Cong Nghe 4D CAD

i Hc Quc Gia Tp.
H Ch Minh
TRNG I HC BCH KHOA
----------------
DNG TN DNG
NGHIN CU NG DNG CNG NGH 4D CAD

TRONG LP V M PHNG TIN THI CNG
XY DNG
Chuyn Ngnh : CNG NGH V QUN L XY DNG

M S Ngnh : 60.58.90
LUN VN THC S
Thnh ph H Ch Minh, Thng 09 nm 2009

i Hc Quc Gia Tp. H Ch Minh
TRNG I HC BCH KHOA
----------------
DNG TN DNG
NGHIN CU NG DNG CNG NGH 4D CAD

TRONG LP V M PHNG TIN THI CNG
XY DNG
Chuyn Ngnh : CNG NGH V QUN L XY DNG

M S Ngnh : 60.58.90
LUN VN THC S
Thnh ph H Ch Minh, Thng 09 nm 2009

CNG TRNH C HON THNH TI
TRNG I HC BCH KHOA
I HC QUC GIA TP H CH MINH
Cn b hng dn khoa hc:
Cn b chm nhn xt 1:
..
Cn b chm nhn xt 2:
Lun vn thc s c bo v ti HI NG CHM BO V LUN VN

THC S.
TRNG I HC BCH KHOA, ngy.thng.nm 2009

TRNG I HC BCH KHOA CNG HA X HI CH NGHA VIT NAM
PHNG O TO SAU I HC C LP T DO HNH PHC
________________________________ ________________________________
Tp. HCM, ngy..........thng..nm 2009
NHIM V LUN VN THC S

H tn hc vin : DNG TN DNG Phi : Nam
Nm sinh : 24-03-1983 Ni sinh : Qung Ngi
Chuyn ngnh : Cng ngh v Qun l Xy dng MSHV : 00807567
I. TN TI:
NGHIN CU NG DNG CNG NGH 4D CAD TRONG LP V M PHNG
TIN THI CNG XY DNG
II. NHIM V V NI DUNG:
- Nghin cu ng dng t ng ha trong tnh ton khi lng cu kin t m hnh

3D nhm phc v cng tc tnh ton v lp tin d n.
- Pht trin cc cng c ng dng nhm ph v cho cng tc lp tin d n, ti
u ha ti nguyn v tin d n.
- Xy dng m hnh m phng 4D CAD v qua a ra cc li ch ca cng ngh
4D CAD trong la chn cc phng n thi cng, ng thi pht hin mt hn ch
ca n thng qua mt nghin cu c th.
- Nghin cu s dng cc cng c phn mm h tr nhm p dng thnh cng cng
ngh 4D CAD.
III. NGY GIAO NHIM V: 30-01-2009
IV. NGY HON THNH NHIM V: 02-07-2009
V. CN B HNG DN: Tin s LNG C LONG
CN B HNG DN CH NHIM NGNH CN B MN
QL CHUYN NGNH
TS. LNG C LONG TS. NG QUANG TNG TS. NG QUANG TNG

Ni dung v cng lun vn thc s c Hi ng Chuyn Ngnh thng qua.
Ngy..........thng..........nm 2009
TRNG PHNG T-SH TRNG KHOA QL NGNH
LI CM N
Trc tin, xin gi li cm n su sc n TS. Lng c Long quan tm,

tn tnh gip v hng dn ti trong sut qu trnh thc hin lun vn ny. Xin
chn thnh cm n cc thy c, c bit l cc thy c ging dy thuc chuyn
ngnh Cng ngh v Qun l Xy dng, trng i hc Bch khoa Tp. H Ch
Minh. Tt c nhng kin thc, kinh nghim m cc thy c truyn t li cho ti
trong sut qu trnh hc cng nh nhng gp qu bu ca cc thy c v lun
vn ny s mi l hnh trang qu gi cho ti trong sut qu trnh hc tp, nghin
cu v cng tc sau ny.
Xin cm n nhng ngi ng nghip ca ti, h tr cho ti rt nhiu

trong sut qu trnh hc tp v chnh nhng kinh nghim thc t trong qu trnh
cng tc ca h ng gp rt nhiu kin cho ti hon thnh lun vn ny.
Cui cng, xin cm n nhng ngi thn trong gia nh ti, nhng ngi bn
thn ca ti lun bn cnh ti, quan tm, ng vin v gip ti vt qua
nhng kh khn, tr ngi hon thnh lun vn ny.
Tp. H Ch Minh, ngy 02 thng 07 nm 2009

TM TT
Cng ngh 4D CAD c hnh thnh t nhng nm thp nin 80 v c tip

nhn, ng dng v pht trin nhanh chng, rng ri trn ton th gii. Cng
ngh 4D CAD tp trung vo m phng nhm la cho phng n thi cng xy
dng ti u. S dng cng ngh 4D CAD trong lp v m phng tin thi
cng s gip pht hin c cc sai st, hn ch trong tin d n c lp,
ng thi cung cp mt ci nhn trc quan v trng thi cng trnh ti tng thi
im ca d n. Tuy nhin, hu ht cc cng ty xy dng Vit Nam hin nay
u khng p dng cng ngh ny vo trong lnh lp tin d n cng nh thi
cng xy dng.
T thc t trn, nghin cu ny tin hnh xy dng m hnh m phng 4D
CAD cho mt d n c th. Qua , nghin cu a ra cc u im, li ch v
kh khn, hn ch ca cng ngh 4D CAD trong lp v m phng tin thi
cng xy dng nhm la chn phng n thi cng ti u. Bn cnh , nghin
cu cng ch trng vo vic pht trin cc cng c ng dng trong ti u ha
ti nguyn, tin d n nhm gp phn em li hiu qu cho d n vi tin
c lp.
T kt qu nghin cu thu c thng qua mt d n xy dng c th. Lun
vn a ra c 7 li ch m cng ngh 4D CAD mang li, 3 kh khn khi
xy dng m hnh m phng 4D CAD. Bn cnh , nghin cu cn a ra
c ng dng trong t ng ha tnh ton khi lng cu kin, ti u ha ti
nguyn, tin d n. Vi kt qu thu c, tc gi hi vng s cung cp mt
ci nhn tng quan v li ch ca 4D CAD trong lp v m phng tin thi
cng xy dng, t gip cc cng ty xy dng cn nhc p dng thnh cng
cng ngh ny vo lnh vc ca mnh nht l lnh vc qun l d n v thi cng
xy dng.
Lun vn Thc s GVHD: TS. Lng c Long
MC LC
CHNG 1: GII THIU ................................................................................................... 9
1.1. Tng quan v ni dung nghin cu v c s hnh thnh ti .................................. 9
1.1.1. Tnh hnh ngnh xy dng Vit Nam ................................................................... 9
1.1.2. Tnh hnh s dng cng ngh 4D CAD cc nc trn th gii ...................... 11
1.1.3 C s hnh thnh ti ...................................................................................... 11
1.2. Mc tiu nghin cu ................................................................................................. 11
1.3. Li ch mong mun ca ti .................................................................................. 12
CHNG 2: LC KHO CC VN NGHIN CU ....................................... 13
2.1. S cn thit ca vic p dng cng ngh 4D CAD .................................................. 13
2.2. Li ch cng ngh 4D CAD trong lp tin thi cng xy dng ............................ 14
2.3. Cc kh khn, gii hn trong p dng cng ngh 4D CAD ..................................... 16
2.4. Cc cng c phn mm h tr p dng cng ngh 4D CAD ................................... 17
CHNG 3: C S L THUYT ................................................................................. 19
3.1. Cng ngh 4D CAD ................................................................................................. 19
3.1.1. M hnh 3D CAD ............................................................................................... 19
3.1.2. M hnh 4D CAD ............................................................................................... 20
3.2. Tin thi cng xy dng ........................................................................................ 21
3.2.1. Tin thi cng ................................................................................................. 21
3.2.2. iu ha ngun lc ........................................................................................... 24
3.3. Kt hp 4D CAD v CPM trong hoch nh v qun l d n xy dng ................ 26
CHNG 4: PHM VI V PHNG PHP NGHIN CU ................................... 29
4.1. Phm vi nghin cu ng dng .................................................................................. 29
4.2. Phng php nghin cu .......................................................................................... 29
4.2.1. Xy dng m hnh 3D CAD bng Revit Struture............................................... 30
4.2.2. Xut s liu qua Microsoft Excel v gn ti nguyn, tin ............................ 32
4.2.3. Lp tin v ti u ha ti nguyn trong Microsoft Project .......................... 35
4.2.4. Lin kt m hnh 3D Revit v tin CPM ....................................................... 39
4.2.5. Xy dng m hnh m phng 4D ....................................................................... 40
CHNG 5: NG DNG TH NGHIM ................................................................... 42
5.1. Tng quan cng trnh nghin cu ............................................................................. 42
5.2. Kt qu nghin cu trn d n Hyatt Block C....................................................... 43
5.2.1. M hnh 3D CAD trong Revit Structure ............................................................ 43
5.2.2. Thng s cu kin t m hnh 3D xut qua Excel ............................................. 44
5.2.3. Kt qu t c Excel qua Microsoft Project ..................................................... 50
5.2.4. Ti u ha ti nguyn trong Microsof Project .................................................. 52
5.3. M phng 4D trong Revit Structure ......................................................................... 54
5.3.1. Lin kt tin CPM t Microsoft Project v m hnh 3D Revit ..................... 55
5.3.2. M hnh m phng 4D ....................................................................................... 57
5.4. La chn phng n thi cng ................................................................................... 62
CHNG 6: KT LUN V KIN NGH ................................................................... 68
6.1. Kt lun .................................................................................................................... 68
6.2. Kin ngh .................................................................................................................. 71
PH LC A: THNG S PHN T REVIT ............................................................... 73
Dng Tn Dng MSHV: 00807567 Trang 7
PH LC B: KT QU TNH TON KHI LNG TNG CU KIN............ 100
PH LC C: TIN THI CNG D N ............................................................... 126
PH LC D: CNG C H TR TRONG MS. PROJECT .................................... 130
PH LC E: NG DNG TCH HP TRONG REVIT ........................................... 134
TI LIU THAM KHO............................................................................................... 137
L LCH TRCH NGANG ............................................................................................ 139

CHNG 1: GII THIU

1.1. Tng quan v ni dung nghin cu v c s hnh thnh ti
1.1.1. Tnh hnh ngnh xy dng Vit Nam
Sau mi nm thng trm, t nm 1996 n nay, ngnh xy dng to c th v lc

bc vo thi k thc hin cng nghip ha, hin i ha. Lc lng sn xut c sp
xp li. Cc tng cng ty, cng ty mnh c thnh lp v cng c, tip tc u t chiu
su i mi cng ngh, tng nng lc sn xut, kh nng cnh tranh ca cc sn phm
thuc ngnh. S lng cc cng ty xy dng trong v ngoi nc tham gia vo th trng
xy dng Vit Nam tng mt cch ng k theo tng nm:
Nm 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

S DN 3999 5693 7845 9717 12315 15252 17783
20000
17783
18000
16000 15252
14000 12315
12000
9717
10000
7845
8000
5693
6000 3999
4000
2000
0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Hnh 1. 1: S Doanh nghip hot ng trong lnh vc xy dng theo tng nm
Ngun: Tng cc Thng K
Cng vi vic pht trin bng n ca cc doanh nghip Xy dng trong v ngoi nc, lc
lng lao ng trong lnh vc ny cng tng theo mt cch ng k. Nu nh nm 2001 ta
ch c 529351 lao ng trong lnh vc Xy dng th nm 2007 con s ny l 996720
(tng gn 200%). Vn sn xut kinh doanh hng nm ca cc doanh nghip ngnh Xy
dng vo nm 2007 cng tng 449.58% so vi nm 2001, mt tc tng trng ng k.
Nm 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

S lao ng 529351 627591 799001 861791 939186 1005981 996720
Vn (t ng) 55222 70325 97027 117915 157791 204178 248268
Ngun: Tng cc Thng K

nh gi c tim nng ca th trng xy dng Vit Nam, cc cng ty, nh u t nc
ngoi cng ch trng u t vo lnh vc ny lm cho th phn cc cng ty xy dng
Vit Nam ngy cng phong ph v a ng. S lng cc cng ty xy dng nc ngoi
u t vo Vit Nam tng ngy cng nhanh trong nhng nm gn y. Tnh n nm 2007,
tng s d n xy dng c vn u t trc tip t nc ngoi c cp giy php l 254
vi tng s vn u t l 6808.0 triu USD.
Nm 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Vn (t ng) 147941 162313 170579 210483 237363 269676 337292
400000
337292
350000
300000 269676
237363
250000
210483
200000 170579
162313
147941
150000
100000
50000
0
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Hnh 1. 2 : Gi tr ti sn c nh doanh nghip c vn u t nc ngoi
Ngun: Tng cc Thng K

