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Amity School of Hospitality

Amity University
Sector 125, Noida
Uttar Pradesh

Term Paper:

HOSPITALITY AND ITS ORIGIN

Prepared and presented for the partial fulfillment of the


Requirements for the award of
B.Sc. in Hotel Management (2008 – 2011)

Submitted by: Submitted to:


Name: AMAN KALRA Mr. M.P. Sharma
Enrollment no: A2706008064

1. Made By: Aman Kalra


Amity School of Hospitality
Amity University
Sector 125, Noida
Uttar Pradesh

Term Paper:

HOSPITALITY AND ITS ORIGIN

Prepared and presented for the partial fulfillment of the


Requirements for the award of
B.Sc. in Hotel Management (2008 – 2011)

Submitted by: Submitted to:


Name: AMAN KALRA Mr. M.P. Sharma
Enrollment no: A2706008064

2. Made By: Aman Kalra


INDEX

S.No. Particulars Page


Number

1. Undertaking 3

2. Acknowledgement 4

3. Guide Certificate 5

4. Executive Summary 6

5. Objective 7
6. Introduction To Hospitality 8

7. Origin of Hospitality and Hotel 28


Industry
8. Link between Tourism and 48
Hospitality Industry
9. Tourism 58
10. Tourism System 74

11. Tourism By State 88

12. Bibliography 103

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UNDERTAKING

I hereby declare that this project report title


“Hospitality and its Origin” is the result of my hard
work and is not plagiarized from any other project.

Name: AMAN KALRA Date: 11/05/2010


Enrollment No: A2706008064
Amity School of Hospitality
Amity University

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I gratefully thank Mr. M.P. Sharma who guided me in


my quest for the completion of this project.

She gave my all the important information required for


the project. Without her help the project would not
have been possible.

I am also thankful to all the people in different Hotels


and Restaurant who have given their support and
suggestions to improve the project.

Name: AMAN KALRA


Date: 11/05/2010
Enrollment No: A2706008064
Amity School of Hospitality
Amity University

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GUIDE’S CERTIFICATE

I have the pleasure to certify that AMAN KALRA a


student of Amity School of Hospitality, Noida has
prepared the Research Project “Hospitality and its
Origin” under my supervision and guidance. The
presented report is the result of his own research to
the best of my knowledge. This is being submitted to
the institute for partial fulfillment of the requirements
of the three year full time Degree in Hotel
Management.

---------------------------
Date: 11/05/2010
Guide Name and Signature
Mr. M.P. Sharma

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY OF THE PROJECT

This project has been a great learning experience for


me; at the
same time it gave me enough scope to implement my
analytical ability. Full project gives
an insight about the term ‘Hospitality’ its explanation in
brief, How it originated.. And About the base of its
origin (TOURISM). It is purely based on whatever the
researcher learned at THE Amity School OF Hospitality
. All the topics have been covered in a very
systematic way. The language has been kept simple so
that even a layman could understand. The whole
theoretical part is covered with relation to the
product.

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OBJECTIVE

The main objective for making this project was to know


the basics of Hospitality in brief. Also, discussing about
the history of Hospitality and how it actually originated,
its definition, its dimensions and also a related topic called
“Hospitality Management”.

In terms of Origin of Hospitality, Tourism also plays an


important role since the growth in Tourism has been a
major-most factor held responsible and helpful for the
growth of Hospitality and industry. The nature and the
main concept behind the term “Tourism”; various
approaches of studying Tourism; Tourism system are some
topics covered hereunder.

Here, we have also discussed about how Hospitality is


linked to Tourism.

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INTRODUCTION

There are two broad (and crude) approaches to defining


‘hospitality’: the first semantic, the second evidential.
The semantic approach centers on the variety of
definitions offered by informed commentators, from
dictionary compilers to those engaged in research and
teaching in the university subject ‘Hospitality
management’.
The evidential approach, in contrast, derives its impetus
from excavation of secondary literature, theoretical and
conceptual in nature, seeking to locate and define
hospitality within the ‘real world’ of evidence.
The evidential approach has not been much developed
whereas Semantic discussions are relatively plentiful.
Indeed, a notable feature of attempts to define
hospitality by ‘hospitality management’ academics is that
they have largely taken place in an evidential and empirical
Vacuum, without reference to generic ‘real world’
applications of the concept.

1) SEMANTIC DEFINITIONS
Dictionary definitions of terms are, by their very nature,
generic in character and thus tend towards the vague.
However, there is merit in reflecting upon at least some of
these since it permits an appreciation of the parameters
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of nuance, or spin, places on definitions of hospitality.
Thus, we have hospitality as the ‘friendly and generous
reception and entertainment of guests or strangers’ and as
‘kindness in welcoming strangers or guests’. Further
elaboration of the meaning of hospitality may be obtained
from related definitions. One of particular interest is the
term “hospitable” is very similar to ‘hospitality’ as
‘offering or affording welcome and entertainment to
strangers… of persons... of things, feelings, qualities etc…
Disposed to receive or welcome kindly; open and generous
in mind or disposition… Hence hospitableness, a hospitable
quality or character’. These definitions of ‘hospitality’ and
‘hospitableness” share a high degree of commonality,
especially in the emphasis they place on the attitudinal and
behavioral dimensions of hospitality, notably in relation to
those providing Hospitality.

These dictionary terms resonate with both semantic and


evidential definitions of hospitality. However, it is
important to reiterate that their generic character falls
short of an inclusive understanding of the concept of
hospitality.

Turning to those definitions emanating from informed


commentators in the field of ‘hospitality management’ we
will find both a greater degree of specificity, and evidence
of symmetry with dictionary definitions of hospitality. one
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approach that has, historically, dominated the thinking of
most hospitality management academics and practitioners,
exhibits the tendency to take a narrow, commercial,
economic and industrial perspective to defining hospitality.
Hospitality is thus conceived of in terms of the activities
associated with the hospitality industry.

Some definitions of Hospitality by some people:


1. ‘The method of production by which the needs of the
proposed guest are satisfied to the utmost and that
means a supply of hoods and services in a quantity and
quality desired by the guest and at a price that is
acceptable to him so that he feels the product is
worth the price’.
2. ‘Offering food, beverage and lodging, or, in other
words, of offering the basic needs for the person
away from home’
3. ‘The provision of overnight accommodation for people
staying away from home, and the provision of
sustenance for people eating away from home.’
4. ‘A harmonious mixture of tangible and intangible
components – food, beverages, beds, ambience and
environment, and behavior of staff.’

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2) EVIDENTIAL DEFINITIONS
As intimated earlier, relatively little academic
investigation has been undertaken of the concept, as
opposed to the practice, of hospitality. One advantage of
this is that the intellectual terrain that does not exist is
relatively easy to map. Another is that a high degree of
clarity can be attained in focusing investigation on the
relationships between generic concepts of hospitality and
related terms and those reflecting some ‘application’ (as in
the case, for example, of the ‘hospitality industry’). As a
corollary of this, a serious limitation of current
reflections on the concept of hospitality is the absence of
extended theorizing about, and empirical investigation of,
the subject. This not only circumscribes the potential for
generalization, but additionally undermines in some way in
that conceptual framework which does exist. Failure to
attend to what we do know about hospitality as a social
phenomenon leads, as we have already seen, to relatively
arbitrary definitions of hospitality which have little value
beyond the immediate context in which they have been
developed.

First, there are consistent references to the themes of


order and conformity in the hospitality exchange. This is
characterized by discussions of the role(s) of rules,
customs, manners, rituals, and habits in regulating
hospitality exchanges.
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Second, this orderliness tends to reflect the
establishment and maintenance of social relations as a
central aspect of the hospitality exchange, whether this is
reciprocal in nature or not. Hospitality can arise in both
symmetrical and asymmetrical relationships and embrace
varying combinations of the personal and social.
Third, all hospitality situations, whether public or private,
are imbued with symbolic associations and significance. As
a consequence it is possible to differentiate between them
on the basis of either the motives underlying the provision
of a particular form of hospitality and/or the nature of
the hospitality experience.
Fourth, hospitality, especially in the public domain is
characterized by increasing commodification and subject
to the dictates of fashion; wherein to be fashionable is
synonymous with conformity on the one hand and,
paradoxically, with change and innovation on the other.
Fifth, another recurring theme in the literature is the
enduring nature of the essence of hospitality across space
and time in the face of different and changing socio-
economic and politico-cultural influences. Though the
particular motives for, form of, and symbolic significance
attributed to, different incidences of hospitality clearly
vary across space and time, the essence of hospitality
remains remarkably stable.

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A possible objection to this last line of argument is that
the motives for, incidence, and formats of, hospitality
provision have varied over time, and continue to do so in
both similar and different contemporary environments,
cultures and countries. However, the fact that specific
motives for the existence of hospitality and its particular
manifestations do exhibit spatio-temporal variations is not
a compelling reason to reject the view that the essence of
the concept remains constant across time and space.

TOWARS A SYNTHESIS:

Drawing on the above discussion of the semantic and


evidence approaches to defining hospitality, it is possible
to identify number of important and recurrent
characteristics ascribed to hospitality. Put simply,
hospitality:

• Is concerned with producing and supplying certain


physical products; namely accommodation and/or food
and/or drink;

• Involves an exchange relationship, which may be


primarily economic, social, or psychological in nature;

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• Consists of a combination of tangible and intangible
elements, the precise proportion of each varying
according to the specifics of different hospitality
exchange situations;

• Is associated with particular forms of human behavior


and interaction;

• Is not inevitably synonymous with hospitable behavior,


which is a necessary but not sufficient condition for
the existence of hospitality;

• Is an activity entered into on a voluntary basis by the


parties involved;

• May be provided and consumed for a variety of


different motives;

• Can vary in its specific form, function, and


motivational basis across time and space, but in
essence remains qualitatively the same;

• Is an activity designed to produce commensality and


mutual enhancement for the parties who engage in it;

• Involves people in the process of the hospitality


exchange; and
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• Is an exchange which takes place within an
intermediate time frame, and one which reflects the
close temporal connection between its production and
consumption aspects.

Distilling these characteristics into a coherent definition


is no easy task, but is offered as follows:

A contemporaneous human exchange, which is voluntarily


entered into, and designed to enhance the mutual well
being of the parties concerned through the provision of
accommodation, and/or food and/or drink.

This captures the generic essence of hospitality, placing


the issue of human exchange at the very heart of the
hospitality concept (Refer Fig.1). At the same time, it
indicates the nature of the dimensions and parameters
that serve to differentiate hospitality from other forms
of human exchange.

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Figure 1 The Dimensions of hospitality

Thus, the term accommodation is used in a wider sense


than that normally ascribed to it within the context of
hospitality. Here it is used to refer to any accommodation,
whether permanent or temporary, used to house the
hospitality exchange. Clearly this usage of the term
embraces both domestic and commercial premises and
posits that hospitality occurs within the context of a
place. In this sense it is also capable of including the type
of ‘outdoor’ venues sometimes used as accommodation for
the provision of hospitality. For example, domestic events
like barbecues, picnics, and garden parties, and commercial
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activities such as catering at sporting events, occur at a
place and use either indoor or outdoor accommodation to
house the hospitality exchange. In addition, the placement
of the term accommodation before those of food or drink,
which is not normal practice in the literature, reinforces
this contention and has further value in helping to
differentiate the incidence of hospitality from other
forms of human exchange including food and/or drink.

