Freon du ng trong may lanh,
hi nc dung trong turbine hi, ong c hi nc Luc na y ta khong the bo qua l c
tng ta c gi a cac phan t va the tch ba n than cac pha n t c. Do vay khong cho
phep dung cac cong thc cua kh ly tng e tnh toa n. e gia i quyet van e nay ta
tm hieu ve tnh chat cua hi n c.
a/ Qua trnh hoa hi:
La qua trnh chuye n t pha long sang pha hi. Ngc lai goi la qua trnh ngng
tu. ( xay ra trong toan bo the tch khoi chat long).
b/ Qua trnh nong chay:
La qua trnh chuyen t ran sang long. Ng c la i goi la ong ac.
c/ Qua trnh thang hoa:
La qua trnh chuyen t ra n sang hi khong qua trang thai long. Ng c lai goi la
ngng ke t.
-16-
2.3.2: Qua trnh hoa hi ang ap . (V du : Hi n c)

Qua trnh hoa hi thng xay ra ap suat khong oi.
t( o C)
p
D
B
q (kJ/kg)
Qua trnh c tien hanh nh sau:

Cho vao xi lanh 1 kg nc 00C tre n o co at 1 piston vaMco the dch chuyen
HC
TPa. nc nen khong xay ra
de dang vi ap suat p = const. V piston e len mat thoanugatcu
th
s bay hi ma ch xay ra s so i khi cap nhiet. pham Ky
Su
g DHbien nc thanh hi nh sau:

Khi cap nhiet vao xi lanh qua
uontrnh
Tr
n
e
y
+ oan OA : Qua
o t nong n c t 00C en nhiet o soi, giai oan na y
u
qtrnh
n
a
B
khi nhiet o tang th the tch cung tang. Cac thong so cua nc trang thai ban a u
( iem O) co ky hieu: v0 , u0 , i0, t0. Tai A nhiet o cua n c at en nhiet o so i. Ca c
thong so nc soi co ky hieu: v, u, i, t = ts .
+ oan AC : Bie u dien qua trnh so i, trong giai oan nay mac du tiep tu c ca p
nhiet, nhng nhiet o cua nc va n khong oi. Nhiet lng cung cap cho nc trong
oa n AC khong lam nhiet o cua nc tang len goi la nhie t hoa hi, ky hieu: r
Tai C giot nc cuo i cung bien thanh hi, s soi ket thuc, hi n c trang tha i
nay go i la hi bao hoa kho, ky hieu cac thong so : v, u, i, t= ts
Hi nc ta i iem B nao o trong oa n AC (ho n hp gia nc soi va hi n c
bao hoa kho) goi la hi nc bao hoa am. Thong so trang tha i cu a B k hieu la: vx, ux,
ix, tx = ts
e xa c nh trang tha i hi nc bao hoa am ngi ta a ra thong so mi x, go i
la o kho. o kho cho bie t lng hi bao hoa kho ch a trong 1 kg hi ba o hoa am.
x=
G kg hi bao ho a kho
G kg hi bao ho a am
Gk
Gk
G x Gn Gk
Ngoa i ra ta con dung 1 thong so khac y: goi la o am.

y=1-x=
G kg nc soi
G kg hi bao ho a am
-17-
o am cho biet lng nc ch a trong 1 kg hi bao hoa am.

oan CD: Bie u dien qua trnh bien hi ba o ho a kho thanh hi qua nhie t. Sau
khi toan bo nc a bien thanh hi tai C, ne u tiep tuc ca p nhiet lu c nay nhiet o cua
hi se tang len cho en trang thai D nao o. D goi la tra ng thai hi qua nhie t, thong
so hi qua nhiet la : v, u, i, t > ts . Qua trnh tien hanh nhieu la n cac ap suat khac
nhau, sau khi x l so lieu c tom tac va bieu dien tren o th p-v nh sau:
p
pk
P3
O3
P2
O2
P1
O1
A3
I
A2
A1
C3
II
C2
III
C1
x=1
x=0
P. HC
uat T
0
Tren o th ca c iem O1, O2, O3 bieu dien tranyg ttha
h i nc 0 C vi cac ap sua t
K
pham
kha c nhau, chu ng nam tren ng thang gaSnunh
song song vi tru c p ( v the tch cua
H
D
0
nc 0 C hau nh khong thay o
ong a p sua t).
Triutheo
en
Nhng iem AB1,anAq2,uyA3 bieu dien trang tha i nc soi cac ap sua t khac nhau,
ap suat cang cao cac iem nay cang nghie ng ve ben pha i, v nhiet o soi cao nen the
tch tang theo a p suat.
Ca c iem C1, C2, C3 bieu dien trang thai hi ba o hoa kho cac a p suat khac
nhau, a p suat cang ln th ng na y cang co khuynh hng nghieng ve ben tra i ( p
va v cua hi bao hoa kho co quan he t le nghch).
Noi cac iem O1, O2, O3, ta c ng nc 00C. Noi ca c iem A1, A2,
A3, ta c ng nc soi hay go i la ng gii han di co x = 0. Noi cac iem
C1, C2, C3, ta co ng hi bao hoa kho go i la ng gii ha n tren co x = 1.
Khi ap suat ca ng ta ng th hai ng gii han d i va tre n tien lai gan nhau, e n
mot ap sua t nao o goi la ap suat ti han th hai ng nay se ga p nhau tai k, k goi la
iem ti ha n.
Thong so tai k :
pk = 221bar 225 at
vk = 0,003 m3/kg
tk = 3740 C
Ngoa i ra o th chia lam 3 vu ng :
Vung I : vung n c cha soi.
Vung II : vung hi bao hoa am.
Vung III : vung hi qua nhiet.
-18-
* Nhiet l ng can thiet e bien n c 00C en trang thai hi qua nhiet la :

q = qn + r + qk
(2-16)
Trong o : qn = i i0 = cpn ( ts t0)

qn :Nhiet lng can thiet lam cho n c 00 C at e n nhiet o soi.
r = i i
r : Nhiet hoa hi.
qk = cph ( t ts)
qk:Nhiet lng can thiet e bien hi bao hoa kho tha nh hi qua
nhiet.
cph :Nhiet dung rieng ang a p cu a hi qua nhiet.
2.3.3: Phng phap xac nh thong so trang thai cua hi nc
Hi nc la kh th c co tnh chat khac xa kh ly tng, e xa c nh cac thong so
trang tha i cu a no ta nh en bang hoac o th.
a/ Bang hi nc:
CM
Hg
Tuy theo hi nc trang thai nao ma ta co hai loaiTba
e tra cac thong so
.n
P
at
u
h
t
trang tha i cu a hi nc.
y
am K
h
p
/ Bang n c soi va hi ba o hoa Dkho
H S:u
uong
Tr nc soi va hi ba o hoa kho, phu thuoc va o thong

Dung xa c nh ca c tho
nng so
e
y
qu
Bani:
so biet trc, ta co 2 loa
* Loa i cho theo nhiet o: (t 0C)

t
o
C
p
bar
v
m3/kg
v
m3/kg
kg/m3
i
kJ/kg
i
kJ/kg
r
kJ/kg
30
0,0424
100
1,0132 0,00104
1,673
0,5977
419,1
2676
2257
1,3071
7,3547
2,547
632,2
2746
2114
1,8418
6,8383
150
4,760
0,00109 0,3926
s
s
kJ/kg.o kJ/kg.o
* Loai cho theo ap suat: (p bar)

p
m3/kg
m3/kg
kg/m3
kJ/kg
kJ/kg
kJ/kg
0,1
45,84
0,00101
14,68
0,06812
191,9
2393
2257
0,6492
8,149
55,46
1407,7
2725
1317
3,360
5,615
bar
100
310,96 0,00145 0,0180
kJ/kg.o kJ/kg.o
-19-
/ Ba ng nc cha soi va hi qua nhiet:

Dung tra ca c thong so nc cha so i va hi qua nhiet. Khi tra cac thong so
trong bang nay can bie t tr c 2 thong so p va t.
t TS
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
p
v
0,04
i
s
v
0,08
i
s
0,1
0,0010
83,7
0,2961
u
DH S
g
n
ruo
v
0,12
K
pham
y th
T
yen
u
q
an
P. HC
uat T
16,64
28,02
8,642
Rieng oi vi hi bao hoa am khong co trong bang, e xa c nh cac thong so

cua no ta xa c nh theo o kho x, cac thong so cua hi bao hoa kho va nc soi, theo
ca c cong thc sau:
vx = v+ x (v v)
ix = i + x (i i)
(2-17)
sx = s + x (s s)
ux = u + x (u u)
Suy ra:
Hoa c:
i x i'
i' 'i'
s s'
x= x
s' ' s'
x=
Ngoa i ra noi nang khong co trong cac bang va o th, va c xa c nh t

enthanpi:
i = u + pv
u = i pv
(2-18)
-20-
b/ o th hi nc:
e xac nh cac thong so cua hi nc, ngoai viec dung bang ta con s dung
o th, no co u iem la xa c nh n gian va nhanh chong, nhc iem la o chnh
xa c khong cao.
/ o th T-s:
T
k
v2 = const
p2 = const
v1 = const
p1 = const
273oC
x=0
x1
x=1
P. HC
uat T
th bao hoa am song song tru c s,

Tren o th T-s cac ng a ng ap trong vumngKyhi
a
ph
Su ve
qua vung hi qua nhiet i len co be loi Dquay
di. Cac ng ang tch luon luon
H
ng
o
u
r
i le n ca hai vung hi bao ho
aTam va hi qua nhiet ong thi cung doc hn ng
yen
u
q
ang ap.
Ban
Trong vung bao ho a am o kho x ta ng da n t x = 0 en x = 1.
/ o th i-s:
i
p2 =const
v2 =const
k
T2 =const
p1 =const
v1 =const
T1 =const
x=0
x1
x2
x=1
s
o th i-s trong vu ng hi ba o hoa am cac ng ang nhiet va ang ap trung

nhau va do c le n, ra en vung hi qua nhiet, ng ang nhiet ga n nh nam ngang co n
ng ang ap ta ng manh. Ca c ng ang tch va n co da ng ng cong va do c hn
ang ap.
-21-
/ o th logp-i cua moi chat lanh:

Ca c mo i chat s dung trong may lanh thng la : NH3, cac lo ai freon ( R12,
R22, R134a,) e xa c nh ca c thong so ta thng du ng o th logp-i cho ca c moi cha t
lanh.
logp
(Mpa)
t1
t2
s2 = c
v2 =c
p2 = c
s1 = c
v1 = c
p1 = c
x=0
x=1
i (kJ/kg)
CMng song song tru c

Tren o th logp-i ca c ng a ng a p la nhng TnPg. Htha
at
hutru
hoa nh. Cac ng ang nhiet trong vung hi ba o hoKayatm
ng vi cac ng a ng ap
am
h
p
u ng cong gan nh thang ng. Cac ng
tng ng, vung hi qua nhiet la nhngH
D S
g
n
uo
ang entropy va ang tch la nh
Trng ng cong co be loi quay ve pha tre n nhng
n
e
y
qu
ng ang entropy do
Bacnhn so vi ng ang tch.
2.4: KHONG KH AM.

2.4.1: nh ngha.
Khong kh am la hon hp cua khong kh kho va hi n c. La khong kh c s

dung trong ky thua t, trong sinh ho at i song con ngi. Khong kh kho ay gom:
21% O2, 78% N2, con la i la CO2 va ca c kh tr.
Hi nc trong khong kh am co phan ap suat nho va trang thai hi qua nhie t,
nen hi nc ay co the coi la kh ly tng, do vay khong kh am c xem la ho n
hp kh ly tng.
Ap suat:
p = pk + ph
Nhiet o :
t = tk =th
Khoi lng G = Gk + Gh
2.4.2: Phan loai.
Tuy theo lng nc ch a trong khong kh am ta co the pha n ra nh sau:
a/ khong kh am cha bao hoa: La khong kh am ma lng hi n c trong no
tra ng thai hi qua nhiet, trong trng hp nay neu ta cho them hi nc vao th hi
nc van cha b ngng tu.
-22-
T
phmax
ph
th
A
ts
B
s
Co hai cach bien hi nc cha ba o hoa thanh hi nc bao hoa:
Ca ch1: AB ,giam nhiet o th e n nhiet o ong sng ts;vi p = const.
CM
P. H
Ca ch2: AC, tang ap ph e n phmax; vi th = const.
uat T
y th
K
b/ Khong kh am bao hoa:
pham
u
S
g DHc tra ng thai hi bao ho a kho ( Gh max) lu c
La khong kh am trong o rhi
nn
o
u
T
eno th no se o ng thanh nhng giot rat nho, neu tiep tu c
nay ne u cho them hi nqcuyva
an
cho them hi nc vaBo ta se co khong kh am qua bao hoa. ( tao thanh nhng giot
nc ngng tu sng mu).
2.4.3: Cac thong so ac trng cua khong kh am.

a/ o am tuyet oi: (h)
Neu mot khoi khong kh am co the tch la V (m3), cha lng hi nc la Gh
(kg), th t so:
Gh
h
V
(2-19)
h goi la o am tuye t oi (kg/m3).

Trong th c te e biet kha nang ch a hi n c nhieu hay t cua khong kh am ta
ca n dung e n o am tng o i.
b/ o am tng oi:( )
La t so gi a o am tuyet oi cha bao hoa va o am tuye t o i cua khong kh
am bao ho a cung nhet o.
(%)
(2-20)
h
h max
h: o am tuyet oi cha ba o hoa.
h max: o am tuye t oi bao hoa.
-23-
T phng trnh trang thai viet cho hi nc trong khong kh am cha ba o hoa
va bao hoa la:
phV = G hRhT
Va
phmaxV = G hmaxRhT
T (2-20),(a) va (b)
0 < ph < phmax
= (40 70) %
Gh
p
h h
V
R hT
(a)
Gh max
p
h max h max
V
Rh T
(b)
ph
(%)
0 < < 100 %
p h max
(2-21)
: phu hp vi i song con ngi.

o
= 90 % (0 5 C) : thch hp trong bao quan rau qua thc pham.

c/ o cha hi: (d)
La t so gia khoi l ng hi nc va khoi lng khong kh kho trong khong kh
am.
d=
Gh
Gk
(kg hi/kg kkk)
am
u ph
S
H
D
uong
pV
r
T
phV = G hRhT uyen
Gh h
q
R hT
Ban
T phng trnh trang thai:
pkV = G kRkT
Gk
P. HC
uat T
h
Ky t
p kV
Rk T
(2-22)
(c)
(d)
T (2-22), (c) va (d)
d=
p h Rk
p k Rh
8314
8314
, Rh =
29
18
p
d = 0,622 h .
pk
Vi: Rk =
ma : p = pk + ph
d = 0,622
ma:
d = 0,622
ph
p ph
( 2-22a )
ph
p h max
. p h max
p . p h max
, ( kg hi/kg kkk)
(2-23)
-24-
d/ Enthanpy cua khong kh am:

Enthanpy khong kh am bang tong enthanpy khong kh kho va hi n c ch a
trong o. Enthanpy cua khong kh am co ch a 1 kg khong kh kho, cung co ngha la
(1 + d) kg khong kh am.
d=
Gh
Gk
d = Gh
( do: Gk = 1)
G = Gk + Gh = 1 + d
I = ik + d.ih
(2-24)
ik : Enthanpy 1 kg khong kh kho, c xa c nh:

ik = 1,0048.t t
(kJ/kg)
ih : Enthanpy khong kh am, c xac nh:

ih = 2500 + 2.t
(kJ/kg)
I = t + (2500+2.t) d
(2-25)
M
P. HC
uat T
2.4.4: o th i-d cua khong kh am.
th am ta da vao o th i-d.
e xac nh cac ai lng ac trng cua khonKgy kh
ruo
T
yen
u
q
an
i (KJ/Kg)
H Su
ng D
pham
B
120
100
5
80
60
20 %
40 %
60%
40 0
f :100 %
20 0
135
10
20
30
Ph
40
50
d (g/Kg kkk)
-25-
ay ph :phan ap sua t hi nc.

Tren o th truc i va d hp v i nhau mot go c 1350 C .
- ng i = const: la ng thang hp vi tru c d mot go c 1350 C .
- ng d = const: la nhng ng tha ng ng.
- ng t = const: la nhng ng thang hi do c, cang le n cao co khuynh
hng phan ky.
- ng = 100% chia khong kh am thanh 2 vung: vung tren la khong kh am
cha ba o ho a, vung di la khong kh am qua bao ho a. oi v i vung khong kh am
cha bao ho a, co da ng ng cong quay pha loi le n tren, nhng e n vung co t > ts
th no la ng thang vuong goc tru c d. e xa c nh ca c thong so khong kh am ta ca n
biet hai trong so cac thong so : i, d, t, ,
100 %
iA =c
K
pham
u
DH S
g
n
E
ruo
T
yen B
u
q
an
dA
phB
P. HC
uat T
tA=c
y th
ph
phAmax
dAmax
Gia s tren o th i-d ta i trang thai A, khi biet tA va A, t o ta suy ra iA, dA.
Muon tm pha n ap suat hi nc ph, t A ta ke ng d = const cat ng ph ta i B, th
phB la gia tr can tm.
2.4.5 Cac qua trnh nhiet ong khong kh am
a) Qua trnh ot nong:
i
B
=100%
A
C
i=const
ts
C'
D
-26-
Khi gia nhiet cho khong kh am, nhie t o tang len, lng nc trong khong kh
am khong oi (d=const), qua trnh nay bie u dien bang ng thang vuong goc v i truc
d, o am giam (qua trnh AB tren o th).
b) Qua trnh lam lanh:
Khi lam la nh khong kh am, nhie t o se giam xuong va o am se tang len, qua
trnh nay xa y ra trong hai trng hp:
- Neu nhiet o lam la nh ln hn nhiet o iem sng (t > ts), do o cha hi
d = const nen khi nhiet o giam th se tang le n (qua trnh AC tren o th), qua trnh
nay ngc vi qua trnh AB va cung vuong go c vi tru c d.
- Neu nhiet o nho hn nhiet o iem sng (t < ts) th qua trnh la n lt tra i
qua hai giai oan, giai oan a u nhiet o giam xuong va o am tang le n e n
= 100% (qua trnh AC), giai oa n nay co d=const. Ta i C khong kh am at e n
trang thai khong kh am ba o ho a, neu tiep tu c lam lanh th giai oa n tiep theo mo t
pha n hi n c trong khong kh am se ngng tu thanh nc nen lng hi nc trong
khong kh am se giam xuong (d giam), qua trnh na y c the hien bang ng CD
tren o th.
CM
n
quye
n
a
B
g DH
uon
Tr
ham
Su p
Ky
H
TP.
t
a
u
th
- 27 -
CHNG 3
NHIET VA CON G
3.1: QUA TRNH NHIET ONG.
Trang thai can ba ng nhiet ong la tra ng tha i khi ca c thong so trang thai cua he
co gia tr khong o i theo thi gian. (khong co ta c ong cong hoac nhiet t mo i
trng). Ng c lai goi la tra ng thai kho ng can ba ng.
Mot trang thai can bang bat ky co the bieu th tre n o th p-v, T-s, i-s, ...
Nh vay qua trnh nhiet ong la qua trnh bien oi t trang tha i nay e n trang
tha i kha c cua he. ieu kien e co s thay oi trang thai nhiet ong cua he khi co s
trao o i nhie t hoa c cong v i moi trng va t nhat phai co mot thong so trang thai
khong o i.
Qua trnh can ba ng la qua trnh chat moi gii qua cac trang tha i ca n ba ng. Th c
te khong ton tai qua trnh ca n bang,v muon chuyen t tra ng tha i ca n bang nay sang
trang thai ca n bang kha c can phai pha v can bang ban au. Nhng neu qua trnh xa y
ra vo cung cham (s thay oi thong so trang thai nho) va n c go
i la qua trnh ca n
CM
H
.
P
bang.
uat T
y th
3.2: NHIET LNG VA CACH TNH NHIE