Bn cnh nhng thnh cng v pht trin trong thi gian qua, ngnh xy dng Vit Nam
vn cn nhng vn tn ti. Thc t v nhng s liu thng k cho thy nhng yu km
v tnh km chuyn nghip trong cc kha cnh khc nhau ca xy dng nh trnh thit
k, kh nng hoch nh v qun l d n, k thut v t chc thi cng. c bit, cc s c
cng trnh gn y nh cu vt Vn Thnh, cao c Pacific, cu Cn Th,... cho thy cht
lng xy dng, cng l vn ng lo ngi, cn c quan tm t chc qun l v thc
hin. Cng tc hoch nh v qun l tin thi cng Xy dng cc cng trnh dn dng
v cng nghip, c bit l cc cng trnh nh cao tng cn nhiu vn bt cp lm cho
tin cng trnh khng c m bo v xut hin chi ph pht sinh ngoi mun m
nh thu khng th kim sot c. V vy, ngnh xy dng cn tip tc i mi t t duy
n hnh ng trong cng tc qun l nh nc, bao gm xy dng cc chin lc, k
hoch pht trin, chnh sch, xy dng tiu chun, nh mc, thanh tra, kim tra,... v c

bit l p dng k thut, cng ngh tin tin trong hoch nh, qun l d n, gim st
kim sot, m bo tin thi cng, cht lng cng trnh, a ngnh xy dng Vit Nam
pht trin sc cnh tranh vi ngnh xy dng cc nc tin tin.
1.1.2. Tnh hnh s dng cng ngh 4D CAD cc nc trn th gii
Cng ngh 4D CAD l s tch hp yu t thi gian vo m hnh 3D CAD to ra m

phng trc quan 4D. Cng ngh 4D CAD trong cng nghip xy dng bt u pht trin t
nm 1987 (Fisher v Kam, 2001) v c quan tm v pht trin mt cch nhanh chng
trong lnh vc ny. Cng ngh 4D CAD c s dng, pht trin rng ri v em li mt
li th to ln trong vic pht trin mi quan h gia n v thit k v thi cng xy dng.
Hin ti, nhiu cng ty xy dng trn khp th gii nh M, Canada, Nht, p dng
cng ngh 4D trong hoch nh, m phng qu trnh thi cng v thu li nhiu kt qu.
Cng ngh 4D CAD ang dn dn thay th 3D trong lnh vc hoch nh v qun l thi
cng xy dng.
1.1.3 C s hnh thnh ti
Trong ngnh cng nghip xy dng, cc mc tiu v chi ph, tin v cht lng l cc
yu t chnh cho mt d n xy dng thnh cng (N.D.Long v cc tc gi, 2004). Vic
nhn ra cc phng n thi cng thch hp nhm m bo tnh lin tc v tc thi ca dng
ti nguyn theo tng giai on v tng v tr trn cng trng s l nhn t chnh trong s
thnh cng ca d n thi cng. Bn cnh , vic m phng qu trnh thi cng nhm d
on cc vn c th xy ra khi tin hnh thi cng thc t trn cng trng s gip ta hn
ch cc ri ro c hu. Trong lnh vc xy dng, yu t cht lng i khi khng c ch
n gim chi ph v rt ngn thi gian thc hin ca d n.
m bo thnh cng v p ng c cc yu cu ngy cng gt gao ca ch u t,
cc d n xy dng cn c hoch nh, qun l mt cch cht ch v cn phi c s lin
kt chia s thng tin mt cch nhanh chng, ng thi ca cc n v tham gia d n cng
nh cc thnh vin trong i ng qun l d n. S dng cng ngh 4D kt hp ng thi
vi cc phng php lp tin thng thng (v d phng php s mng CPM) s
gip ngi qun l c mt ci nhn trc quan v nhng din bin bn trong ca cng trnh
v tm ra cng nh gii quyt kp thi nhng tranh chp xy ra bn trong n.
1.2. Mc tiu nghin cu
Nghin cu ny nhm mc ch:

- Nghin cu ng dng t ng ha trong tnh ton khi lng phn t (cu kin)
t m hnh 3D nhm phc v cng tc tnh ton v lp tin d n.
- Pht trin cc cng c ng dng nhm tn dng trit cc tnh nng ca cc
phn mm h tr trong cng tc lp tin d n, ti u ha ti nguyn v tin
d n.
- Xy dng m hnh m phng 4D CAD v qua a ra cc li ch ca 4D
CAD trong la chn phng n thi cng ng thi pht hin mt hn ch ca
n thng qua mt nghin cu c th.
- Nghin cu s dng cc cng c phn mm h tr nhm p dng thnh cng
cng ngh 4D CAD v cc phng php kt hp m bo thnh cng cho d
n xy dng.
1.3. Li ch mong mun ca ti
ti c thc hin vi mong mun gip cc ch u t, nh thu, cc n v qun l d

n hot ng trong lnh vc Xy dng c thm thng tin v mt cng c mi c p dng
trong cng tc hoch nh v qun l d n Xy dng v cc li ch m n mang li, ng
thi cho thy nhng kh khn vp phi cng nh nhng vic cn thc hin c th ng
dng thnh cng cng ngh ny vo trong d n c th. T , cc cng ty s c nhng k
hoch, bin php cng nh c nhng chun b thch hp hoc xem xt cn thn trc khi
quyt nh p dng cng ngh mi ny. Bn cnh , yu t thnh cng cho vic p dng
cng ngh 4D CAD vo trong hoch nh v qun l d n tm c trong nghin cu ny
s c th l thng s u vo cho mt nghin cu ng dng mt m hnh khp kn cho mt
d n Xy dng t giai on thit k kin trc n giai on thi cng, hon thnh d n
Xy dng m hnh 4D BIM (Building Information Modeling).

CHNG 2: LC KHO CC VN NGHIN CU

2.1. S cn thit ca vic p dng cng ngh 4D CAD
Nghin cu ca Alan Russell v cc tc gi, 2008 ch ra cc nh thit k v thi cng d

n chu p lc ngy cng tng i vi ch u t v vic giao d n nhanh nht c th nn
thi gian tr thnh mt tiu ch ch o. tha mn yu cu ny, cc nh thu phi tm
ti, khm ph cc phng n thi cng khc nhau nhm m bo giao ng hn cng nh
chc chn vi chnh h cng nh ch u t v kh nng hon thnh ng hn v cht
lng ca tin d n. S dng cng ngh 4D CAD cho mt ci nhn trc quan v cc
tin ca d n trong qu trnh thi cng, qua gip cc nh thu xem xt la chn
phng n thi cng cng nh tin c th cho phng n .
Theo Rogier Jongeling v Thomas Olofsson, 2007, k thut ph bin hoch nh tin
thi cng phng php ng gng (CPM) cn nhiu hn ch. Theo phng php
ny, cc nh hoch nh thi cng phn chia d n thnh nhiu cng tc tng ng vi mt
hoc nhiu b phn ca cng trnh, mi cng tc c th hin trong mt s ngang hay
s mng nhn th hin tin ca d n. Mt s nh hoch nh s dng phng
php CPM tch hp sn phm vi tin nhng iu ny i hi tin CPM phi rt
chi tit v vy rt kh s dng v cp nht. Kt qu l, tin chi tit khng thng xuyn
c cp nht trong sut qu trnh thi cng v do mt i chc nng hoch nh v kim
sot dng cng vic.
Rogier Jongeling v Thomas Olofsson, 2007, cng ch ra mt kh khn khc khi s

dng phng php CPM lin quan n hnh th khng gian ca d n. Cc d n xy dng
u c mt khng gian hnh th duy nht v khng gian t nhin ca d n ng vai tr rt
quan trng trong vic a ra cc quyt nh hoch nh. Tin CPM khng cung cp
thng tin khng gian ng cnh v phc tp ca cc thnh phn d n. V th, nhn
bit cc kha cnh khng gian, ngi dng phi nhn cc bn v 2D v nhn ra b phn no
ca cng trnh tng ng vi cng tc no trong bng tin CPM. Vic lm r chi tit
tin CPM kt hp vi bn v 2D c th l mt tr ngi tin lm hn ch kh nng
nhn ra cc thi c, chui kh khn cng nh cc sai st. Cc thnh vin d n khc nhau
c th lm tng tng quan tri ngc ca tin khi xem tin CPM v bn v 2D, do
s kh c hiu qu giao tip gia cc bn tham gia d n.
Nghin cu ca K Ananthanarayanan, 2004 ch ra s cn thit ca vic m phng 4D.

Cc cng c hoch nh tin thi cng truyn thng nh s ngang (bar chart), s
mng (network diagram) khng th hin, truyn t khng gian v thi gian ng cnh
v cc kha cnh ca tin thi cng mt cch c hiu qu. Nghin cu a ch ra s
cn thit phi c mt cng c thng minh cho php cc kin trc s, k s v nh thu c
th m phng trc quan tun t thi cng trnh. M hnh 4D CAD cung cp mt nn tng
cho mt ngn ng chung gia cc thnh phn v s hnh dung tin ca chnh n. Cc
phng n la chn thit k v thi cng c th c nhn thy bn trong ng cnh khng
gian v thi gian ca n mt cch thc t.
2.2. Li ch cng ngh 4D CAD trong lp tin thi cng xy dng
Theo nghin cu ca Alan Russell v cc tc gi, 2008, vic s dng kt hp m hnh m

hnh 4D CAD v phng php tin xin (Linear Scheduling LS) em li mt li ch
ng k trong cng tc lp tin d n. M hnh 4D CAD kt hp vi tin LS cung
cp cho ngi dng thng tin trc quan v cht lng v tnh kh dng ca tin c
lp. S dng phng php LS gip ngi dng n gin ha tnh ton thng s cho cc
phn t c lp i lp li trong cng trnh. Nghin cu cn ch ra ch li ca 4D CAD v
LS trong vic khm ph, m phng, nh gi mc hon chnh v nht qun gia tin
v m hnh CAD, v kh nng cha ng lin kt gia cc i tng CAD v cc cng tc
trong tin LS ca cc phng n thi cng khc nhau khi tin hay thit k thay i.
Nghin cu cn ch ra li ch ca vic s dng kt hp cng ngh 4D CAD v tin LS
trong vic tm ti pht hin cc phng n thi cng khc nhau nhm p ng yu cu tin
d n m ch u t a ra.
Nghin cu ca Rogier Jongeling v Thomas Olofsson, 2007 ch ra li ch ca vic s

dng kt hp phng php ng cn bng (Line of Balance LoB) v cng ngh 4D
CAD trong cng tc lp tin thi cng xy dng. Phng php LoB cho php cc nh
hoch nh t c s hiu bit chuyn su dng ti nguyn phn b theo cc v tr trong
d n. M phng trc quan tin cng tc gip gim thiu n lc iu khin tin khi
cng vic ca mt t i tnh tin trong cc v tr khc nhau ca mt d n. Trong khi ,
m hnh 4D CAD l mt s b sung c gi tr cho biu LoB bi s cho php ngi
dng hnh dung khng gian hnh th ca tin cng vic c lp mt cch r rng v
nhanh chng. Theo nghin cu ny, m hnh 4D CAD h tr pht hin nhng hn ch
trong biu LoB vic tp trung qu nhiu cng tc ti mt gc ca mt cng trnh trn
nhiu l nguyn nhn dn n s thiu ht khng gian lm vic v cc iu kin nguy
him, lm nh thng n s an ton v nng sut lao ng ca t i. Nghin cu cn ch
ra m hnh 4D CAD cung cp cc khi nhim v mi lin h gia vic phn chia v tr v

cc thnh phn ca cng trnh t m hnh 4D CAD. Mt phn i tng ca cng trnh b
lp li trong nhiu v tr khng b pht hin bi trong biu LoB nhng c pht hin d
dng trong m hnh 4D CAD. Vic s dng kt hp phng php LoB v m hnh 4D
CAD c th h tr chc chn cho vic hoch nh mt dng ti nguyn m bo v lin tc
xuyn sut cc v tr ca d n.
Nghin cu ca Julian H. Kang v cc tc gi, 2007 ch ra li ch ca m phng thi

cng 4D da trn nn Web trong vic nh gi hiu qu ca tin d n v k hoch thi
cng thc t. M phng thi cng 4D kt hp vi vic giao tip trn Internet gip tng hiu
qu lm vic gia cc thnh vin trong nhm cc v tr ring bit bi qu trnh m t trc
quan tun t thi cng v s giao trao i thng tin trn nn Web. Nh , cng tc nh
gi hiu qu thi cng cng nh vic pht hin cc li trong tin c lp dng c
truyn ti n cc thnh vin d n cc ni khc nhau, thm ch cch xa nhau.
Theo nghin cu ca Martin Fischer, 2000, m hnh 4D CAD c to t vic kt hp

m hnh 3D CAD (AutoCAD) v tin CPM (Primavera) em li li ch nht nh trong
lp tin d n bi s truyn ti cc kha cnh khng gian v thi gian ca thng tin
hoch nh. M hnh 4D CAD cho gip ngi dng d dng thng sut k hoch d n
cng nh nhn bit c cc vn c th xy ra trong tin c lp. Ngoi ra, bng s
tch hp v hin th thng tin thit k v thi cng, m hnh 4D CAD y mnh s hp tc,
trao i gia cc n v d n. Thm vo , m hnh 4D CAD h tr cc phn tch lin
quan n chi ph, nng sut, an ton, s phn b ti nguyn nhm nng cao tin cy ca
tin v chi ph d n.
Theo nghin cu ca David Heeson, 2004, cng ngh 4D CAD c mt trng s to ln

trong ngnh cng nghip xy dng. M phng 4D c tc ng tch cc n d n trong c
giai on tin thi cng v thi cng, to nn sc mnh h tr cc nh hoch nh pht trin
d n c lp, cho php h thy k hoch d n m h lp tin trin nh th no.
Thm vo , cng ngh 4D CAD cho php cc nh hoch nh tin on nhng vn c
th xy ra trong giai on thi cng lm pht sinh thm thi gian v chi ph d n. Nghin
cu cn cho thy, s dng nhun nhuyn cng ngh 4D CAD s tit kim c trc tip
thi gian, chi ph v lm tng nng sut lao ng, tng tnh hiu qu ca d n. M phng
4D gip tit kim ng k trong d n thi cng bng vic nhn ra cc vn u tin trong
thi cng v trnh cng vic lp li trong sut d n.