Clearly, any precise definition of hospitality such as that


proffered here is unlikely to be either uncontentious or
clear cut. Nevertheless, this and related definitions are
vital for establishing a consistent view of what constitutes
hospitality, the hospitality industry, and hospitality
management. The cavalier and unsystematic ways in which
these terms have been hitherto employed demands clarity,
even an artificial clarity, if progress if to be made
towards meaningful elaboration and discourse on the
nature of hospitality. As an intermediate step on the road
to transmuting the above definition into one appropriate
to hospitality management the following is offered as a
new definition of the hospitality industry:

The Hospitality Industry is comprised of commercial


organizations that specialize in providing accommodation
and/or, food, and/or drink, through a voluntary human
exchange, which is contemporaneous in nature and
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undertaken to enhance the mutual well being of the
parties concerned.

STRUCTURES AND FINCTIONS OF HOSPITALITY

The basic function of hospitality is to establish a


relationship or to promote an already established
relationship. Acts of hospitality achieve this in the course
of exchange of goods and services, both material and
symbolic, between those who give hospitality (hosts) and
those who receive it (guests). Since relationships
necessarily evolve within moral frameworks, one of the
principal functions of any act of hospitality is either the
case of an existing relationship to consolidate the
recognition that hosts and guests already share the same
moral universe or in the case of a new relationship to
enable the construction of a moral universe to which both
host n guest agree to belong.

Acts of hospitality thus either consolidate structures of


relations by symbolically affirming them, or (in the case of
the establishment of a new framework of relations) are
structurally transformative. In the latter case givers
and/or receivers of hospitality are (in each other’s eyes at
any rate) not the same after the event as they were
before. Hospitality converts: strangers into familiars,
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enemies into friend, friends into better friends, outsiders
into insides, non-kin into kin. These principles find
expression in ethnographic descriptions of a wide variety
of social systems.

Ethnographers of hunting and gathering societies, make


much of the fluidity and flexibility of the bands which
make up the social structure. People customarily leave one
group and join another more or less as they please. But,
relatively unmarked as it is in comparison with other
societies, the business of joining a group is normally
accompanied by a small symbolic ‘announcement’, if it may
be described as such, consisting of the newcomer
establishing his/her right to share a part of the food of
an existing band member, a slight but significant act of
hospitality signifying the acceptance by the band of a new
member.

SOMETHING ABOUT HOSPITALITY MANAGEMENT

We have already noted that those operating in the


academic field known as ‘hospitality management’ tend to
employ commercially and economically specific definitions
of hospitality. Such definitions do not normally admit
generic understandings of hospitality as a social
phenomenon.
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So, what exactly is Hospitality management? Precisely,
nothing. There is hospitality and there is management.
Both are social, economic, and political activities. Both are
the products of human action. Neither can be granted any
epistemologically privileged status. Both, however, can be
more or less defined, or, more precisely, circumscribed.
‘Hospitality management’, does not exist other than as a
linguistic label employed to describe programmes of study,
styles of research, and so on, prevalent in higher
education. However, it may be fairly objected, is
“Hospitality Management” not “Management of
Hospitality”? To this we can reply ‘Yes, most certainly’ if
we mean the application of one set of intellectual
constructs and practices (management) to another
(hospitality). The advantage of this explicit formulation
of the term “hospitality management’ is that it free us to
determine what constructs, and what practices and
applications might be studied as a form of scholarly
activity in their own right(i.e. theoretically) as well as
permitting of pragmatic prescription(the activity of
managing hospitality). It also frees us from any
predetermined context of our study. We might justifiably
study how hospitality is managed in the home, or in
hospitals, prisons or in commercial enterprises.

This appealingly rationalist definition lends itself to


multi/inter-disciplinary study; it is above all a liberating
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approach. There is a problem, whoever, in that it clashes
with another, second, type of ‘definition’ of hospitality
management. In essence, this concept of hospitality
management embraces two key assumptions, namely:

• Hospitality Management is about the management of


(essentially but not exclusively) commercial
organizations in the business of providing the three
key related services of food, drink and
accommodation; and
• Hospitality Management principally entails the
application of management concepts and techniques to
the provision of these goods and services.

The weaknesses of this approach are easy to identify.


First, the used of the term ‘hospitality management’ in
this sense is a misnomer. There may be a perception that
‘hospitality’ is being ‘managed’ (many who operate within
this framework sincerely hold this to be self-evident) but
we must insist that such a view is mistaken.

Our Second definition of hospitality management has no


theory of hospitality. Rather, in an ironic methodology
sense, certain ‘measurement concepts’ come to stand for
hospitality, concepts from which we are meant to infer
hospitality (or its absence) from the organizations under
scrutiny. Such concepts are the product of a strand of
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management thinking which properly, as a theoretical level,
ought to constitute objects of study. This is because, as
intimated earlier, management as a set of intellectual
concepts and practices cannot be assumed to have an
epistemologically privileged status. Yet those who
subscribe to this second view generally do concede just
such a status to ‘management’ knowledge.

A second problem with our second view concerns the


internal contradictions that are an ever-present feature
of efforts to defend the legitimacy of ‘hospitality
management’ within academic like.
There are three issues here.
The first is the utility of the term ‘hospitality’. In the UK
it has generally come to substitute for other terms such
as ‘hotel’, ‘restaurant’ and most, especially, ‘catering’. The
creeping adoption of the term ‘hospitality’ without much
thought as to its meaning may be seen as part of
academics’ professionalization strategies. In many
societies there is still extensive institutional and wider
snobbery that negatively colors attitudes towards services
in general, and hotels and catering in particular. Precisely
because the term ‘hospitality’ remains undefined and
without a rationale, however, these problems have not
disappeared.

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This leads to the Second issue again which is, of course,
that ‘outsiders’ have every right to remain skeptical of
cosmetic name changes, precisely because hospitality
academics continue to assert the instrumental primacy of
the first assumption noted earlier.

The Third and the final issue again follow this and is,
simply, this: if Hospitality management is the application
of management concepts and techniques to hotel and
catering organizations, why do we need special school to do
the job? The principal response to hospitality academics
to this question has most often been industry – note, not
hospitality management. This argument runs as follows.
The uniqueness of this industry requires a selective
application of management concepts and techniques,
reflecting this uniqueness, in order to maximize business
success. Maximize business success. Many cling to this
view (again sincerely) but they are wrong, wrong rationally,
logically and empirically. There are a number of reasons
for this and we do not propose to rehearse all the
arguments here. The central problem with this position
lies in the asymmetry it lends to our second view of
hospitality management. Thus, the concepts and
techniques of ‘management’ are viewed as (relatively)
intellectually unproblematic. This has led to the search, if
not for theories then for ‘models’ of hospitality
management which borrow concepts from ‘general’
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management discourse and seek to adapt these to the
supposed peculiarities of the hospitality sector. This
approach has profound limitations in terms of the
assumptions that underpin it, a fact reflected in the
remarkable sterility of hospitality research conducted
according to such tenets.

The limitations of the second approach are illuminated by


a third ‘tradition’ in the practice of hospitality
management, teaching and research. This consists of the
application of concepts and theories from management
disciplines to aspects of the hospitality industry and
management. In other words, the hospitality industry
serves as a locus for disciplinary exploration. Most
developed in this regard are the fields of industrial
relations and human resource management. Here,
researchers have explored ‘hospitality’ in their disciplinary
contexts in much the same way as they might have
explored car manufacture or yoghurt production or
farming. The principal advantage of ‘disciplinary
approaches’ to hospitality lies, above all else, in identifying
characteristics of the hospitality industry while
emphasizing the linkages that exist between that industry
and other. The main limitations of these approaches is
that in all but the most sophisticated applications of such
research, the certainties of the discipline being ‘applied’
are assumed and linked with equally powerful assumptions
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about the unproblematic nature of the hospitality
industry. It should be emphasized at this point that it is
not the intention to advocate here a ‘back door’ argument
for the ‘special’ nature of the hospitality industry or
hospitality management. The Hospitality industry and
hospitality management is special, even unique, in the
sense that any industry has particular characteristics that
differentiate it from the other. This does not prevent the
analytic treatment of the industry as any other.

At this point it may be worthwhile offering some


diagrammatic representation of where we are in order to
aid clarity. If we take the opening view then we are
arguing that hospitality and management are two distinct
conceptual domains (as shown in Fig.2). Here there are no
assumptions as to the possible directions of research but
we can build these by extending the model to produce a
holistic set of possibilities (as shown in Fig.3). Of course,
the model can be extended and further differentiated. In
Fig.4, we have our ‘Second view’ of hospitality
management and in Fig.5, the ‘Third view’.

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Figure 2 Hospitality and management 2 distinct conceptual domains

Figure 3 Set of Possibilities


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Figure 4 “Second View” of Hospitality management

Figure 5 ‘Third View’ of Hospitality management


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ORIGIN OF HOTEL INDUSTRY AND HOSPITALITY

The history of hotels is intimately connected to that of


civilizations. Or rather, it is a part of that history.
Facilities offering guests hospitality have been in evidence
since early biblical times. The Greeks developed thermal
baths in villages designed for rest and recuperation. Later,
the Romans built mansions to provide accommodation for
travelers on government business. The Romans were the
first to develop thermal baths in England, Switzerland and
the Middle East. Later still, caravanserais appeared,
providing a resting place for caravans along Middle
Eastern routes. In the middle Ages, monasteries and
abbeys were the first establishments to offer refuge to
travelers on a regular basis. Religious orders built inns,
hospices and hospitals to cater for those on the move.

FROM ANTIQUITY TO THE MIDDLE AGES:

The history of hotels is intimately connected to that of


civilizations. Or rather, it is a part of that history.
Facilities offering guests hospitality have been in evidence
since early biblical times. The Greeks developed thermal
baths in villages designed for rest and recuperation. Later,
the Romans built mansions to provide accommodation for
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travelers on government business. The Romans were the
first to develop thermal baths in England, Switzerland and
the Middle East.

Later still, caravanserais appeared, providing a resting


place for caravans along Middle Eastern routes. In the
Middle Ages, monasteries and abbeys were the first
establishments to offer refuge to travelers on a regular
basis. Religious orders built inns, hospices and hospitals to
cater for those on the move.

Inns multiplied, but they did not yet offer meals. Staging
posts were established for governmental transports and
as rest stops. They provided shelter and allowed horses to
be changed more easily. Numerous refuges then sprang up
for pilgrims and crusaders on their way to the Holy Land.

Travelling then became progressively more hazardous. At


the same time, inns gradually appeared in most of Europe.
Some of them have remained famous, for example, l'
Auberge des Trois Rois in Basle, which dates from the
Middle Ages.

Around 1200, staging posts for travelers and stations for


couriers were set up in China and Mongolia.

In Europe, or more precisely in Belgium, l' Auberge Cour


Saint Georges opened in Gant, while the Angel Inn was
built at Grantham in Lincolnshire, England.
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THE START OF THE HOTEL INDUSTRY:

In France, at the beginning of the fifteenth century, the


law required that hotels keep a register. English law also
introduced rules for inns at that time. At the same time,
around 1500 thermal spas were developed at Carlsbad and
Marienbad.

During this epoch, more than 600 inns were registered in


England. Their architecture often consisted of a paved
interior court with access through an arched porch. The
bedrooms were situated on the two sides of the
courtyard, the kitchen and the public rooms at the front,
and the stables and storehouses at the back. The first
guide books for travelers were published in France during
this period.