T KLNG THEO NHIET DUNG
pham
u
S
DH
RIENG.
uong
r
T
3.2.1: nh ngha. n quyen
Ba
Nhiet dung rieng la lng nhiet lng can thiet e a mot n v chat moi gii
len 1 o theo mot qua trnh nao o. Ky hieu c .
- Neu ta co 1 n v chat moi gii la 1 kg, can mot nhie t l ng la dq lam cho no
thay oi nhiet o la dt th:
c=
dq
: Nhiet dung rieng thc
dt
(3-1)
- Con ne u ta cung cap cho 1 kg cha t moi gii mot nhiet lng la q lam cho no
thay oi nhiet o t t1 en t2 th:
q
goi la nhiet dung rieng trung bnh trong khoang nhiet o t t1
t 2 t1
en t2.
Ky hieu nhiet dung rie ng trung bnh t t1 e n t2 la: c
t2
t1
t2
c =
t1
q
t 2 t1
(3-2)
3.2.2: Phan loai

Co nhieu cach phan loai nhiet dung rieng, ne u da vao n v o va a c tnh
qua trnh ta co cac loa i sau:
a) Khi lay n v o la kg: goi la nhiet dung rieng khoi lng, ky hieu c
(kJ/kg.o)
- 28 -
- Neu qua trnh tien hanh trong ieu kien ap suat khong oi, goi la nhiet dung
rieng khoi lng ang ap ky hieu : cp
- Neu qua trnh tien hanh trong ieu kien the tch khong o i, goi la nhiet dung
rieng khoi lng ang tch ky hieu: cv
b) Khi lay n v o la m 3 tieu chua n: goi la nhiet dung rieng the tch, ky hieu
c (kJ/m3tc.o) (m3tc o ieu kien: p = 760 mmHg, t = 0 oC).
Tng t ta cung co cp va cv,lan lt la nhiet dung rie ng the tch ang ap va
nhiet dung rieng the tch ang tch.
c) Khi lay n v o la kmol: goi la nhiet dung rieng kmol, ky hieu c
(kJ/kmol.o).
Tng t ta cung co cp va cv, ky hieu cho nhiet dung rieng kmol ang a p va
nhiet dung rieng kmol ang tch.
* Moi quan he gia ca c loai nhiet dung rieng:
Khi biet nhiet dung rieng nay can xac nh nhiet dung rieng kia ta dung ca c
moi quan he sau:
c
c=
cp cv = R
c'.vtc
u
DH S
g
n
ruo
K
pham
P. HC
uat T
y th
(3-3a)
(3-3b)
T
c p quyen
Ban k
cv
(3-3c)
Trong o k la so mu oan nhie t: k > 1

T ( 3-3b) va (3-3c)
R
k 1
k.R
cp =
k 1
cv =
(3-3d)
(3-3e)
3.2.3: S phu thuoc nhiet dung rieng va o nhiet o.

a) Quan he ha ng so: Trong ky thuat khi tnh toan khong can o chnh xa c cao
ta coi nhiet dung rieng khong phu thuoc vao nhiet o, ch phu thuo c vao tnh chat cua
chat mo i gii, e xac nh ta co ba ng sau:
Loai kh
kcal/kmol.o
cv
cp
Kh 1 nguyen t
1,6
Kh 2 nguyen t
1,4
Kh t 3 nguyen t tr len
1,3
b) Quan he ng thang: mc o chnh xac va phai nhiet dung rieng phu

thuo c vao nhiet o theo quan he ng thang nh sau:
c = a + bt
(3-4)
- 29 -
c) Quan he ng cong:Khi mc o chnh xa c cao nhie t dung rieng phu thuo c

vao nhiet o theo quan he ng cong:
c = a+ bt + dt2
(3-5)
Trong o: a, b, a, b, d la nhng hang so xa c nh t thc nghiem.

3.2.4: Tnh nhiet lng theo nhiet dung rieng.
a) Theo nhie t dung rie ng thc:
dq
dt
T nh ngha (3-1): c =
dq = c.dt
Khi cho qua trnh tien hanh t trang tha i 1 e n trang thai 2 tch pha n ta c
2
q = c dt
1
q = c(t2 t1)
(3-6)
b) Theo nhie t dung rie ng quan he la ng tha ng:

Ta co: c = a + bt
dq = ( a + bt )dt
u
DH S
g
n
ruo
Tch phan:
n
quye
a Bbt
andt
2
q=
K
pham
P. HC
uat T
y th
q = a.t +
hay:
1 2
bt
2
2
1
1 2
b t 2 t 12
2
t t
q = [a + b 2 1 ] .(t2 - t1)
2
q = a(t2 - t1) +
(3-7)
c) Theo quan he la ng cong:

T (3-5): c = a+ bt + dt2
2
q=
a 'b' t dt dt
2
Tng t tch phan theo t va at (t2 t1) lam tha so chung:

q = [a + b
t 2 t 1
2
t 2 t 22 t 1 t 2
d 1
3
].(t2 - t1)
d) Theo nhie t dung rie ng trung bnh.

T nh ngha:
t2
c =
t1
q
t 2 t1
(3-8)
- 30 -
q= c
t2
(t2 t1)
(a)
t1
Ca c bang kho ng cho nhiet dung rieng trung bnh t t1 t2, ch co t 0 t na o

o ma thoi, do vay nhiet dung rieng trung bnh t t1 t2 c xa c nh:
t
t2
c 02 t 2 c 01 t 1
t1
t 2 t1
c =
(b)
Thay (b) vao (a) va n gia n ta c:

t2
t2
q = c t2 c t1
(3-9)
e) Theo entropy:
T nh ngha ve entropy:
ds =
dq
T
dq = T.ds
2
q = T ds
1
(Vi T = const ,hoa cphTatbm) K

u
DH S
g
n
ruo
P. HC
uat T
Tch phan :
y th
q = T(s2 s1)yen T
qu
Ban
(3-10)
3.2.5: Nhiet dung rieng cua hon hp kh ly tng.

Nhiet lng can thiet e nang hon hp kh len 1 o, cung chnh la so nhiet
lng lam cho cac kh thanh phan tang len 1 o.
Do o ta co:
* Neu nhiet dung rieng khoi lng:
n
ang tch:
cv = g1 cv1 + g2 cv2 +
g c
i vi
i 1
n
ang a p :
cp = g1 cp1 + g2 cp2 +
g c
i
pi
i 1
* Neu nhiet dung rieng the tch:

n
ang tch:
cv = r1cv1 + r2cv2 +
'
i vi
r c
i 1
n
ang a p:
cp = r1cp1 + r2cp2 +
r c
i
'
pi
i 1
* oi v i nhiet dung rie ng kmol:

n
ang tch:
cv = r1cv1 + r2 cv2 +
r c
i
vi
i 1
n
ang a p :
cp = r1cp1 + r2 cp2 +
r c
i
pi
i 1
- 31 -
3.3: CAC LOAI CONG.

3.3.1: Cong thay oi the tch.
La cong sinh ra khi the tch chat mo i gii thay o i. Ky hieu l (J/kg)
xilanh
p
1 kg
p
p
dv
dx
v2
v1
Piston co dien tch S
Cho 1kg chat moi gii vao trong xilanh vi ap suat p, tren o at mot piston co
dien tch S. Khi ta cung cap cho chat moi gii mot nhiet lng vo cung be la dp, cha t
moi gii gian n lam piston dch chuyen mot oan nho dx. Vay cong sinh ra tng
M
ng luc nay se la:
P. HC
dl = p.S.dx
dl = p.dv
uo
H Su
ng D
pham
uat T
h
Ky t
r
Khi qua trnh tie n hanyhent Ttra
ng thai 1 en trang thai 2 th:
qu
Ban
l = pdv
, (J/kg)
2
(3-11)
l > 0 khi chat moi gi i gia n n

l < 0 khi chat moi gi i nen
Neu tnh cho G kg th:
2
L = G.l = G
pdv
, (J)
(3-12)
3.3.2: Cong lu ong va cong ky thuat. (ll ,lkt) J/kg
p + dp
f + df
dx
Hnh 3.1
- 32 -
Trong o:
p : ap suat
f : tiet dien ong
dx: oan dch chuyen nho.
e xac nh cong lu ong va cong ky thuat, ta xe t mot dong moi chat chuyen
ong trong ong nh hnh tren. Khi qua trnh c tien hanh se lam thay oi trang tha i
trong he h nh tren, ta pha i ton mot cong dch chuyen chat moi gii goi la cong lu
ong, pha n cong con lai c s dung va o muc ch co ch trong ky thuat goi la cong
ky thuat, cong ky thuat thng s du ng da ng ong nang cua moi cha t.
a y, cong gia n n se bang cong lu ong va cong ky thua t, va ta co:
dl = dll + dlkt
(3-13)
Vi:
dll = ( p + dp)(f + df)dx p.f.dx
= p.f.dx + p.df.dx + f.dp.dx + dp.df.dx p.f.dx
= ( p.df + f.dp)dx
= d(p.f)dx
dll = d(p.v)
T (3-13) cong ky thuat c xac nh:

H Su
uo
Tr
n
e
y
u
an q
dlkt = dl - dll
ng D
K
pham
P. HC
uat T
y th
(3-14)
B d(p.v)
dlkt = p.dv
hay:
dlkt = p.dv (p.dv + v.dp)
Vay: dlkt = - v.dp

Khi qua trnh tie n hanh t 1 en 2:
2
lkt = - vdp
(3-15)
Qua o ta thay rang co ng ky thuat phu thuo c vao qua trnh, cong dng hay am
ieu nay hoan toan phu thuo c vao s thay oi ap suat do dong chuyen ong.
- 33 -
CHNG 4
NH LUAT NHIET ONG TH NHAT
4.1: NOI DUNG VA Y NGHA CUA NH LUAT.
Thc cha t cua nh luat nhie t o ng th nha t la nh lua t bao toan va bien hoa
nang lng ng dung trong pham vi nhiet, nh lua t c pha t bieu:
Nang lng khong t mat i cung khong t tao ra, ma no ch co the bien o i
t dang nay sang dang khac trong cac qua trnh ly ho a kha c nhau ma thoi. Hay no i
ca ch khac: tong nang lng toa n pha n trong he co la p la khong oi.
Trong pham vi nhie t o ng, mot lng nhiet nang nao o b mat i tat yeu se
sinh ra mot l ng c nang xac nh va ng c la i.
4.2: PHNG TRNH NH LUAT NHIET ONG TH NHAT
4.2.1: Phng trnh can bang nang lng tong quat.
Trong trng hp tong quat khi cha t moi gii trong he nhan mot nhiet lng Q
t moi trng, nang lng toa n phan cua he se bien oi mot lng W va sinh cong
ngoai la Ln ta c ong en mo i trng, theo nh lua t bao toan ta
HC:M
P. co
Q = W + Ln
Khi tnh cho 1 kg:

n
quye
n
a
B
q= w + ln
g DH
uon
Tr
ham
Su p
uat T
h
Ky t
(4-1)
(4-2)
Cong thc (4-1) va (4-2) la dang to ng quat cua nh lua t nhiet ong th nhat.
4.2.2: Phng trnh nh luat nhiet ong th nhat cho he kn va h.
Xet 1 khoi kh bat ky khi ta cung ca p cho no mo t nhiet lng vo cung nho dQ
th no se thay o i noi nang dU va sinh ra mo t cong tng ng la dL.
Theo nh lua t ba o toa n:
dQ = dU + dL
(4-3)
Khi tnh cho 1 kg:

dq = du +dl
dq = du + pdv
(4-4)
dq = du + d(pv) vdp
Hay
dq = d(u + pv) - vdp
vi
i = u + pv
dq = di vdp
:enthanpy
(4-5)
T (4-4) suy ra:

dq = cvdT + pdv
Tch phan:
q = u + l
T (4-5) suy ra:
(l: cong thay oi the tch)
dq = cpdT - vdp
(4-6)
- 34 -
Tch phan:
q = i +lkt
( lkt :cong ky thua t)
(4-7)
Cong th c (4-6) va (4-7) la phng trnh cua nh luat nhiet ong th nha t cho
he kn va he h.
4.2.3: Phng trnh nh luat nhiet ong th nhat qua trnh lu ong.
oi v i qua trnh lu ong, cong ngoai bang 0, do o nhie t lng tham gia e
bien o i nang lng toa n pha n:
q= w = i +
Trong o:
2
+ g.h
2
(a)
: van toc dong

g : gia toc trong trng
h: o cao hai au ong
Thng o che nh 2 au ong dan co h nho
g.h o
q = i +
2
2
K
pham
P. HC
uat T
y th
u
DH S
g
n
2 Truo
n
e
y
4.2.4: Phng trnhBanh
n qu luat th nhat oi vi qua trnh hon hp.
hay: dq = di + d(
(4-8)
Khi ho n h p chat kh trong he khong thc hien cong ngoai (Ln = 0) va ne u

khong co s trao oi nhiet gia he v i moi trng. (Q = 0)
T (4-1) ta co:
Q = W1 W2 +Ln
W1 = W2
W1 va W2 la na ng lng toan pha n cua he tr c va sau khi xay ra qua trnh

hon hp.
4.2.5: Chng minh mot so ang thc va cong thc.
a) Chng minh ang thc du = cv .dT oi vi kh ly tng:
T nh luat nhiet o ng th nhat ta co:
dq = du + p.dv
oi vi qu a trnh ang tch dv = 0
(dq)v = (du)v
dq
du

dT v dT v
Hay:
Ma:
dq
cv
dT v
(du)v = cv.dT
- 35 -
Bieu th c nay u ng cho ca kh thc, con o i vi kh ly tng:

(du)v = du
Vay:
du = cv.dT.
b) Ch ng minh cong thc Mayer:

T nh luat nhiet o ng mo t ta co:
Va:
dq = cv.dT + p.dv
(a)
dq = cp.dT v.dp
(b)
T (a) va (b) ta suy ra:

(cp - cv)dT = p.dv + v.dp = d(p.v) = R.dT
cp - cv = R.
4.3: NG DUNG NH LUAT TH NHAT E TNH BIEN THIEN CAC HAM

TRANG THAI VA CAC THONG SO QUA TRNH.
4.3.1: Cac qua trnh nhiet ong c ban cua kh ly tng.
CM
. Hc qua trnh nhiet ong

a) Khai niem: Trong thc te ky thua t xay ra rat nhie
uTPca
t
a
u
th
kha c nhau, nhng qua trnh nhiet ong c ba n th
nKgy ga
p la: qua trnh ang tch, qua
m
a
ph
u
S
trnh a ng ap, qua trnh ang nhiet, qua
trnh
oan nhiet, qua trnh a bien. Ca c qua
H
ng D
o
u
r
trnh o xay ra s bien ho a naenng T
lng di dang nhiet, cong, noi na ng,
quy
ay ta nghieBnancu a c tnh cac qua trnh, xac lap bieu thc quan he cac
thong so, tnh toan cac dang nang lng cho t ng qua trnh.
b) o bie n thien enthanpy: i (J/kg)
nh ngha: i = u + pv
Hay: i = u + RT
Vi phan: di = du + RdT
di = cvdT + RdT
di = cpdT
Tch phan 2 ve t trang tha i 1 2, ta c:

i = cp(T2 T1)
(4-9)
c) o bien thie n entropy: s (J/kg.o)

nh ngha:
dq
T
du pdv
Hay : ds =
,
T
dT
dv
R
ds = c v
T
v
ds =
vi pv = RT
p R
T v
Tch phan 2 ve i t trang tha i 1 2, ta c:
- 36 -
s = c v ln
v
T2
R ln 2
v1
T1
(4-10)
d) Qua trnh ang tch: (v = const)

- Quan he cac thong so:
(1) p1v = RT1
(a)
(2) p2v = RT2
(b)
T2 P2
T1 P1
(4-11)
- o bien thien entropy:

Tong quat:
s = c v ln
v
T2
R ln 2
v1
T1
V qua trnh ang tch co :v2 = v1
s = c v ln
T2
T1
(4-12)
- Cong gian n: l (J/kg)

Ta co: l =
pdv ,
v : v2 = v1
l=0
- Cong ky thuat: lktq(J/kg)

uyen
an
B
Ta co: lkt = - vdp
u
DH S
g
n
ruo
K
pham
P. HC
uat T
y th
Tch phan:
lkt = v(p1-p2)
Hay: lkt = R(T1 T2)
- Nhie t lng: q (J/kg)
T nh luat 1:
q = u + l ma l = 0
q = u = cv(T2 T1)
p
He so bien ho a nang lng : la t so gia o bien thien no i nang va nhiet

lng tham gia qua trnh (biet t le cac dang nang lng trong qua trnh)
- 37 -
v =
u
=1
q
(4-13)
Gia tr 1: Noi le n qua trnh a ng tch nhiet lng tham gia ch e bie n thien noi
nang, hoan toan khong sinh co ng.
e) Qua trnh ang ap : (p = const)
(1) pv1 = RT1
(a)
(2) pv2 = RT2
(b)
T2 v2
T1 v1
(4-14)

Tong quat:
v
T2
R ln 2
v1
T1
s = c v ln
V qua trnh ang ap co:
s = ( cv + R) ln
s = c p ln
T2 v2
T1 v1
T2
T1
u
DH S
g
n
ruo
K
pham
P. HC
uat T
y th
T2
T
yen
u
q
T
an1
(4-15)

2
Ta co: l =
pdv
1
hay
l = p(v2 - v1)
l = R(T2 T1)
(4-16)
- Cong ky thuat: lkt (J/kg)

2
Ta co: lkt = -
vdp ,
v : p1 = p2
lkt = 0

T nh luat 1:
q = u + l
q = cv(T2 T1) + R(T2 T1)
q = cp(T2 T1)
(4-17)
- 38 -
2v
- He so bien ho a nang lng :

Ta co: =
u cv T2 T1 1
q
c p T2 T1 k
Neu chat mo i gii la kh 2 nguyen t th : k=1,4
5
: e bie n thien noi nang.
7
M
. HC
P
T
2
huat
: e sinh K
coyntg.
7 u pham
HS
ng D
f/ Qua trnh ang nhie t: (TTr=uoconst)
n
quye
n
a
B
5
7
7
5
oi vi qua trnh ang nhiet:
u = 0
i = 0
v : T2 = T1

p 2 v1
p1 v 2
(1) p1v1 = RT = const

(2) p2v2 = RT = const
Tong quat:
pv = const
(4-18)
(4-19)

Tong quat:
s = c v ln
v
T2
R ln 2
v1
T1
V qua trnh ang nhiet co: cv.ln

s = R ln
v2
v1
Hay : s = R ln
p1
p2
T2
=0
T1
(4-20)
- 39 2
Ta co: l =
pdv
1
RT const
=
v
v
pv = RT p =
2
dv
v
l = RT
1
Tch phan:
l = RT ln
p
v2
RT ln 1
p2
v1
Hay: l = p1 v1 ln
p
v2
p 2 v2 ln 1
p2
v1
(4-21)
- Cong ky thuat: lkt (J/kg)

2
Ta co: lkt = -
vdp
1
pv = RT
v=
RT
p
h
p
p2
Ky t
m
RT ln 1
a
h
p 2 H Su p
p1
D
ong
v2 n Tru
RT ln quye
Ban v1
lkt = - RT ln
Hay lkt =
P. HC
uat T
(4-22)
Vay oi v i qua trnh ang nhiet ta co: lkt = l.