Nghin cu ca Nashwan Dawood v Sushant Sikka, 2008, ch ra hiu qu ca 4D
CAD nh l mt cng c giao tip c gi tr. M hnh 4D CAD h tr cc thnh vin tham
gia trong vic gii thch v truyn t thng tin mt cch c hiu qu n cc thnh vin d
n. 4D cng h tr cc thnh vin tham gia trong vic hp tc a ra quyt nh, tm hiu
tnh logic tun t ca cc cng tc thi cng.
2.3. Cc kh khn, gii hn trong p dng cng ngh 4D CAD
Nghin cu ca Alan Russell v cc tc gi, 2008 ch ra cc kh khn th thch vi

trnh khoa hc k thut hin ti khi p dng cng ngh 4D CAD. ng dng 4D c
kt hp bi nhiu ng dng khc nhau (Microsoft Access, Autodesks Architectural
Desktop ADT) nhng ch s dng mt cng c lp trnh nht nh l Visual Basic nn
khng th thm nhp ht cc thuc tnh i tng ca ng dng (ADT h tr C++). ng
dng m phng 4D trong nghin cu ny c xy dng trn mt ng dng CAD chuyn
bit (ADT) v khng h tr trn ng dng khc. Ngoi ra, m hnh 4D CAD trong nghin
cu ny khng th hin c cc cng tc ang c thc hin m ch th thin cc cng
tc hon thnh (gi tr bng 1) hoc cha tin hnh (gi tr bng 0). Nghin cu cn th
hin tnh gii hn ca mc t ng ha.
Nghin cu ca Rogier Jongeling v Thomas Olofsson, 2007 cho thy s phc tp

trong vic p dng thnh cng m hnh m phng 4D CAD. M hnh 3D CAD c xy
dng bi ArchiCAD v phi c chuyn qua ADT c th xut c d liu nh dng
IFC2x (Industrial Foundation Class). M hnh m phng 4D li c thc hin trn mt
ng dng chuyn bit khc (Commonpoint 4D). S phc tp trong cng tc chuyn i d
liu s hn ch tnh t ng trong vic cp nhp d liu, thng s cng trnh. Thm vo ,
nghin cu s dng phng php LoB mt phng php c tnh phc tp v th cng
cao trong lp tin d n s lm gim tnh hiu qu, t ng ca m hnh m phng 4D
cui cng.
Nghin cu ca Jan Tulke v Jochen Hanff, 2007 ch ra s hn ch trong qu trnh kt

hp m hnh 3D CAD v tin d n to thnh m hnh 4D. S lin kt mt cch th
cng tc cng tc ring l trong tin vi cc i tng m hnh 3D lm tn nhiu thi
gian v tin thm cng knh. iu ny lm gim gi tr qui trnh hch nh 4D i vi
qui trnh hoch nh thng thng, v nhng im mnh ca m phng 4D ch c nh
gi khi tin hon chnh. Mt hn ch khc ca m phng 4D c ch ra trong nghin
cu ny chnh l gi tr ca n ch c th hin thng qua m phng v kim tra. Cc

nhn t mt thit khc lin quan n kch thc nh ti nguyn nhn cng, vt liu khng
c th hin qua m phng 4D.
Nghin cu ca David Heeson, 2004 ch ra mt hn ch khi s dng CPM v 4D CAD

thit lp dng cng vic. Mt hn ch ny xut pht t nhng hn ch vn c ca
phng php CPM. Thm vo , nhiu m hnh 4D CAD chu gii hn bi m hnh 3D
CAD ngun c s dng cng nh khng cha cc b phn ca cng trnh lin quan n
dng cng vic. Thm vo , vic lin kt ny khng c thc hin bi ngi lp tin
bi chc nng 4D khng c tch hp vo cc phn mm lp tin thng thng.
Kt qu lc kho cho thy, cc nghin cu c thc hin trn cc d n khc nhau

vi phng php nghin cu khc nhau v c kt qu nh gi khc nhau v s cn thit,
li ch v kh khn ca vic p dng cng ngh 4D trong lp v m phng tin d n
Xy dng. Cc phn mm h tr cng nh cc cng c ph tr c dng trong m phng
4D ca cc nghin cu c nhng im mnh v hn ch nht nh. iu ny lm ny sinh
cc hn ch kh khn khi p dng cng ngh 4D CAD. Tuy nhin, cc nghin cu cng
a ra c cc bin php hn ch kh khn trong qu trinh m phng 4D ng thi a ra
nhng im mnh vt tri ca cng ngh 4D CAD trong lnh vc lp v m phng tin
d n m cc phng php thng thng khng th so snh c. iu ny thc y
cc cng ty Xy dng cn nhc v p dng mt cng ngh mi trong lnh vc qun l d
n em li hiu qu nht nh.
2.4. Cc cng c phn mm h tr p dng cng ngh 4D CAD
Kt qu lc kho nghin cu cho thy, cc tc gi s dng cc cng c phn mm

khc nhau thc hin thnh cng nghin cu ca mnh bao gm phn mm h tr xy
dng m hnh 3D CAD (Alan Russell v cc tc gi s dng ADT, Rogier Jongeling v
Thomas Olofsson s dng ArchiCAD v ADT, ), phn mm h tr tin (Primavera,
Microsoft Project, Microsoft Excel, ), v phn mm h tr m phng 4D (Common
Point 4D). Cc nghin cu u khng pht trin ng dng m phng 4D trong mi trng
phn mm h tr 3D.
Cng vi s pht trin bng n ca cc phn mm ng dng, thi gian gn y xut hin
nhiu phn mm h tr mnh cng tc xy dng m hnh, lp tin . Cc phn mm ny
cn trang b cc cng c, ng dng h tr gip ngi dng to ra cc ng dng chuyn bit
chy trong chnh mi trng ca n. iu ny m ra mt bc mi cho vic s dng cc

cng c tch hp sn nng cao hiu qu trong cng tc tnh ton, lp tin d n, xy
dng m hnh m phng 4D.
Autodesk Revit Structure l phn mm ng dng to m hnh 3D ni ting ca

Autodesk. Cc tng Revit l cc i tng thng minh cha cc thng s nh phn
t ngoi thc t (kch thc, thuc tnh, v tr, ). Ngoi ra, phn mm ny cn trang b
VSTA (Visual Studio Tool for Application) v Revit API gip ngi dng c th lp trnh
xut thng s phn t qua Microsoft Excel hay lin kt vi tin CPM trong Microsoft
Project to ra m hnh m phng 4D trong chnh mi trng Revit.
Microsoft Excel l phn mm thng dng ni ting ca Microsoft trong vic lu tr, tnh
ton, x l s liu. S dng Microsoft Excel s lm tng tc d tr ti nguyn, tnh ton
chi ph thi gian cho cc phn t khi bit thng s (din tch, th tch, dng phn t, ).
Ngoi ra, vi cng c lp trnh VBA (Visual Basic for Application), ngi dng c th
tng hp cng tc t cc phn t n l theo mun ca mnh.
Microsoft Project l phn mm ni ting ca Microsoft trong lnh vc lp tin d n.

Phn mm ny h tr lp tin CPM mt cch nhanh chng v chnh xc. Thm vo ,
ti nguyn d n (nhn cng, vt liu) cng nh c th c qun l v kim sot cht ch.
Phn mm cn h tr cng c VBA gip to ra ng dng c thng s cc cng tc c
lp sn t Excel mt cch n gin, nhanh chng. Ngoi ra, vi cng c VBA cn h tr
ngi dng to ra ng dng ti u ha ti nguyn cng nh tin mt cch hiu qu.
Vi s h tr ca ba phn mm trn, vic n gin ha qui trnh xy dng m hnh m

phng 4D v ti u ha ti nguyn l mt vic c th kh thi. Nghin cu s i su vo s
dng kt hp ba phn mm ny trong m phng 4D mt cch hiu qu v trit .

CHNG 3: C S L THUYT
3.1. Cng ngh 4D CAD
4D CAD trong cng nghip xy dng c nghin cu, pht trin t cui nhng nm 80
(Fischer v Kam, 2001), c a thch v pht trin mt cch nhanh chng trong nhng
nm gn y (Barrett, 2001). Hin nay, mt vi cng c thng mi h tr 4D xut
hin v ngy cng c a chung. Nhiu nghin cu u tin i su vo cc li ch
cng nh cc gii hn ca nhng cng c ny v nhng tc ng ca n trn hiu qu sau
cng ca d n (David Heesom v Lamine Mahdjoubi, 2004). Cc nghin cu cng
nh gi nhng hn ch ca cng ngh 3D v 4D thng gp phi trong cng nghip xy
dng.
3.1.1. M hnh 3D CAD

M hnh 3D CAD thng thng l m hnh th hin cc thng s vt l ca cc b phn
cu thnh cng trnh nh v tr ca phn t trong h ta Decaster 3D (h ta X, Y v
Z) v kch thc hnh hc ca cc phn t . Cc phn t cu thnh cng trnh c th
hin cng mt lc khi ta m m hnh. M hnh 3D CAD ch c ngha n thun v mt
hnh hc v phn tch kt cu ch khng c ngha v mt tin cng nh tnh kh thi
ca bin php thi cng c xc lp.
Hnh 3. 1: M hnh 3D CAD thng thng

Nhn vo m hnh 3D, ngi xem ch c th hnh dung c hnh dng ca cng trnh lc
hon thnh ngoi thc t. Trng thi cng trnh ti thi im bt k trong tin ca d
n khng c th hin trong m hnh 3D. Thm vo , nhng din bin bn trong cng

trnh trong qu trnh thi cng khng c th hin. Cc bn tham gia d n khng th nh
gi c tnh kh thi ca tin c lp thng qua m hnh ny.
3.1.2. M hnh 4D CAD

M hnh 4D CAD l mt bc tin, pht trin k tha t m hnh 3D CAD. M hnh 4D
CAD cng ang y cc c im v tnh cht ca m hnh 3D CAD. Thm vo , m
hnh 4D CAD c mt chiu th 4, gip ta c mt ci nhn trc quan v thi gian phn t
trong cng trnh c xy lp, l thi gian. Vi m hnh 4D CAD thng thng, thi
gian ch mang tnh cht minh ha v cc cu kin trong m hnh cha c mi quan h rng
buc vi nhau (Hnh 3.2).
Hnh 3. 2: M hnh 4D tng ng t m hnh 3D

Trng thi cng trnh trong m hnh 4D CAD thng c biu th bi mu sc cc phn
t trong m hnh. Ty thuc vo s thch v qui c ca ngi dng, cc mu sc khc
nhau biu th cc trng thi khc nhau ca phn t ( c hnh thnh, ang trong qu
trnh hnh thnh, bt u hnh thnh, cha hnh thnh).
M hnh 4D CAD cung cp cho ngi xem ci nhn trc quan v trng thi cng trnh ti
tng thi im trong tin d n. Qua , cc bt hp l trong tin c lp d dng
c nhn thy thng qua m hnh m phng 4D. Ngi lp d n, da vo m hnh 4D
CAD, c th iu chnh li tin c lp sao cho hp l v kinh t.