An embryonic hotel industry began to develop in Europe.


Distinctive signs were hung outside establishments
renowned for their refined cuisine. At the end of the

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1600s, the first stage coaches following a regular
timetable started operating in England. Half a century
later, clubs similar to English gentlemen's clubs and
Masonic lodges began to appear in America.

In Paris in the time of Louis XIV, the Place Vendôme


offered the first example of a multiple-use architectural
complex, where the classical façades accommodated
boutiques, offices, apartments and also hotels.

IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY, HOTELS TAKE


OVER THE TOWN:

The industrial revolution, which started in the 1760s,


facilitated the construction of hotels everywhere, in
mainland Europe, in England and in America.

In New York first of all, and then in Copenhagen, hotels


were established in city centers.

At the beginning of the 1800s, the Royal Hotel was built in


London. Holiday resorts began to flourish along the French
and Italian rivieras.

In Japan, Ryokan guest houses sprang up. In India, the


government-run Dark bungalows provided reliable
accommodation for travelers. The Tremont House in
Boston was the first deluxe hotel in a city centre. It
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offered inside toilets, locks on the doors and an "à la
carte" menu.

The Holt Hotel in New York City was the first to provide
its guests with a lift for their luggage.

In 1822, in Venice, a certain Giuseppe Dal Niel


transformed an old palace into a hotel and gave it his
name, "Le Danieli". As trains began to replace horse-drawn
transport, highway inns for stage coaches started to
decline.

During this period, the Shepheards Hotel in Cairo was


founded, the result of a complete transformation of an
ancient city-centre harem.

L’hôtel des Bergues was built in the spring of 1834 on the


shore of the Lake of Geneva. One of its founders,
Guillaume Henri Dufour, became a famous Swiss general.
In 1840, l’hôtel des Trois Couronnes was established in
Vevey in Switzerland and the Baur au Lac in Zurich, fully
refurbished since 1995.

In New York, the New York Hotel was the first to be


equipped with private bathrooms.

The "Bayerischer Hof" was built in Munich in 1841,


followed in 1852 by the "Vier Jahreszeiten”. These two

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famous establishments were completely renovated after
the Second World War.

LE GRAND HÔTEL PARIS

The inauguration of the Grand Hôtel in Paris took place on


5 May 1862 in the presence of the Empress Eugénie. The
orchestra, directed by Jacques Offenbach, played the
Traviata. This building was designed by the architect
Alfred Armand, in order to "show the élite of travelers
from all over the world the progress made under the
Second Empire by the sciences, arts and industry".

The exterior façades with their high arched doors and


their Louis XIV windows were in the style required for the
surroundings of the Opéra. The greatest names in painting
and decoration participated in the completion of this
hotel, the grandest in Europe in its dimensions, luxury and
installations. The first hydraulic lift was installed in this
hotel. "Lighting was supplied by 4000 gas jets; heating by
18 stoves and 354 hot air vents.

In 1890, the entire hotel was equipped with electric


lighting.

Due to the installation of steam central heating in 1901,


baskets of wood were no longer sold on the floors. Some

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years later the hotel was renovated. Further renovation
took place in 1970 and 1985.

In 1982, it became a member of the Intercontinental


chain.

Since 1992 the hotel has been equipped with a central


Building Management System.

In June 2003, Le Grand Hôtel Paris has re-opened its


doors following an eighteen-month multi-million dollar
renovation.

The Fifth Avenue Hotel in New York City was the first in
that period to provide lifts for its guests. 1869 saw the
inauguration, near Cairo, of the Mena House, an oasis of
calm and luxury, at the foot of the famous pyramids of
Cheops, Chephren and Mikerinos.

In 1870, the Palmer House Hotel in Chicago was the


grandest of all hotels. Its structure, the first of its kind,
was fire-resistant.

In 1873, the Palais de Würtemberg in Vienna was


transformed into a superb luxury residence for the
notables of the epoch, L'Hôtel Impérial. Kings and queens
became regular visitors to what is without doubt the
finest example of the refined architecture of the
Ringstrasse in Vienna. It is said that Richard Wagner

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directed the first productions of "Tannhäuser" and
"Lohengrin" there. Two years later in 1875, the Grand
Hotel Europe opened its doors in St Petersburg. This
prestigious place where Tchaikoswky spent his honeymoon
and where Shostakovich played a sonata for Prokofiev in
his suite.

In 1880, the Sagamore Hotel on Lake George in the state


of New York was the very first to provide electricity in all
its rooms.

The first school for hoteliers was founded in Lausanne,


Switzerland in 1890 by J. Tschumi, Director of the Beau
Rivage in Lausanne, and A.R. Armleder, the "father" of the
Richemond in Genève.

In Monte Carlo, l'Hôtel Hermitage opened its doors in


1896, offering its guests the refined and luxurious
atmosphere enjoyed by the rich at the close of the
nineteenth century. Shortly afterwards, the Victoria
Hotel in Kansas City offered bathrooms with every room.
The Netherland Hotel in New York City then became the
first to provide all its guests with their own telephone.

In Athens in 1874, Stathis Lampsas, a chef by profession,


realized his dream by building l'Hôtel Grande Bretagne.
Athens was suffering at that time from a shortage of
water. It is said that the personnel bought water from

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carriers in the street to bring to the 80 bedrooms and ...
the two bathrooms. Of course, the establishment has
undergone several renovations since that time.

In 1894, the Grand Hôtel became the first Italian hotel to


boast an electricity supply.

The Swiss hotelier Caspar Badrutt opened the famous


Palace de Saint Moritz in 1896. In 1898, César Ritz, from
the Valais in Switzerland, who became, to quote the
famous phrase of King Edward VII, the "king of hoteliers
and hotelier to kings", opened the hotel which bears his
famous name in the Place Vendôme in Paris.

THE TWENTIETH CENTURY: THE AGE OF


PROSPERITY

The early years of the twentieth century were rich in new


hotels which rapidly became prestigious.

Edouard Niiermans, the "architect of palaces",


transformed the Villa "Eugenie", the summer residence of
the Emperor Napoléon III and his wife Eugénie de
Montijo, in 1900. In 1905, he built l'Hôtel du Palais in
Biarritz. In 1913 his "Négresco" was opened in Nice, in the
presence of seven kings!

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In Madrid, King Alphonse XIII was anxious that the
capital should have a luxurious and prestigious hotel, and
as a result the Ritz was inaugurated in 1910. Seville paid
its own homage to the king by opening a splendid
establishment, constructed by the architect José Espiau,
the Alphonso XIII. Not to be outdone, Barcelona
inaugurated its own Ritz in 1919. This was equipped with an
unheard of luxury at that time, bathrooms with hot as well
as cold water!

We could also cite, among many other hotels built in the


same period, the Ritz and Savoy in London, the Beau
Rivage Palace in Lausanne, le Négresco in Nice, the Plaza in
New York, the Métropole in Brussels, the Plaza-Athenée
and l'Hôtel de Crillon in Paris, the Taj Mahal in Bombay
and so on. The latter was renovated in 1972 by the Inter-
Continental chain.

The prosperous nineteen-twenties saw a veritable boom in


the hotel industry. Numerous hotels were established in
this decade. In 1923, the architects Marchisio and Prost
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constructed a hotel in some wonderful gardens in the
heart of Marrakech in Morocco, and for decades it was
considered the most beautiful hotel in the world: La
Mamounia. Winston Churchill helped to forge its
reputation by becoming a frequent guest.

Hotels were built not only in cities, but also in the


mountains. The first ski resorts in Switzerland (Saint-
Moritz, Gstaad, Montana, etc.) welcomed tourists (often
English ones) to some very comfortable establishments.

The worldwide depression which followed in 1929 did not


prevent the construction of the famous Waldorf Astoria
in New York. This was the greatest hotel edifice of those
troubled times.

After the war, the fifties saw the second boom in the
hotel industry. The Club Méditerranée (G. Trigano)
created the now famous, but then revolutionary concept of
the club village. These years were also notable for the
construction of the first casino hotels. This was also the
time when the airline companies began to develop their
own hotels.

In the sixties, new tourist resorts flourished around the


Mediterranean. From Spain to Greece and from the
Balearics to Yugoslavia, numerous city and beach hotels
opened their doors to summer guests hungry for

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relaxation and a good dose of sunshine. Portugal and the
Scandinavian countries soon followed their lead.

HOTELS FOR BUSINESS PEOPLE:


1970 saw the beginning of the construction of hotels for
business people. This movement was supported by several
factors. First of all, there was the will of the airline
companies to extend their efforts in the domain of hotels.

Then there was the sudden prosperity, due to black gold,


of Middle Eastern countries which attracted business
people from the entire world. This engendered an
important business travel trend - not limited to this region
alone - which initiated the development of hotels primarily
designed for business people in Middle-Eastern cities like
Dubai, Abu Dhabi, Riyadh and Jeddah, to mention only the
most important.

Hotel chains, attentive to their customers' wishes,


started to offer an increasingly varied range of services.
Their rooms became more spacious and the cuisine more
refined.

Gradually, too, various first class hotels (among them


former palaces and city centre hotels) which had fallen
into disrepair began systematic renovation programmes.

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The end of the seventies, when China opened its doors to
foreign tourists, also saw the first congresses of
international hotel experts.

THE THIRD HOTEL INDUSTRY BOOM:

The third boom in the hotel industry began in 1980,


marked by more inventive marketing and the development
of hotels increasingly adapted to a particular type of
clientele.

This trend prompted the construction of hotels near


airports, hotels for conferences, health hotels, ski holiday
hotels, holiday villages and marina hotels. The first
Property Management Systems (Fidelio, Hogatex, etc.)
appear in the hospitality market.

In Istanbul in 1984, work began on the renovation and


transformation into a hotel of the prestigious sultans'
residence, the Ciragan Palace in Istanbul. The resulting
hotel is no less prestigious than the Ciragan Palace was.
Managed by the Kempinski chain, it opened its 322 rooms
to guests in 1991.

The first administrative hotel management systems,


offering hotels greater independence from human
resources, then appeared on the market. The hotel

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industry was becoming more and more competitive.
Business travelers and retired people became important
target customers.

In the eighties, too, the Far East began to prepare itself


to welcome both business people and the tourists who
were beginning to discover the countries of the rising sun,
such as China, South Korea, Thailand and Japan. The
international chains (American for the most part)
prepared expansion plans for Europe, the Middle and Far
East which were mainly aimed at congress participants and
business people.

THE NINETIES: TECHNOLOGY STARTS TO MAKE AN


IMPACT:

The early nineties were characterized by a recession in


the hotel business, without doubt caused by reductions in
multinationals' travel budgets and the growing crisis in the
Gulf.

The Gulf War helped to create great insecurity for both


individuals and business. 1991 is considered to be the black
year of the hotel trade. It forced hoteliers to become
more creative in finding ways of attracting guests (special
programmes, offers for "frequent travelers", high
performance reservation systems) and thus emerge from
the crisis with the minimum damage.

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For the first time, the environment and energy
conservation played an important role in the marketing
activities of numerous chains (thanks in part to the green
movement) and even helped to win the loyalty of numerous
clients while safeguarding assets at the same time.