T nh luat 1:
q = u + l
q = l = RT ln
ma: (u = 0)
p
v2
RT ln 1
p2
v1
(4-23)
g) Qua trnh oa n nhie t: la qua trnh cha t moi gii tien ha nh hoan toan khong
trao o i nhiet vi mo i trng ben ngoai.
Tong quat :
q = 0 va dq = 0
- Phng trnh cu a qua trnh:
T nh luat 1:
- 40 -
dq = cvdT + pdv = 0
(a)

pv = RT
Vi phan 2 ve:
pdv + vdp = RdT
dT =
pdv vdp
R
Thay dT vao (a):
hay
cv
(pdv+vdp) + pdv = 0
R
c
c
pdv( v +1) + v vdp = 0
R
R
cppdv + cvvdp
= 0
Chia ta t ca cho : cv
k.p.dv + vdp = 0
Tch phan 2 ve :
K
am
Phng trnh cu a qua trnh oan nhieSt usephla
:
H
ng D
o
u
pvk = const
r
T
yen
u
q
(b) k.pdv = -Bvdp
an
Tch phan:
P. HC
uat T
y th
(b)
(4-24)
k pdv = - vdp
Hay :
k.l = lkt
(4-25)
ieu na y cho thay ra ng oi v i qua trnh oan nhiet cong ky thua t se bang k
lan cong thay o i the tch.
- o bien thien entropy: (s)
nh ngha
ds = 0
ds =
dq
T
(ma dq = 0)
s = const
s = 0
Qua trnh oa n nhiet con go i la qua trnh ang entropy.
-o bien thien no i nang: (u)
u = cv (T2 - T1)
-o bien thien enthanpy: (i)
i = cp (T2 - T1)
(1) p1v1 = RT1 ; p1 v1k = const
(2) p2v2 = RT2 ;p2 v 2k = const
(c)
(d)
- 41 1
(c) va (d)
p 2 v1
,
p1 v2
v 2 p1 k

v1 p 2
(e)
T2 p2 v2 p2 p1 k p2

T1
p1 v1
p1 p2
p1
(c)(d) va (e)
T2 v2 v1

T1 v1 v2
T2 p 2

T1 p1
v
1
v2
k 1
k
v
1
v2
k 1
k
k 1
k 1
(4-26)

2
Ta co: l =
(f)
pdv
1
T (2-24) va (c):
p1v1k const
p= k k
v
v
u
DH S
g
n
ruo
(f) l = p1 v1k v k dv
B
Tch phan:
l=
k
1 1
pv
v k 1
k 1
2
1
p1 v1k k 1
v1
v 2 k 1
k 1
1
l=
p1v1 p 2 v 2
k 1
R
Hay l =
T1 T2
k 1
l=
y th
T
yen
u
q
an
K
pham
P. HC
uat T
(4-27)
(4-28)
l = cv (T1 T2) = - u
k 1
p1 v1 p 2 k
1
T (4-27) l =
k 1 p1
(4-29)
- 42 -
l) Qua trnh a bie n:

Trong trng hp tong quat ta nghien cu qua trnh co = const, qua trnh nh
vay c go i la qua trnh a bien, vi moi gia tr ta co mot qua trnh a bien tng
ng.
- Phng trnh cu a qua trnh:
Ta co: =
u
= const
q
u
q=
Vi phan: dq =
at:
cv
cn =
dT
cv
: nhiet dung rieng a bien
dq = cn.dT
(a)
T nh luat 1:
dq = cvdT + pdv
(b)
Va:
dq = cpdT vdp
T (a) va (c)
(cn cp) dT = - vdp
T (a) va (b)
H
(cn cv) dTng=Dpdv
uo
Tr
n
Chia (d) cho (e):
e
y
u
an q
c n c p B vdp
cn cv
pdv
at n =
cn c p
cn cv
ham
Su p
h
Ky t
(c)
(d)
(e)
: so mu a bien
n.pdv + vdp = 0
Tch phan:
P. HC
uat T
(g)
pvn = const
(4-30)
(4-30) la phng trnh cu a qua trnh a bien

- Quan he cac thong so: Tng t qua trnh oan nhie t ta cung co :
T2 p 2

T1 p1
n 1
n
v
1
v2
n 1
(4-31)

1
p1 v1 p 2 v2
n 1
R
l=
T1 T2
n 1
n 1
RT1 p 2 n
l=
1
n 1 p1
l=
(4-32)
- 43 -
- Cong ky thuat:
lkt = n.l
(4-33)
Vay co ng ky thuat bang n lan co ng thay oi the tch.

- Nhie t l ng:
2
q = c n dT
1
q = cn(T2 T1)
ma
n=
cn c p
cn cv
nk
n 1
nk
nen : q = cv
(T2 T1)
n 1
cn = cv
(4-34)

dq
dT
M
cn
. HC
P
T
T
T
uat
y th
K
T
am
u ph
s = c n ln 2
(4-35)
S
H
D
T1
g
n
uo
n=ken Tr
n =
T
p
y
n=
u
q
n=k
n=0
n=1
Ban
ds =
n=1
n=0
- Khi n = 0
(4-30) co: p = const
qua trnh ang ap
- Khi n =1
(4-30) co: T = const
qua trnh ang nhiet
- Khi n = k
- Khi n
(4-30) co: pv = const
qua trnh oa n nhiet
(4-30) co: v = const
qua trnh a ng tch
4.3.2: Cac qua trnh nhiet ong c ban cua kh ly thc.

Ca c qua trnh nhiet ong c ba n cu a kh th c bao gom: Qua trnh ang tch, qua
trnh ang ap, qua trnh ang nhiet, qua trnh oa n nhiet. Vie c xa c nh ca c thong so
trang tha i ta thng dung ca c bang hoac o th.
a) o bie n thien enthanpy, noi nang, entropy:
Ca c qua trnh c ba n tren, o bien thien enthanpy, noi nang, entropy eu c
xa c nh:
i = i2 i1
(a)
u = u2 u1
(b)
s = s2 s1
(c)
(4-36)
- 44 -
oi vi kh th c qua trnh ang nhiet co: u 0 va i 0. Mac khac oi v i

kh thc qua trnh xa y ra bao gi cung khong thua n nghch (v luon luon co ma sat,)
Nhng a y ta gia thuyet la thuan nghch:
ds =
dq
=0
T
s = const
s = 0
b) Qua trnh ang tch:

i
2
i2
Vi:
x1,t1
v1=v 2
t2
P. HC
uat T
i1
1
h
Ky t
m
a
u ph
x=1
DH S
g
n
ruo
x=0
T
yen
u
q
an
x1
s1
l12 =
pdv = 0
s2
(v :v1 =v2)
(4-37)
lkt = - vdp = v(p1 p2)
(4-38)
q = u + l12 = u2 - u1
(4-39)
(l12 = 0)
c) Qua trnh ang ap:

i
2
i2
k
Vi:
x1
p1=p 2
t2
i1
1
x=1
x=0
x1
s1
s2
- 45 2
l12 =
pdv = p(v2 v1)
(4-40)
lkt = - vdp = 0
(4-41)
q = i lkt = i2 - i1 ;
(4-42)
d) Qua trnh ang nhiet:

i
i2
i1
1
x=1
x1
x=0
s1
s2
q = Tds = T(s2 s1)

1
l12 = q - u
ruo
lkt = q - i
T
yen
u
q
an
H Su
ng D
K
pham
P. HC
uat T
y th
(4-43)
(4-44)
(4-45)
e) Qua trnh oa n nhie t:(thua n nghch)

i
i2
k
1
i1
x=1
x=0
x1
s1=s2
q=0
(4-46)
T nh luat 1 q = u + l12 = 0
l12 = u1 u2
(4-47)
q = i + lkt = 0
lkt = i1 i2
(4-48)
- 46 -
CHNG 5
CAC QUA TRNH NHIET ONG CU A KH VA HI

5.1: QUA TRNH NEN KH HOAC HI.
5.1.1: Khai niem.
Kh hoa c hi nen, c s dung kha rong rai trong cong nghiep, i so ng, y
te, Da vao a c iem cau tao, nguye n ly lam viec th may nen kh chia lam 2 loai:
- May nen piston: loai nay kh c hut vao xilanh nen v i ap suat cao roi a y
vao bnh cha.
- May ne n ly tam, hng tru c va voi phun: nen bang ca ch ta o cho chat kh co
van to c ln, bien ong nang thanh noi nang lam tang ap suat chat kh.
Tuy vay ve phng dien ong ho c qua trnh nen xa y ra trong cac may eu nh
nhau, ay ta e cap may nen piston.
a/ Cac qua trnh c ban:
u
DH S
g
n
uo
2nT 2Tnr 2k
e
y
u
an q
p
3
K
pham
y th
V
v2
P. HC
uat T
5.1.2: Qua trnh nen kh trong may nen piston 1 cap.
v1
a
b
Vi: a: Van hu t
b: Van a y
c: Bnh cha
- 47 Trong o:
1-2T : qua trnh nen ang nhiet
1-2n: qua trnh nen a bien (vi n = 1,2 1,25)
1-2k: qua trnh nen oan nhiet
* Khi piston i t trai sang phai kh c nap vao xilanh vi a p suat khong oi
qua trnh: 4-1, qua trnh nay trang thai kh khong o i.
* Khi piston chuye n ong ng c la i ( 2 van eu ong), kh trong xilanh b ne n
en mot ap suat can thiet qua trnh:1-2, qua trnh nay trang thai chat kh thay o i.
* Khi a t c a p suat can thiet van thai m kh c a y vao bnh cha v i
ap suat khong oi.
e at c ap sua t theo yeu ca u ta co the thc hien: qua trnh nen ang nhie t,
qua trnh nen a bien, hoac qua trnh nen oan nhiet.
b) Cong tieu hao may nen piston 1 cap:
Gia thuyet qua trnh ne n la thuan nghch, toc o kh va o va ra khoi xilanh bang
nhau (ong na ng dong kh khong oi). Cong tieu hao ly thuyet cu
a may ne n 1 ca p
HCM
.
P
T
chnh ba ng dien tch (12341).
huat
Ky t
m
a
Cong may ne n c xa c nh theo conugpky
h thua t.
S
H
D
2
ng
Truo
Ta co: ln = - vdp
(J/kg)
n
quye
1
Ban
(5-1)
+ Khi qua trnh ne n la ang nhiet:(T = const)

pv = RT v =
2
RT
p
dp
p
ln = - RT
1
Tch phan ta c:
ln = - RT ln
Hay
p2
p1
ln = - p1v1 ln
(5-2)
p2
p1
(5-3)
+ Khi qua trnh ne n la oan nhiet:

Ta co phng trnh tong qua t qua trnh oan nhiet:
k
pv = const;
1
k
hay p v = const
(a)
Viet cho trang tha i 1:

1
p1v1k = const; hay p1 k v1 = const
(b)
- 48 1
p1k v1
T (a) va (b) v =
1
k
const
p
1
k
Thay vao (5-1)

1
ln = - p1 k v1 p k dp
Tch phan ta c:
k 1
p
k
2
p1 v1 1
ln =
p1
k 1

(5-4)
hay
k 1
p
k
2
RT1 1
ln =
p1
k 1
(5-5)
+ Khi qua trnh nen la a bien: Tng t qua trnh oan nhiet ta co:
n 1
M
. HC
P
p2 n
n
T
uat
(5-6)
RT1 1
ln = y th
p1
K
n 1
m
a
Su ph
H
ng D
o
u
r
* Nhan xet: Trong 3 qua
nen, may nen co qua trnh nen a ng nhiet cong
T
trnh
yen
u
q
tieu hao may nen la nho
Ban nhat, may nen co qua trnh nen oa n nhiet co cong tieu hao
la ln nhat.
c) Tac hai cua dung tch tha:

Trong thc te khi nen nh piston va nap xilanh khong the sa t vao nhau c,
ma gi a chu ng luon co mot khoa ng h, tao thanh mot vu ng khong gian co ha i hay con
goi la phan dung tch tha. o th thc te se la:
p
pgh
gh
p3
p2
p1
vt
3
2
0
vtt
1
V
vlt
- 49 Trong o:
Vt : Dung tch th a
Vlt : Dung tch ly thuyet
Vtt : Dung tch th c te.
Do co dung tch tha, nen luon luon co qua trnh gia n n 2-0, lam cho lng
kh hut vao xilanh tng ng la Vtt ( Vtt < Vlt). Neu qua trnh nen co ap suat cang l n
th Vtt cang b thu hep, lng kh nap cung nho theo va ne u ta nen en mot ap suat
nao o go i la a p sua t gii han, lu c nay qua trnh gian n trung vi qua trnh ne n
Vtt = 0, lng kh nap cung = 0 (khong ne n c).
e anh gia lng kh nap vao, ta at:
Vtt
v : Hie u sua t the tch
Vlt
(5-7)
0 < v < 1.
5.1.3: Qua trnh nen kh trong may nen piston nhieu cap.
Khi s dung may nen piston 1 cap, neu ta tang ap suaHt Cth
M lng kh nen se
.
P
T
t n 1 cap khong co li. Ma t
giam xuong. Do o khi can ne n ap suat cao s dung ma
yuane
y th
K
kha c ap suat nen cang cao th nhiet o cang ulpnhalamm cho che o boi trn kem. Thc te
DH S
g
p2 (10 12) p1.
n
ruo
T
uyen
V va y khi ne n aanpqsua
t cao ng i ta s du ng may ne n nhieu cap co lam mat
B
trung gian.
a/ S o nguyen ly may nen 2 cap co lam mat trung gian:

p1T1
Ca p 1
p2T2
B
A
p2T1
Ca p 2
p3T2
- 50 A: ng n c lam mat
B: Bo lam mat trung gian
C: Bnh cha.
b/ o th ly thuyet may nen 2 cap co lam mat trung gian:
p2
3'
p3
Cap 2
2
2'
p1
Trong o:
T2 =Cconst
M
Cap 1
1
n
quye
n
a
B
T3 = const
g DH
uon
Tr
ham
Su p
Ky
H
TP.
t
a
u
th
T1 = const
V
1-2: qua trnh nen a bien cap 1.

2-2: qua trnh lam mat ang ap bo lam mat trung gian.
2-3: qua trnh nen a bien cap 2 (co lam ma t trung gian)
2-3: qua trnh nen a bien cap 2 (khi khong lam mat trung gian)
Tren p-v ta thay: Khi co lam mat trung gian cong tieu hao cua may ne n 2 ca p
se nho hn khi khong lam ma t vi dien tch tng ng la : dt(2 3 3 2 2).
* S pha n bo ap suat gia ca c cap:
oi vi may nen nhieu cap ta can chon ap suat trung gian gia cac ca p e sao
cho cong tieu hao la nho nhat. ay ta xem so mu a bien la khong o i cac ca p.
Nhiet o qua ca c bnh lam mat trung gian tr ve nhiet o ban au. Cong tieu hao cua
may nen 2 ca p se ba ng tong cong ca p mot va cong cap hai:
n 1
n 1
n
n
p
p
n
n
3
2
RT1 1
ln = RT1 1
p2
n 1
n 1

p1
hay
n 1
n 1
n
n
p
p
n
2
3
ln = RT1 2
p1
n 1
p2
(5-8)
- 51 e cong tieu hao co tr tuyet oi la nho nha t th gia tr trong ngoac vuong la
nho nhat ( nhiet o sau khi nen phai tr ve ba ng trc khi ne n).
- Qua trnh 1-2:
T2 p 2

T1 p1
n 1
n
(a)
- Qua trnh 2-3:

T3 p 3
T2 ' p 2 '
ma
n 1
n
(b)
T2 = T3
T2 = T1
p2 = p2
(b)
T2 p 3

T1 p 2
n 1
n
(c)
T (a) va (c):
p2
p
am K
3 : t so tang ap H Su ph
D
p1
p2
uong
r
T
p
uyen
2 3 Ban q
p1
P. HC
uat T
y th
p3
p1
Vay e cong tieu hao co tr tuye t oi la nho nha t ta chon t so tang ap moi
ca p pha i bang nhau.
(5-8) lnmin = -
n1
n1
n
RT1 n n 2
n 1
hay
n1
2n
RT1 n 1
n 1
lnmin = -
Vay co ng tieu hao nho nha t cu a may nen hai cap se la:
n 1
p3 n
2n
1
lnmin = RT1
p1
n 1
(5-9)
Ta co the suy ra t so tang ap cua may ne n i cap t may nen hai cap:
i
p i 1
p1
p cuoi
p dau
Cong nho nha t may nen i cap:
- 52
i *n
lnmin = RT1 i
n 1
p cuoi
p dau
n 1
n
(5-10)
c) Nhiet thai qua xilanh va qua bnh lam mat trung gian:
Nhiet thai cua may nen bao gom hai thanh phan:
- Nhie t tha i do qua trnh nen a bien, thong qua xilanh.
- Nhie t tha i qua bnh lam mat trung gian (a ng ap).
o th bieu th qua trnh thai nhiet may ne n 2 cap.
p3 = const
T2
T1
uo
Tr
n
e
y
u
an q
p2 = const
p1 =const
2 u pham K
HS
y th
ng D
s3
s2
P. HC
uat T
1
s
s2
s1
Trong o: Nhiet thai qua xilanh cap ne n th nhat tng ng v i dien tch
(1,2,s2,s1,1).
Ta co:
qx = cn(T2 - T1)
n k T2
T1 1
n 1 T1
qx = cv
hay
n 1
p
nk
2
qx = cv
T1 1
n 1 p1
n 1
n k n
qx = cv
T1 1
n 1
(a)
- Nhiet thai qua bnh lam mat trung gian ng vi dien tch (2, 2, s2 ,s2 ,2).
Ta co: qt = cp(T2 - T2)
hay
qt = cp(T1 - T2)
q>0
qt = cp(T2 - T1)
- 53
T2
1
T1
qt = cpT1
n 1
p2 n
qt = cpT1 1
p1
nn1
qt = cpT1 1
(b)
Neu la may nen i cap, so xilanh la i va so bo lam mat trung gian se la ( i 1).
Vay nhiet thai cua may ne n i cap se la:
q = i. qx + ( i -1) qt
n 1
nn1
n k n
q = i. cv
T1 1 + ( i -1) cpT1 1
n 1
n1
nk
p c

1. i.c v
q = T1 i
i 1c p
M
p
n 1
. HC
d
P
uat
y th
K
am
u ph
S
H
gD
5.2: QUA TRNH LU ONG. Truon
uyen
5.2.1: Khai niem. Ban q
(5-11)
Trong mot so ong c hien nay khi yeu cau to c o ln, neu s dung ong c
piston se ga p mot so han che nh: s c be n kho ng cho phep, cong suat tha, e kha c
phuc ngi ta s dung loai ong c co canh (turbine) dung trong may phat ien, ong
c phan l c, Trong trng hp nay dong kh hoac hi co chuyen ong tng oi l n
nen ta khong the bo qua ong nang cua chu ng c. S chuyen ong cua dong kh
hoa c hi nh vay c go i la qua trnh lu ong.
5.2.2: Gia thuyet khi nghien cu qua trnh lu ong.
e thua n tien cho vie c nghien cu qua trnh lu ong, ta d a tren mot so gia
thuyet sau:
-
Chuyen ong cua dong trong kenh dan la oa n nhiet.
Tat ca cac thong so a c trng cho tra ng thai cua chat moi gii moi tiet
dien eu la hang so (chung ch thay oi doc theo kenh dan).
Toc o do ng moi thiet dien ngang la hang so.
ieu kien chuyen ong trong ke nh dan khong thay oi theo thi gian
(ieu kien on nh), lu lng qua cac tiet dien la hang so.
. f 1 f1
G=
= const
(5-12)
v1
(ng v i mot che o lu ong va hnh dang kch th c ong dan).