3.2. Tin thi cng xy dng
3.2.1. Tin thi cng

Mi d n xy dng u c mt hay nhiu tin thi cng. Tin thi cng m t cng
tc thi cng cng trnh ti tng thi im. Mi cng tc trong tin thi cng cha ng
cc thng s v thi im bt u, thi im kt thc, dng v s lng ti nguyn tng
ng cn thit cho cng tc. Mi cng tc c mi lin h vi vi mt hoc nhiu cng tc
khc trong tin thi cng. Thi lng v ti nguyn cn thit cho cng tc c tnh ton
da trn cc khi lng ca cc b phn cu thnh cng trnh tng ng. Mi lin h gia
cc cng tc trong tin da trn tnh logic ca qui trnh hnh thnh cc b phn cng
trnh. Thi im bt u ca tng cng tc phc thuc vo mi lin h ny (Hnh 3.3).
Hnh 3. 3: Chi tit cng tc trong mt tin thi cng

Vic s dng cc cng c hoch nh v phng php lp tin ph thuc vo nhiu yu
t:
- S thnh tho, tinh thng ca cc nhm qun l.
- S phc tp ca cng vic.
- Mc kinh nghim trong qun l nhng cng vic lp li.
- Qui m cng ty.
- Thi ca nh qun l i vi cc k thut hoch nh.
- Thi gian cho php gia quyt nh hp ng v bt u cc cng vic xy
dng.
-
C nhiu phng php lp tin khc nhau ph thuc vo qui m v mc phc tp
ca d n, thi gian hon thnh, nhn s thc hin v yu cu ca ch u t. Thng
thng, c 3 phng php chnh c dng ph bin:

- Tin ngang (Gantt Chart)
- K thut ng cn bng LoB (Line of Balance)
- S mng CPM (Network Diagram)
Phng php tin ngang
S Gantt l mt trong nhng cng c c in nht hin vn c s dng ph bin
trong cng tc lp v qun l tin d n, c xy dng bi Henry L.Gantt vo nm
1915. Trong s Gantt, cc cng tc c biu din trn trc tung bng thanh ngang, thi
gian tng ng c th hin trn trc honh. Ngoi ra, s Gantt cn c th c biu
din di dng lin kt gia cc cng vic hay di dng kim sot tin .
Hnh 3. 4: Tin ngang trong ca mt d n

Tin ngang l phng php hiu qu dng lp tin d n tng th hay d n c
qui m nh khng phc tp do tnh d xy dng v lm cho ngi c d nhn bit cng
vic, thi gian thc hin ca cc cng tc cng nh tng thi gian thc hin ca cc cng
vic. Nhiu ch nhim d n thch dng tin ngang lp tin thit k bi tnh n
gin, d dng v khng cn c mi lin h qua li gia cc cng vic.
Tuy nhin, v tin ngang khng xc lp c mi lin h qua li gia cc cng tc nn

mt rt nhiu thi gian cp nht li tin . Tin ca cc cng tc tip theo khng
c t ng iu chnh mi khi c s thay i ca cc cng tc trc n. Tin ngang
cng khng th hin mi lin h gia chi ph hay ti nguyn (nhn cng, my mc, ) vi
thi gian nhng yu t cc k quan trng trong mt d n thi cng xy dng.
Phng php ng cn bng LoB

K thut ng cn bng l mt bin th ca tin xin v l mt phng php thch hp
cho cc d n c cc cng tc c lp i lp li nh mt cng trnh cao tng c cc sn
ging nhau, mt c x c nhiu ngi nh ging nhau.

Hnh 3. 5: Tin thi cng s dng LoB

Phng php LoB th hin c din bin cng vic theo c khng gian v thi gian. Cc
mi lin h gia cc cng vic, gia ngun lc vi thi gian cng vic v nhp tin trin
cng vic ca d n c th hin chi tit trn tng on.
Tuy nhin, i vi d n c qui m ln, nhiu cng tc v mi lin h gia cc cng tc

phc tp th tin LoB s rt rc ri, kh nhn. Thm vo , tin LoB rt cng nhc,
kh iu chnh v cp nht. Tin LoB khng th thc hin nu d n c khng gian qu
rng ln, cc cng tc trong d n c tnh cht tru tng.
Phng php s mng CPM

Phng php tin mng xc nh CPM (Critical Path Method) l phng php lp tin
c dng ch yu trong ngnh k thut v xy dng, c sng lp bi cng ty
DuPont vo nm 1956 (cng ty Remington Rand lm t vn). Phng php ny cung cp
mt k thut ton din lp k hoch, ln tin v theo di d n. S mng l mt
m hnh dng th xc nh, th hin cc cng tc cng nh mi lin h gia cc cng tc
vi nhau v lp c biu s dng chi ph v ti nguyn ca d n.
Phng php tin mng phc tp hn tin ngang nhng cung cp nhiu thng tin chi
tit hn nn gip cho vic qun l d n hiu qu hn. S dng s mng lp tin
yu cu phi phn chia d n thnh nhng cng vic r rng v xc nh mi lin h ca
cc cng vic vi nhau theo mt trnh t hp l mt mc chi tit hn nhiu s vi tin
ngang. Lp tin gip cho nhng ngi tham gia d n d on c nhng iu bt
hp l trong vic s dng ti nguyn.

Hnh 3. 6: S mng ca mt d n
Trong qun l d n, phng php tin mng CPM l phng php c dng ph bin
nht. Khi nim th n gin, tnh ton th ch cn mt php tnh s hc, v c nhiu
chng trnh my tnh t ng ha c cc cng vic phi lm ca tin mng nh Ms.
Project, Primavera Project Management. Nhim v kh khn nht trong khi s dng tin
mng l xc nh cc cng tc cn thc hin hon thnh d n v tm mi lin h
gia cc cng vic vi nhau. Vic lp s mng s rt n gin nu xc lp c c
cu phn chia cng vic.
3.2.2. iu ha ngun lc
Biu nhn lc l kt qu ca qu trnh tnh ton tng khi lng ngun lc ca mt
dng ti nguyn c trong cc cng tc ca d n mi giai on thc hin d n. Thng
qua biu nhn lc, ta c th bit c nhu cu chung m mt d n s s dng ngun
lc ca cng ty. Xy dng biu nhn lc l bc u tin trong n lc gim nhu cu
vt mc cho php ca mt ngun lc no .
Hnh 3. 7: Biu nhn lc ca d n

T khi lng ngun lc phn b trong qu trnh thc hin d n, ta c th nh gi c
tnh hp l ca vic phn b ti nguyn d n. Mt d n c biu nhn lc tt nu nhu

cu s dng ti nguyn ti cc thi im bt k trong vng i d n l tng i ng u
v ngc li.
Gia ti nguyn d n v thi gian hon thnh d n c mi lin h mt thit vi nhau.

Nu mt d n c s dng ti nguyn ti tng thi im ln th tin s c rt ngn
li. Ngc li, nu ti nguyn c cung cp ti tng thi im thp th tin d n s
c ko di. Tuy nhin, do nhu cu s dng ti nguyn ti tng thi im l khc nhau
nn ta c th phn b li thi gian cho tng cng tc trong d n nhm gim thiu nhu cu
s dng ti nguyn m khng lm nh hng n tin d n.
iu ha ngun lc l qu trnh lp tin cho cc cng tc c trong d n sao cho nhu

cu s dng ti nguyn l u nht trong sut qu trnh thc hin d n. Vic cn bng
ngun lc c th c thc hin bng cch duy chuyn cc cng tc trong thi gian d tr
cho php hay ko di thi gian thc hin d n nu ngun lc hn ch.
Mc ch ca vic cn bng ngun lc l nhm gim mc dao ng trong vic huy

ng ti nguyn cn thit cho d n, gim chi ph ti nguyn v trin khai d n c n
nh hn. Ngoi ra, vic iu ho ngun lc cn gip gim bt cng sc, n lc qun l
ca ngi qun l d n.
Cng tc iu ha ngun lc bng phng php th cng c thc hin theo cc bc

sau:
1. Chuyn tin hin ti v tin ngang theo phng thc trin khai sm.
2. V biu cc dng ti nguyn (nhn cng, my mc, ) ca d n.
3. Chn dng ti cn ti u. Dch chuyn cc cng tc c nhu cu s dng ti nguyn
ny trong thi gian d tr ca chng cn bng ti nguyn ny trong sut d n.
4. V li biu nhn lc v thc hin li cc bc trn cho cc loi ti nguyn khc
nu cn.
i vi d n n gin, s cng tc t v s lng ti nguyn cc loi c s dng khng

nhiu. Cng tc ti u ha ti nguyn, do c th c thc hin bng th cng. Tuy
nhin, i vi d n ln, c s lng cng tc nhiu, lin h gia cc cng tc phc tp th
cng tc ti u ha ti nguyn khng c tc dng tch cc, v i khi c tc dng tiu cc
ngc li. Ngi lp v qun l d n cn phi cn nhc, xem xt c nn ti u ha ti
nguyn cho d n hay khng.
Ngy nay, vi s tr gip ca cc phn mm lp v qun l tin chuyn nghip

(Microsoft Project, Primavera, ), ta c th lp tin CPM mt cch nhanh chng v d
dng. Tuy nhin, theo mc nh, cc phn mm h tr khng t tnh ton, u phi ngun
lc, ti nguyn nn s lm ny sinh bt hp l trong vic phn b ti nguyn (mt s thi
im vt s ti nguyn cho php, mt s thi im tha ti nguyn) v tc ng n hiu
qu sau cng ca d n. Vic s dng cc cng c nhm tn dng trit mt s tnh nng
ca cc phn mm h tr lp tin d n trong cng tc ti u ha ti nguyn v ti u
ha tin theo ti nguyn s gip cho ngi lp tin c th ch ng hn v gii quyt
nhanh chng bi ton ti u ti nguyn, em li hiu qu cho d n.
Hnh 3. 8: Tin thi cng c lp t Microsoft Project

3.3. Kt hp 4D CAD v CPM trong hoch nh v qun l d n xy dng
M hnh m phng 4D CAD l s kt hp gia m hnh 3D CAD v tin ca d n. S

kt hp ny c thc hin nh vo mi lin h gia phn t trong m hnh 3D v cng
tc tng ng cha n trong tin . Yu t thi gian ca phn t 3D v th chnh l yu t
thi gian ca cng tc lin kt vi n (thi im bt u, thi im kt thc). Do , trng
thi cng trnh trong m hnh 4D CAD ti mt thi im din t trng thi tin d n ti
thi im .
Thng thng, m hnh m phng 4D CAD c thc hin theo 2 qui trnh c lp nhau
v da trn cc bn v 2D sn c. T cc bn v 2D, ta bt u dng m hnh 3D bng cc
phn mm ha. Mt khc, cng t bn v 2D CAD, ta tin hnh tnh ton khi lng,
d tr ti nguyn, tnh ton thi gian cng tc, lp tin thi cng. Cui cng, m hnh 3D

v tin thi cng c tng tc, lin kt vi nhau v to ra m hnh m phng 4D CAD.
Trong sut qu trnh lin kt, vic iu chnh tnh cht im ca cc i tng CAD theo
yu cu ca tin thi gian l cn thit v ty thuc vo mc phc tp ca phn
mm CAD.
Tnh ton khi D tr ti nguyn Tnh ton thi

Bn v 2D lng cu kin cho cu kin gian cu kin
Tnh ton thi

gian cng tc
M hnh 3D Lin kt tin Lp tin thi

CAD v m hnh 3D cng d n
M hnh m
phng 4D
Hnh 3. 9: Qui trnh to ra m hnh m phng 4D CAD thng thng

M hnh m phng thng thng c xy dng nh mt cng c phn mm chuyn bit
nh Schedule Simulator, Common Point 4D, D cch thc hot ng (thng s u
vo, phn mm c h tr, ) c th khc nhau nhng kt qu m phng 4D cui cng
c bn vn tng t nhau.
Hnh 3. 10: M hnh m phng 4D c to bi Common Point 4D

Ngoi ra, ngoi cng c lp trnh c tch hp sn trong chng trnh ha 3D hay cc
cng c lp trnh tng tc, ngi dng c th t to ng dng m phng 4D ngay trong
chng trnh ha 3D. Vic lm ny tuy i hi ngi dng phi c kin thc nn tng
v lp trnh ng dng. Tuy nhin, vi cng c t to, ngi dng khng gp kh khn
trong vic giao tip d liu vi nhau, cng khng cn thit phi la chn phn mm h tr
tng thch vi cc phn mm s dng lin quan.
Hnh 3. 11: ng dng m phng 4D chy trn nn AutoCAD

S dng cc cng c lp trnh ng dng nhm t ng ha tnh ton khi lng, ti u ha
ti nguyn s l mt li th cho cng tc lp v m phng tin thi cng xy dng. Bng
vic s dng kt hp cc ty bin c tch hp sn trong chng trnh ha (VSTA
Visual Studio Tool for Application) v phn mm lp tin (VBA Visual Basic for
Application), ta c th t ng ha qui trnh tnh ton khi lng cng nh ti u ha
ngun ti nguyn. Qua , sai st trong qu trnh tnh ton khi lng c gim thiu v
tin thi cng c ti u ha theo iu kin ti nguyn hin c cng nh gim thiu ti
nguyn cn thit trong sut vng i ca d n.