Reservation systems became more efficient and offered


the hotelier a new dimension in the creation of customer
loyalty, the database. The records of each guest's
individual history have helped create individualized
marketing programmes and have enabled hotels to satisfy
a guest's personal needs from the moment of his arrival.

Hotel Adlon Berlin is a legend reborn. From its opening in


1907, until it was destroyed in 1945, it was a symbol of
Berlin, a lavish host for royalty, heads of government,
stage and screen stars, and the greats of literature and
science. Now, it has been rebuilt (1997) on its original site,
the corner of Unter den Linden and Pariser Platz, facing
the Brandenburg Gate. Outside, it is a virtual replica of
the original; inside it is testimony to what smart hotel
operators (in this case the Kempinski group) can
accomplish with an investment of $260 million. The hotel's
337 rooms and suites are the ultimate in luxury. Interiors,
designed by England's Ezra Attia and Sweden's Lars
Malmquist, dazzle with marble, sandstone, stained glass,
gold leaf, stuccowork, cherry wood paneling, and damask
draperies. This hotel is today equipped with the most
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advanced technology with regards to the Room
Management System communicating with the Property
Management System.

Since 1992, the most important international chains have


been vying with each other in ever greater imaginative
feats related to the vital process of renovating their
establishments worldwide. Technology has started to take
its rightful place in hotel administration (simplification of
check-in and check-out procedures, global reservation
systems, marketing management etc.). In 1995, the first
Hotel Room Management System is launched at the
European level. It is linked to the most popular Property
Management Systems to make the front desk more
efficient and near to the guests.

At International Technology Forums, speakers


unanimously, underlined the impact of technology on hotel
rooms.

Hotel chains have been searching for alliances and some of


them. For example: Holyday Inn, Intercontinental, and
Crown Plaza have merged to form Six continents hotels
Chain; Marriot absorbed Renaissance and Ramada
International; Sol Melia opened a new line of Boutique
hotels, Accor signed several joint ventures in the East and
the Far East, etc.) Forte acquired Méridien to reinforce

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its global position. Starwoods (Sheraton) absorbed the
Italian Ciga chain and Westin.

The main expansion zones for the hotel industry in 1994


remained Asia (particularly China and India), the Middle
East (above all, the United Arab Emirates and Egypt) and
Latin America.

In Europe, hotel enterprises in the eastern countries


(Russia, Croatia, Slovakia, etc.) decided to renovate
dilapidated palaces built at the turn of the century. All
the European capitals started to invest in preparations for
the major event of this fin de siècle period, that is, the
celebration of our entry into the third millennium.

The 3 star hotel Millennium enjoying top level of On-line


Room Management System is situated at the best site in
Opatija at the Mediterranean coast. Opatija in Croatia
corresponds, in terms of reputation, to the level of St.
Moritz in Switzerland.

Capitals throughout the world were busy developing the


necessary infrastructure to welcome the millions of
tourists for the celebration of this event.

Major hotel chains are drawing up development plans in


almost all parts of Europe. These plans primarily involve
the renovation of numerous prestigious hotels in both
western and eastern European countries. Gradually, the
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great capitals of Europe have been endowed with hotels
boasting three, four and five stars, offering quality
services, innovative architecture, style, charm, and
interior design (city Boutique hotels). Specialized hotels
offer wellness programs including health and beauty
centers, personalized services and treatments, anti-
stress, revitalizing, regenerating programs, etc.

EXTRAVAGANZA:

In 1995 construction began in Dubai of one of the most


ambitious and prestigious tourist complexes in the region,
the Jumeirah Beach Hotels (Jumeirah Beach hotel, Burj Al
Arab, etc.). These comprise several establishments
capable of satisfying the needs of average tourists,
business people and those who can afford real luxury. The
talk now is of six- and seven-star hotels, a surprising
designation which is nevertheless perfectly justified by
the luxury of the bedrooms and the facilities they offer,
the impeccable service, the high degree of modern
technology, as well as the beauty of the surroundings and
the high-quality environment.

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In 2004, another Emirate, Abu Dhabi, will welcome the
delegates of the Gulf Council Countries. In the new
Conference Palace Hotel (CPH). This superior construction
has been specified "to offer the most outstanding
services with a challenging 9 star definition"… We will, of
course, report on it on a later stage.

ON-LINE IN SECONDS, WORK SURF,


COMMUNICATE –EVERYWHERE:

Today in 2003, travelers, mostly businessmen, carry their


personal PC to make presentations, communicate with their
office, via e-mails, etc. One possibility offered to them
today consists in the use of so-called Pad offering, in
particular,

• Cable-free and universal access to Internet or


intranet, wherever you happen to be
• Brilliant color touch screen
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• Ready to go in seconds (instant on)
• Freedom in the selection of transmission standards by
interchangeable PC cards
• Unlimited flexibility by open platform Windows CE 3.0
• Comprehensive office software package
• Virtual keyboard and handwriting recognition

For sure, new technologies are continuously offering


innovative and more comfortable ways to the traveler.

The 160 rooms 5 star Palafitte Hotel in Monruz Neuchatel


(CH) offers the visitors of the Swiss Expo 2002 a vision
of so called in-room available technologies.

CONCLUSION:

Lodging facilities are not anymore corresponding only to the


truly definition: "A lodging accommodation for travelers".
Nowadays, architects, designers, developers, engineers,
managers, more and more are conscious that taste of guests
could be different, according to their wishes or needs. Hotel
specialists permanently analyze new trends, define better
criteria, present modern standards in order to improve quality
of life in hotels. In the third millennium, the permanent
competitive hospitality market of suppliers is definitely more
and more able, combining "savoir faire" and the good use of
technology to offer their guests an "A la carte" environment.

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LINK BETWEEN HOSPITALITY INDUSTRY AND
TOURISM

While the term ‘hospitality’ is a frequent used title for


different sectors of the hotel and catering industry, the
term can also be expanded to cover all products and
services offered to the consumer away from home
including: travel, lodging, eating, entertainment, recreation
and gaming. Such an expansion of the term hospitality
provides the link with tourism in so much that it provides a
range of activities, facilities and experiences. However,
the hospitality industry can include not just the
commercial or profit sectors where payment is made
directly by the customer but also the cost or non-profit
sector where payment is made indirectly.

While there is a clear overlap with tourism, the hospitality


industry consists of all those business operations which
provide for their customers any combination of the three
core services of food, drink and accommodation. This
means that there are a number of elements in the
hospitality industry that are quite separate from tourism,
examples being institutional catering or restaurants and
public houses that principally attract the local community.
Hospitality consists of a complex lend of tangible and
intangible elements of products – food, drink and

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accommodation – and the service, atmosphere and image
that surrounds them.

The hospitality industry displays many of the


characteristics of service industries in general but with
the added complication of a production element, and it is
this production side of hospitality that is far from
straightforward.

The need to provide the appropriate environment within


which hospitality can be delivered means that most
hospitality businesses need a substantial investment in
premises and plant.

This creates a high fixed-cost/low variable-cost


structure. The variable cost in servicing a room is minimal
although the hotel itself, particularly in the luxury market,
has a high fixed cost. In general the financial break-even
point for hospitality businesses will be quite high.
Exceeding this level will result in high profits but low
volumes will result in substantial losses.

Hospitality services suffer from fluctuations in demand.


Demand will fluctuate over time, by departmental function,
and by type of customer. The result is a mixture of
patterns which makes forecasting and the unit’s
subsequent resource scheduling very difficult.
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Hospitality cannot be delivered without the presence of
the customer, who is directly involved in many aspects of
the delivery of the hospitality service, and whose
combination determines the demand pattern for the
operation. The customer is the final arbiter of
satisfaction with both the service and product elements
and therefore the judge of the quality of hospitality
provided.

Achieving a satisfactory balance between demand


patterns, resource scheduling and operational capacity is
one of the most difficult tasks facing hospitality
managers. Managing customer demand to result in the
optimum volume at maximum value is extremely complex.
Too few customers overall and the cost structure of the
business ensures financial ruin. Too many customers
without the required capacity or resources and the quality
of the experience suffer and customers leave dissatisfied.
Scheduling of resources is also critical. Too many staff on
duty, to cover anticipated demand and productivity, and
profitability suffers. Too few staff on duty and service
levels falls along with staff morale. The key here would
seem to be effective forecasting.

To consistently deliver an appropriate level of product and


service to each individual customer requires the efforts
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of many different teams of staff who must be co-
ordinated to deliver an acceptable standard every time.
Catering for the needs of a single customer may be
difficult enough but catering to the needs of many
different groups of customers all with slightly different
requirements multiplies the complexity of the problem
many times over. The importance of a co-ordinated team
effort between the different functional groups of
employees is self evident.

In the final analysis, the success of any customer


experience will be determined at the interaction between
the customer and the service provider.

The point of contact between the customer and service


provider is also an opportunity for the operation to sell its
service and to generate additional revenue.

From this analysis, it is possible to identify four


characteristics which guide any discussion of the
hospitality industry.

As mentioned earlier, hospitality cannot be delivered


without the presence of the customer, who also provides
the source of revenue for the continued financial success
of the operation. The customer is directly involved in many

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aspects of the delivery of the hospitality service, and is
therefore the judge of the quality of hospitality provided.

Achieving a satisfactory balance between demand


patterns, resource scheduling and operational capacity is
one of the most difficult tasks facing hospitality
managers.

All hospitality operations require a combination of


manufacturing expertise and service skill in a business
which operates around the clock, 365 days an year, and is
busiest when most other businesses are not. To
consistently deliver an appropriate level of product and
service to each individual customer requires the efforts
of many different teams of staff who must be co-
ordinated to deliver a consistent standard every time.

However well planned and designed the hospitality


operation is, however well scheduled the resources, in the
final analysis the success of any customer experience will
be determined at the interaction between the customer
and the service provider. A highly skilled chef can spend
many hours preparing the finest dishes which can be
ruined by the lack of care by the waiter. The point of
contact between the customer and service provider is also
an opportunity for the operation to sell its service and to
generate additional revenue. A hotel receptionist can
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significantly increase the profitability of a hotel by
encouraging customers to, for instance, trade up to more
luxurious and more expensive accommodation. Referral of
business from one operation in a chain to another can also
provide added revenue. It is all the more surprising then
that given the key role a service provider has in ensuring
customer satisfaction and in improving revenue and profit
levels that they still remain some of the least well paid
and least respected members of staff.

HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT

The historical development of the hospitality industry,


particularly the profit sector, is very clearly linked with
the development of transportation and in turn the tourism
product. With the emergence of the UK’s railway network
in the mid-nineteenth century there came a need for
accommodation and so the building of terminal railway
hotels. Increased travel by the upper class, both in the UK
and abroad, stimulated the building of luxury hotels. A
strong impetus was also provided by the great
international fairs and exhibitions. The building of the
railways also had a profound development on seaside
resorts and led to an expansion of hotel in those resorts
to accommodate the increasing number of visitors. During
the 1960s the hospitality industry grew because of a
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number of factors, such as: increases in real income, living
standards, and leisure time. The increase of car ownership
was also a contributory factor. Another influence was the
development of air transport during the 1960s, which
played a significant role in the accessibility of resorts and
the location of hotels. The location of industry and trade,
and the expansion of the motorway network, has created a
demand for accommodation food and drink, servicing
mainly business travelers. Finally the growth in the number
of package holidays in the last 30 years has meant that
many more people have stayed in hotels.