Trong o:
- 54 G: lu lng (kg/s)
: to c o dong (m/s)
f : tiet dien ngang cua ong (m2)
v: the tch rieng (m3/kg)
0
Dong
kh va o
Dong
kh ra
1
0
0-0: Mat cat thang go c chieu chuyen ong ca vao
CM
.H
1-1: Mat cat thang go c chieu chuyen ong uac
t TaPra.
a/ Tnh chat cua dong:
H Su
K
pham
y th
D
T nh luat nhiet o ng 1 varunh
ong ly ong nang, ta co:
nT
uye
dq = di vdp
an q
(a)
dq = di + d (
(b)
T (a) va (b) d (
Hay
2
2
) = - vdp
d = - vdp
(c)
(5-13)
T (5-13) cho thay trong qua trnh lu ong gia dp va d luon luon ngc dau
nhau.
Khi d > 0 th dp < 0 : toc o tang th ap sua t giam.
Khi d < 0 th dp > 0 : ap suat tang th to c o giam.
Khi ta ng goi la ong tang to c, con khi p tang goi la ong tang a p.
b/ Toc o am thanh so Mach:
- Toc o am thanh: la toc o lan truye n ca c chan ong nho trong moi trng
an ho i. Ky hieu: a
oi vi qua trnh lu ong oan nhiet thua n nghch:
a=
k . p.v
, (m/s)
oi vi kh ly tng:
a=
k .R.T
, (m/s)
Toc o am thanh phu thuoc mo i trng va tra ng thai cha t kh.
(5-14)
- 55 - So Mach: ky hieu M, la t so gi a van toc do ng va van toc am thanh.
M=
(5-15)
- Khi : < a M < 1:qua trnh lu ong di am

- Khi : = a M = 1: qua trnh lu ong bang am (to c o am thanh)
- Khi : > a M > 1: qua trnh lu ong tren am (sieu am).
5.2.3: Cac cong thc c ban.
a/ Toc o dong:
T nh ly o ng nang:
dq = di + d (
2
2
(d)
V qua trnh lu ong la oan nhiet dq = 0

(d) di = - d (
2
2
P. HC
uat T
Tch phan 2 ve va la y ca n t 0 en 1, ta c: th
y
am K
h
12 02
p
i0 i1 =
H Su
ng D
uo
Tr
n
e
y
2
2Bi0an iq1u 0 ,
2
1 =
m/s
(5-16)
Trong o: 0, 1: Van toc dong ca vao va ra, m/s

i0, i1 : Enthanpy ca vao va ra, J/kg
oi vi ong tang to c th: 1 >> 0
2i0 i1
T (5-16) suy ra: 1 =
(5-17)
Bieu thc (5-17) thng c ap dung cho hi nc (de dang xac nh io, i1 ).
oi vi kh ly tng: t (c) ta co:
2
2
= - vdp
Tch phan va lay can t 0 en 1, ta c:

12 02
2
k 1
p0 v0 p1 k
l01=
1
k 1 p 0
vi :
T (e)
vdp k l 01
12 02
2
k 1
p
k
1
=
p 0 v0 1
p
k 1
0
(e)
- 56 Vay toc o dong ca ra se la:

k 1
p1 k
2k
p0 v0 1
02
k 1
p
0
1 =
Va neu khi 1 >> 0 th:

k 1
p
2k
1
p0 v0 1
p
k 1
0
1 =
, (m/s)
(5-18)
b/ Lu lng:
T gia thuyet cu a qua trnh lu ong, ta co:
f
G= 1 1
v1
Hay: G =
k 1
p1 k
2k
p 0 v 0 1
p
k 1
0
f1
v1
Qua trnh lu ong la oan nhiet nen: pham K

Su
1
k
v1= v0 p 0 quyen
p an
B1
T (5-19) G = f 1
M
. HC
P
T
uat
(5-19)
y th
g DH
uon
Tr
2
k 1
p1 k
2 k p 0 p1

k 1 v 0 p 0
p0
(5-20)
a y: k, f1, p0, v0 la nhng hang so.

at:
p1
: t so thay oi ap suat.
p0
T (5-20) G = f 1
k 1
2k p0 2
k k
k 1 v0
, (kg/s)
(5-21)
* Cac gia tr a c biet cua G: lu lng G phu thuo c vao

. G = 0 Khi = 0 hoa c = 1
p1 0
=0
p0
=1
p1 = p0
. G = Gmax
e xac nh G max ta lay ao ham G theo , cho G=0 ta suy ra ti ha n (th).
Giai ra ta c:
- 57 k
2 k 1
th =
k 1
Thay th vao (5-20) ta nhan c Gmax se la :
Gmax = f 1
k
k
k
k
1
2 k p 0 2
2 1

k 1 v 0 k 1
k 1
Gmax = f 1
2k p0
k 1 v0
k 1
k
2
k 1
k 1
k 1
2
2

k 1
k
2 k 1
at
lam th a so chung va ru t gon, ta c:
k 1
2
2k p0
k 1 v0
Gmax = f 1
2 k 1
k 1
P. HC
uat T
th
(5-22)
y ng, th t so p1 / p0 cang giam,

Nh vay khi to c o t ca ra caanmg Kta
h
p
u m cua p th lu lng G se ta ng le n,
H Sgia
ngha la p1 cang giam. ng vgi Ds
1
n
uo
r
T
kho
n
g
the
nho
hn
p
cho
ne
n
lu
l
n
g G se at en mot gia tr cc
nhng p1
th
yen
u
q
an a xac nh.
ai go i la Gmax Bnh
G
Gmax
th
p1
p0
Quan he gia Gmax va
- 58 c/ Van toc ti han: (th)

Khi khao sa t ong tang to c nho dan, to c o 1 ca ra khong the ln hn
mot gia tr xac nh goi la van toc t i han th . Do vay ap sua t p1 cua moi cha t
ca ra cung khong the nho hn pth. e xa c nh va n toc ti han, ta thay th vao
(5-18):
k 1
k

k
k
1
2
2k

p0 v0 1
k 1
k 1

th =
Rut go n:
2k
2
p0 v0 1
k 1
k 1
th =
2k
p0v 0
k 1
hay: th =
(5-23)
Ket hp phng trnh trang tha i vi moi quan he gi a caCc Mthong so trong qua
H
TP.
t
trnh oan nhiet t 0 th, ta co:
a
u
y th
p0 v 0
pth vth
p0 v 0
pth vth
K
k 1
k 1
ham
p
k
k
u
S
T
p
p
1
1
; v i: 0
0 0 uong DH
r
Tth pthn T th
pth th
ye
u
q
k 1
Ban
k
k
k 1
k 1 k 1
2
2
p0v0 = pthvth k 1
2
T (5-23) th =
th =
2k
k 1
p th v th
k 1
2
k. pth vth
, (m/s)
(5-24)
So sanh (5-24) va (5-14) ta thay van toc ti han khong the vt qua van toc am
thanh. Muon co van to c l n hn va n to c am thanh ng i ta phai nh en ong dan co
hnh dang ac biet.
5.2.4: S phu thuoc hnh dang ong dan (profile) va o toc o khi lu ong oan
nhiet.
f .
Ta co: G =
v
Hay v.G =f.

Vi phan 2 ve:
Gdv = f.d + .df
Chia 2 ve cho f. ta c:
- 59 G
d df
dv
f
dv d df
df dv d
f
v
(a)
Ta a co: d = -vdp
d
vdp
2
V la qua trnh oan nhiet nen:
(b)
k.p.dv = -vdp
dv
dp
v
kp
(c)
Thay (b) va (c) vao (a) ta c:

df vdp dp
2
f
kp
Vay:
df
a 2 2 dp
f
kp 2
ruo
T
yen
u
q
an
H Su
ng D
K
pham
P. HC
uat T
y th
(5-25)
oi vi ong tanBg toc: (dp < 0)

Dau cu a df phu thuoc vao (a2 - 2)
+ khi: < a; th (a2 - 2) > 0
ma dp < 0 df < 0
Vay e tang c to c o cua dong lu cha t, th tiet dien ong co dang nho
dan.
+ khi: > a th (a2 - 2) < 0
ma dp < 0 df > 0
Trng h p na y e tang to c o cua dong lu cha t, th tiet dien ong phai

co da ng ln dan.
- 60 Thc te van to c ban au thng nho hn va n toc am thanh, e co c va n

toc sau cung l n hn van to c am thanh ta pha i dung ong tang to c hon hp, con goi la
ong Laval va co dang nh sau:
f1
p1
v1
1 > a
pth
vth
th= a
f0
p0
v0
0 < a
th
p0
p
0
ruo
T
yen
u
q
an
H Su
ng D
pham
P. HC
uat T
h
Ky t
p1
- 61 5.3: QUA TRNH TIET LU.

5.3.1 :Khai niem va ac iem cua qua trnh tie t lu.
a) Khai niem: Th c nghiem cho tha y do ng kh hoac hi (hay lu chat) khi
chuyen ong trong ong neu ga p tr l c o ngot ( van, o ng mao dan, van tiet lu,) th
ap suat pha sau tiet dien b thu hep se thap hn ap suat pha trc. Qua trnh na y
c goi la qua trnh tie t lu.
0
i
p
ruo
b) ac iem:
T
yen
u
q
an
H Su
ng D
pham
1
i0 = i1
M
. pH0C> p1
P
T
huat
0 = 1
Ky t
- Qua trnh tiet lu la qua trnh khong thuan nghch va la qua trnh oan nhiet
nen khong pha i la qua trnh ang entropy (trao o i nhiet gi a chat moi gii vi mo i
trng rat nho).
- Khi qua tiet lu ap suat giam nhng khong sinh cong ngoai ma e thang s c
ca n do ma sat va xoa y.
T nh luat nhiet ong 1 cho dong kh:
2
dq = di + d = 0
2
(oan nhiet)
(a)
di = - .d
Tch phan t 0 1 ta c:
12 02
i0 i1 =
2
(b)
Theo thc nghiem van to c trc va sau tiet lu xem nh khong oi. (1 = 0)
(b)
i1 = i0
Nh vay qua trnh tiet lu enthanpy cua chat moi gii la khong o i.
- oi vi kh ly tng ta co:
di = cp.dT = 0
Nen qua trnh tie t lu oi v i kh ly tng co nhie t o khong oi.
- 62 5.3.2 : Hieu ng Joule Thomson.

oi vi kh thc qua trnh tiet lu nhiet o thay o i nh the nao, ta d a va o
kha i niem hieu ng Joule Thomson nh sau:
dT
dp
=
Trong o:
(5-26)
: He so hieu ng Joule Thomson

i : Enthanpy khong oi.
Ma qua trnh tiet lu ap suat giam (dp < 0). Do o va dT luon luon ng c dau
nhau.
- Khi > 0 th dT < 0 : Nhiet o cha t moi gii khi tiet lu se giam.
- Khi = 0 th dT = 0 : Nhiet o chat moi gii khi tiet lu se khong oi. Nhiet
o nay go i la nhiet o chuyen bien: Tcb
- Khi < 0 th dT > 0 : Nhiet o cha t moi gii khi tiet lu se tang.
ng vi moi gia tr a p suat cua chat moi gii co 2 gia tr nhie
t o chuyen bien:
HCM l
h
h
l
.
P
Nhiet o chuye n bien pha hi Tcb va nhiet o chuyen bieunapha
t T long Tcb (vi Tcb > Tcb )
lu.
h
Ky t
h
m
a
. Neu chat kh co nhiet o ban a uSTuop<h Tcb : Nhiet o se giam sau tiet lu.
H
ng D
o
u
r
. Neu cha t long co nhie
tTo ban au To > Tcbl : Nhie t o cung se giam sau tiet
n
quye
Ban
Qua trnh tie t lu c ng du ng trong ky thuat lanh, ieu chnh co ng suat cung
nh lu lng dong,
Co the xac nh bang phng trnh vi pha n enthanpy:
v
v dp = 0
T p
di = cpdT - T
T v dp
T p
dT =
cp
Thay dT vao (5-26) ta c:

v
T. v
T p
=
cp
(5-27)
- 63 -
CHNG 6
NH LUAT NHIET ONG TH HAI

6.1: CHU TRNH NHIET ONG.
6.1.1: nh ngha ve chu trnh.
Trong cac may nhiet e sinh cong mot ca ch lien tuc, cha t moi g i sau khi gia n
n can phai tao ra qua trnh e a cha t moi gii ve trang thai ban a u. No co ngha
la chat moi gii phai ta o ca c qua trnh kn, hay noi cach khac la no thc hien mot chu
trnh.
6.1.2: Chu trnh thuan chieu.
Chu trnh thuan chieu la chu trnh bao gom cac qua trnh co chieu tien hanh
theo chieu kim ong ho. (Hnh 6.1. a).
p
1
q1
a
l>0
v1
1
2
q2
ruo
T
yenv
u
q
an v2
H Su q2
ng D
l<0 th
K
pham
2
v
v1
a)
P1. HC
uat T
v2
b)
Hnh 6.1: Chu trnh thuan chieu va nghch chieu

Chu trnh nay co ng cong gian n nam tre n ng cong nen ne n cong nha n
c co gia tr dng ( l > 0). Cac o ng c nhiet eu lam vie c theo kieu na y.
6.1.3: Chu trnh nghch chieu.
Chu trnh nghch chieu la chu trnh bao gom ca c qua trnh co chieu tien hanh
ng c chieu kim ong ho. (Hnh 6.1 b). Chu trnh nay co ng cong gian n nam
di ng cong ne n ne n cong cua chu trnh na y co gia tr am (l < 0). Cac loa i may
lanh, bm nhiet lam viec theo kieu nay.
6.1.4: Cong cua chu trnh. (lct: J/kg)
Co the tnh co ng chu trnh bang cac cach sau:
a) Cach 1:
Ta co: d(pv) = pdv + vdp
d ( pv) pdv vdp
Trong o tch so pv la ham tra ng thai nen:
d ( pv) = 0
0 = pdv vdp
- 64 Vi n qua trnh:
n
0=
l l
i
i 1
KTi
i 1
lCT =
li =
i 1
(6-1)
KTi
i 1
Cong cua chu trnh bang tong cong cac qua trnh.Co the xa c nh theo tong
cong thay oi the tch hoac tong cong ky thuat
Cong cua chu trnh thuan chie u hnh 6.1 a
lCT = l1a2 l 2b1
hay : lCT = dt(1.a.2.v2,v1) dt(1.b.2.v2.v1)
lCT = dt(1a2b1) > 0
Cong cua chu trnh nghch chieu hnh 6.1 b

lCT = l1b2 l2a1
hay : lCT = dt(1.b.2.v2,v1) dt(2.a.1v1.v2)
lCT = dt(1b2a) < 0
b) Cach 2:
u
DH S
g
n
ruo
K
pham
P. HC
uat T
ma : dt(2.a.1.v1.v2) > dt(1.b.v2.v1)

y th
T t lng:
Cong chu trnh tnh theo
nhie
yen
n qu
Ta co: dq = du B+apdv
dq du pdv
Vi chu trnh du 0
n
lCT =
(6-2)
i 1
- oi vi chu trnh thuan:
lCT = q1 - q2
- oi vi chu trnh nghch:
lCT = q1 - q2
6.1.5: Hieu suat nhiet, he so lam lanh, he so bm nhiet.

a) Hieu suat nhiet: e anh gia mc o hoa n thie n cua chu trnh thuan chieu,
ngi ta a ra ai lng goi la hieu suat nhiet, k hieu : t
t =
lCT q1 q 2
q1
q1
t = 1
q2
q1
( 0 t 1 )
(6-3)
- 65 b) He so lam lanh: oi vi chu trnh ngc chieu,chu trnh may la nh e anh

gia mc o hoan thien ngi ta a ra ai lng go i la he so lam lanh. Con oi v i
chu trnh bm nhiet ta co he so bm nhiet .
=
q2
q2
lCT
q1 q 2
(6-4)
( : Co the ln hn 1)
=
q1
lCT
q1
(6-5)
q1 q 2
Moi quan he gia va

= +1
(6-6)
6.1.6: Chu trnh Carnot.

a) Chu trnh carnot thuan nghch thuan chieu:
La chu trnh bao gom 2 qua trnh ang nhiet va oan nhiet xen ke nhau. (co
chieu theo chieu kim ong ho).
M
- Qua trnh au tien la qua trnh gian n ang nhiet, chatPmo
. HCi gii hoan toan tiep
T
huat n nong. (T1 = const)
xuc v i nguon no ng nen cha t moi gii nhan nhiet q1Kt
y tnguo
am
phoan nhiet, cha t moi gii i t nguon

- Qua trnh th hai se la qua trnh gia
nSun
H
D
g
ruoTn2.
nong T1 en nguo n lanh co nhiet To
n
quye
- Qua trnh tiep theo
Ban la qua trnh ne n ang nhiet cha t moi gii tiep xuc hoan toa n
vi nguon la nh (T2 = const) ong thi nha nhiet lng q2 cho nguo n lanh.
- Qua trnh cuoi se la qua trnh nen oan nhiet cha t moi gii i t nguon la nh e
tr ve nguon nong ng v i tra ng thai ban au.
p
q1
T1=c
b
q2
dq=0
T2 =c
c v
T
T
Y1
T2
d q2
q1
c
s
Hnh 6.2: o th p-v va T-s chu trnh Carnot thuan.

Hieu suat nhiet:
Ta co:
t = 1
q2
q1
q1 = T1 (sb sa) = T1(s)

q2= T2 sd -sc = T2s
Vay: t = 1
T2
T1
(6-7)
- 66 Nhan xe t:
- Hieu suat nhiet cua chu trnh Carnot ch phu thuo c vao nhiet o cua 2 nguon
nong va lanh, khong phu thuoc vao tnh cha t cu a chat moi gii.
- Hieu suat nhiet cang ln khi o chenh nhiet o gi a hai nguon nong va lanh
ca ng cao.
- Hieu suat nhie t 1 khi hoac T2 0 hoac T1 (ieu nay khong the xa y
ra).
- Hieu suat nhiet = 0 khi T2 = T1 hay noi ca ch khac khi ch co mot nguon nhiet
duy nhat.
b/ Chu trnh Carnot thuan nghch ngc chieu:
Tng t chu trnh carnot thua n, chu trnh nay cung bao gom 2 qua trnh ang
nhiet va oan nhiet xen ke nhau. (co chieu ngc chieu kim ong ho)
p
T1=c
q1
q2
T
T
Y1
dq=0
q1
b
M
y th
P. HC
uat T
Tp2ham K
u
S
T2 =c DH
d q2
ng
o
u
s
c
r
nT v
uye
an q
Hnh 6.3: o th p-v va T-s chu trnh Carnot ngc.

He so lam lanh:
Ta co:
Tng t :
q2
q1 q 2
q1 = T1s
q2 = T2 s
Vay:
T2
T1 T2
(6-8)
Nhan xet: cua chu trnh Carnot ngc cung ch phu thuoc vao nhiet o T1, T2
khong phu thuoc vao tnh chat cua chat moi gii.
He so bm nhiet:
Ta co:
=
Tng t :
q1
q1 q 2
T1
T1 T2
(6-9)
- 67 6.2: NH LUAT NHIET ONG TH HAI.