CHNG 4: PHM VI V PHNG PHP NGHIN CU

4.1. Phm vi nghin cu ng dng
ti tp trung vo nghin cu t ng ha trong tnh ton, lp tin , ti u ha ti

nguyn d n v m phng 4D tin thi cng phn th ca mt cng trnh dn dng (nh
cao tng) vi cc cu kin c bn (mng, ct, dm, sn, tng) c thi cng theo phng
php ti ch thng thng (cast in-situ). Vic la chn ny da trn thc t cc cng
trnh xy dng hin nay, phn ln cc cng trnh thuc dng chung c/cao c vn phng.
Bn cnh , thi cng ti ch cng l phng php thi cng ch yu ca cc cng trnh
xy dng dn dng hin nay. y l mt vn khng mi i vi cc nc trn th gii
nhng tht s rt cn thit i vi Vit Nam trong tnh hnh xy dng hin nay. Thm vo
, ti cn i vo nghin cu s dng cc cng c sn c c tch hp trong cc phn
mm ti u ha tin , ti nguyn, m t trc quan qu trnh thi cng ca mt cng
trnh xy dng nhm gip n v thi cng la chn c phng n tt nht cng nh d
bo c cc vn c th xy ra khi thi cng thc t ngoi cng trng.
4.2. Phng php nghin cu
M hnh 3D trong Revit Structres c xy dng t cc bn v 2D CAD. Thng s cu

kin t m hnh 3D Revit c xut qua Excel nh Revit API. T s liu trong Excel,
ngi dng d tr khi lng ti nguyn v thi gian cho tng cu kin n sau tng
hp cho tng cng tc chnh. Tin trong Microsoft Project c th c c trc tip t
kt qu trong Excel hoc c lp mt cch ring l. Ti nguyn v tin c ti u ha
nh vo cc Macro VBA trong Microsoft Project. Sau cng, ngi dng lin kt m hnh
3D Revit v tin CPM t Microsoft Project to m hnh m phng 4D.
Qui trnh ny hu ht c thc hin mt cch t ng, tr mt s cng on ngi dng

can thip thc hin mt cch th cng hoc bn th cng. C th:
- D tr ti nguyn v tnh ton thi gian cho tng cng tc.

- Thit lp mi lin h gia cc cng tc trong tin CPM.
- Lin kt m hnh 3D Revit v tin CPM.

Hnh 4. 1: Qui trnh thc hin nghin cu 4D
4.2.1. Xy dng m hnh 3D CAD bng Revit Struture

M hnh 3D CAD c thit lp t cc bn v 2D c sn (kin trc + kt cu). Cc thng
s c trong bn v 2D nh v tr, loi cu kin, kch thc, s lng tng cu kin, c
tn trng v th hin y trn m hnh 3D. Cng vic ny c thc hin di s tr
gip ca phn mm Autodesk Revit Structure 2009. Phn mm ny qun l cc phn t
da vo cc ID v phn loi cc phn t theo cc loi cu kin m ta thng s dng (ct,
dm, sn, cu thang, ).
cc ng dng tip theo c th nhn bit c v t c th t ng xut kt qu sang

Excel, vic xy dng m hnh 3D CAD phi tun th theo mt s nguyn tc chung c bn
sau:
- Cc cng c v trong Revit phi c ly theo qui nh.
- Cc phn t trong m hnh Revit phi c ly t cc Family tng ng.

Hnh 4. 2: Cc Families c s dng dng m hnh trong Revit Structure
Bng 4. 1: Nguyn l dng cc phn t trong Revit
Phn t Cng c v Family s dng

Mng Foundation Structural Foundations
Ct Structural Column Structural Columns
Tng Structural Wall Walls
Dm Beam Structural Framing
Sn Slab Floors
Cu thang Stairs Stairs

Hnh 4. 3: M hnh 3D c dng bng Revit Structure
Vic xy dng m hnh 3D trn Revit gip ngi dng qun l c cc yu t cn thit
lin quan n cng trnh. Hn na, khi c mt s thay i v mt cu kin no trong bt
k bn v no th cc bn v cn li s t ng cp nhp cc thng s mi nht ca cu
kin . Do , ta c th tit kim c thi gian v gim thiu cc sai st khi cp nht cc
thay i lin quan n cng trnh.
4.2.2. Xut s liu qua Microsoft Excel v gn ti nguyn, tin

Xut s liu qua Excel
Cc thng s ca cc cu kin (mng, ct, li tng, dm, sn, ) t m hnh 3D trong

Autodesk Revit Structure (tng, kch thc, din tch, th tch, ) c xut trc tip
qua Microsoft Excel bng cc ng dng c vit thm, chy trn mi trng Revit.
Vic xut d liu t m hnh Revit qua Microsoft Excel gip ngi dng tnh ton khi
lng cu kin mt cch nhanh chng v chnh xc hn nhiu so vi vic bc tch khi
lng th cng. T bng khi lng c c trong Microsoft Excel, ngi dng c th s
dng xc nh thi gian, ti nguyn cho tng cu kin n l mt cch nhanh chng.

Hnh 4. 4: ng dng xut d liu t Revit qua Microsoft Excel
D liu xut t m hnh 3D Revit sang Excel c phn loi sp xp theo mt th t nht
nh. Trc ht, d liu s c phn loi theo th t tng trong cng trnh, t thp ln
cao. Tip theo, d liu s phn loi theo dng cu kin (dm, sn, ct, ). V cui cng,
d liu c phn loi v sp xp theo th t ID ca n. S phn loi ny gip d liu sp
xp mt cch c th t, gip ngi s dng d qun l thng tin phn t, trnh c sai st
khi thc hin cc bc tip theo (d tr khi lng ti nguyn, thi gian cho cu kin c
xut).

Bng 4. 2: Kt qu xut qua Excel phn Mng
Parameters
No Level Catalogy ID
Width Depth Length Area Volume
1 Base Structural Foundations 153399 1500 2000 1000 7.000 3.000
Bng 4. 3: Kt qu xut qua Excel phn Ct
Parameters
36 Base Structural Columns 123196 400 600 1325 2.650 0.318
Bng 4. 4: Kt qu xut qua Excel phn Dm
Parameters
87 Ground Structural Framing 123507 250 750 5150 0.063 0.740
Bng 4. 5: Kt qu xut qua Excel phn Sn
Parameters
176 Ground Floors 128273 - - 200 7.280 1.080
177 Ground Floors 128371 - - 200 44.360 7.260
178 Ground Floors 128445 - - 200 22.400 3.600
179 Ground Floors 128489 - - 200 44.360 7.260
180 Ground Floors 130739 - - 175 78.263 12.578
Bng 4. 6: Kt qu xut qua Excel phn Tng
Parameters
248 Ground Walls 135377 200 5000 3600 37.440 3.744
249 Ground Walls 135378 200 2700 3600 20.880 1.944
250 Ground Walls 135379 200 5000 3600 37.440 2.576
251 Ground Walls 135380 200 2700 3600 20.880 1.944
252 Ground Walls 135381 200 2700 3600 20.880 1.800
Gn ti nguyn v thi gian cho cu kin

Vic thit lp cc thng s v ti nguyn, thi gian cho tng cu kin c thc hin trc
tip t bng Microsoft Excel c xut ra t m hnh Revit. Ty thuc vo bn cht ca
tng cu kin m ti nguyn v nhn lc c gn cho cu kiu theo nh mc d ton m
B xy dng ban hnh (Thng t 1776/ BXD-VP). Cng tc c th c thc hin mt
cch th cng (gn trc tip thng s ti nguyn, thi gian vo tng phn t) hoc bn t
ng (s dng cc tnh nng mnh m ca Microsoft Excel thc hin thao tc lin kt,
gn cc thng s cho cc phn t t cc sheet s liu c lp sn).
Thng thng, mt cu kin tch ri c chi ph thi gian v ti nguyn nh (do khi lng
cu kin nh) nn ta khng th hnh dung c chi ph ti nguyn v thi gian cho cu kin
. V do , ta kh iu chnh c ti nguyn tng th cho tng cng tc sau ny mt
cch hp l. Mt hng mc cng trnh bao gm nhiu cu kin c bn cht ging nhau (ct
gm nhiu ct, dm gm nhiu dm, ) nn ta c th tng hp nhiu cu kin li thnh
mt cng tc. Vn ny c thc hin mt cch d dng bng VBA trong Microsoft
Excel
Theo mc nh, cc phn t c tnh cht ging nhau s c tp hp thnh mt cng tc

chnh c tn l dng ca phn t. Mi cng tc chnh c chia thnh 3 cng tc nh l
Formwork, Reinforcement v Concrete. Mi cng tc con ch cha thng s v tng thi
gian v cc tn ti nguyn ca cc phn t n l.T y, ngi dng quyt nh s lng
ti nguyn tng loi cho tng cng tc v thi gian thi cng s b tng ng
Bng 4. 7: Tng hp thi gian v ti nguyn cho tng cng tc

Resource
Task Formwork Reinforcement Concrete
Total Assign Result Total Assign Result Total Assign Result
Structural Foundations 91.8 CN[20] 4.6 1033.0 CN[50] 20.7 737.8 CN[70] 10.5
Structural Columns 35.5 CN[35] 1.0 56.9 CN[30] 1.9 40.6 CN[40] 1.0
Walls 25.2 CN[25] 1.0 28.6 CN[30] 1.0 20.4 CN[20] 1.0
Structural Framing 3.1 CN[3] 1.0 208.4 CN[50] 4.2 148.9 CN[45] 3.3
Floors 253.7 CN[50] 5.1 516.2 CN[50] 10.3 368.7 CN[60] 6.1
Stairs 5.1 CN[5] 1.0 10.3 CN[10] 1.0 7.4 CN[7] 1.1
4.2.3. Lp tin v ti u ha ti nguyn trong Microsoft Project

Lp tin v thit lp rng buc cng tc trong Microsoft Project
Thng thng, lp tin trong Microsoft Project, ngi lp thng s dng phng
php th cng mi cng tc trong Microsoft Project u c nhp bng tay v tn cng
tc, thi gian, nhn cng, Vic lm ny chim tng i nhiu thi gian v c th xy ra
hin tng nhm ln, sai st.

Microsoft Project (Ms. Project) c th c d liu t Microsoft Excel (Ms. Excel) mt cch
d dng nh vo cc ng dng Macro VBA trong Ms. Project. Cc thng s v thi gian,
ti nguyn ca cc phn t n l hay cc cng tc c trong tp tin Excel c xut trc
tip, t ng qua Ms. Project.
Hnh 4. 5: ng dng c kt qu t Ms. Excel qua Ms. Project
ng dng ny c th c c d liu t Ms. Excel 2 dng ty thuc vo ty chn ca

ngi dng. Ngi dng c th c thng s d liu th (thng s ca cc phn t n l)
hoc thng s d liu tng hp (thng s ca cc cng tc c tng hp t Excel).
Nghin cu ny i su vo tin thi cng phn th nn mi cng tc c chng trnh
chia lm 3 cng tc con chnh: Formwork, Reinforcement, Concrete v c sp xp
theo ng th t c sn trong Ms. Excel (Hnh 4.6). Thi gian, nhn lc cng c thit
lp mt cch t ng cho tng cng tc. Cc cng tc c xut t Ms. Excel ch cha
thng tin v thi gian v ti nguyn ch cha c cha rng buc gia cc cng tc.
Hnh 4. 6: Kt qu c d liu t Ms. Excel

Mt im mnh khi s dng Macro VBA l cc ID ca cc phn t c trong m hnh Revit
t ng c lu vo trong trng Notes ca cc cng tc chnh. Vic ny gip ta d dng
hn khi tin hnh m phng 4D t mi trng Revit.
Do c im ca kt qu c d liu t Ms. Excel, thi gian v ti nguyn cho cc cng tc

trong Ms. Project c xem xt, thit lp mt cch th cng. Vic thit lp rng buc gia
cc cng tc trong Microsoft Project sau cng c thc hin bng th cng. Mi d n
c mt tnh cht, c im ring v o rng buc gia cc cng tc cng khc nhau.
Vic lp tin , phn b ti nguyn da trn tnh hnh, c im, tnh cht ca d n
nghin cu.
Ti u ha ti nguyn, tin trong Microsoft Project
Ti nguyn n v v tin thi cng ca d n c mi lin h mt thit vi nhau. Thng

thng, vi mt tin hp l, ti nguyn n v nhiu s c th rt ngn c tin thi
cng. V ngc li, khi tin thi cng cho php c ko di th ta c th gim c ti
nguyn n v trn tng cng tc.
Trong mt d n xy dng, ty thuc vo rng buc ca cc cng tc m mc s dng

ti nguyn ti tng thi im c th khc nhau. C lc ti nguyn s dng thp, cng c
lc ti nguyn s dng qu cao, vt mc cho php. H s s dng ti nguyn cho d n
trong trng hp ny l bt hp l. Yu cu c t ra l:
Lm sao gim thiu n mc thp nht ti nguyn s dng ti mi thi im m

tin khng thay i?
Nu tin cho php chm hn mt s ngy so vi d kin th lng ti nguyn c

th gim n mc no v tin chm so vi ban u l bao nhiu?
Ty theo ty chn ca ngi dng trong hp thoi Resource Leveling (Hnh 4.7) m
chng trnh c th cho kt qu ti nguyn s dng ti u khc nhau. Vic s dng cc ty
chn trong hp thoi ny ty thuc vo kinh nghim s dng Microsoft Project cng nh
ch s dng ti nguyn, ca ngi dng.