ACCOMMODATION OPERATIONS

It has already been indicated that an important influence


on the tourism industry is the type of customer and the
accommodation that the customer demands. It is possible
to identify certain characteristics that are common to all
types of accommodation from campsites and timeshare to
budget hotels or five star hotels. In terms of demand for
accommodation it is possible to distinguish between
business demand and leisure demand. Some units will cater
almost exclusively for one source of business but others
will have a balance of sources that may vary according to
the location and time of year. A large hotel may cater for
both business and leisure guests: business guests, usually
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Monday to Thursday, and short-break holiday guests from
Friday to Sunday.

Second, it is possible to split these sources in to group


travel and individual travel. Again different types of
accommodation will have a different balance of demand
and this will vary according to location and the time of
year. At the beginning of the summer holiday season a
holiday village may cater mainly for large groups from a
particular area of the country or a social organizations. In
the middle of the season most of the bookings may be for
individuals. On the other hand, a hotel in York, for
example, may cater for group tour bookings during the
peak summer and individuals for the rest of the year.
Group booking also occur with business travel but usually in
form of meetings, conferences or conventions.

A further distinction can be made between domestic


demand and international demand. Some areas of the
country will see very few international tourists whereas
others on the main tourist routes or in key destinations
will be inundated at certain times of the year. In addition
an accommodation unit will get a certain amount of its
demand from the local community. This may be in the form
of meals in the restaurant or use of the public bar but
could occasionally extend to the accommodation side.

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The history of the development of the accommodation
industry shows how important location is to the success of
an accommodation unit; that is being in the most prominent
or best location for a particular type of customer, and this
may change over time.

The heavy reliance on space and building needed for most


accommodation types means that its cost structure is
heavily biased towards high fixed costs and low variable
costs. In order to break even, an accommodation unit must
achieve a relatively high level of occupancy. Any room, flat
or placement unlet means a loss of potential revenue. In
order to help to cover fixed costs at time of low demand,
many units will sell their accommodation at reduced rates.
This will allow them to cover their variable costs and make
a contribution to fixed overheads. These factors combine
to make all accommodation units highly dependent on
customer demand. Unless there is the right type of
demand for the product provided, at the right price, in
the right location, the business will not be able to survive.
Indeed, when carrying out a feasibility study to look at
viability of developing accommodation is an area, the first
subject for study should always be an assessment of
demand. A consequence of the fixity of premises is that
all customers must be brought to the accommodation. This
stresses the importance of raising customer awareness of
the availability of the product and making it as easy as
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possible for customers to find the premises. This raises
the issues of accessibility and transport networks.

Most accommodation units provide a range of extra


services that can vary from television and video in the
rooms to a resident disco or entertainer or more
frequently these days a swimming pool and fitness centre.
In most cases the largest of these services in the
provision of food and beverages. The importance of these
extra will vary depending op the particular market the unit
wishes to attract. It will also vary with, for example, the
gender of the client and his or her age group. Not
surprisingly videos are most likely to appeal to those under
35 and disco dancing to those of a younger age group. The
importance of these extra services can also be considered
by type of travel: business or leisure, where business
travelers tend to stay in hotel on their own and so tend to
prefer activities that can be done on their own.

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TOURISM

Tourism is an ever expanding service industry with latent


vast growth potential and has, therefore, become one of
the crucial concerns of not only the nations but also of
international community as a whole. In fact, it has come up
as a decisive link in gearing up the pace of socio-economic
development world over. Thereby it has come to weigh
significantly in the growth strategies of the developed
countries as also of the developing ones. It is being
perceived as an important instrument of economic
development. Most of these countries have sought the
answer in development through the tourist recreation
industry by exploiting their historic-societal-cultural and
environmental resources. Emergence of tourism as a
leading growth industry is a part of a gradual process
involving the displacement of manufacture from its
dominant position and the transition to a service oriented
economy. The term ‘smokeless’ industry has become a
cliché, but it is doing all that a manufacturing industry
does namely, generating income, employment, wealth, etc.,
that is, generating the ripple/multiplier effects,
encouraging innovations in addition to satisfying human
needs.

In other words, tourism is largely examined and


questioned for its ample potential to give rise to changes
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in the economic, ecological, societal and cultural edifice of
a country. However, two aspects of tourism – its capacity
to generate employment, both directly as well as
indirectly, and its potential to earn hard international
currency for the host country – have made this industry
greatly desirable for all concerned: governments, planners,
entrepreneurs and people in general. It has come,
therefore, increasingly to occupy a place of importance
not only for the business sector but also for the
concerned academic and management institutions.

Presently, the sphere of tourism is a world-wide


phenomenon. The outcome of increasing tourism has been
found to be a critical and crucial catalyst in accelerating
the rate of socio-economic development. Tourism
especially is a software product and is in the
tertiary/service sector with relatively high value addition
and so needs to be exploited to its full. The countries
should determine their national priorities and tourism’s
role in a proper ‘hierarchy’ of priorities to devise its
optimum tourism strategy. This strategy should define,
amongst others, the balance to be sought between tourism
development and environment; take into account the
carrying capacity of the destinations; and the roles of
State, Regional and local Organizations. Within the overall
national tourism strategy, priority attention should be
given to selected and controlled development of tourist
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infrastructure, facilities, demand and overall tourist
capacity in order to protect the environment and local
resident population, so as to minimize, if not avoid, any
negative impacts which unplanned tourism might produce.

The main elements in the process of tourism are man,


space and time. As such, it has serious implications of a
socio-economic nature alongside the environmental ones.
In fact, in a significant sense, it is one of the most
influential phenomena in the economic and social
development of society. There is hardly any other
economic sector which generates as much added value,
employment and foreign exchange and that also at such a
low cost as tourism. The economic significance of tourism
is well brought out by the statistics/figures of the World
Tourism and Travel Council (WTTC) and John Naisbaitt in
his book ‘Global Paradox’ as it contributes:
1) 10.2% to world GDP, 10.7% of capital investment,
2)employs 10.6% of global work force,
3)accounts for 10.9% for all consumer spending, and;
4)6.9% of all government spending.
It is natural, therefore, that the study of tourism has
come to acquire an increasingly important place in the
academic and practical agenda of the world. Tourism,
often deemed as a pastime and thus, a trivial activity, has
over the years developed into a highly complex

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phenomenon with multifarious and multidimensional
economic, socio-cultural and environmental effects.

THE CONCEPT OF TOURISM

Nationally, tourism as a phenomenon means the movement


of people (both within and across the national borders).
But it seems that even up to the present clear-cut
disagreements, contradictions and contrasts do exist on
the conceptual meaning of tourism amongst different
groups whereas the term originated much earlier. Out of
the 3 elements of Tourism (i.e. Man, Space and Time), the
Time element, however, is variable in line with the distance
between the points of departure and the destination
areas/countries, modes of transport used and the duration
or length of stay at the destinations, etc. These three
elements, indeed, comprise the crucial conditions for the
life of tourism phenomenon as there could hardly be any
such activity in the absence of even any one of these.

On the whole, the precept of tourism is typified by


i. A movement of people to different destinations
having two key elements: one, the journey and two,
the stay, both of which come off not within but
outside the normal area/place of domicile and work;

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ii. The movement is primarily of a temporary nature and
for relatively a short duration making it different
from migration;
iii. It brings about activities dissimilar to those of the
host population of the place visited;
iv. The prime purpose of participation in tourism is by
and large recreation and certainly not the purpose of
seeking permanent residence or employment
remunerated from within the place visited; and finally
v. Tourism, in an abstract sense, is basically a pleasure
activity implying a use of readily disposable incomes
and of free time of one’s own free will.

An inherent feature of difference between tourism and


other forms of leisure, pleasure and recreation in is terms
of the travel component. Moreover, money grossed in one
acknowledged domicile is spent at the destination and en
route to it. Further, in an economic and commercial sense,
tourism can also be characterized from other forms of
leisure activity on the basis of the travel and stay
attitudes of tourism. These, in turn, generate several
demands which are provided by different segments of the
tourism industry.

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DEFINING TOURISM

The boundaries between tourism, travel and


accommodation are not easy to define since they blend
gradually into or overlap with each other. In general
terms, a definition of tourism should include the following
four points:
• Tourism involves the movement of people from one
location to another outside their own community.
• Tourism destinations provide a range of activities,
experiences and facilities.
• The different needs and motivations of the tourist
require satisfying and these in turn create a social
impact.
• The tourism industry includes a number of sub-
sectors which as a whole generate income within the
economy

From the perspective of hospitality industry the key issue


within this definition is that people at tourist destinations
demand a range of activities, experiences and facilities.
Obviously the provision of accommodation is a key
ingredient within the tourism industry. Equally, the
desired transport mode plays a central part in travelling to
the tourist destination. Tourism is, in addition, defined to
include travel on business as well as travel for leisure
purposed.
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On arrival at the destination, demand for accommodation
is made up from:
• Residents of the country travelling within it (domestic
tourism); and
• Visitors to the country.

This general definition can be followed up with a number


of more specific market definitions. Two such market
definitions are:
• Tourists, categorized as temporary visitors staying at
least 24 hours with a purpose classified as leisure
(recreation, sport, holiday, health, study or religion),
or business, family, mission or meeting;
• Excursionists, classified as temporary visitors staying
less than 24 hours, including cruise travelers but
excluding travelers in transit.

In terms of categories of tourism:


• Leisure Tourism includes the taking of holidays,
visiting friends and relatives and visiting for the
purposes of engaging in sporting or cultural activities.
• Professional Tourism includes visits made for the
purpose of attending a meeting, conference or
exhibition or for any other business purpose.
• Other Tourism not classified as either leisure or
business tourism includes visits made for purposed,
such as education or medical treatment.
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This kind of obvious that people may have been motivated
to visit an area not because of livelihood or employment
but primarily because of the area’s appeal to tourists
and/or the interest of the leisure facilities offered. Also,
there is a growing tendency to leave for or retire abroad
owing to the lower costs of living therein while holding on
to first home in native country of origin. The inherent
motivation once again may not be simply the economic
criterion but the forces like enjoyment of climate and
other facilities having a magnetic pull to the tourists to
the area.

Tourism is an activity of multidimensional, multifaceted


nature involving many lives and assorted economic
activities. In other words, it can be regarded as a whole
range of individuals (hosts and guests), businesses,
organizations and places (destinations) put together in
some characteristic manner to produce a travel
experience. Tourism, therefore, has proved to be difficult
to define. To some extent, this is an observation on the
byzantine nature of tourism besides being symptomatic of
its rawness and immaturity as a field of study. Though
various attempts have been there to define tourism but
only to provide for particular needs and situations.

Thus, defining tourism technically for a specific purpose is


relatively less problematic while defining it conceptually in
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a precise manner is somewhat complex, if not impossible.
Another attempt to define tourism identified for
different perspectives of tourism:
• The Tourist: The tourist/visitor looks for diverse
psychic and physical experiences and satisfactions
from the tourism activity. And the nature of these
experiences will mostly find out the destinations
chosen and the activities experienced and enjoyed or
participated in.
• The businesses catering tourist goods and services:
Business people behold tourism as an opening to make
profit by furnishing goods and services demanded by
the tourist market.
• The government of the host community or area:
The government looks on tourism as a capital and
megabucks factor in the economy. It outlook/attitude
bears upon the income and employment generation
capabilities of this business for its citizens apart
from the foreign exchange earnings from
international tourism and public/government revenue
in the form of tax receipts from tourist
expenditures, directly and/or indirectly.
• The host community: Local residents most often
consider tourism as a cultural and employment factor.
It is primarily the effect of interaction between
large numbers of international visitors as guests and
the local residents as hosts which may be promising or
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unpromising, or both that is of significance and
interest to this group.