6.2.1: Noi dung va cach pha t bieu.
nh luat nhiet ong th hai la nh lua t xa c nh kha nang (ieu kien) va
chieu hng xay ra cua cac qua trnh.
Xac nh rang: Moi qua trnh t nhien eu la cac qua trnh t pha t (qua trnh khong
thuan nghch) bien o i t tra ng thai khong can bang e n trang thai can bang. Trong
qua trnh bien oi nay cho phep ta nhan nang lng co ch va khi a trang thai ca n
bang roi t no khong the bien oi ngc la i. Muon oi ngc lai no pha i tieu ton mot
nang lng t ben ngoai.
u
DH S
g
n
ruon bang
A: Tra ng thai khon gTca
n
e
y
n qiucan bang
B: Tra ngBatha
B y th
K
pham
P. HC
uat T
i t A en B: t nhien
i t B en A: can nang lng t ngoai.
nh lua t c rut ra t th c nghiem va co the phat bieu bang cac ca ch nh
sau:
+ Nhiet lng luon i t ni co nhiet o cao en ni co nhiet o thap. (Muo n
lam ngc ieu nay ta pha i tie u hao mot na ng lng)
+ Khong the co may nhiet cha y tuan hoan co kha nang bien oi toan bo nhiet
ca p cho may thanh cong ma khong mat mot phan nhiet truyen cho vat khac. (l < q1)
6.2.2: o bien thien entropy cua he nhiet ong.
Chieu hng xay ra cua cac qua trnh la s bien oi t trang thai khong ca n
bang en trang tha i can bang. Khi qua trnh bien oi la thua n nghch cong thu c se
ln nhat. Ng c lai qua trnh tien ha nh cang xa s thuan nghch th cong nhan c
ca ng nho (do cong tieu hao ln). ai lng bieu th o khong thua n nghch cua qua
trnh la entropy.
oi vi chu trnh Carnot thuan nghch ta co:
t
q1 q 2
T T2
1
q1
T1
Hay: t 1
q2
T
1 2
q1
T1
- 68
q 2 T2
q1
T1
q 2 q1
=0
T2
T1
a y q2 la nhiet nha co gia tr am
- q 2 = q2
Vay:
q1 q 2
=0
T1 T2
(a)
T (a) cho tha y rang mo t chu trnh thua n nghch bat ky se la to ng cua nhieu
chu trnh Carnot thua n nghch:
dq11 dq12 dq 21 dq 22
dq n1 dq n 2
+
++
=0
T11
T12
T21
T22
Tn1
Tn 2
Hay:
dq
=0
(b)
dq
M
la vi phan toan phan mo t ham trang tha i na oPo
. HCcu a p va v.
T
T
uat
y th
K
dq
am
u ph
S
T = ds = 0
H
D
uong
r
T
dq
n
Hay: ds =
quye
n
a
T B
a y
Vay ta co co ng thc nh ngha ve entropy:

ds =
dq
T
a/ oi vi qua trnh thuan nghch: Luc nay vat nha n nhiet la thuan nghch, qua
trnh xay ra trong vat la thuan nghch, do vay bien oi entropy se la:
ds =
dq
T
(6-10)
- Con oi vi chu trnh thuan nghch:

dq
=0
(6-11)
b/ oi vi qua trnh khong thuan nghch: V la qua trnh khong thuan nghch
nen luon ton ta i mot phan cong tieu hao (do ma sat,) ne n o bien o i entropy se la:
ds >
dq
T
(6-12)
- oi vi chu trnh khong thuan nghch:

dq
<0
(6-13)
- 69 Tong quat:
dq
T
dq
ds >
T
ds >
va:
(6-14)
Dau = oi vi qua trnh hay chu trnh thuan nghch.

Dau > oi vi qua trnh hay chu trnh khong thuan nghch.
c/ Trong he co lap: V ds > 0, do o entropy trong he co lap se bang 0 neu la
qua trnh thuan nghch va l n hn 0 khi qua trnh la khong thuan nghch. Va y entropy
trong he co lap ch co the tang khong bao gi giam. S gia tang nay cham dt khi
entropy cu a he a t en gia tr ln nhat, lu c nay he at en tra ng thai can bang.
6.3: Exergy.
6.3.1: Khai niem.
Nang lng la mc o chuyen ong cu a vat chat, ng vi moi loai chuyen ong
co mot dang nang lng nhat nh. Kha nang ma na ng lng bie
nM oi thanh cong c
. HC
P
T
t
hoc go i la exergy. (ln nhat)
thua
y
mK
a
h
p
Co dang nang lng bien hoa n toanSutha nh cong c hoc ( ien nang, c nang,
H
ng Dna ng bien o i mot phan, cung co dang nang
the nang,), co dang nang lngTco
uokha
r
enn oi thanh cong (nhiet nang cua moi trng) goi la
lng khong co kha na
ngquybie
n
a
B
anergy.
6.3.2: Cac bieu thc ve exergy.

a/ Exergy cua dong chuyen ong:
Khi dong moi chat chuyen ong co cac thong so trang tha i ban au la: T, i,s,
en trang thai can bang vi moi trng co: T0, i0, s0, (thuan nghch), dong moi cha t
co kha nang sinh cong l n nha t. Cong na y chnh la gia tr exergy cua na ng lng
nhiet se la:
e = i i0 T0(s s0)
, (J/kg)
(6-15)
(6-15)
e = i T0s
b/ Exergy cua nhiet lng q: Cong ln nhat sinh ra cua nhiet lng q cung
chnh la exergy cua nhiet lng q. (eq)
eq = q (1 Trong o:
T0
)
T
, (J/kg)
(6-17)
T: Nhiet o ban au cua nhiet lng q

T0: Nhiet o mo i trng.
Gia tr cua exergy co the dng hoa c am, ieu nay phu thuoc vao nhiet o ban
au so v i nhiet o moi trng.
- Vat cha trang thai can bang moi trng: e 0
- 70 - Vat trang thai can bang moi trng:
e = 0
c/ Kha nang sinh cong ln nhat exergy:

Khi dong moi chat bien o i t trang thai 1 e n tra ng thai 2 ma van cha ca n
bang vi mo i trng (qua trnh thua n nghch) th cong trong qua trnh nay se l n nha t.
lmax1-2 = e1 e2
hay: lmax1-2 =
(6-18)
i1 i2 To(s1 s2)
(6-19)
- Neu la qua trnh khong thuan nghch do co ton tha t exergy (et ) nen:
lmax1-2 > l12
Mc o ton that exergy:
et
= T0.sh
(6-20)
T0 : Nhiet o moi trng

sh: o bie n oi exergy cu a he.
oi vi qua trnh truyen nhiet, m c o ton that nay se la:
et
T T T
= q 0 1 2
T1 .T2
u ph
HgS
Trong o: q: Nhiet to a t nguonngno
Dn
Truo
yt
am K
P. HC
uat T
(6-21)
n n nong va lanh.
T1, T2: Nhietqo
uyenguo
Ban
To: Nhiet o mo i trng.

d/ Hieu suat exergy:
Hieu suat exergy c xa c nh theo co ng thc sau:

Cong thc:
e =
er
ev
er: Tong exergy la y ra (cong hu ch)

ev:Tong exergy em vao (cong cap vao).
(6-22)
- 71 -
CHNG 7
CHU TRNH THUAN CHIEU

7.1: NH NGHA VA PHAN LOAI.
7.1.1: nh ngha: Chu trnh thua n chie u la chu trnh co cac qua trnh tien hanh
theo chie u kim ong ho, la chu trnh sinh cong trong cac o ng c nhie t, bien nhiet
nang tha nh c nang. ay ta ch e ca p en cac chu trnh thuan nghch.
7.1.2: Phan loai:
Chu trnh thuan chieu co the phan loai theo cac ca ch sau:
* Da vao phng thc cap nhiet, bao gom:
- ong c ot trong: La chu trnh co qua trnh cha y xay ra ben trong
ong c nh: ong c ot trong kieu piston, turbine kh, ong c pha n lc, te n la,
- ong c ot ngoai: La chu trnh co qua trnh chay xay ra ben ngoa i
ong c nh: May hi nc, turbine trong nha may nhiet ien, ien a nhiet, ien
mat tri,
* Da vao tnh chat cua cha t moi gii, bao gom:
P. HC
uat T
- ong c s du ng chat moi gi i c Kxem

y th la kh ly tng.
pham
- ong c dung cha t mog iDgi

H Siu dang hi (kh thc) nh hi nc, hi
n
uo
thuy ngan, hi Freon,
Tr
n
e
y
u
anGq C OT TRONG: (Kieu Piston).
7.2: CHU TRNH OBN
Nguyen ly hoat ong cua loai nay o la san pham chay c xem la chat mo i
gii va thc hien ca c qua trnh: nap, nen, cha y nhien lieu (cap nhiet), gian n sinh
cong va thai. Loai nay co ong c s dung nhie n lieu xang, dau hoac gas. Ngoai ra
phu thuo c vao hanh trnh lam viec cua piston nen c chia ra: ong c 2 ky, ong c
4 ky.Moi loa i e u co nhng u va nh c iem khac nhau, nhng thong du ng nhat
hien nay va n la loai 4 ky, ay ta ch e cap loai 4 ky ma thoi.
- 72 7.2.1: Chu trnh ong c ot trong cap nhiet ang tch.

a) Chu trnh thc:
p
3
2
4
0
1
v
a
c
P. HC
uat T
y th
Hnh 7.1 o th p-v cua chu trnh thcpho

ngKc o t trong kieu piston cap nhie t
am
u
S
H
ang tch.
ng D
o
u
r
nT
a: van na
quype
Ban
b: van thai
c: buri tao tia la ien
Nguyen ly hoat ong nh sau:
- Qua trnh 0-1: la qua trnh na p nhie n lieu va khong kh va o long xilanh. Luc
nay piston i t trai sang phai, van nap a m e khong kh va nhien lieu vao long
xilanh. Ap sua t ben trong nho hn ap suat kh tri, khi en tra ng thai1 th van na p
ong lai.
- Qua trnh 1-2: la qua trnh nen hon hp nhien lieu va khong kh. Piston i t
pha i sang trai, ca 2 van a va b e u ong, ap suat trong xilanh tang le n. Khi e n trang
tha i 2, buri c bat tia la ien, toan bo hon hp bo c chay, ap sua t va nhiet o tang le n
rat nhanh, va ket thu c qua trnh khi piston cha kp dch chuyen nen goi la qua trnh
ca p nhiet ang tch: 2-3.
- Qua trnh 3-4: la qua trnh gian n cua san pham cha y e sinh cong. Piston i
t trai sang phai lan th hai, ap suat trong xilanh giam dan, hai van e u ong.
- Qua trnh 4-1: la qua trnh nha nhie t (nha san pham chay ra ngoa i). Khi en 4
th van thai b m ra, do ap sua t be n trong ln hn ap sua t moi trng ne n ho n h p
chay thoat ra ngoai rat nhanh, khi piston cha kp dch chuyen nen goi 4-1 la qua trnh
nha nhiet ang tch.
- 73 - Qua trnh 1-0: la qua trnh thai hoan toan. Piston i t phai sang tra i, luc na y
trong long xilanh van con sa n pham chay, do van thai van tiep tuc m ne n piston a y
toa n bo hon hp cha y con so t la i ra ngoai e tr ve v i tra ng thai ban au.
b/ Chu trnh ly thuyet:
e tien cho viec nghien cu ta d a vao ca c gia thuyet sau:
- Moi cha t c xem la kh ly tng.
- Ca c qua trnh la thuan nghch.
- Qua trnh chay la qua trnh cap nhiet.
- Qua trnh thai la qua trnh nha nhiet.
- Qua trnh na p va thai triet tieu nhau ve co ng, he c coi la he kn.
*o th:
p
T
3
q1
dq=0
n
quye
dq=0
n
a
B
uo
Tr
4 H Su
ng D
K
pham
y th
M
. HC q1
P
T
uat
2
q2
q2
Hnh 7.2: o th p-v va T-s chu trnh ly thuyet ong c ot trong cap nhiet ang tch.
*Cac qua trnh:
1-2: qua trnh nen oan nhiet (gom nhien lieu va khong kh)
2-3: qua trnh cap nhiet (q1) ang tch (qua trnh chay)
3-4: qua trnh gian n oan nhiet
4-1: qua trnh nha nhiet (q2) ang tch (qua trnh tha i)
*Hieu suat nhiet: t
Ta co: t = 1 -
q2
(*)
q1
Ca c ai lng a c trng cua chu trnh gom:
Ma:
v1

v2
: t so nen
p3
p2
: t so tang ap khi ca p nhiet.
q1 = cv(T3 T2)
q2 = cv(T4 T1)
- 74 T (*)
t = 1 -
cv T4 T1
c v T3 T2
Hay:
t = 1 -
T4 T1
T3 T2
(a)
Qua trnh 1-2: (oan nhie t)

k 1
Ta co:
T2 v1

T1 v 2
T2 T1 . k 1
Qua trnh 2-3:(ang tch)

T3
p
3
T2
p2
Ta co:
T3 T2 T1 . k 1 .
Qua trnh 3-4:(oan nhiet)

T4 v3

T3 v 4
Ta co:
v
2
v1
k 1
1
ham
T4 T3 . k 1 T1 . k 1 . . Hk 1Su p
D
uong
r
T
T4 T1 .quyen
n
a
B
1
(a)
k 1
P. HC
uat T
Ky t
q1 = cv.T1.k-1 ( - 1)
(7-1)
q2 = cv.T1( - 1)
1
t = 1 - k 1
1
(7-2)
Vay:
t = 1 -
(7-3)
k 1
Nhan xet: Hieu sua t nhiet cua chu trnh phu thuoc vao t so nen . Tang th t
se tang len.
7.2.2: Chu trnh ly thuyet ong c ot trong cap nhie t ang ap.
p
q1
3
T
q1
dq=0
2
q2
1
q2
Hnh 7.3: o th p-v va T-s chu trnh ly thuyet ong c ot trong cap nhiet ang ap.
- 75 Ca c qua trnh:
1-2: qua trnh nen oan nhiet (ch nen khong kh)
2-3: qua trnh cap nhiet (q1) ang ap
4-1: qua trnh nha nhiet (q2) ang tch.
*Hieu suat nhiet: t
Ngoa i hai ai lng ac trng tren, ay co them ai lng a c trng la :
v3
= :
v2
t so gian n sm.
q2
Ta co: t = 1 -
(*)
q1
Vi: q1 = cp(T3 T2)

q2 = cv(T4 T1)
T (*)
t = 1 -
T4 T1
k T3 T2
- Qua trnh 1-2:
u
k 1
DH S
g
T2 v1
n

Truo
T1 v 2 quyen
Ban
k 1
T2 T1 .
K
pham
(b)
M
P. HC
uat T
y th
- Qua trnh 2-3:

T3 v3
T2 v2
T3 T2 . T1 . k 1 .
- Qua trnh 3-4:

T4 v3

T3 v 4
k 1
ma:
v3 v 3 v3 v 2
1
.
v 4 v1 v2 v1
T4 T3 . k 1
k 1
T4 T1 . k 1 . . k 1
k 1
T4 T1 . k
q1 = cp.T1.k-1 ( - 1)
(7-4)
q2 =cv.T1(k- 1)
(7-5)
(b)
t = 1 -
k.
k 1
1
1
e nang cao t bang ca ch ta ta ng va giam .
(7-6)
- 76 7.2.3: Chu trnh ly thuyet ong c ot trong cap nhie t hon hp.
*Cac qua trnh:
1-2: qua trnh nen oan nhiet (ch nen khong kh)
2-5: qua trnh cap nhiet (q1v) ang tch
5-3: qua trnh cap nhiet (q1p) ang ap
4-1: qua trnh nha nhiet (q2) ang tch.
3
p
q1p
T
dq=0
q1v
q1v
q1p
q2
1
v
q2
. HC
Ps
uat T
y th
K t ong c ot trong
Hnh 7.4: o th p-v va T-s chu trnh
amthuye
phly
H Su
D
cap nhiet honruh
onpg.
T
n
*Hieu suat nhieta:nqt uye
T (*)
t = 1 -
q2
q1v q1 p
(c)
Vi: q1v = cv (T5 T2)

q1p = cp (T3 T5)
q2 = cv (T4 T1)
t = 1 -
T4 T1
T5 T2 k T3 T5
- Qua trnh 1-2:

T2 v1

T1 v 2
k 1
T2 T1 . k 1
- Qua trnh 2-5:

T5
p
5
T2 p 2
T5 T2 . T1 . k 1 .
(d)
- 77 - Qua trnh 5-3:

T3 v3
T5 v5
T3 T5 . T1 . k 1 . .
- Qua trnh 3-4:

T4 v3

T3 v 4
k 1
ma:
v3 v 3 v3 v 2
1
v 4 v1 v2 v1
T4 T3 .

T4 T1 .
k 1
k 1
. . .

k 1
T4 T1 . . k
k-1
q1v = cv.T1. ( - 1)
q1p = cp.T1. .( -T1)
uo
r
n
e
k
y
q2 = cv.TB1a(.
n qu - 1)
k-1
H Su
ng D
K
pham
P. HC
uat T
y th
(7-7)
(7-8)
(7-9)
T (d):
t = 1 -
k 1
1
1 k. 1
(7-10)
e nang cao hieu suat nhiet t cua chu trnh bang cach ta tang va o ng thi
giam .
7.2.4: So sanh hieu suat nhiet.
a/ Khi 3 chu trnh nay co cung va q2:
q1v
T
5
2
1
q1p
3v
3h
3p
4
q2
s
sa
sb
Hnh 7.4 : o th T-s cua 3 chu trnh khi co cung va q2
- 78 Ta co: t = 1 -
q2
(*)
q1
Da vao T-s ta co:

q1v = dt(sa, 2, 3v, sb, sa )
q1h = dt(sa, 2, 5, 3h, sb, sa )
q1p = dt(sa, 2, 3p, sb, sa )
q1v > q1h > q1p
Thay vao (*) ta co:

tv > th > tp
(7-11)
Vay hieu suat nhiet cua chu trnh cap nhiet a ng tch la ln nhat va a ng ap la
nho nhat.
b/ Khi 3 chu trnh co cung q2 va Tmax (qua trnh gian n):
q1p 3
T
n
quye
n
a
B
2p
2h
2v
q1v u pham
HS
Ky t
gD
uon
Tr
q2
P. HC
uat T
Hnh 7.5: o th T-s cua 3 chu trnh co cung q2 va Tmax

Ta co: t = 1 -
q2
q1
(*)
Da vao Hnh 7.5 ta co:

q1p = dt(1, 2p, 3, 4,1 )
q1h = dt(1, 2h, 5, 3, 4, 1 )
q1v = dt(1, 2v, 3, 4, 1 )
q1p > q1h > q1v
Thay vao (*) ta co:

tp > th > tv
(7-12)
Vay hie u sua t nhiet cu a chu trnh cap nhiet ang a p la l n nha t va ang tch la nho
nha t.
- 79 7.3: CHU TRNH TURBINE KH.

Ben ca nh nhng u iem cua 3 loai ong c o t trong tren nh: co the nang
cao hieu sua t nhiet va lam viec nhie t o cao, nhng no co cac ha n che nh cong
sinh ra khong lien tu c, ieu kien lam viec cua piston van to c ln se anh hng e n
sc be n ong c, e khac phuc ca c nh c iem na y ngi ta s dung ong c
turbine kh.
u iem cua turbine kh:
- Thiet b gon nhe, cong suat ln.
- Chuye n ong quay nen khi lam viec va n toc l n khong anh hng en s c
ben ong c.
- Van ha nh n gian,
Turbine c ng du ng trong may phat ien, may bay, Phu thuoc vao qua
trnh ca p nhiet, turbine c chia lam hai loai: Chu trnh turbine kh ca p nhiet ang
tch va chu trnh turbine kh cap nhiet a ng ap.
7.3.1: Chu trnh ly thuyet turbine kh cap nhiet ang apP. . HCM
a/ S o va o th:
uo
Tr 3
n
e
y
u
an q
H Su
ng D
4
pham
uat T
h
Ky t
Hnh 7.6 S o turbine kh cap nhiet ang ap

1. Bm nhien lieu
2. May nen
3. Voi phun
4. Buong o t
5. Ong tang to c
6. Turbine gian n
7. May phat ien
- 80 Khi bm nhie n lieu 1 va may nen 2 hoat ong, thong qua cac voi phun 3 khong
kh va nhien lieu co ap va nhiet o cao se ho a tron va t boc chay trong buong ot 4.
Hon hp kh cha y c a vao ong tang to c 5 trc khi thoi vao canh ong cua
turbine 6 e sinh cong cho may phat ie n 7.
q1
p
q1
T
dq=0
2
q2
q2
v
Hnh 7.7: o th p-v va T-s chu trnh turbine kh cap nhiet ang ap.
*Cac qua trnh:
1-2: Qua trnh nen oan nhiet, do may nen 2 thc hie. nHCM
a
2-3: Qua trnh chay ang a p buong o t 4Ky thu
am
u ph turbine 6
S
2-4: Qua trnh gian n oan nhie
t
trong
H
D
uong
r
T
4-1: Qua trnh nhayenhie
n t ang ap ra moi trng.
qu
n
a
*Hieu suat nhieBt:
Ta co: t = 1 -
t TP
q2
(*)
q1
Vi: q1 = cp(T3 T2)

q2 = cp(T4 T1)
T (*)
t = 1 -
T4 T1
T3 T2
(a)
Ngoa i ca c ai lng a c trng a co trong chu trnh ong c ot trong tren,

ay ta at:
p2
=: t so tang a p kh nen.
p1
- Qua trnh 1-2:
T2 T1
- Qua trnh 2-3:
T2 p 2

T1 p1
k 1
k
k 1
k
v
1
v2
k 1
T1 . k 1
T3 v3
=
T2 v2
T3 T2 . T1 .
k 1
k
(b)
- 81 - Qua trnh 3-4:
T3 p 3

T4 p 4
k 1
k
(c)
So sa nh (b) va (c):
T2 T3
T1 T4
k 1
T .T T k . .T1
T4 3 1 1
k 1
T2
T . k
1
T4 T1 .
Thay ca c gia tr nhiet o va o (a):

1
t = 1 - k 1
k 1
t = 1
Hay: t = 1 -
k 1
k
1
k 1
u
DH S
g
n
Khi tang hoac th t seTta
n
g
le
n
.
uo
r
K
pham
P. HC
uat T
y th
(7-13)
n
quye
n
a
B
7.3.2: Chu trnh ly thuyet turbine kh cap nhiet ang ap co hoi nhiet.
e nang cao hieu suat nhiet cua turbine ngi ta thng dung phng pha p hoi
nhiet, s o va o th chu trnh nay c bieu die n nh sau:
5
3
4
6
Hnh 7.8: S o turbine kh cap nhiet ang ap co hoi nhiet.