Hnh 4. 7: Hp thoi Resource Leveling

Cc ti nguyn trng d n c xem xt, ti u da trn tnh nng Resource Leveling ca
Ms. Project. Cng vic ny c thc hin t ng nh vo ng dng Macro VBA trong
Ms. Project (Hnh 4.8). Vi ng dng ny, ti nguyn hin ti c xem xt gim thiu ti
mc thp nht (Minimized Usage). Cc cng tc cng c phn b li trong gii hn cho
php (ty thuc vo ty chn ban u trong hp thoi Resource Leveling). Ngoi ra, ng
dng ny cn c chc nng xem xt, ti u ti nguyn trong iu kin gii hn thi gian d
n (thi gian gii hn phi khng nh hn thi gian ban u) v a ra thi gian hon
thnh d n vi ti nguyn c ti u.
Hnh 4. 8: ng dng ti u ha ti nguyn

4.2.4. Lin kt m hnh 3D Revit v tin CPM

Hin ti, m hnh 3D Revit v tin CPM trong Ms. Project l 2 yu t tch ri nhau,
cha c mi lin h vi nhau. to thnh m hnh m phng 4D, gia cc phn t trong
m hnh 3D Revit v cc cng tc trong tin CPM phi c mi lin h no .
Mi phn t trong m hnh Revit c qun l bi mt ID duy nht, khng i. Cc ID

ca cc phn t Revit c xut qua Ms. Excel cng vi cc thng s ca n v sau
c truyn qua cc cng tc chnh khi d liu t Ms. Excel c np vo Ms. Project.
Mi cng tc trong Ms. Project c th c trng cho 1 hoc nhiu phn t nn cc ID ny
tn ti trong cc cng tc di dng chui v trng ghi ch (Hnh 4.9).
Hnh 4. 9: Thng tin lin h gia phn t Revit v cng tc trong tin CPM
i vi mt d n c lp ring l da vo cc thng tin c t s liu trong bng Excel

m khng thng qua phng thc np d liu th cc cng tc ca n khng c mi lin h
no vi m hnh Revit tng ng. xc lp mi lin h ny, mt ng dng c to ra
nhm phc v cng tc gn lin kt ID ca cc phn t Revit vi cc cng tc tng ng
trong tin CPM. Cc ID ny tn ti cng dng, cng v tr trong cng tc i vi cc
cng tc c lp bng phng php th nht.

4.2.5. Xy dng m hnh m phng 4D
S dng Revit API tin hnh c d liu v phn tch trng thi ca tng cng tc trong
tin CPM ti mt thi im bt k. Trng thi cng tc c th thin ln m hnh 3D
Revit di 4 dng:
Dng 1: Cng tc hon thnh
Dng 2: Cng tc ang trong qu trnh thi cng dang d
Dng 3: Cng tc mi bt u thi cng
Dng 4: Cng tc cha c bt u
mi trng thi, cc phn t tng ng vi cc dng cng tc c th hin bng mt

mu nht nh. Ring vi dng cng tc th 4, cc phn t ng vi dng cng tc ny
khng c th hin trong m hnh (Hnh 4.10).
Hnh 4. 10: M hnh m phng 4D
Mu sc ca cc phn t ph thuc vo thuc tnh Phasing ca n (Phase Created v Phase

Demolish) v Phase Filter ca khung nhn hin ti. Thuc tnh ca Phase Filter l cc k
quan trng. N quyt nh mu sc cng nh s xut hin ca phn t.

Hnh 4. 11: Thuc tnh Phasing ca phn t Revit
Hnh 4. 12: Phase Filter c dng trong m phng 4D

Mi khung nhn c th th hin mt hay nhiu pha thi cng ty thuc vo ty chn ca
ngi dng. C 4 pha thi cng sau:
New: Phn t va c to ra trong pha thi cng (phase) ca khung nhn hin ti.
Existing: Phn t c to ra phase trc v tip tc tn ti n phase hin hnh.
Demolished: Phn t c to ra phase trc v b ph hy phase hin hnh.
Temporary: Phn t c to ra v b ph hy phase hin hnh.

CHNG 5: NG DNG TH NGHIM

5.1. Tng quan cng trnh nghin cu
Hyatt Regency Danang Resort & Spa rng 20 ha, c xy dng dc theo 650 m b bin,
nm ngay di chn ni Ng Hnh Sn. Ni y s gm c 226 phng khch sn, 150 cn
h v 30 villa hai tng c mt tin hng ra bin. Cc ta nh u c thit k kho lo
tn dng ti a tm nhn ra bin. Mt s to nh hai tng c xy dng gia nhng
khu vn nhit i, cc cn phng tri rng t trong ra ngoi, vn ra c khng gian
thong rng ca ban cng, to khng gian ring thong ng.
Hnh 5. 1: Phi cnh qui hoch d n Hyatt Nng
Block C l mt trong 4 Block cn h ca d n Hyatt Nng. Block ny gm 7 tng (5

tng lu + 2 tng mi). Tuy nhin, kt cu ca cng trnh c chia thnh 6 mt bng tiu
biu:
1. Mt bng tng trt
2. Mt bng tng 1 & 3 in hnh
3. Mt bng tng 2 & 4 in hnh
4. Mt bng tng 5
5. Mt bng tng mi di
6. Mt bng tng mi trn

Khu cn h Block C c kch thc tng cng l 20.200m x 52.900m. Block ny gm 3
thang my (2 li thang), 2 thang b v cc cn h.
Hnh 5. 2: Mt bng kin trc tng in hnh
Hnh 5. 3: Mt bng kt cu tng in hnh
5.2. Kt qu nghin cu trn d n Hyatt Block C
5.2.1. M hnh 3D CAD trong Revit Structure

M hnh 3D CAD trong Revit Structure ch gm cc thnh phn kt cu chnh ca cng
trnh: mng, ct, li tng, dm, sn v cu thang. Cc thnh phn kin trc cng trnh
nh: ca, ca s, tng ngn, khng c th hin trong m hnh ny. Ni cch khc,
m hnh 3D CAD trong Revit ch th hin cc b phn kt cu (phn th) ca cng trnh.
Cc thng s v cc phn t trong m hnh 3D (v tr, hnh dng, kch thc) c ly t
cc bn v kt cu 2D.

Hnh 5. 4: M hnh 3D kt cu phn th Hyatt Block C
5.2.2. Thng s cu kin t m hnh 3D xut qua Excel

Cc thng s hnh hc (di, rng, cao, ) ca cc phn t trong m hnh 3D Revit ln lt
c xut qua Excel mt cch t ng theo chiu th t cc tng, dng phn t v ch s
ID ca phn t trong m hnh. Cc thng s khc nh din tch xung quanh cu kin (dng
cho cng tc Formwork) v th tch cu kin cng c tnh ton v xut qua Excel mt
cch t ng. Bng 5.1 hin th kt qu thng s c xut t Revit sang Excel ca cc
cu kin phn mng. Thng s cc cu kin ca cc tng cn li tham kho ph lc A.

Bng 5. 1: Kt qu xut qua Excel thng s cc cu kin phn mng
Parameters

Parameters
78 Base Walls 128837 200 5000 1425 14.820 1.326
79 Base Walls 128874 200 2700 1425 8.265 0.688
80 Base Walls 128911 200 5000 1425 14.820 1.368
81 Base Walls 129025 200 2700 1425 8.265 0.769
82 Base Walls 129218 200 2700 1425 8.265 0.712
83 Base Walls 129480 200 3150 1425 9.547 0.854
84 Base Walls 129621 200 2800 1425 8.550 0.798
85 Base Walls 129670 200 3150 1425 9.547 0.803
86 Base Walls 130091 200 2800 1425 8.550 0.663
Thi gian v ti nguyn cho tng cu kin ring l c d tr ty thuc vo dng, hnh
dng v kch thc cu kin. Da trn nh mc d ton Xy dng c bn (Thng t
1776/BXD-VP), thng s ti nguyn v thi gian ca cc cu kin c thit lp.

Bng 5. 2: Kt qu d tr ti nguyn v thi gian cho tng cu kin
Schedule Estimation (Days)
No Level Catalogy
FW RES FE RES CONC RES
1 Base Structural Foundations 2.08 CN[1] 3.57 CN[1] 2.55 CN[1]
36 Base Structural Columns 0.85 CN[1] 1.35 CN[1] 0.97 CN[1]

No Level Catalogy
78 Base Walls 4.12 CN[1] 4.75 CN[1] 3.39 CN[1]
Trong :
No: S th t ca phn t c xut qua Excel

Level: Tng cha phn t
Catalogy: Danh mc dng cu kin ca phn t
FW: Thi gian thi cng cho cng tc cp pha ca phn t
FE: Thi gian thi cng cho cng tc ct thp ca phn t
CONC: Thi gian thi cng cho cng tc b tng ca phn t
RES: Ti nguyn nhn cng phc v cho tng cng tc
Bng 5.2 biu th kt qu d tr ti nguyn nhn cng v thi gian cho cc cu kin thuc
phn. Ti nguyn v thi gian c d tr da trn Thng t 1776/BXD-VP. Nghin cu
ny ch quan tm n ti nguyn nhn cng v quan nim dng nhn cng s dng cho cc
cng tc l ging nhau (CN). Thi gian d tr cho tng cng tc c gi nh l thi gian
cn thit mt n v nhn cng hon thnh cng tc.
Ty thuc vo qui m ca cng trnh m s lng phn t c th nhiu hay t. S cng tc

chnh ph thuc vo s tng cng nh s a dng ca cc dng kt cu trong cng trnh.
Kt qu ny c c nh mt ng dng ca mt Macro VBA Excel. Bng 5.3 biu th kt
qu tng hp thi gian v ti nguyn cho tng cng tc. Trong bng ny, cc cu kin cng
dng c tng hp thnh mt cng tc chnh (Structural Columns, Structural Framing,
). Mi cng tc chnh c chia thnh 3 cng tc nh (Formwork, Reinforcement,
Concrete) l cng tc tng hp t 3 cng tc nh ca cc cu kin n l.

Bng 5. 3: Kt qu tng hp ti nguyn, thi gian cho tng cng tc
Resource
Task Formwork Reinforcement Concrete
Total Assign Result Total Assign Result Total Assign Result
Structural Foundations 91.8 CN[20] 4.6 1033.0 CN[50] 20.7 737.8 CN[70] 10.5
Walls 25.2 CN[25] 1.0 28.6 CN[30] 1.0 20.4 CN[20] 1.0
Floors 253.7 CN[50] 5.1 516.2 CN[50] 10.3 368.7 CN[60] 6.1
Stairs 5.1 CN[5] 1.0 10.3 CN[10] 1.0 7.4 CN[7] 1.1
Walls 88.2 CN[30] 2.9 97.7 CN[35] 2.8 69.8 CN[35] 2.0
Floors 240.9 CN[50] 4.8 490.1 CN[50] 9.8 350.1 CN[60] 5.8
Stairs 4.8 CN[5] 1.0 9.8 CN[10] 1.0 7.0 CN[7] 1.0
Walls 88.2 CN[30] 2.9 97.7 CN[35] 2.8 69.8 CN[35] 2.0
Floors 245.2 CN[50] 4.9 499.8 CN[50] 10.0 357.0 CN[60] 5.9
Stairs 4.9 CN[5] 1.0 10.0 CN[10] 1.0 7.1 CN[7] 1.0
Walls 88.2 CN[30] 2.9 97.7 CN[35] 2.8 69.8 CN[35] 2.0
Floors 240.9 CN[50] 4.8 490.1 CN[50] 9.8 350.1 CN[60] 5.8
Stairs 4.8 CN[5] 1.0 9.8 CN[10] 1.0 7.0 CN[7] 1.0
Walls 88.2 CN[30] 2.9 97.7 CN[35] 2.8 69.8 CN[35] 2.0
Floors 245.2 CN[50] 4.9 499.8 CN[50] 10.0 357.0 CN[60] 5.9
Stairs 4.9 CN[5] 1.0 10.0 CN[10] 1.0 7.1 CN[7] 1.0
Walls 80.8 CN[28] 2.9 87.5 CN[30] 2.9 62.5 CN[30] 2.1
Floors 243.5 CN[50] 4.9 497.1 CN[50] 9.9 355.1 CN[60] 5.9
Walls 64.9 CN[35] 1.9 73.6 CN[40] 1.8 52.6 CN[30] 1.8
Floors 171.3 CN[45] 3.8 339.7 CN[50] 6.8 242.7 CN[50] 4.9
Walls 56.5 CN[30] 1.9 63.0 CN[32] 2.0 45.0 CN[23] 2.0
Floors 89.8 CN[23] 3.9 209.8 CN[42] 5.0 149.9 CN[30] 5.0
Floors 18.4 CN[19] 1.0 38.8 CN[20] 1.9 27.7 CN[15] 1.8
5.2.3. Kt qu t c Excel qua Microsoft Project
T Microsoft Project, c 2 ng dng khc nhau dng c 2 kt qu s liu khc nhau