Thus, tourism may be defined as the sum of the


phenomena and relationships arising from the
interaction of tourists, business suppliers, host
governments and host communities in the process of
attracting and hosting these tourists and other visitors.

SCOPE OF TOURISM

Tourism is a collective term that involves all those


agencies and activities that support travel including the
following sectors:

1) TRANSPORTATION
Tourism could never have survived had it not been
for the transportation sector. It is only with the
help of various transport methods that it is
possible for people to travel. Various transport
options are:

• International Airlines
These bring people into a country. In many
ways, international airlines help countries
connect with one another. Every country has
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its own national carrier which tries to outdo
each other to give passengers value-added
services within competitive prices. As aviation
fuel gets more expensive the challenge is to
retain services of high quality within smaller
margins from passenger fares. Some services
include pre-check-in, cabin crew courtesy and
efficiency, better meal options, beverage
services, convenient connections for onward
journeys, etc.

• Domestic Airlines
Supporting international airlines are the
domestic airlines of a country. Domestic
airlines connect mainly the major cities of a
country and even upcountry locations through
feeder services. Domestic airlines were either
promoted by the State. With increasing
privatization in many other sectors and high
costs of operation, countries have adopted Blue
Sky policies that allow the entry of the private
sector to enter domestic airline business.
Budget airlines have slashed all the frills of
service to give cheaper fares and make
domestic air travel affordable.

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• Train Services
Train services traverse across the country.
Places like the USE, Canada, Russia, India and
China have some of largest rail networks
making every remote corner accessible. Europe
has the inter-Europe rail travel which is
popular with tourists.

• Inter-City bus Services


These are also efficient and comfortable for
the budget conscious travelers. Buses have
improved in their comfort and noiselessness
and compete well with rail travel. Buses also
include city travel and tourist coaches for
sightseeing.

• Inner-City Service
Most hotels link up with coach services that
transport their guests to and from the airport
and also for sightseeing purposes. Inner city
travel also includes trams, local unique
conveyances like the phut-phut in Bangkok or
the rickshaws in Kolkata.

• Car Rental
A popular method of travel is by renting cars.
Cars are used for travel within a city as well as
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cross-country travel. Travelers need
recognized international driving licenses to be
eligible to rent a car. These services have
sprung all over the world with the latest model
cars. Hi-tech tracking methods and credit card
payment options have made car rentals popular.

• Sea Travel
Sea travel has been made less popular by the
quicker air travel. Nevertheless, there is still a
niche market for travelers who would love to
indulge in a cruise on a luxury liner as one of
their lifelong dreams. There are popular cruise
liners to the Caribbean, Alaska and even the
Antarctic. Travel along interior rivers are done
by motorized ferries and launches which are
well-equipped with all the conveniences for the
travelers including restaurants and bars, car
park, viewing decks, etc. There is even medical
help available assuming the possibility of a
medical emergency. The Hovercraft that
travels by land and water, across the English
Channel is popular and unique for many.

• Cable Cars
At ski resorts and hill stations the cable cars
and funiculars are popular to transport leisure
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enthusiasts. While cable cars are transported
by overhead cables across valleys and to hill
tops, funiculars are hauled up a hill slope by
cables alone the ground and kept in position by
rail traction.

2)TRAVEL AGENTS
An important aspect of any tourism activity is the
role of tour operators and travel agents who put
travel together. A tour operator is one who
incorporates the various aspects of a holiday,
including air travel, surface transportation, hotel
accommodation, etc. into a completely economical
and attractive single package that is retailed by
travel agents.
The Fancy advertisements and brochures
announcing a week-long holiday in Greece or two
nights and three days in Seychelles is the
handiwork of the tour operators. Because of the
volume of business the tour operator promises to
the various travel components, he/she get discount
and therefore, is able to promote an affordable
package. The tour operator then becomes the
wholesaler who sells the tour packages through
retailers called travel agents.
Today, travel agents have moved beyond just
displaying tour packages of tour operators to the
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public. They themselves have packages of tour
operators to the public. They themselves have
entered the market and are actively preparing local
tour programs. Additionally, they make bookings on
behalf of the customer at hotels, airlines and
surface transport for which they get a commission.
Travel agent business is relatively easy to establish
that most other businesses, which is why we find an
abundance of individual entrepreneurs everywhere.
An important aspect of the travel agency business
is to be connected to the public and have its
attention at all times.
Generally, every residential area would have its
neighborhood travel agent and it is he/she who
brings a range of travel options right at the
doorstep, therefore making travel attractive and
easy. Travel agents get their revenue from
commissions from tour operators, hotels, surface
transporters and airlines. They are a vital ally to
the various components of tourism as they are in
touch with the actual customer.

3)ACCOMMODATION
Accommodation is also a very important aspect of
tourism infrastructure because it provides a ‘home
away from home’ on a trip. Today’s traveler gives a
lot of importance to the comfort aspect of both
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travel and stay. The hotel industry satisfies the
need of the travelers. Accommodation comes in
many forms:
Various Forms of Accommodation:
• Hotels – are available in various budget
categories and standards and thus help every
traveler to make the best choice as per his
needs, tastes as well as budget.
• Motels – are motor hotels located on highways.
They come with swimming pools, diners and a
bar. They also provide microwave ovens, coffee
kettles and refrigerators for those who wish
to heat their own meals.
• Lodges – are up country accommodation mostly
sponsored by the local state. Some examples
are forest lodges, country lodges, ski lodges,
etc.
• Furnished Apartments – are modern popular
alternatives to hotels especially for travelers
staying longer. They are usually with a living
room, a bedroom and kitchenette. They would
have efficient security and a Laundromat. They
usually do not provide food and beverage
service but at most have a coffee shop. They
are located close to other eating places.
• Resorts – are for holidaymakers and located at
attractive natural sites like hills, beaches, hot
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springs, waterfalls, lakes, etc. Man-made
resorts are the latest craze like Disneyland,
Universal Studios, Lego-land, Wild Wadi, etc.
• Camps – are ideal for trekkers on foot or
caravans. They provide outdoor accommodation
ranging from tents, portacabins to caravan
sites. Caravans are homes on wheels and most
popular for travel in North America.

APPROACHES TO THE STUDY OF TOURISM

Technical definitions based on the purpose of travel,


distance travelled, motivation, duration of stay, the time
element and specific situations of travel etc. have also
been worked out for the purpose of particular tourism
related studies and statistical measurements. These
definitions are of great significance and use to
governments, tourism organizations and the providers of
tourism services. But these studies have not included a
systems approach. Tourism typically and widely is studied
by means of a number of processes with little or hardly
any consensus on how the analysis of tourism should be
endeavored. The following are the different approaches
that have been practiced.
Product Approach: The product approach relates to the
consideration of different tourism products involving the
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mode of production, marketing and consumption. For
example, one might go into a hotel room or an airline seat
or a rental car – how it is developed, how it is financed,
how it is advertised, who are the people engaged in buying
and selling it and so on. Repeating the exercise of meals,
and the multifarious tourist services will provide a
detailed description of the field. However, the approach
being too time consuming fails to deliver the basics of
tourism instantly.
Institutional Approach: This is the key approach to the
study of tourism and mainly takes into consideration the
various organizations/institutions and intermediaries such
as tour operators and travel agencies associated with
tourism activities. The approach involves an examination of
the organization, modus operandi, problems, costs and
economic position of travel agents/tour operators who act
as representative of the customer, investing in services
delivered by airlines, hotels, rental car companies, and so
on. The approach becomes significant in the sense that a
regular survey on select services like the one conducted
by the U.S. Census Bureau every five years, helps in
equipping a data base for further research.
Managerial Approach: The approach being enterprise/film
oriented is basically microeconomic in nature. It
concentrates on the management activities such as
planning, research, pricing, marketing, control, etc. vital to
the operation of a tourist establishment. It is a simple
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truism that tourism environment is dynamic owing to
continual changes in tourist products, organizations and
social like styles. Thereby it becomes imperative for the
management objectives, philosophies and procedures to be
adaptable to such changes. This approach maintains its
weight in the modern tourism scenario as tourism has been
characterized as an industry.
Geographical Approach: The approach is relatively wider
as well as popular because tourism has to do with
geography at so many points namely location, climate,
landscape, environment, and physical as well as economic
impacts. The geographer’s approach to tourism elucidated
the location of tourist areas, the movement of people
generated by tourist destinations, the changes in the
landscape emerging from the provisioning of tourism
facilities and amenities, putting to flight of tourism
development, physical planning, and economic-socio-
cultural difficulties. The approach especially gains
importance because of its so containing – considering land
use, economic impacts, demographics aspects and cultural
problems. Even a course title has been coined by
geographers studying tourism in the form of Recreational
Geography. It is worth mentioning that these were the
geographers who were mainly active in initiating the
journals like Journal of leisure Research and Leisure
Sciences.

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Sociological Approach: Tourism tends to be a social
activity being an interaction between different
communities – hosts and guests – and encounter between
different cultures. The approach studies social classes,
habits and customs of both hosts and guests in terms of
tourism behavior of individuals and/or groups of people
and the impact of tourism on society. With the immense
impact of growing tourism on society, the sociology of
leisure, a developing discipline holds promise of
progressing fast and being put to practice to a large
extent.
Historical Approach: As in the majority of social
activities, tourism can be thoroughly perceived by making
out the happenings and occurrences and studying changes
in the tie-up between prime elements of the destinations
system over the years which worked round to present day
position. Such an understanding is of interest to policy
makers generally interested in resolving opposing concerns
in an agreeing and dynamic enterprising framework
acknowledging tourism as one component of the several
social and economic activities in an area. The following
factors were identified in providing a comprehension of
tourism development in its historical context for a
specific area or region:
− The factors instrumental in the initiation of
tourism to the destination/area.