1. Bm nhien lieu
2. May nen
- 82 3. Voi phun
4. buong o t
5. Ong tang toc
6. Ca nh ong turbine
7. Bo hoi nhiet (gia nhiet)
8. May pha t ien
T
2
2'
3
3
q1
2'
2
q2
4'
u
DH S
g
n
ruo
K
1
pham
M4'
P. HC
uat T
y th
nT
ye
Hnh 7.9: o thap-v
n quva T-s turbinev kh cap nhiet ang ap co hoi nhiet. s
B
Do kh tha i cua turbine co nhiet o cao, nen du ng e gia nhiet khong kh tr c

khi a vao buong o t. c goi la hoi nhiet hoan toan khi nguon lanh hap thu toa n
bo nhie t lng cua nguon no ng. ay ta co qua trnh 4-4 va 2-2 c xem la ho i
nhiet hoan toa n, va ta co T4 = T2 va T2 = T4
Ca c qua trnh:
1-2: Qua trnh nen oan nhiet
2-2: Qua trnh cap nhiet a ng ap nh bo hoi nhiet
2-3: Qua trnh cap nhiet a ng ap trong buong ot
3-4: Qua trnh gian n oan nhiet
4-4: Qua trnh chuyen nhiet t kh thai vao kh nen.
4-1: Qua trnh nha nhiet ang ap ra moi trng.
Hieu suat nhiet:
Ta co: t = 1 -
q2
q1
(a)
Khi co hoi nhiet:

tc 1
ma
q2c
q1c
q1c q1 q2'
q 2c q 2 q 2'
(b)
- 83 -
q
q
q 2'
'
1 q2
tc 1
ma
q1 < q1 q 2'
(c)
q2 > q 2 q 2'
So sa nh (a) va (c):
ct > t
Hieu suat nhiet cua chu trnh co hoi nhiet l n hn chu trnh khong co ho i nhiet.
7.3.3: Chu trnh ly thuyet turbine kh cap nhiet ang tch.
S kha c biet gia turbine cap nhiet ang tch va a ng ap o la cau tao cua
buong ot. Loai nay c bo tr them cac van thai, na p, he thong anh l a. S o va
o th chu trnh c bieu die n nh sau:
a 4
5
u
DH S
g
n
ruo
K
pham
P. HC
uat T
y th
T
yen
u
q
an
Hnh 7.10: S o turbine kh cap nhiet ang tch

1. Bm nhien lieu
5. Ong tang to c
2. May nen
6. Turbine
3. Cac van nap va tha i
7. May phat ien
4. Buong o t
a. He thong anh l a
3
q1
2
dq = 0
dq = 0
q1
2
4
1 q 4
2
q2
Hnh 7.11: o th p-v va T-s turbine kh cap nhiet ang tch
- 84 * Cac qua trnh:

2-3: Qua trnh cap nhiet a ng tch
3-4: Qua trnh gian n oan nhiet
*Hieu suat nhiet:
Ca c ai lng a c trng:
p2
: t so tang ap khi nen
p1
p3
: t so tang ap khi ca p nhiet
p2
T :
q2
t = 1 -
(*)
q1
Vi: q1 = cv(T3 T2)

q2 = cp(T4 T1)
u
DH S
T1
g
n
uo
T3 quTy2en Tr
Ban
T
1 k
K
pham
y th
- Qua trnh 1-2:
T2 p 2

T1 p1
T2 T1
k 1
k
k 1
k
- Qua trnh 2-3:

T3
p
3
T2 p 2
T3 T2
T3 T1
k 1
k
- Qua trnh 3-4:

T4 p 4

T3 p 3
ma
p4
p3
P. HC
uat T
k 1
k
p4 . p2
p p
1 2
p 2 . p 3 p 2 p3
p4
1
p 3 .
(d)
- 85 1
T4 T3
T4 T1
k 1
k
k 1
k
1
. .
k 1
k
T4 T1 . k
Thay ca c gia tr nhiet o va o (d):

k1
t 1 k
k 1
k
1
(7-14)
e nang cao hieu suat nhiet cua chu trnh bang ca ch tang va .
7.3.4:Chu trnh ly thuyet turbine kh cap nhiet ang tch co hoi nhie t.
Cung nh turbine cap nhiet ang ap, e na ng cao hieu sua tMnhiet cua chu trnh
HC
TP. t khong khac g so v i
ngi ta cung dung bien phap ho i nhiet. S o cua bo houaitnhie
h
Kyntnh sau:
loa i cap nhiet a ng ap. o th chu trnh c bie
u
die
m
a
h
ruo
T
yen
u
q
an
H Su
ng D
3
2'
2'
dq=0
2
dq=0
4'
1
4'
1
v
Hnh 7.12: o th p-v va T-s chu trnh turbine kh cap nhiet ang tch
co hoi nhiet.
ay 2 qua trnh 4-4 va 2-2 cung c xem la hoi nhiet hoa n toan va ta co:
T4 = T2 ; T2 = T4
Ca c qua trnh:
2-2: Qua trnh cap nhiet a ng ap bo ho i nhiet
2-3: Qua trnh cap nhiet a ng tch buong ot
- 86 3-4: Qua trnh gian n oan nhiet

4-4: Qua trnh chuyen nhiet t kh thai vao kh nen.( bo ho i nhiet)
Hieu suat nhiet khi co hoi nhiet: tc
Chng minh tng t nh turbine cap nhiet ang ap, hieu sua t nhiet khi co ho i
nhiet ln hn khi khong co hoi nhiet:
ct > t
7.4 : CHU TRNH LY THUYET ONG C PHAN LC.
Khi s du ng ong c ot trong piston neu tang cong suat o ng c th khoi lng
ln, nang ne, khong phu h p vi nganh ha ng khong. Do va y oi vi ong c may bay
toc o cao th ng s du ng loai ong c pha n lc v co ng suat ln nhng khoi lng la i
nho, toc o nhanh.
Nguyen ta c c ba n cua o ng c phan l c o la th c hien qua trnh chay (nhiet
nang) chuyen thanh o ng nang ta o pha n lc e a ong c ve pha trc.
Phu thuoc va o ket ca u ong c cung nh qua trnh chay o
nMg c phan l c c
. HC
P
T
chia lam nhieu loai: o ng c phan lc trc lu, ong cthpha
uatn lc turbine may nen,..
y
mK
a
h
p
7.4.1: Chu trnh ong c phan lc tr
u c lu.
DH S
g
n
1 Truo 2
3
4
n
e
y
u
q
Ban
w0
w
w0
Hnh 7.13: S o nguye n ly ong c phan lc trc lu.
1 : Ong tang a p.
2 : Voi phun nhien lieu.
3 : Buong o t.
4 : Ong tang to c.
- 87 Nguyen ly lam viec nh sau: Khi ong c chuyen ong ve pha tr c vi van to c
0, th khong kh c nen la i nh ong tang ap 1, sau o c a vao buong ot 3,
thong qua cac vo i phun nhien lieu 2 e thc hien qua trnh chay, sa n pham sau khi
chay xong c chuyen sang ong tang to c 4 e nang cao va n toc , trc khi thoa t ra
ngoai ta o mot phan l c l n ay o ng c ve pha trc.
q1
2
3
q1
dq=0
dq=0
1
q2
u
v
DH S
g
n
ruo
K
pham
q2
P. HC
uat T
y th
T
yen
u
q
an
B o th p.v va T-s ong c phan lc trc lu

Hnh 7.14:
Ca c qua trnh:
1-2 : Qua trnh ne n oa n nhiet.
2-3 : Qua trnh cap nhiet ang ap.
3-4 : Qua trnh gian n oan nhiet ong tang toc.
4-1 : Qua trnh nha nhiet ang a p.
*Hieu suat nhiet:
Do o th cua chu trnh giong vi o th chu trnh turbine cap nhiet a ng ap nen
hieu suat nhiet chng minh tng t ta cung co:
1
t 1
k 1
k
(7-15)
oi vi o ng c nay e co c van to c ban a u 0. ong c can phai co mot

thie t b khi o ng rieng.
7.4.2 ong c phan lc turbine may nen
Loa i na y c s dung rong rai hn so vi cac loai ong c phan l c khac, do
hieu sua t nhiet cao hn, ong thi van toc cung ln hn nh co them ong ta ng to c ho n
hp.
- 88 -
3
1
Hnh 7.15: S o nguyen ly ong c phan lc turbine may nen.

1: Ong tang ap.
2: May nen.
3: Buong ot.
4: Turbine.
5: Ong tang toc hon hp.
A: Voi phun nhien lieu.
H Su
K
pham
P. HC
uat T
y th
D
So vi loai trc lu, loai nayrusau
ong ong ta ng ap, c at them mot may nen 2 e
T
tang a p suat cua khong qkh

uyenlen cao hn n a. May nen lam viec nh ong l c t
n
a
B
turbine 4 trch mot pha
n cong gian n t sa n pham cha y. Sau o san pham chay a
vao ong tang to c hon hp 5 e na ng cao va n to c tao phan l c ln va a ong c ve
pha tr c.
p
a
b
c
q1
3
3'
2'
q2
v
Hnh 7.16 : o th p-v ong c phan lc turbine may nen.
- 89 *Cac qua trnh:

1-2: qua trnh nen oan nhiet ong tang ap 1.
2-2: qua trnh nen oan nhiet tiep theo may nen 2
2-3 : qua trnh cap nhiet a ng ap trong buong ot.
3-3: qua trnh gian n oan nhiet mot phan tren turbine 4.
3-4: qua trnh gian n oan nhiet hoan toan ong tang toc 5.
4-1: qua trnh nha nhiet a ng ap ra moi trng.
*Hieu suat nhiet:
Phng phap tnh hieu suat nhiet khong khac g so vi o ng c turbine ca p
nhiet ang ap.
t 1
(7-16)
k 1
k
So vi loai tr c lu bieu thc xa c nh t khong khac, nhng chu trnh nay t so

tang ap cao hn. Do vay hieu suat nhiet cung cao hn.
K
pham
7.4.3: Chu trnh ten la.
P. HC
uat T
y th
u du ng oxy long c mang theo, khong

H Ss
iem a c biet cua chu trnh nagyDla
n
ruo vay ten l a co the s dung trong ca khong gian
dung khong kh trong kh quye
n .TDo
n
e
y
qu
ngoai pham vi kh quye
Bann.
1
3
Hnh 7.17: S o ong c ten la.

1: Nhien lieu long
2: Oxy long
3: Bm.
4: Buong ot.
5: Ong tang toc.
- 90 p
q1
2'
1'
q2
4
v
Hnh 7.18: o th p-v ong c ten la

Nguyen ly hoa t o ng nh sau: Nhien lieu va oxy long a va o buong ot 4
CM
Hg
thong qua cac bm 3. Ta i a y no th c hien qua trnh chatyTa
ap, san pham cha y
P. n
ua
h
t
c a tiep vao ong tang to c 5 e ta ng toc omngKythi thc hien qua trnh gian n
pha
oa n nhiet tao ap l c ln e ay ong cDHveSupha
trc.
*Cac qua trnh:
ruon
T
yen
u
q
an
1 - 2: quaB trnh nen oxy long

2 - 3: qua trnh cha y ang a p trong buong ot.
3 - 4: qua trnh gian n oan nhiet trong ong tang to c.
4 - 1: qua trnh nha nhiet ra moi trng.
*Hieu suat nhiet:
Ta co:
t
l
q1
(e)
oi vi qua trnh ne n 1 2, v la ne n chat long nen ta coi : v2 v1.

Vay co ng nen:
ln = i2 i1
Hay:
ln = -
(q = i + lkt = 0 : xem la oa n nhiet)
vdp = v1 (p2 p1)

1
Cong gian n (3-4):

lgn = i3 i4
Vay co ng cua chu trnh se la:
l = lgn ln
l = (i3 i4) v1(p2 p1)
- 91 Nhiet nhan q1 se la :
q1 = cp (T3 T2) = i3 i2
hay:
q1 = (i3 i1) (i2 i1) = (i3 i1) v1(p2 p1)
(e) t
i3 i4 v1 p 2 p1
i3 i1 v1 p 2 p1
Trong qua trnh 1 2 v cong tieu hao rat nho co the bo qua.
i3 i4
i3 i1
(7-17)
Hay co the xac nh hieu suat nhiet nh sau:

T nh luat nhiet o ng 1 cho do ng chay:
dq = di + d
(f)
va
dq = di vdp
HCM
(g)
Xet qua trnh 3-4 la qua trnh gian n oan nhiet tbie
Pn. hoan toan tha nh ong
ua T
h
t
y
nang e sinh cong.
mK
T (f) va (g):
uo
Tr
n
e
y
u
an=q i3 i4
42 32
H Su
ng D
pha
2B
q1 = cp( T3 - T2 )
42 32
2.q1
Khi: 3 << 4
2
t 4
2.q1
42
2.c p T3 T2
(7-18)
7.5: CHU TRNH THIET B ONG LC HI NC .

7.5.1: Chu trnh carnot cua kh thc. ( hi nc)
T nh luat nhiet ong th hai ta biet trong pham vi nhiet o gia hai nguon
nong va lanh nh nhau, th chu trnh carnot co hieu suat nhiet la ln nhat.
oi vi chat kh va hi qua nhiet ta kho thc hien c chu trnh carnot v kho
long thc hien hai qua trnh cap nhiet a ng nhiet va thai ang nhiet, nhng trong
pham vi hi nc bao hoa th co the th c hien c.
- 92 p
T
k
k
4
q1
q2
4'
1
T1
2
x=1
x=0
T2
v
1'
x = 0 3 3'
2' 2
x =s 1
Hnh 7.19: o th p-v va T-s chu trnh carnot hi nc.

*Cac qua trnh:
4-1: Qua trnh hoa hi ang ap, cung la qua trnh a ng nhiet (T1 = const),
qua trnh na y bien nc so i tha nh hi bao hoa kho ( qua trnh na y c thc hien b i
lo hi).
M
P. HC
uat T
1-2: Qua trnh gian n oan nhiet turbine.
h ng nhiet, c thc hien

y ta
2-3: Qua trnh ngng hi a ng ap cum
ngKla
a
u ph
trong bnh ngng.
DH S
uong
Tr
3-4: Qua trnh yne
ennoan nhiet may nen.
n qu
a n ap dung cong thc:

Hieu suat nhietBva
t 1
T2
T1
(7-19)
Tuy vay chu trnh carnot hi nc khong c ap dung v co mot so han che
sau: Do qua trnh ngng 2-3 khong hoan toan (con hi) ne n may ne n co kch th c
ln. ( cong tieu hao ln). Nhiet o 2 nguon nong va lanh b khong che (tk = 374 0C),
nen hieu sua t nhiet lam vie c trong vu ng nay khong cao.
e nang cao hieu suat nhiet, bang cach tang T1 th cong cua chu trnh se giam
xuong : l = dt (1 2 3 4).
7.5.2: Chu trnh Rankine .
e kha c phuc mot so nhc iem cua chu trnh carnot tren ngi ta thay o i
mot so qua trnh trong chu trnh nh sau:
Qua trnh ngng hi c keo da i e hoa long hoan toa n, sau o c bm
nc nen oan nhiet t ap thap p2 en ap cao p1 a va o lo ( hoan toan la n c ne n
bm co kch thc nho, cong tieu hao giam)
- 93 a/ S o va o th:
d
c
a
Hnh 7.20: S o nguyen ly chu trnh Rankine
a: Bm nc cap.
b: Lo hi.
c: Bo qua nhiet.
H Su
d: Turbine hi.ruong D
nT
K
pham
P. HC
uat T
y th
uye
e: Bnh
an q ngng.
B
T
k
k
5
q
3
p
2'
2
x=1
x=0
2'
x=0
x=1
s
Hnh 7.21: o th p-v va T-s chu trnh Rankine

Ca c qua trnh gom:
1-2 : qua trnh gian n oan nhiet sinh co ng trong turbine.
2-2: qua trnh ngng hi a ng a p nha nhiet cho nguon la nh ( bnh
ngng).
2-3: qua trnh nen nc oan nhiet do bm nc cap.
- 94 3-4-5: qua trnh ca p nhiet ang ap t nc cha so i en n c soi va a t

en hi bao hoa kho. ( trong lo hi)
5-1:
qua trnh cap nhiet ang ap tiep theo bo qua nhiet.
b/ Hieu suat nhiet cua chu trnh:

t
q1 q 2
(a)
q1
Cong cua bm a ra t nho co the bo qua do o ta xem tra ng thai 3 trung v i 2.
q1 = i1 - i3
q2 = i2 - i2 = i2 - i3
(a) t
Vay: t
i1 i3 i2 i3
i1 i3
i1 i 2
i1 i3
(7-20)
7.5.3: Cac bien phap nang cao hieu suat nhiet cua chu trnh kh thc.
CMhi vao va ra khoi
Hieu suat cua chu trnh phu thuo c ra t ln e n cac tho
nPg. Hso
T
huat
turbine,e nang cao hieu suat nhiet ta thng ieu chnh
Ky t nhng thong so nay.
ham
p
(p1)
a/ Anh hng cua ap suat hi vaoDturbine:
H Su
uong
r ta ng ap sua t hi vao turbine p , trong khi van gi

uTta
Trong trng hp nayyene
1
n
qu
n
a
nguyen nhie t o t1 vaBap suat ra khoi turbine p2. ieu nay the hien tren o th T-s va
i-s nh sau:
t1 1' 1
t1
p'1
p1
k
p1'
p1
p2
x=0
1' 1
2' 2
p2
x=1
s
2'
Hnh 7.22: o th T-s va i-s khi thay oi ap suat p1

Da vao hnh 7.22, ta tha y rang khi tang ap suat p1 (t1, p2 khong o i) th o
bien thien enthanpy cung se tang le n lam cho hieu suat nhiet tang.
Tuy nhien ta cung thay rang khi p1 tang th hi ra khoi turbine, tai trang thai 2
o am cung ta ng, do nhng hat nc trong hi nhie u se pha hong canh ong cua
turbine khi va ap.
- 95 b/ Anh hng cua nhiet o vao turbine .(t1)

Khi gi nguyen p1, p2 ta tang t1,ie u nay c the hien tre n o th i-s nh sau:
p1
t1'
t1
1'
1
k
p2
2 2'
s
Hnh 7.23: o th i-s khi tang t1
Khi ta tang t1 van gi nguyen p1 va p2, d a vao o th i-s ta tha y ra ng o bien