trong bng Excel. ng dng th nht c kt qu t cc cu kin n l (d liu dng bng

5.2) v tng hp li. ng dng th 2 c kt qu t cc cng tc c tng hp li (d
liu dng bng 5.3)
Dng 1
Dng 2
Hnh 5. 5: Kt qu xut qua Ms. Project t Ms. Excel
T hnh 5.5 ta thy, kt qu cui cng trong Microsoft Project th hin y cc thng
s ca cng tc trong Excel (thi gian, cc dng ti nguyn ca cng tc). Tuy nhin, kt
qu c c t dng 1 cha gn s lng cho mi dng ti nguyn v o thi lng ca
cng tc l thi lng ban u. Ngoi ra, cc cng tc c c cha c mi lin h, rng
buc nhau (tr mi lin h cha con). Do , trong Microsoft Project, ngi lp tin
ch cn iu chnh li th t, rng buc ca cc cng tc ph hp vi mun ca mnh.
Mi lin h gia cc cng tc c lp mt cch th cng v ty thuc vo kinh nghim,

k nng ca ngi lp d n. T cc mi lin h c lp, tin ca tng cng tc c
xc nh. Thm vo , tng thi gian hon thnh d n v biu phn b ti nguyn ca
c lp. Tin ca d n c th c lp i, lp li nhiu ln nhm tha mn nhu cu s
dng ti nguyn, thi gian hon thnh d n v tnh cht ring ca d n. Vi tin c
lp trong nghin cu ny (xem Ph lc B), thi gian hon thnh d n l 132 ngy v ti
nguyn dng ti a ti tng thi im l 260 nhn cng (Hnh 5.6).
Hnh 5. 6: Trng thi ti nguyn v nhn cng ton d n

5.2.4. Ti u ha ti nguyn trong Microsof Project
Vic ti u ha ngun ti nguyn c ngha v cng quan trng i vi mt d n xy

dng. Thng thng, i vi tin ca mt d n khi c lp ban u, ti nguyn c
phn b khng ng iu (mt s thi im nhu cu s dng ti nguyn cao, mt s thi
im nhu cu s dng ti nguyn li thp) dn n h s phn b ti nguyn K ln. iu
ny l khng hp l, nht l i vi nhng d n c qui m ln.
Hnh 5. 7: Biu nhn lc ban u ca d n

Hnh 5.7 cho thy ti nguyn d n phn b khng ng iu. Ti mt s thi im nhu
cu nhn lc cn cho d n l rt thp (50), trong khi mt s thi im khc nhu cu s
dng ti nguyn li rt cao (260). Vic phn b ngun ti nguyn nh th khin nhu cu ti
nguyn cng trng lun mc cao nht, v do s dn n hin tng lng ph ngun
ti nguyn, lm gim tnh hiu qu ca d n. Hn na, vi biu ti nguyn t tin
d n c lp, ngi lp d n phi t ra cu hi: Liu ngun ti nguyn ca mnh nh
th c p ng cho nhu cu ca d n m bo d n ng tin hay khng?.
Mi cng tc iu c th c rng buc vi cc cng tc khc trong d n. Ty thuc vo

tnh cht ca tng cng tc m cng tc c th bt u nhiu thi im khc nhau m
khng lm thay i n tin tng th ca d n. Cng c nhiu cng tc c th tch ra
thnh nhiu phn on m vn khng lm nh hng n tnh cht v tin ca d n.
Chnh nh nhng tnh cht mm do ny ca mt s cng tc trong d n m ngi lp d
n c th phn b li thi gian, phn on ca cng tc nhm m bo tin ca d n
khng i, ng thi phn b li nhu cu s dng ti nguyn trong d n hp l hn.
T biu nhn lc (Hnh 5.7) ta thy, ngun ti nguyn ti a ca d n l 200 nhng

trn biu c mt s thi im nhu cu s dng ti nguyn vt mc gii hn (vng mu
). Vic phn b li k hoch cho tng cng tc (thi im bt u, phn chia phn on,
) l mt vic lm cn thit nhm phn b li ngun ti nguyn cho hp l hn, h s s
dng ti nguyn cao hn
S dng cng c ti u ha ti nguyn Resource Optimization, cc cng tc c phn

b, sp xp li, nhu cu s dng ti nguyn ti tng thi im trong d n do c gim
dn n mc thp nht m khng lm thay i tin d n.
Hnh 5. 8: Biu nhn lc sau khi c ti u ha

Vi ng dng ti u ha ti nguyn, ta nhn thy ti nguyn ti dng cho d n c
ci thin mt cch ng k (t 260 xung cn 205) m tin ca d n vn khng h thay
i (132 ngy). Vic gim ti a ti nguyn cn thit s gip d n gim ti mt phn gnh
nng v chi ph ti nguyn ni chung, nhn cng ni ring, do c ngha v cng quan
trng n hiu qu ca d n.
Cng vi cng c Resource Optimization, khi thit lp rng buc thi gian hon thnh d
n l 150 ngy (ln hn thi gian hon thnh d n 132 ngy ban u), ti nguyn ca d
n c ti u ha li.
Hnh 5. 9: Ngun ti nguyn c ti u ha theo thi gian ca d n

T Hnh 5.9, khi thi gian hon thnh ca d n l 150 ngy th cc cng tc trong d n
c th c phn b lm cho ti nguyn s dng ti a ti mt thi im l 170, gim ng
k so vi con s 205.
R rng, vi cng c ti u ha ti nguyn d n Resource Optimization, ngi lp d n
c th kim sot c nhu cu nhn lc ca d n mt cch ch ng. Cc cng tc trong
d n nhanh chng c t ng phn b li c nhu cu s dng ti nguyn ti u.
Thm vo , cng c ny cn cho php ngi lp d n xem xt nhu cu s dng ti
nguyn trong iu kin tin ca d n.
5.3. M phng 4D trong Revit Structure
Tin thi cng va lp trong Microsoft Project ch mang tnh cht d liu thng thng.
Vic s dng kt hp tin trong Microsoft Project v bn v 2D kh c th gip ngi

xem bit c trng thi ca cng trnh mt thi im xc nh, nht l vi nhng ngi
khng c chuyn mn.
Mt hn ch khc khi s dng kt hp tin CPM vi bn v 2D l khi c s thay i,
iu chnh tin , ngi xem buc phi xem li ton b cc bn v 2D lin quan. S lp i
lp li cng vi vic thiu tnh trc quan trong xem xt, theo di tin d dn n s
nhm chn cng nh c nhng sai st m ngi xem khng th lng trc c. iu
ny nh hng rt ln n s thnh cng cng nh cht lng, hiu qu ca d n.
M hnh m phng 4D ch c xy dng khi cc phn t trong m hnh 3D Revit v cc
cng tc trong tin CPM ca Ms. Project c mi lin h vi nhau. Cng vic lin kt m
hnh 3D Revit v tin CPM cn c thc hin trc khi tin hnh m phng 4D.
5.3.1. Lin kt tin CPM t Microsoft Project v m hnh 3D Revit

Mi phn t trong m hnh Revit u c mt ID nhn dng n. Cc phn t Revit v cc
cng tc trong tin CPM c lin kt bi cc ID ny. Mi cng tc trong tin CPM
c th i din cho mt hoc nhiu phn t trong m hnh Revit. Khi c lin kt, cc ID
ca cc phn t Revit tn ti trong trng ghi ch (Notes) ca mt cng tc (Task) lin kt
vi n.
Hnh 5. 10: Thng tin lin kt gia phn t Revit v cng tc CPM
Mt khi cc phn t Revit v cng tc tin CPM c lin kt, yu t thi gian ca
phn t Revit s l tin ca cng tc CPM. Ti tng thi im trong tin CPM. Ty
thuc vo trng thi ca cc cng tc ( thc hin, ang thc hin, bt u thc hin, cha
thc hin) m trng thi ca phn t trong m hnh Revit c th hin tng ng (hon
thnh, ang thi cng, bt u thi cng, cha thi cng).
Khi cc cng tc trong tin CPM c np tc tip t d liu bng Excel, cc ID ca

cc phn t Revit s t ng c lu vo cc cng tc chnh tng ng cha n. i vi
cc tin CPM c lp mt cch ring bit, cc phn t Revit v cc cng tc trong tin
CPM cn c lin kt th cng thng qua ng dng Element ID Assignment chy
trong mi trng Revit (Hnh 5.11).

Hnh 5. 11: ng dng lin kt phn t Revit v cng tc trong tin CPM
Cc cng tc trong tin CPM s c hin th di cy th mc (Hnh 5.11). Ngi
dng c th trc quan khi thao tc gn ID vo mt cng tc nht nh. Khi kch chut vo
mt cng tc bt k, thng tin v vic gn ID cho cng tc s hin th. iu ny gip
ngi dng ch ng hn trong cng tc ny. Khi hon tt v thot khi qui trnh gn ID,
cc thay i s c t ng cp nht vo tp tin Microsoft Project.
Khi s dng ng dng lin kt phn t Revit vi tin CPM trong Microsoft Project,
ng dn tp tin Microsoft Project sau cng s c ng dng t ng c lu li trong
m hnh. nhng ln s dng tip theo, ng dng s t ng c ng dn sn c (nu
c) v np thng tin ca tp tin Ms. Project. ng dn ny c lu trong Family Project
Information (Hnh 5.12).
Hnh 5. 12: V tr lu ng dn lit kt m hnh 3D Revit v tin CPM

5.3.2. M hnh m phng 4D
M hnh m phng 4D c thc hin nh vo ng dng 4D Visualization chy trong mi
trng Revit. ng dng s c tin CPM t tp tin Ms. Project v hin th cc cng tc
di dng cy th mc (Hnh 5.13). Khi mt cng tc c chn, ty thuc vo ty chn
ca ngi dng, thng tin v thi gian bt u hay kt thc ca cng tc s c hin th.
Hnh 5. 13: Cc cng tc trong tin CPM hin th di dng cy th mc

V d, t hnh 5.13 ta thy cng tc b tng (Concrete) ct phn mng s bt u vo
22/05/2009. T thng tin v thi gian ca tng cng tc, ngi dng c th chn thi im
bt k ca d n xem kt qu ca cng trnh trn m hnh Revit. Trong m hnh Revit,
phn t no c hnh thnh s c mu xm tro, phn t ang trong qu trnh lp dng
s c mu xanh (blue), phn t bt u c lp dng s c mu (red) v cc phn t
cha c lp dng s khng hin th.
Thm vo , ngi dng cn c th xem qu trnh hnh thnh v trng thi cc cng tc
trn cy th mc theo thi gian (Hnh 5.14). T , ngi dng c th xem xt, kim
chng kt qu tng ng trn m hnh Revit (Hnh 5.15).

Hnh 5. 14: Din bin tin CPM ti ngy 19/06/09
Hnh 5. 15: Kt qu tng ng trn m hnh Revit

T kt qu m phng tin CPM trong ca s 4D Visualization (Hnh 5.14), ta thy, d
n hon thnh phn mng (Finished Base), ct tng trt cn ang trong qu trnh thi
(Installing Structural Columns) v ang thi cng dm, sn tng 1 (Installing
Structural Framing, Installing Floors). Kt qu ny c th hin tng ng trn m
hnh 4D Revit (Hinh 5.15)
Cng trong ng dng 4D Visualization, cc ti nguyn dng nhn cng (Work) c cp
nhp v hin th di dng biu ca tng ti nguyn ring l (Hnh 5.16). Theo mc
nh, biu ti nguyn s hin th trong mt khong thi gian l 20 n v thi gian.
Ngi dng cng c th xem s phn b ca tng ti nguyn theo thi gian t c ci
nhn trc quan v s phn b ti nguyn ti tng thi im cng nh cn nhc, phn b li
ti nguyn cho hp l.
Hnh 5. 16: Tnh nng hin th biu ti nguyn theo thi gian
Trng thi ca ca cng trnh ti tng thi im khc nhau c ngha quan trng i vi
cc bn tham gia d n. Vi mt ci nhn trc quan, ngi xem c th nhn bit r rng,
thu o trng thi cng trnh. T , cc bn tham gia cng nh ngi lp d n c th
iu chnh tin , phn b li cng tc, ti nguyn, rng buc cng tc, lm cho tin
d n c hp l hn, hiu qu hn. Tnh hp l v hiu qu c th c kim chng li
mt ln na nh vo tin ch 4D Viusalization ny.