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− The order of happening leading to tourism
development.
− The reasons for happening of occurrences in that
order
− Beneficiaries of tourist activity
− An untimely and premature identification of
negative effects
− The affected interest groups bringing word about
these.
Economic Approach: Tourism promotion is ever-
increasingly being perceived as a potent ingredient in the
various developmental strategies. It has emerged to be
the foundation of the environ pyramid in certain
economics, while in most others it is contributing to a
significant extent in the general development process as
well as in the salvation of their basic problems. At the
same time, the operation of the tourism industry is not as
simplistic as the term might seem to connote per se. It is,
rather, a complex of various inter-linked and inter-acting
processes. This multi-faceted nature of tourism makes it
an intricate phenomenon, encompassing a whole gamut of
issues, problems and challenges to be encountered both in
the present and in the time to come. The scope of tourism
is quite large covering all providers of visitor and visitor-
related services. It is the whole world of industry of
travel, accommodation, catering and other hospitality
services, transportation, entertainment, activity facilities,
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and all other components including promotion that meet,
the wants and needs f travelers. Tourism is, in fact, a
synthesis of activities, services, and industries that gives
forth a travel experience. From an economic perspective,
it is the sum total of tourist expenditures within the
bounds of a nation or political subdivision or a
transportation-centered economic area of adjoining states
or nations.
Interdisciplinary Approach: Tourism takes in practically
all aspects of society and attracts people from different
strata with diverse economic-socio-cultural and
educational backgrounds, thereby behaving in different
ways and travelling for different purposes. Thence, the
use of a Psychological Approach in order to determine an
outstanding course of action to promote and market
tourism products not only becomes relevant but is, indeed,
significant. And since of the various types of tourism,
cultural tourism has its own import, therefore,
Anthropological Approach becomes necessary. Further, for
international tourism, passport and visa formalities are to
be met from government offices involving state/political
policies and institutions, thus necessitating the use of
Political Science Approach. A Legal Approach also becomes
crucial due to the fact that any industry affecting the life
of quite a large number of people is sure to be governed
by certain legislations, laws, regulations and legal
environment. Also, the growing significance of
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transportation in tourism development and promotion
further calls for Passenger Transportation Approach. In
fact, Tourism is so multifaceted, vast and complex that it
not only suggests but makes it imperative to have an
interdisciplinary/integrative approach comprising a number
of approaches with a view to accomplish different missions
or objectives.
The Systematic Approach: A system is a set of
interrelated groups coordinated to form a unified whole
and put in order to bring about a set of goals. Drawing on
the proposition a systems approach integrates the
differing points of view into an all-inclusive approach
capable of handling both minor and major points in
question. For example, at a micro level, it can review a
tourist enterprise competitive environment, its market, its
performance, its linkages with other institutions, the
consumer, and the quality of interaction between the firm
and the consumer. Similarly, at the macro level, it can
facilitate a scrutiny of a country’s/region’s/area’s tourism
system, its operation within and in relation to other
systems, such as economic, political, social and legal ones.

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TOURISM SYSTEM

The scale and scale of tourism industry has widened to


such an extent that it has emerged as an industrial giant
with gigantic potential to go further. This has been made
possible mainly by the civilization and technological
advances the world over. The headway in civilization imply
improvements in socio-economic conditions namely,
changes in the demographics structure and social pattern
of populations (living patterns and lifestyles), in terms of
the aging of the population, increase in working women and
two income earning households, trend towards late
marriages and faster growth in the number of childless
couples, increased paid leave and more flexible working
time, etc. Such occurrences in the developed and newly
industrialized countries means that more people will have
the time, inclination and income to travel. In the category
of technological advancements, these are particularly, the
developments in crucial technologies such as revolutions in
the transport system – be it air transport (Jet propulsion
aircraft in the sixties and Jumbo Jets in the seventies of
the twentieth century), water transport (cruise ships and
motor-coaches) and/or rail-road transport (trains and
automobiles) – that have made travel more faster,
convenient, comfortable and safer; information and
communication systems helpful in changing the relationship
between vendor, intermediary and the consumer have
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contributed significantly towards tourism development and
promotion. The advances in technologies related to
transport, communication systems, electronic media have
transformed marketing and advertisement strategies, as
well as distribution networks. The developments in the
information and communication technologies are sure to
bring benefits to both travel suppliers and travelers in the
form of more efficient data handling and processing,
reducing the requirement for staff and hence, lowering
operating costs. A part of these cost savings can be
passed on to the traveling consumer who also benefits
from these sophisticated systems not only in terms on
money but in terms of time, energy and botheration as
well.

However, the subject matter and scope of tourism is


controversial and debatable owing to conceptual infirmity
and imprecision. There is an underlying lack of
conscientiousness and focus especially when there is no
general consensus on definition of tourism or even what is
contained in the tourism industry. Again, it becomes all the
more meaningful to provide a framework of a systematic
and analytic approach capable of identifying the
allied/related discipline approaches and businesses to be
incorporated. Yet again, tourism suffers from a
particularly delicate set of data base in terms of
similarity, comparability and quality. In view of the
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aforesaid problems, research in tourism entails a
methodology framework. For this, one can move along
either individual discipline approach – be it economics,
psychology, sociology or geography – tourism activity is
viewed in the context of relevance of the concepts and
notions of the subject approach concerned, it is an
integration of a number of subjects and disciplines with a
focus on tourism in an interdisciplinary approach. Fig. 6
illustrates the latter.

It is, indeed, very difficult and if not impossible to include


all the possible approaches to tourism, therefore, as an
alternative and with a view to providing an organizing
framework, Leiper’s model (suggested in 1979 and updated
in 1990) can be a good fit. Figure 6 describers that
Leiper’s model systematically considers most of the
problems pinpointed above by taking into account the
activity of tourists, allowing industry sectors to be
located, and accommodating the geographical element
(earth’s form and physical features etc.) deep-rooted in all
travel. The model comprises of three basic elements:

1) Tourists: The Tourist is the key player in this


system. Tourist, in fact, is a human experience,
enjoyed, anticipated and recalled by a lot as a
historic and/or life time aspect. Therefore,

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defining the tourist and its classification turns out
to be equally relevant.
2) Geographical Elements: Leiper described three main
geographical elements in his system’s model. These
are:
• Traveler-generating region
• Tourist destination region
• Transit route region
The traveler-generating region (TGR) exemplifies
the area breeding markets for tourism, and
practically acts as the ‘push’ force to motivate
and stimulate i.e. set off and encourage travel. It
is this region where the tourist tries to seek
information, goes for reservations and makes the
departure. This region is basically related to the
demand aspect of travel and tourism. Further,
the tourist destination region (TDR) symbolizes
the ‘sharp end of tourism’ and is, indeed, the
raison d’ être for tourism. The pull force of the
destinations activates the whole tourism system
besides begetting demand for travel in the
traveler generating region. According to Leiper,
it is at the destination where the most noticeable
and dramatic consequences of the system occur.
Since, is it the destination where the utmost
impact of tourism is felt, therefore, the planning
and management strategies are implemented in
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this region. Furthermore, the transit route
region (TR) typifies not only the in-between
places which may be visited en route, but also the
short period of travel to get to the destinations.
Leiper highlights that ‘there is always an interval
in a trip when the traveler feels they have left
their home region but have not yet arrived…
[Where] they chose to visit’.
3) Tourism Industry: The third element of the model is
the tourism industry comprising the variety of
businesses and organizations responsible for
supplying the tourism product. The model provides
for the location of the different industrial sectors
to be identified. For instance, the tour operators
and the travel agents are primarily set up in the
traveler-generating region, attractions and the
hospitality business are located in the tourist
destination region and the transport industry is
largely situated in the transit route region.

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The operation of the Leiper’s tourism system is such that
there is not only an interaction between each element of
the system but with other sectors as well so as to deliver
the tourism product, to assess the occurrences and
impacts of tourism, and the varied backgrounds influencing
the occurrence of the tourism activity.

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TOURISM BY STATE

ANDHRA PRADESH

Charminar in Hyderabad

Andhra Pradesh has a rich cultural heritage and a variety of


tourist attractions. The state of Andhra Pradesh comprises scenic
hills, forests, beaches and temples. Andhra Pradesh is the home of
many religious pilgrimage centres, one of them being 'Tirupati',
the abode of Lord Venkateswara, which is the richest and most
visited Hindu temple in India.

The weather in Andhra Pradesh is mostly tropical and the best


time to visit is in November through to January. The monsoon
season commences in June and ends in September, so travel would
not be advisable during this period.

Places to visit:

• Hyderabad: Charminar, Mecca Masjid, Salarjung Museum,


Hussain Sagar, Lumbini Park, Snow world, Ramoji Film city,
Water world, Hitech city, Golconda, Paigah tombs, Falaknuma
palace

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• Visakhapatnam: Kailashagiri, R.K.Beach, Rushikonda beach,
Simhachalam temple, Vizag-Bhimili Beach Road,
Bojjannakonda, Thatlakonda, Appikonda Beach, Yarada Beach,
Bhimili Beach, Gangavaram Beach, Borra Caves, Araku valley,
Tenneti Beach Park, Ross hill church, Dolphin's nose
mountain, Submarine Museum, Aquarium, Indira Gandhi
Zoological Gardens
• Tirupati: Lord venkateshwara temple, Tirumala, Deer
Sanctury, Horsely Hills, Sri Kalahasti Temple, Lepakshi
• Sri Prasanti Nilayam: Abode of puttaparthi Sai Baba
• Vijayawada: Kanakadurga Temple, Gandhi hill, Prakasham
Barrage, Krishna River bank, Mangalagiri Temple

ASSAM

Rang Ghar

Assam is the central state in the North-East Region of India and


serves as the gateway to the rest of the Seven Sister States.
Assam boasts of famous wildlife preserves – the Kaziranga
National Park (pictured) and the Manas National Park, largest
river island Majuli and tea-estates dating back to time of British
Raj. The weather is mostly sub-tropical. Assam experiences the
Indian monsoon and has one of the highest forest densities in
India. The winter months are the best time to visit.

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It has a rich cultural heritage going back to the Ahom Dynasty
which governed the region for many centuries before the British
occupation. Other notable features include the Brahmaputra
River, the mystery of the bird suicides in Jatinga, numerous
temples including Kamakhya of Tantric sect, ruins of palaces, etc.

DELHI

Lotus Temple.

Delhi is the capital of India. A fine blend of old and new, ancient
and modern in every stream of life is the soul of Delhi. A melting
pot of cultures, religions and castes makes Delhi a diverse place.
Delhi has been the capital of India from the mythological days.
The rulers left behind their trade marks in the architecture.
Tughlaqabad fort and the Qutub Minar, the Jama Masjid and the
Lotus bah'ai temple, The Humayun's tomb and the Red Fort, and
India Gate and the Magnificent President's house (Rashtrapati
Bhavan). Delhi is famous for its wide roads and crisp winters.

One of the few places in India where colours of nature changes


with the seasons. From Kerala to Kashmir and from Gujarat to
Assam all the mouth watering delicacies and shopping goods are
found in Delhi. The cosmopolitan nature of the city has only added
to the beauty and glory of it. Big gardens, wide roads, ancient
structures, and power of politics is what Delhi is all about. Delhi is

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popularly known for its monuments. Most of them which are built
by the Mughal Emperors.

GOA

Goa is noted for its resorts and beaches

The state of Goa is situated on the West Coast of India, between


the borders of Maharashtra and Karnataka and is better known to
the world as the former Portuguese enclave on Indian soil. With
the rule of the Portuguese for over 450 years and the
consequential influence of the Latin culture, Goa presents a
somewhat different picture to the foreign visitor than any other
part of the country. The state of Goa is famous for its excellent
beaches, churches, and Hindu temples. The Bom Jesus cathedral,
Mangueshi Temple and Shantadurga are famous attractions in Goa.

HIMACHAL PRADESH

A summer view of Khajjiar, a hill station in Himachal Pradesh.


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Home to the some of the most popular Hill Stations, and home also
to some exquisite alpine & Trans-Himalayan destinations, the
Indian state of Himachal Pradesh is a major product in the Indian
tourism market. Himachal is famous for its sweet apples.

Among the major crowd pullers in Himachal Pradesh are: Shimla,


the state’s capital, Manali, Dharamshala, Dalhousie and Kasauli.

JAMMU AND KASHMIR

Jammu is noted for its landscape, ancient temples, Hindu shrines,


castles, gardens and forts. A Hindu holy shrine of Amarnath and
Vaishno Devi attracts tens of thousands of Hindu devotees every
year. Jammu's natural landscape has made it one of the most
popular destinations for adventure tourism in south Asia. Jammu's
historic monuments feature a unique blend of Islamic and Hindu
architecture styles.