M
thien enthanpy se tang len lam cho hie u sua t nhiet tang. t TP. HC
thua
y
Mat khac khi tang t1 cuo i qua trnh gianhan
m Ktrong turbine, tai trang thai 2 o
p
u
H Sxa
kho cu ng ta ng len, ieu nay se giam n
b
m thc c hoc tren canh o ng turbine.
g tDs
Truo
ong thi ta ta ng ca p va t .
e hieu suat nhiet qtauynegncao,
1
1
Ban
Tuy vay nhiet o t1 cung khong ta ng qua cao se anh hng en s c be n cua
turbine. ( thong th ng: p1max = 300 bar, t1max = 650 0C)
c/ Anh hng cua ap suat hi ra khoi turbine .(p2 )
Trong trng hp nay ta gi nguyen p1 va t1, giam a p sua t ra khoi turbine p2.
Qua trnh gia n n trong turbine c bieu th tre n o th i-s nh sau:
i
p1
t1
1
p2
p'2
2
2'
s
Hnh 7.24: o th i-s khi giam p2
- 96 T 7.24 ta tha y rang khi gi nguyen p1, t1 giam p2 th o bien thie n enthanpy se
tang len, lam cho hieu suat nhiet cua chu trnh tang len.
Tuy va y viec giam p2 con phu thuoc va o nhiet o moi trng, ong thi khi p2
giam th the tch rie ng cua hi cac tang cuoi cua turbine se tang len, ket cau turbine
tang cuoi cung phai ln dan en turbine se nang ne va cong kenh.
7.5.4: Chu trnh qua nhiet trung gian.
Ta a biet khi tang t1 th o kho x2 va hieu suat nhiet cua chu trnh se ta ng le n.
Tuy vay t1 khong c vt qua gii han cho phep, e o kho va ca hieu sua t nhiet
eu ta ng ma khong tang t1 qua m c, ta s du ng chu trnh qua nhiet trung gian.
c
u
DH S
g
n
ruo
K
pham
M
. HC d
P
T
uat
y th
T
yen
u
q
an
Hnh 7.25: S o chu trnh qua nhiet trung gian

a: Lo hi
b: Bo qua nhiet
c: Turbine
d: Bnh ngng
e: Bm
- 97 -
T
1
p1
1'
t1
3'
2'
3
2
s
Hnh 7.26: o th T-s chu trnh qua nhiet trung gian
Hi t lo hi a sau khi qua bo qua nhiet b co thong so trang tha i : t1, p1 c
a vao gian n trong nhng tang au cua turbine, ng vi qua trnh 1-2. Ke o hi
CM t 2-1, sau o
c a vao bo qua nhiet trung gian e thc hien qua trnh Tca
.pHnhie
P
at
cho gian n tren cac tang con lai cua turbine cho eKny ath
pusuat ngng p2.
ham
u p:
Cong sinh ra cua chu trnh luc nayDse
H Sla
uong
l = ( i1 i2) + (yie1n Ti2r)

n qu
Ba trnh:
Nhiet cap cho chu
q1 = ( i1 i3 + ( i1 i2)
Vay hie u sua t nhiet cu a chu trnh:
t
i i i1' i2
l
1 2'
q1 (i1 i3 ) i1' i2 '
(7-21)
Neu goi d la suat tieu hao hi th:

d=
1
1
l (i1 i2 ' ) i1' i2
(7-22)
7.5.5: Chu trnh hoi nhiet.

Nguyen tac c ba n cua chu trnh hoi nhiet, la thay v nhie t thai ra mo i trng
ngi ta ta n dung nhiet nay e nung nong n c trc khi cho vao lo hi lam cho hieu
sua t nhiet cu a chu trnh se tang len.
Trong th c te ngi ta la n lt trch tng pha n hi nc cac ta ng cua turbine
e ca p nhiet cho nc trc khi bm vao lo hi.
Ta co s o nguyen ly cu a chu trnh ho i nhiet co 2 ca trch nh sau:
- 98 c
1
1 kg
2b
2a
2
1-g -g
1
5
g
a
3''
3'
3'''
2b' f
2a' g
CM
.H
Hnh 7-27: S o chu trnh hoi nhiet co haiuac
t TaPtrch hi.
a: Lo hi
b: Bo qua nhiet
u
DH S
g
n
ruo
K
pham
y th
nT
c: Turbinean quye
B
d: Bnh ngng
e: Bm nc ca p
f: Bo gia nhiet
g: Bm nc ngng.
T
4
3''
2b'
i1
2a
3'''
2a'
g1
1-g1
2b
g2
1- g1 - g2
p'
2a
p''
2b
p2
i2
3'
3
p1
t1
1kg
s
2
t2
s
Hnh 7-28: o th T-s va i-s cua chu trnh hoi nhiet co 2 ca trch.
- 99 T s o ta thay turbine co hai ca trch hi e gia nhiet cho nc ca p.

Gia s ta co 1 kg nc t trang thai 3 c a vao lo hi e cap nhie t ng
vi qua trnh 3.4.5, sau o a va o bo qua nhie t b e bien thanh hi qua nhiet ng
vi trang thai 1 (t1, p1). Hi nay cho gian n trong cac tang cao ap cua turbine qua
trnh 1-2a, cuo i tang cao ap ngi ta trch mot lng hi g1 kg e gia nhiet cho nc.
Lng hi con la i (1-g1) kg co enthanpy i tiep tu c cho gian n trong cac tang
trung ap cua turbine, qua trnh 2a-2b. Cuoi ta ng trung ap turbine cung c trch g2 kg
hi e gia nhiet cho nc.
Lng hi con lai (1 g1 g2) kg co enthanpy i tiep tuc cho gia n n tren ta ng ha
ap cu a turbine, qua trnh 2b-2 va sau o a vao bnh ngng d ng vi qua trnh 2-3.
*Hieu suat nhiet:
t
l
q1
Ta co cong sinh ra cua turbine cac ta ng se la :

Tang cao ap:
lca = i1 i
ltra = (1 g1) (i- i)
ltha = (1 g1 g2) (i i2u)ong DH

r
T
Vay co ng cua chu trnh n
: quyen
Ba
Su
K
pham
P. HC
uat T
y th
l = (i1 i) + (1 g1) (i- i) + (1 g1 g2) (i i2)
(a)
at: g = 1 g1 g2
(a)
g2 = 1 g1 g
l = i1 i + i- i- g1.i + g1.i + g.i g.i2
l = i1 - i(1 g1 g ) - g1.i g.i2
l = i1 i.g2 - g1.i g.i2
Nhiet cung cap cho thiet b tnh gan ung, khi cong cua bm nc nho co the
bo qua.
q1 = i1 i2a
Vay hie u sua t nhiet cu a chu trnh se la:
t
i 1 i' '.g 2 i' g 1 i 2 .g

i1 i 2 a '
u iem:
- Hieu suat nhiet c nang cao.
- Kch thc turbine va bnh ngng giam
- Lo hi nho va gon.
(7-23)
-1007.5.6: Chu trnh ghep.

Do nhie t o ti ha n cua nc thap ( tk = 374 oC), nen tmax cua chu trnh b gii
han, da n en hieu suat nhiet cu a chu trnh cung gii ha n.
e nang cao hieu suat nhiet trong trng hp nay ta s dung chu trnh ghep, va
nh en hai moi chat co nhiet o t i ha n chenh lech nhau kha l n. ay ta s dung
thuy ngan (Hg) va nc (H2O), oi v i thuy ngan nhiet o t i ha n 1480 o C.
S o nguyen ly va o th chu trnh c bieu dien nh sau:
8
Hg
H 2O
1
7
9
a
u
DH S
g
n
ruo
K
pham
2 M
P. HC
uat T
e
y th
T
yen
u
q
an
c
6'
3'
Hnh 7.29: S o chu trnh ghep. Hg H2O

a: Lo hi
b: Turbine hi Hg
c: Bo trao oi nhiet Hg H2O
d: Bm Hg
e: Bo qua nhiet cua H2O
f: Turbine hi H2O
g: Bnh ngng cua H2O
h: Bm nc ca p.
-101-
T
7
8
Hg
6'
0
t = 10 C
1
9
5
4
H2O
3'
Hnh 7.30: o th T-s cua chu trnh ghep: Hg H2O

Nguyen ly lam vie c nh sau:
CM
H
Hi Hg t lo hi a c a vao gian n trong turbine
TPb. (qua trnh 8-9), sau o
t
a
u
th
Kytrnh
qua bo trao oi nhiet c e nha nhiet cho nch(qua
9-6), Hg hoa long roi c
m
a
p
u
S
H
bm d a vao lo hi (6-7-8).
ng D
ruo
T
oi vi chu trnh H2uO.
yenNc se nhan nhiet cua Hg nha ra bo trao oi nhiet c
q
Ban ke o hi nc c a va o bo qua nhiet e e bien thanh
(ng vi qua trnh 3-4-5),
hi qua nhiet (qua trnh 5-1). Sau o cho gian n tren turbine f e sinh cong (qua trnh
1-2), va ngng tu, roi tr ve bm h.
Trong th c te Hg lam viec ap suat va nhie t o nh sau:

p = (10 15) bar
png = (0,04 0,14) bar
ts = (517 557) oC
ts = (227 247) oC
ts = (217 237) oC
oi vi nc:
p = (25 30) bar
Do a n nhiet cu a Hg va H2O khac nhau, nen ne u ta can e 1 kg hi n c at e n

trang tha i bao ho a, th phai du ng en khoang 8,95 kg Hg.
m
i5'' i3n
i7T i6T
, (kg Hg/kg H2O)
a y m:khoi lng Hg can thiet e bien 1 kg hi nc at en trang thai hi bao ho a

Thc te: m 9
Hieu suat cua chu trnh ghep se la:
t
L m i8T i9T i1n i2n
Q1 m i8T i6T i1n i5n
Hieu suat cua chu trnh nay thng at: t 66 %
(7-24)
-1027.5.7: Chu trnh cap nhiet cap ien.

Ca c chu trnh o ng l c hi nc trc ay, qua trnh nha nhie t q2 bnh ngng
c thai bo ra moi trng. e na ng cao hieu qua kinh te ve mac s dung nhie t cua
chu trnh, qua trnh nha nhiet q2 c ca p cho ca c ho dung nhiet, e tien cho viec s
dung nhiet thai ap suat cuoi cua turbine loa i na y th ng trong khoang ( 2 5) bar.
Chu trnh nh va y c goi la chu trnh cap nhiet cap ien.
c
u
DH S
g
n
ruo
K
pham
P. HC
uat T
y th
Hnh 7.31: nS
To nguyen ly cap nhiet cap ien
a: Lo hiBan
quye
b: Bo qua nhiet
c: Turbine
d: May pha t ien
e: Ho du ng nhiet
f: Bm nc cap
T
q1
1
5
l
3
q2
2
s
s1
s2
Hnh 7.32: o th T-s chu trnh cap nhiet cap ien
-103e anh gia hieu qua kinh te cua chu trnh, ta a ra he so s dung nhiet k.
k
l q2
q1
(7-25)
Trong o:
l : Cong cua chu trnh
q1: Nhiet cap cho chu trnh.
q2: Nhiet cap cho ho tieu thu.
u
DH S
g
n
ruo
K
pham
P. HC
uat T
y th
T
yen
u
q
an
-104-
CHNG 8
CHU TRNH NGC CHIEU

8.1: NH NGHA VA PHAN LOAI.
8.1.1: nh ngha .
Nh a trnh bay tr c ay chu trnh ngc chieu la chu trnh bao gom ca c qua
trnh co chieu tien hanh ngc chieu kim ong ho.Cha t moi gii lay nhiet cu a vat hay
moi trng lam cho nhie t o cua no giam xuong thap hn nhiet o moi trng xung
quanh, thiet b th c hien chu trnh nh vay c goi la chu trnh thiet b lam lanh.
anh gia hieu qua lam viec cua chu trnh c a c trng bi , goi la he so
lam lanh.
=
q2
l KT
(8-1)
Trong o: l , l KT : Tong cong thay o i the tch va tong cong ky thua t

hay : =
-1
H Su
K
pham
P. HC
uat T
y th
D
Ta co the s dung chu trnhrung
ong c chieu e cap nhiet cho nguon co nhiet o
T
cao, c goi la bm nhieqtu.e

yen a nh gia hieu qua chuyen hoa nang lng cua bm ta
n
a
B t.
goi la he so bm nhie
=
hay
q1
l
q1
l KT
(8-2)
= +1
8.1.2: Phan loai .

Co nhieu cach e pha n loai chu trnh ngc chieu:
a/ Da vao muc ch s dung: ta co chu trnh may lanh va chu trnh bm nhiet.
b/ Da vao tnh chat cua chat moi gii: ta co chu trnh kh ly tng (khong kh),
chu trnh kh thc(hi) nh : NH3, cac loai Freon, hi nc
c/ Da vao cach tao ap moi chat: co chu trnh may nen, chu trnh dung
ejecteur, chu trnh dung nhiet (hap thu),ngo ai ra ta con phan loai theo mc o lanh:
thng, trung bnh va chu trnh co o la nh sau.
-1058.2: CHU TRNH MAY LANH VA BM NHIET DUNG KHONG KH.

a/ S o nguyen ly:
3
2
II
III
1
IV
Hnh 8.1: S o nguyen ly chu trnh may lanh va bm nhiet dung khong kh.
I : may nen.
II : bo giai nhiet (bnh lam mat)
III : turbine hoac xy lanh gian n.
IV : buong lanh.
H Su
K
pham
P. HC
uat T
y th
D
Nguyen ly lam viec nh sau:
ong ng kh c may nen I thc hien qua trnh ne n
ukho
r
T
n
oan nhie t lam cho ap sua
quyteva nhie t o ta ng cao sau khi ra khoi may ne n, ke o
n
a
B
khong kh va o bo gia i nhiet II e nha nhiet cho nguon nong trong ieu kien ap suat
khong oi, do vay sau khi ra khoi II nhiet o giam nhng ap suat khong oi, vi thong
so nay khong kh cho gian n oan nhiet trong tubine III, cuo i qua trnh gian n, nhiet
o va a p suat giam xuong, lu c nay nhiet o cua khong kh ra t thap, tiep tu c cho va o
buong lanh IV e nha n nhiet cua moi trng can lam lanh (ang a p) va sau o no tr
ve trang tha i ban au.
b/ o th:
p
T
2
q1
q1
2
3
1
4
q2
q2
1
4
v
Hnh 8.2: o th p.v va T.s
-1061-2: Qua trnh nen o an nhiet.

2-3: Qua nha nhiet a ng ap.
3-4: Qua trnh gian n oan nhiet.
4-1: Qua trnh nhan nhiet a ng ap.
c/ He so lam lanh:
a y: l = lKT = q1 - q2
q2
q1 q2
(a)
ma
q1= cp(T2-T3)
q2= cp(T1-T4)
(a)
hay
T1 T4
T2 T3 T1 T4
1
T2 T3
1
T1 T4
Trong o:
u
DH S
g
n
ruo
K
pham
P. HC
uat T
y th
(b)
1-2: la qua trnh

ne nToan nhiet.
uyen
Bakn1
T2 P2 k

T1 P1
(c)
3-4: la qua trnh gian n oan nhiet.
T3 P3

T4 P4
ma
P3=P2
k 1
k
(d)
P1=P4
T (c) va (d):
T2 T3 T2 T3
T1 T4 T1 T4
(e)
Lan lt thay (e) vao (b) ta c:
hay
1
T2
1
T1
1
T3
1
T4
T1
T2 T1
T4
T3 T4
Nhiet nhan q2 = q0: Nang suat lanh ng vi 1kg cha t moi gii:
(8-3)
-107
Q0 = G.q0
Trong o:
Q0: na ng suat may lanh, (kW)

G : lu lng khoi lng, (kg/s)
Cong suat ly thuyet cua chu trnh:

Nlt = G.lct
Nlt: cong suat ly thuyet cua chu trnh, (kW)
lct: cong chu trnh, (kJ/kg)
Tng t he so bm nhiet chu trnh:
T2
T2 T4
T3
T3 T4
(8-4)
- u iem: Khong kh la moi chat co sa n, re tien, khong oc hai.

- Nh c iem: He so trao oi nhie t tha p, da n e n va nho. c dung lam
mat trong nganh hang khong (v co sa n may nen va turrbine). P. HCM
uat T
8.3: CHU TRNH MAY LANH DUNG HI.m Ky th

pha
u
Chu trnh nay c chia lam cacg loa
DHiSsau:
ruon
Tmay nen.
- Chu trnh thiet b launyhenco
an q
- Chu trnh thieBt b lanh kieu ejecteur.

- Chu trnh thiet b lanh kieu hap thu.
8.3.1: Chu trnh thiet b lanh co may nen.

Loai nay c s dung rong ra i nhat hien nay. Moi chat s du ng cho lo ai na y
co nhiet o rat thap ieu kien ap sua t kh tr i, nh NH3 va ca c lo ai Freon (R12, R13,
R22, R134A) hoac CO2.
cung ieu kien a p suat kh tri 1bar th:
R12 co ts=-300C
R22
ts =-400C
NH3
ts=-340C
CO2
ts=-780C
Ngoa i ra trong qua trnh gian n loa i nay c thay bang qua trnh tiet lu lam
cho thiet b gon nhe hn. Tuy nhien qua trnh tiet lu se lam tang mot lng nha t nh
ve entropy, dan en nang sua t lanh se ton that mot phan tng ng.
-108a/ S o cua chu trnh:

3
2
II
III
4
IV
Hnh 8.3: S o nguyen ly chu trnh thiet b lanh may nen

I : may nen.
II : bo giai nhiet (bnh lam mat)
III : van tiet lu.
H Su
IV : buong lanrh.uong D
T
yen
u
q
an
b/ o th:
2
q1
4 q2
s4 s3 s4
y th
lgp
4'
K
pham
P. HC
uat T
i
i3 = i4
i1
i2
Hnh 8.4: o th T.s va lgp - i

Trong o:
1-2: qua trnh nen oan nhiet may ne n.
2-3: qua trnh nha nhiet a ng ap bnh lam mat II
3-4: qua trnh tiet lu ang enthanpy van tie t lu III
4-1: qua trnh nhan nhiet ang a p trong buong lanh IV
c/ He so lam lanh:
Ta co: q1 = i2-i3
q2 = i1-i4
ma
l = lKT = q1 - q2 = ( i2 -i3) - (i1-i4)
-109V 3-4, la qua trnh tie t lu:
i3 = i4
l = i2 i1
q2
i i
1 4
l
i2 i1
(8-5)
Tng t ta cung suy ra he so bm nhiet se la:
q1 i 2 i 3
l
i2 i1
(8-6)
8.3.2: Chu trnh may lanh ejecteur.

iem a c biet cua chu trnh nay la may nen c thay bang ejecteur, chat moi
gii la hi nc, na ng lng ho tr la nhiet nang, nhiet o lam lanh t (310)0C.
S o va o th chu trnh c bieu dien nh sau:
b
4
u
DH S
g
n
ruo
T
yen
u
q
an
3'
Ky
pdham
th
CP. HC
uat T
a
3
f
Hnh 8.5: S o chu trnh may lanh ejecteur.
a: lo hi.
b: Ejecteur
c: bnh ngng
d: bm
e: van tiet lu
f: buong lanh
-110T
B
A
1
4
3
2
D 3'
s
2
Hnh 8.6: o th T.s cua chu trnh

Ca c qua trnh gom:
1-2: Qua trnh tiet lu mot phan nc t bnh ngng c e a va o buong
lanh f.
M
2-3: Qua trnh nhan nhiet a ng ap trong buongt TlaPn. hHC

thua
y
3-4: Qua trnh nen hi hon hp hi
m K ong tang ap cu a ejecteur.
hatrong
Su p
4-1: Qua trnh nha nhieotna

nHg ap bnh ngng.
gD
u
Tr
en mo t pha n nc vao lo hi a.
1-A: Qua trnh
quybm
Ban
A-B-C: Qua trnh cap nhiet lo hi.
C-D: Qua trnh gian n oan nhiet t lo hi qua ong phun ejecteur.
Nc t bnh ngng c c chia lam 2 nhanh, so t qua bm d a ve lo hi a,
pha n l n qua van tiet lu e, luc na y nhiet o moi cha t kha tha p c a vao buong
lanh f e thc hien qua trnh nha n nhiet t mo i trng can lam la nh, sau khi ra khoi
buong la nh o kho cua hi a t e n trang thai hi bao ho a.Hi bao ho a kho ra khoi
buong lanh (trang tha i 3) c ho a tron v i hi t lo hi qua gia n n oan nhie t
ejecteur (tra ng tha i D) tr thanh tra ng tha i 3. Luc nay hon hp hi c on g tang a p
cua ejecteur thc hien qua trnh nen oan nhiet en trang thai 4. Sau o c a vao
bnh ngng c e th c hien qua trnh nha nhiet a ng ap 4-1 va tr ve trang thai ban
au.
oi v i chu trnh nay neu ta coi cong cap cho bm nho bo qua c (trang tha i
A trung vi 1). ong thi nang lng cap cho chu trnh dang nhiet nang. Do va y e
anh gia hieu qua cua chu trnh ta dung he so s dung nhiet .
=
q2
q1
q2: Nhiet nhan buong lanh f (qua trnh 2-3).

q1: Nhiet cap cho lo hi (qua trnh A-B-C).
(a)
-111T (a)
i3 i 2
g (iC i A )
(8-7)
Trong o: g la t so gia lng nc qua bm so vi qua van tiet lu.

8.3.3: Chu trnh may lanh hap thu.
oi vi loai nay nang lng cap cho chu trnh cung dang nhie t na ng. Moi
chat s du ng la dung dch gom 2 thanh pha n co nhiet o soi khac nhau cung ieu
kien ap suat, trong o thanh phan th nhat co vai tro cua tac nhan lam lanh, thanh
pha n con lai la chat hap thu.
Nhng dung dch thng c s dung nh: NH3 H2O, H2O LiBr,
a y ta se e ca p en may la nh hap thu: NH3 H2O.
b
a
ruo
T
yen
u
q
an
am
u phg
HS
ng D
Ky t
P. HC
uat T
d
e
Hnh 8.7: S o nguyen ly chu trnh may lanh hap thu NH3 H2O
Trong o:
a: Bnh phat sinh (nhiet c ca p t ben ngoai)

b: Bnh ngng
c: Van tiet lu
d: Buong la nh
e: Bnh hap thu
f: Bm
g: Van
oi vi chu trnh nay NH3 la ta c nhan la nh, con H2O la chat hap thu.
Bnh pha t sinh a ch a dung dch no NH3 H2O, khi cap nhiet vao, do nhiet o
soi cua NH3 nho hn nen no bo c hi va i va o bnh ngng b, ay no se th c hien
qua trnh nha nhiet ho a lo ng, tiep theo NH3 long qua van tiet lu c va o buong lanh d
e th c hien qua trnh nha n nhiet, sau o tr ve bnh ha p thu e.
-112Tai e se dien ra qua trnh hap thu gia NH3 va dung dch o i c tra ve t a
thong qua van g. Sau khi tr thanh dung dch no, no c bm f a ve bnh pha t sinh
a e tiep tuc thc hien chu trnh ke tiep.
He so s du ng nhiet cua chu trnh se la:
=
Trong o:
q2
qC
(8-8)
q2: Nhiet l ng NH3 nhan buong lanh.
qC: Nhiet lng ca p vao t be n ngoai cho bnh phat sinh.
a y ta bo qua cong bm f.
Mat du hieu qua lam lanh cua chu trnh khong cao, nhng do nang lng ca p
vao cho chu trnh da ng nhiet nang va co the s du ng nhiet thai cua cac nha may.
u
DH S
g
n
ruo
K
pham
P. HC
uat T
y th
T
yen
u
q
an
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO

1.
2.
3.
4.
HOA NG NH TN, LE CH HIEP Nhiet ong Ky Thuat HBK Tp. HCM

PHAM LE DAN, BUI HAI- Nhiet ong Ky Thuat - HBK Ha Noi, 2000
TRAN THE SN, BUI HAI - Nhiet ong Ky Thuat - HBK Ha Noi
LE KIM DN G Nhiet Ky thuat H SPKT Tp. HCM, 2000.
u
DH S
g
n
ruo
K
pham
P. HC
uat T
y th
T
yen
u
q
an
113
BAI TAP NHIET ONG KY THUAT

------- ------1/ O2 cha trong bnh kn co the tch 30 lt, nhiet o 27oC va ap suat 6 at. Neu ta
cung cap cho chat moi gii mot nhiet lng la 60 kJ. Hay xac nh:
a) Ap suat va nhiet o cuoi qua trnh ?
b) Cong ky thuat ?
c) o bien thien enthanpy ?
d) Bieu dien qua trnh le n o th p-v va T-s ?
2/ Khong kh c gian n ang nhiet nhie t o 27oC. T V1 = 1,5 m3 ap suat
p = 8 bar en V2= 6m3. Tnh :
a) Cong gian n ?
b) o bien thien entropy ?
c) Cong ky thuat ?
d) Bieu dien qua trnh len o th p-v va T-s ? y th
am K
P. HC
uat T
3/ 1 kg khong kh co trang thai ban au p1H=S6u path ;t1= 25oC. Sau khi gian n oan nhiet
D
uong
the tch tang len hai lan. Xac nh
:
r
T
uyen
q
n
a
a) Cac thong so
B trang thai cuoi ?
b) Cong gian n ?
c) Cong ky thuat ?
d) o bien thien enthanpy ?
e)Bieu dien qua trnh le n o th p-v va T-s ?
4/ O2 c nen oan nhiet t ap suat p1 = 1 at en ap suat p2 =10 at. Xac nh:
a) Cac thong so trang thai sau khi nen ?
b) Cong nen ?
c) Bieu dien qua trnh len o th p-v va T-s ?
Biet nhiet o trc khi nen t1 = 17oC . (Ch tnh cho 1 kg )
5/ 1 Kg khong kh nhiet o T1 = 300 K. Thc hien qua trnh nen a bien, ap sua t
sau khi nen tang len 10 lan. Hay xac nh:
a) Nhiet lng tham gia qua trnh?
b) o bien thien entropy ?
c) Cong nen ?
(Biet rang so mu a bien n = 1,2 .)
6/ Chu trnh Carnot thuan co p max =50 bar; Tmax = 700 K; p min = 1 bar; Tmin =350 K
Hay tnh :
114
a) Cac thong so trang thai cac iem nut cua chu trnh ?
b) Nhiet nhan va thai ?
c) Cong cua chu trnh ?
d) Hieu suat nhiet chu trnh ?
( Chat moi gii c xem la khong kh )
7/ Khong kh co the tch V1 = 8 m3, ap suat p1 =2 bar. Thc hien qua trnh nen a bien
lam cho ap suat tang len 10 lan. Xac nh nhiet lng tham gia qua trnh ?
(Biet rang so mu a bien n = 1,2 ).
8/ May nen khong kh thc hien cac qua trnh nen a bien vi n = 1,2. Ap suat au
va cuoi lan lt la: 1 bar; va 120 bar. Nhiet o vao va ra moi cap la nh nhau lan
lt la: 27oC; 127o. Xac nh:
a) So cap cua may nen ?
b) T so tang ap ?
c) Ap suat trung gian gia cac cap ?
d) Nhiet thai cua may nen ?
(Ch tnh cho 1 Kg kh .)
u
DH S
g
n
ruo
K
pham
P. HC
uat T
y th
n
9/ Chu trnh ong c ot trong
quye cap nhiet ang tch, trang thai 1 co: p1 = 1bar;
Ban
t1 =27oC, cac ai lng ac trng: = 5; = 3. Xac nh:
a) Cac thong so trang thai tai cac iem nut cua chu trnh ?
b) Nhiet nhan va nha ?
c) Cong va hieu suat nhie t cua chu trnh?
(Chat moi gii c xem la 1Kg khong kh )
10/ Chu trnh l thuyet ong c ot trong cap nhie t hon hp co cac thong so:
p1 = 1bar; t1 = 27oC; = 12; = 3; = 1,4. Xac nh :
a) Cac thong so trang thai tai cac iem nut cua chu trnh ?
b) Nhiet nhan va nha?
c) Cong, hieu suat nhiet cua chu trnh?
d) Bieu dien chu trnh len o th p-v va T-s?
(Ch tnh cho 1Kg khong kh )
11/ Chu trnh turbine kh cap nhiet ang ap co :
p1 = 1bar; t1 =27oC; t3 =827oC; = 12; k =1,4. Xac nh :
a) Cac thong so tai cac iem ac trng cua chu trnh?
c) Cong cua chu trnh theo hai cach: Cong ky thuat va nhiet lng?
115
d) Hieu suat cua chu trnh theo nhiet l ng va theo ?

e) Bieu dien chu trnh len o th p-v va T-s theo t le tng ng?
(Ch tnh cho 1kg khong kh )
12/ Chu trnh turbine kh cap nhiet ang ap co cac thong so :
t1 =27oC; p2 =10 bar; t2 =427oC; v4 =2,5 m3/kg. Xac nh:
a) Cac thong so con lai tai cac iem ac trng cua chu trnh?
c) Cong va hieu suat nhie t cua chu trnh?
13/ Chu trnh Rankine co cac thong so hi trang thai au p1 = 20 bar; t1 = 400oC, ap
suat ra khoi turbine p2 = 0,05 bar. Xac nh :
a) Hieu suat nhiet cua chu trnh ?
b) Suat tieu hao hi (d) ?
14/ Chu trnh Rankine co cong suat N = 20.000 kW, cac thong so hi au vao
turbine: p1 = 50 bar; t1 = 550oC, ap suat ra khoi turbine p2 = 0,04 bar.
M Xac nh :
a) Cong va hieu suat nhie t cua chu trnh?
HC
TP.
t
a
u
th
y
am K
h
p
b) Lng hi tieu thu cua ong c H(D)?
u
D S
g
n
uo
15/ Chu trnh hoi nhiet co cacntho
Tnrg so:
e
y
n q=u 0,04 bar. Hi c trch ra cac ap suat: p= 10 bar;
Bap
p1 = 90 bar; t1 = 450oC;
2
p = 1,2 bar. Xac nh :

a) Cong gian n turbine cao ap (lca); trung ap (ltra); va ha ap (lha)?
b) Hieu suat nhiet cua chu trnh?
c) Hieu suat nhiet cua chu trnh Rankine khi co cung thong so ban au va
cuoi? So sanh hieu suat nhiet trong hai trng hp tren, cho nhan xet?
(Biet rang g1 = 0,130 kg; g2 = 0,120 kg.)
16/ Chu trnh thiet b lam lanh dung moi chat la khong kh co cac thong so:
t1 = -10oC; t3 = 30oC; t so tang ap cua may nen = p2/p1 = 5. Xac nh:
a) Nhiet nhan va nha cua chu trnh?
b) Cong chu trnh?
c) He so lam lanh?
d) Cong suat ly thuyet ong c (Nlt)?
Biet rang nang suat lanh cua chu trnh Qo = 40 kJ/s.
17/ Chu trnh thiet b lanh dung hi (NH3) ,nhiet o mo i chat sau khi ra khoi buong
lanh la hi bao hoa kho co nhiet o t1 = -20oC, nhiet o sau khi ngng t3 = 20oC,lu
lng khoi lng G = 0,200 kg/s. Xac nh :
a) He so lam lanh cua chu trnh ?
116
b) Nang suat lanh cua chu trnh (Qo) ?

c) Cong suat ly thuyet cua ong c (Nlt ) ?.
18/ Thiet b lanh dung hi (NH3), trang thai hi vao may nen la hi bao hoa kho co ap
suat p1 = 1 bar, ap suat cuoi qua trnh ne n oan nhiet la p2 = 6 bar, cong suat may nen
N = 60 kW. Xac nh :
a) He so lam lanh ?
b) Lu lng moi chat (G) ?
c) Nang suat lanh (Qo) ?
u
DH S
g
n
ruo
K
pham
P. HC
uat T
y th
T
yen
u
q
an
- 117 -
u
DH S
g
n
ruo
K
pham
y th
P. HC
uat T
T
yen
u
q
an
118
BANG 3: NC SOI VA HI BAO HOA KHO CHO THEO NHIE T O
u
DH S
g
n
ruo
K
pham
P. HC
uat T
y th
T
yen
u
q
an
119
BANG 3: NC SOI VA HI BAO HOA KHO CHO THEO NHIE T O (Tiep theo)
u
DH S
g
n
ruo
K
pham
P. HC
uat T
y th
T
yen
u
q
an
120
BANG 3: NC SOI VA HI BAO HOA KHO CHO THEO NHIE T O (Tiep theo)
u
DH S
g
n
ruo
K
pham
P. HC
uat T
y th
T
yen
u
q
an
121
BANG 4: NC SOI VA HI BAO HOA KHO CHO THEO AP SUA T
u
DH S
g
n
ruo
K
pham
P. HC
uat T
y th
T
yen
u
q
an
122
BANG 4: NC SOI VA HI BAO HOA KHO CHO THEO AP SUA T (Tiep theo)
u
DH S
g
n
ruo
K
pham
P. HC
uat T
y th
T
yen
u
q
an
123
u
DH S
g
n
ruo
K
pham
P. HC
uat T
y th
T
yen
u
q
an
124
u
DH S
g
n
ruo
K
pham
P. HC
uat T
y th
T
yen
u
q
an
125
u
DH S
g
n
ruo
K
pham
P. HC
uat T
y th
T
yen
u
q
an
126
BANG 5: NC CHA SO I VA HI QUA NHIE T
u
DH S
g
n
ruo
K
pham
P. HC
uat T
y th
T
yen
u
q
an
127
BANG 5: NC CHA SO I VA HI QUA NHIE T (Tiep theo)
u
DH S
g
n
ruo
K
pham
P. HC
uat T
y th
T
yen
u
q
an
128
u
DH S
g
n
ruo
K
pham
P. HC
uat T
y th
T
yen
u
q
an
129
u
DH S
g
n
ruo
K
pham
P. HC
uat T
y th
T
yen
u
q
an
130
u
DH S
g
n
ruo
K
pham
P. HC
uat T
y th
T
yen
u
q
an
131
u
DH S
g
n
ruo
K
pham
P. HC
uat T
y th
T
yen
u
q
an
132
O TH i-d
u
DH S
g
n
ruo
K
pham
P. HC
uat T
y th
T
yen
u
q
an
133
u
DH S
g
n
ruo
K
pham
P. HC
uat T
y th
T
yen
u
q
an
134
u
DH S
g
n
ruo
K
pham
P. HC
uat T
y th
T
yen
u
q
an
135
u
DH S
g
n
ruo
K
pham
P. HC
uat T
y th
T
yen
u
q
an
136
u
DH S
g
n
ruo
K
pham
P. HC
uat T
y th
T
yen
u
q
an
137
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
HOA NG NH TN, LE CH HIEP Nhiet ong Ky Thuat HBK Tp. HCM

PHAM LE DAN, BUI HAI- Nhiet ong Ky Thuat - HBK Ha Noi
TRAN THE SN, BUI HAI - Nhiet ong Ky Thuat - HBK Ha Noi
LE XUA N HOA Ky thuat nhiet NXB H QG Tp. HCM, 2004.
LE KIM DN G Nhiet Ky thuat H SPKT Tp. HCM, 2000.
u
DH S
g
n
ruo
K
pham
P. HC
uat T
y th
T
yen
u
q
an

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TRNG AI HOC S PHAM KY THUAT TP HCM

GIAO TRNH BAI GIANG

NHIET ONG LC HOC KY THUAT

Thang 1 nam 2005

Truong DH SPKT TP. HCM

1.4: Trang thai va tho ng so trang tha i nhiet ong.------------------------------- ---

1.4.1: Tho ng so trang thai. -----------------------------------------------------------

1.4.2: Phng trnh trang thai. -----------------------------------------------------

Chng 2: Chat moi gi i. ----------------------------------------------------------------- 11

2.3.2: Qua trnh hoa hi a ng ap (hi n c ). ------------------------------------

2.3.3: Phng phap xac nh thon g so tra ng thai cu a hi. ----------------------

2.4: Khong kh am . ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 21

Thu vien DH SPKT TP. HCM - http://www.thuvienspkt.edu.vn

Truong DH SPKT TP. HCM

3.3: Cac loai co ng. ------------------------------------------------------------------------

3.3.1: Con g thay oi the tch. ------------------------------------------------------- 31

Chng 5: Cac qua trnh nhiet ong cua kh va hi.

Thu vien DH SPKT TP. HCM - http://www.thuvienspkt.edu.vn

Truong DH SPKT TP. HCM

6.1.6: Chu trnh Carnot. -------------------------------------------------------------- 65

6.2.2: o bien thien entropy cua he nhiet o ng. ---------------------------------

6.3: Exergy. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 69

7.1: nh ngha va pha n loa i. ----------------------------------------------------------- 71

7.4: Chu trnh o ng c pha n lc.

7.4.1: Chu trnh ong c phan l c tr c lu. --------------------------------------

7.4.2: Chu trnh ong c phan l c turbine may nen. ----------------------------

7.4.3: Chu trnh ten la. -------------------------------------------------------------

7.5: Chu trnh o ng lc thiet b hi n c. ---------------------------------------------

7.3.3: Chu trnh turbine kh cap nhiet ang tch. --------------------------------- 83

7.5.1: Chu trnh Carnot kh th c.(hi nc) ---------------------------------------- 91

7.5.4: Chu trnh qua nhie t trung gian. --------------------------------------------- 96

Thu vien DH SPKT TP. HCM - http://www.thuvienspkt.edu.vn

Truong DH SPKT TP. HCM

Chng 8: Chu trnh ngc chie u. -------------------------------------------------

8.1: nh ngha va pha n loa i. ------------------------------------------------------------ 104

8.3: Chu trnh may lanh dung hi. ----------------------------------------------------- 107

Thu vien DH SPKT TP. HCM - http://www.thuvienspkt.edu.vn

Truong DH SPKT TP. HCM

NHNG KHAI NIEM C BAN

Cong sinh ra L > 0

(British Thermal Unit)

1.2: HE NHIET ONG VA PHAN LOAI .

Thu vien DH SPKT TP. HCM - http://www.thuvienspkt.edu.vn

Truong DH SPKT TP. HCM

Neu gia he va moi trng ch khong co s trao oi nhiet ma thoi th goi la he

nhng gia tr xac nh. quyen

1.4.1: Thong so trang thai.

e xac nh nhiet o ngi ta thng dung 2 thang o nhiet o :

Thu vien DH SPKT TP. HCM - http://www.thuvienspkt.edu.vn

Truong DH SPKT TP. HCM

Nhiet o bach pha n. ( Nhiet o Celcius : t, 0C )

p : a p sua t tuyet oi (N/m2)

S : dien tch qtha

e o ap sua t ngi ta dung nhieu n v o khac nhau, ta co moi quan he gi a

Ngoa i ra ta co ca c khai niem khac ve ap suat nh:

: chieu cao cot thuy ngan t 0C.

Thu vien DH SPKT TP. HCM - http://www.thuvienspkt.edu.vn

Truong DH SPKT TP. HCM

c/ The tch rieng:

Khoi lng rieng la ai lng nghch ao cu a the tch rieng.

d/ Noi nang: ( ky hieu: u, J/kg)

a y: cv la nhiet dung rieng khoi lng ang tch(J/kg.o)

Nang lng ay la mo t thong so trang thai va ch co he h, khi dong kh