Tourism forms an integral part of the Kashmiri economy. Often


dubbed "Paradise on Earth", Kashmir's mountainous landscape has
attracted tourists for centuries. Notable places are Dal Lake,
Srinagar Phalagam, Gulmarg, Yeusmarg and Mughal Gardens etc.

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KARNATAKA

Jog Falls

Karnataka, the eighth largest state in India, is a veritable


treasure trove of tourist delights. By virtue of its varied
geography and long and rich history, Karnataka boasts of numerous
spots of interest for tourists. Karnataka has been ranked as
fourth most popular destination for tourism among states of
India. With its 507 out of the 3600 centrally protected
monuments, Karnataka has the second highest number of
protected monuments in India, next only to Uttar Pradesh.
Karnataka is famous for its waterfalls. Jog falls of Shimoga
District is one of the highest waterfalls in Asia. This state has 21
wildlife sanctuaries and five National parks and is home to more
than 500 species of birds.

Karnataka is a rock climber’s paradise. Yana in Uttara Kannada,


Ramnagara near Bangalore district, Shivagange in Tumkur district
and tekal in Kolar district are a rock climber’s heaven.

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KERALA

Kerala nicknamed as "God's own country".

Kerala is a state on the tropical Malabar Coast of southwestern


India. Nicknamed as one of the "10 paradises of the world" by the
National Geographic traveler, Kerala is famous especially for its
ecotourism initiatives. Its unique culture and traditions, coupled
with its varied demography, has made it one of the most popular
tourist destinations in India. Growing at a rate of 13.31%, the
tourism industry significantly contributes to the state's economy.
The Kerala Tourism Development Corporation, the government
agency that oversees the tourism prospects of the state, has
adopted the brand "God's Own Country" for its campaigns. The
slogan holds global Superbrand status. Kerala is gifted with 42
rivers running as the life stream of the culture. This state has a
variety of land scapes which can attract the tourists such as
coastal regions, backwaters, Nilgiri mountaing on one side, malabar
highlands, and so on.

MADHYA PRADESH

Madhya Pradesh is called the "Heart of India" only because of its


location in the centre of the country. It has been home to the
cultural heritage of Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, Jainism and
Islam. Innumerable monuments, exquisitely carved temples,
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stupas, forts and palaces are dotted all over the State. Madhya
Pradesh is also known as Tiger State because of tiger population in
MP (Madhya Pradesh). Many Famous national parks like kanha,
banthavgadh and pench are located in MP. The natural beauty of
Madhya Pradesh is equally varied. Consisting largely of a plateau,
the State has everything. Spectacular mountain ranges,
meandering rivers and miles and miles of dense forests offering a
unique and exciting panorama of wildlife in sylvan surroundings.

MAHARASHTRA

Mumbai High court

Unlike most other states in India, Maharashtra boasts of a large


number of popular and revered religious venues that are heavily
frequented by locals as well as out-of-state visitors. It also
boasts of the City of Mumbai with its Bollywood fame, ancient
cave temples at Ajanta and Ellora, the Tuljabhavani temple at
Tuljapur, the Mahalakshmi temple in Kolhapur, the city of Pune the
seat of the Maratha empire, the fantastic Ganesh chaturthi
celebrations and much more.

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ORISSA

Orissa has been a preferred destination from ancient days for


people who have an interest in spirituality, religion, culture, art
and natural beauty. Ancient and medieval architecture, pristine
sea beaches, the classical and ethnic dance forms and a variety of
festivals. Orissa has kept the religion of Buddhism alive. Rock-
edicts that have challenged time stand huge and over-powering by
the banks of the river Daya. The torch of Buddhism is still ablaze
in the sublime triangle at Udayagiri, Lalitgiri & Ratanagiri, on the
banks of river Birupa. Precious fragments of a glorious past come
alive in the shape of stupas, rock-cut caves, rock-edicts,
excavated monasteries, viharas, chaityas and sacred relics in
caskets and the Rock-edicts of Ashoka. Orissa is the home for
various tribal communities who have contributed uniquely to the
multicultural and multilingual character of the state. Their
handicrafts, different dance forms, jungle products and their
unique life style blended with their healing practices have got
worldwide attention.

PUNJAB

Punjab is one of India's most beautiful states. The state of Punjab


is renowned for its cuisine, culture and history. Punjab has a vast
public transportation and communication network. Some of the
main cities in Punjab are Amritsar, Chandigarh, and Ludhiana.
Punjab also has a rich religious history incorporating Sikhism and
Hinduism. Tourism in Punjab is principally suited for the tourists
interested in culture, ancient civilization, spirituality and epic
history. Some of the villages in Punjab are also a must see for the
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person who wants to see the true Punjab, with their beautiful
traditional Indian homes, farms and temples, this is a must see for
any visitor that goes to Punjab.

• RAJASTHAN

Laxmi Temple in Jaipur

Rajasthan, literally meaning "the land of the kings", is one of the


most attractive tourist destinations in Northern India. The vast
sand dunes of the Thar Desert attract millions of tourists from
around the globe every year.

• Attractions of Rajasthan
• Jaipur - The capital of Rajasthan, famous for its rich history
and royal architecture
• Jodhpur - fortress-city at the edge of the Thar Desert,
famous for its blue homes and architecture
• Udaipur - Known as the "Venice" of India
• Jaisalmer - famous for its golden fortress
• Barmer - Barmer and surrounding areas offer perfect
picture of typical Rajasthani villages.
• Bikaner - famous for its medieval history as a trade route
outpost
• Mount Abu

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• Pushkar-It has the only Brahma temple in the world

• SIKKIM

The Himalayan Mountains in Sikkim.

Originally known as Suk-Heem, which in the local language means


"peaceful home", Sikkim was an independent kingdom till the year
1974, when it became a part of the Republic Of India. The capital
of Sikkim is Gangtok, located approximately 185 kilometers from
New Jalpaiguri, the nearest railway station to Sikkim. Although, an
airport is under construction at Dekiling in East Sikkim, the
nearest airport to Sikkim would be Bagdogra. Sikkim is considered
as the land of Orchids and mystic cultures and colorful traditions.
Sikkim is well known among trekkers and adventure lovers, as
West Sikkim has a lot to give them. Places near Sikkim include
Darjeeling also known as the Queen of hills and Kalimpong.
Darjeeling, other than its world famous "Darjeeling tea" is also
famous for its refined "Prep schools" founded during the British
Raj. Kalimpong is also famous for its Flora cultivation and is home
to many internationally known Nurseries.

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TAMIL NADU

Shore Temple

Tamil Nadu or "the land of Tamil" is a beautiful state nestled in


the southern Indian peninsula, on the shores of the Bay of Bengal
and the deep blue Indian Ocean. Many great rulers including the
Cholas, Pallavas, Pandyas and the Vijayanagara Empire ruled over
parts of Tamil Nadu. The state is known for its cultural heritage
and temple architecture.

Tamil literature is amongst the oldest in India. Much of the


ancient culture of Tamil Nadu is still alive. We have Carnatic
music, an Indian classical tradition. Bharatha Natyam is its twin
dance form, always accompanied by this music and the rich
tradition of folk music continues to inspire people.

Attractions:

• Chennai - Capital of Tamilnadu and also India's fourth largest


metropolitan
• Coimbatore - Industrial centre, Temples, Kovai kutralam
waterfalls
• Mahabalipuram - World famous for its shore temples
• Chidambaram - Lord Shiva in the enthralling form of a Cosmic
Dance.
• Kanchipuram - The Golden City of a thousand temples,
Handloom Silk
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• Kanyakumari - Southernmost tip of India, where the Arabian
Sea, the Indian Ocean and the Bay of Bengal meet
• Ootacamund - Queen of southern hill resorts of India
• Madurai - Oldest cities of southern India
• Rameswaram - Well-known pilgrimage in India
• Thanjavur - The rice bowl of Tamil Nadu
• Tiruchirapalli - City on the banks of river Cauvery
• Auroville - International Utopian city being built, Aurobindo
Ashram Associations.
• Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary - Wildlife sanctuary
• Kodaikanal- King of southern hill resorts of India

UTTARAKHAND

Winter in Nainital, Uttarakhand, India.

Uttaranchal is the 26th state of the Republic of India. Blessed


with magnificent glaciers, majestic snow-clad mountains, gigantic
and ecstatic peaks, valley of flowers, skiing slopes and dense
forests, this Abode of Gods includes many shrines and places of
pilgrimage. Char-dhams, the four most sacred and revered Hindu
temples: Badrinath, Kedarnath, Gangotri and Yamunotri are
nestled in the Mighty Himalayas. Haridwar which means Gateway
to God is the only place on the plains.

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A picturesque state, with a breathtaking panoramic view of
Himalayas, Uttarakhand promises its tourists a visit full of fun
and unforgettable moments. It contains the most fascinating and
beautiful part of the Himalayas and provide watershed for
Gangetic River System spanning 300Km from Satluj in the west to
Kali River in the east. Nanda Devi (25640 Ft) is the second
highest peak in India after Kanchenjunga (28160 Ft). Dunagiri,
Neelkanth, Chukhamba, Panchachuli, Trisul are other peaks above
23000 Ft. It is considered abode of Devtas, Yakashyas, Kinners,
Fairies and Sages. They all are present here on glittering peaks,
roaring rivers, beautiful hills slopes and valleys in one or another
form.

It boasts of some old hill-stations developed during British era


like Mussoorie, Almora and Nainital.

UTTAR PRADESH

Temple in Varanasi

Situated in the northern part of India, Uttar Pradesh is important


with its wealth of monuments and religious fervor. Geographically,
Uttar Pradesh is very diverse, with Himalayan foothills in the
extreme north, the Gangetic Plain in the centre, and the Vindhya
Mountain Range towards the South. It is also home of India's

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most visited site, the Taj Mahal, and Hinduism's holiest city,
Varanasi. The most populous state of the Indian Union also has a
rich cultural heritage, and at the heart of North India, Uttar
Pradesh has much to offer.

Places of interest include Varanasi, Agra, Mathura, Jhansi, Prayag,


Sarnath, Ayodhya, Dudhwa National Park

WEST BENGAL

Victoria Memorial in Kolkata

Kolkata, one of the many cities in the state of West Bengal has
been nicknamed the City of Palaces. This comes from the
numerous palatial mansions built all over the city. Unlike many
north Indian cities, whose construction stresses minimalism, the
layout of much of the architectural variety in Kolkata owes its
origins to European styles and tastes imported by the British and,
to a much lesser extent, the Portuguese and French. The buildings
were designed and inspired by the tastes of the English gentleman
around and the aspiring Bengali Babu (literally, a nouveau riche
Bengali who aspired to cultivation of English etiquette, manners
and custom, as such practices were favorable to monetary gains
from the British). Today, many of these structures are in various
stages of decay.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

TEXT AND REFERENCES

1) In Search By Hospitality; By:-


Conrad Lashley
Alison Morrison

2) Hotel Front Office: A Training Manual; By:-

Sudhir Andrews

3) Basics of Tourism; By:-

Krishan K. Kamra

Mohinder Chand

4) Hotel Management: an Introduction; By:-

Tim Knowles
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5)http://www.hospitalitynet.org/news/4017990.searc
h

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