Vi d n nghin cu hin ti, trng thi cng trnh mt s thi im nht nh (c ch
nh c th) c hin th trong 2 trng hp: (1) cha ti u ha ti nguyn s dng
(Hnh 5.17) v (2) ti u ha ti nguyn vi tin d n c lp (Hnh 5.18)
(a) Ngy 20/05/2009 (b) Ngy 10/06/2009
(c) Ngy 02/07/2009 (d) Ngy 06/08/2009
(e) Ngy 25/09/2009 (f) Ngy 01/10/2009
Hnh 5. 17: M hnh m phng 4D trong trng hp 1

(a) Ngy 20/05/2009 (b) Ngy 10/06/2009
(c) Ngy 02/07/2009 (d) Ngy 06/08/2009
(e) Ngy 25/09/2009 (f) Ngy 01/10/2009
Hnh 5. 18: M hnh m phng 4D trong trng hp 2

R rng, m hnh m phng 4D cho ta bit trng thi cng trnh ti mt thi im bt k
trong tin CPM. V d, hnh 5.17a cho ta bit ti ngy 20/05/2009 cc mng ca cng
trnh c thi cng xong v bt u chuyn sang thi cng phn ct, li tng ca hng

mc phn mng. Tng t, hnh 5.17c cho ta thy cng trnh thi cng xong cc hng
mc tng trt, ang thi cng cc hng mc tng 1 v bt u thi cng dm sn tng 2 tnh
ti ngy 02/07/2009. Mu sc cc phn t trong m hnh m phng 4D l yu t nhn dng
trng thi cng trnh ti mt thi im nht nh.
M hnh m phng 4D cung cp cho cho ngi dng ci nhn trc quan v trng thi d
n. T m hnh 4D CAD, ngi dng c th nhn thy c tnh khng hp l trong tin
CPM c lp. Hnh 5.17c cho thy tnh bt hp l trong tin CPM: dm sn tng 2
bt u thi cng trong khi dm sn v ct tng 1 cha thi cng xong. y l mt iu bt
hp l so vi thc t.
So snh trng thi cng trnh t Hnh 5.17 v Hnh 5.18, ta thy trng thi cng trnh ti
cc thi im ny l ging nhau (d c th phn trm thc hin ca cc cng tc c th
khc nhau). Do , cn c vo m hnh m phng 4D CAD v nhu cu s dng ti nguyn
trong hai trng hp, ta chn tin sau khi ti u ha thi cng thc t.
C ba trng hp trn iu xut pht t mt phng n ban u c lp nn d c s thay

i v nhu cu s dng ti nguyn hay tin thi cng th bn cht ca c 3 trng hp
iu ging nhau v cc tnh bt hp l trong c ba trng hp iu nh nhau. o , tnh
a dng ca phng n thi cng khng th pht huy trong trng hp ny. Mi d n nn
c nhiu phng n la chn khc nhau v tnh ng n ca tng phng n c kim
chng bi m hnh m phng 4D CAD.
5.4. La chn phng n thi cng
Mi d n nu c lp theo mt phng n duy nht th s mt tnh linh hot ca cc

cng tc, s phn b ti nguyn. Thm vo , tnh duy nht ca d n s gy kh khn
cho vic a ra phng n khc phc cc ri ro, thiu st. Do , mt d n xy dng nn
c nhiu phng n khc nhau nhm gip cc bn tham gia d n c th pht hin cc mt
u, khuyt, tnh kh thi, ca tng phng n. T , cc bn tham gia d n c th
thng nht phng n thi cng cng nh b sung vo phng n nhng mt thiu xt c
th nhm nng cao hn tnh hiu qu ca d n.
Tr li vi d n ban u, phng n thi 2 c lp theo phng php thi cng song song
+ ni tip nhm so snh tnh kh thi, u nhc im so vi phng n mt. Vic so snh
da trn cc tiu ch:
1. S hp l v ti nguyn
2. S hp l v trnh t thi cng
Chi tit cng tc, s phn b ti nguyn v rng buc gia cc cng tc theo phng n 2
tham kho Ph lc C.
Tin thi cng ca d n

Theo phng n mi (phng n 2), tin thi cng ca d n l 135 ngy. Tin ny
nhiu hn so vi phng n c (phng n 1) c lp (132 ngy). Nu xt n thun
v tin thi cng ca d n th phng n 1 c tnh kh thi hn v p ng c nhu
cu v mt tin ca d n. Tnh kh thi ny cng th hin r khi d n yu cu gt gao
v mt tin .
Hnh 5. 19: Thng s d n c lp theo phng n 2

Phn b ti nguyn ban u ca d n
Ti nguyn ti a s dng cho d n ti tng thi im l 217 ngi (Hnh 5.19), thp hn
nhiu so vi con s 260 ngi phng n 1. Ti nguyn l mt nhn t quan trng trong
vic nh gi mc hiu qu ca d n. Vi nhu cu s dng ti nguyn phng n 2,
d n tr nn ng gi v c tnh hiu qu cao hn. Tuy nhin vn ti nguyn cn phi
c xem xt i km vi tin (v su hn na l cht lng) ca d n th mi nh gi
chnh xc c tnh hiu qu ca d n theo phng n c lp.

Hnh 5. 20: Biu nhn lc ban u ca phng n 2

Ti u ha ti nguyn d n
Sau khi ti u ha ti nguyn d n. Ti nguyn ti a cn d n ti tng thi im lc ny
175 ngi (Hnh 5.21). So vi con s 205 ngi phng n 1 th y thy l mt con s
ng khch l. Tuy nhin, nu so snh v phn trm ti nguyn c ti u th phng n 1
li ln hn so vi phng n 2 (21.15% > 19.35%).
Hnh 5. 21: Biu nhn lc sau khi ti u ha ti nguyn ca phng n 2

Ti u ha ti nguyn trong iu kin rng buc thi gian
Khi so snh phng n trong iu kin ny, ta thy phng n 2 hn hn phng n 1 v
thi gian hon thnh d n (149 ngy < 150 ngy) cng nh nhu cu s dng ti nguyn
(145 < 160) (Hnh 5.22). Do , nu khng c s rng buc v thi gian hon thnh d n
sm nht c th, phng n 2 l mt s la chn cho nh thu cng nh ngi lp tin
d n.

Hnh 5. 22: Biu nhn lc sau khi ti u ha tin ca phng n 2

Tnh hp l trong thi cng
xem xt tnh hp l ca phng n trong thi cng, m hnh 4D CAD cn c a ra
nhm xem xt trng thi ca cng trnh ti tng thi im (Hnh 5.23).

(a) Ngy 01/05/2009 (b) Ngy 02/06/2009
(c) Ngy 02/07/2009 (d) Ngy 03/08/2009
(e) Ngy 31/08/2009 (f) Ngy 01/10/2009
Hnh 5. 23: M hnh m phng 4D ca d n theo phng n 2

T hnh trn ta thy, phng n 2 c tnh hp l hn so vi phng n 1. Tnh hp l ny
th hin ch khi cu kin bn di thi cng xong th cu kin trn n mi c thi cng

tip theo. Thm v , tin cng trnh tng i u n v n nh (1 thng 1 tng)
theo s phn b ti nguyn d n. iu ny gp phn vo tnh hiu qu ca d n.
Vi vic a ra thm mt phng n th 2, tnh linh ng v a dng trong d n c

nng ln mt cch r rt. Cc bn tham gia d n c th da vo cc yu t c trnh
by bn trn v mt s yu t khc ty thuc vo tnh cht ca d n nhm a mt
phng n thi cng hp l ng thi mang li hiu qu nht nh cho d n. Thm vo ,
vi nhng hnh nh trc quan t m hnh 4D Revit, cc bn tham gia d n c th thy r
trng thi ca cng trnh bt k thi im no ca d n cng nh cc im bt hp l
ca phng n c chn khi thi cng ngoi cng trng. T , cc bn tham gia d n,
c bit l ch u t c th la chn c mt phng n ti u.

CHNG 6: KT LUN V KIN NGH

6.1. Kt lun
T cc l thuyt c bn v trng hp ng dng c th, nghin cu a ra phng thc

s dng kt hp cc ng dng h tr nhm tn dng trit cc th mnh ca phn mm
trong lp tin d n thi cng, ti u ha ngun ti nguyn, tin d n v quan trng
hn ht l s dng thnh cng cng ngh 4D CAD trong m phng tin thi cng Xy
dng. Nghin cu cn ch ra th mnh ca 4D CAD trong lp v m phng tin thi
cng Xy dng, ng thi a ra nhng kh khn vp phi khi s dng cng ngh ny.
T ng ha tnh ton khi lng cu kin t m hnh 3D
M hnh 3D c xy dng bi phn mm Autodesk Revit Structure. Thng s phn t

c xut trc tip qua Excel thng qua mt ng dng chy trong mi trng Revit. S
liu c xut qua Excel bao gm cc thng s hnh hc (di, rng, cao, th tch, ), cc
thng s dng cu kin (dm, ct, sn, ) v thng s qun l n trong mi trng Revit
(ID).
Vi vic t ng ha tnh ton khi lng cu kin, thi gian cn thit cho cng tc bc
tch khi lng s gim mt cch ng k. Thm vo , cc sai st trong qu trnh xc
nh, tnh ton khi lng cu kin s c gim thiu n mc thp nht. Cc u im
ny th hin r nt i vi cc d n c qui m ln, phc tp cao.
Cng c ng dng trong ti u ha ti nguyn, tin
Cng c ti u ha ti nguyn tin c to ra t VBA trong Microsoft Project. Cc

cng c c to ra nhm tn dng trit tnh nng Resource Leveling ca Microsoft
Project. Chnh nh cc cng c ny, cc cng tc trong d n c phn b li m thi
gian hon thnh d n vn khng i trong khi ti nguyn s dng ca d n ti tng thi
im gim xung mt cch ng k. Cng vi tnh nng ny, vic ti u ha ti nguyn,
tin trong iu kin thi gian hon thnh d n cho php cng c thc hin.
S dng cng c ti u ha s gip ngi dng tit kim ng k thi gian dnh cho cng
tc phn b ti nguyn d n (u ha ngun lc). Ngoi ra, cng c ny cn hn ch mt
s sai st xy ra trong qu trnh ngi dng ti u ha ti nguyn bng phng php th
cng (iu chnh tin cng tc, tnh ton ngun lc, ).
M hnh m phng 4D CAD v cc li ch, hn ch

M hnh m phng 4D CAD c xy dng bng s kt hp ca m hnh 3D Revit v tin
CPM trong Ms. Project. S kt hp ny c th tin hnh theo mt qui trnh t ng
(Revit Ms. Excel Ms. Project Revit) hay th cng (m hnh 3D Revit v tin CPM
c lp nhau). S linh hot trong vic xy dng m hnh 4D gip ngi dng tn dng
c cc im mnh vn c tng giai on, lm cho m hnh m phng 4D cng linh
ng v thc t.
Cng ngh 4D CAD c nhng li ch nht nh trong vic m phng, la chn phng n
thi cng xy dng. C th tm tt cc u im nh sau:
- a ra mt ci nhn trc quan v trng thi cng trnh ti mt thi im nht

nh.
- Cho thy nhng g ang din ra bn trong cng trnh trong qu trnh thi cng.
- Gip cc n v tham gia pht hin d dng nhng bt cp trong tin
c lp.
- Cho thy cc tranh chp, bt hp l ca cng trnh khi thi cng ngoi thc t
vi tin c lp.
- Gip cc n v tham gia nh gi c tnh kh thi ca phng n c lp.
T gip cc bn thng nht i n phng n thi cng ti u.
- Gip cc n v lin quan kim sot c tin thi cng theo thi gian nhm
ch ng hn trong vic iu phi ngun ti nguyn d n.
- Pht hin mt s kh khn c th xy ra i vi phng n c la chn.
Vi 7 li ch ni bt c nu trn, 4D CAD cho thy cc th mnh, u im vt tri
ca n so vi cng ngh 3D hoc 2D + CPM tch ri trong vic phn tch, la chn
phng n ng n cho d n thi cng Xy dng. Tnh trc quan, r rng v tc thi ca
4D CAD gip cc bn tham gia d n d dng nhn bit tin trnh ca d n cng nh
trng thi ca cng trnh ti mt thi im bt k ca d n.
Bn cnh , cng ngh 4D CAD cng c mt s hn ch nht nh. Hn ch ca 4D CAD

xut pht t chnh bn cht ca n. M hnh 3D CAD v thi gian trong tin CPM c
lp mt cch ring l nn xut hin mt s hn ch. C th:
- Ngi dng phi c k nng lp m hnh 3D CAD v tin d n.

- Lin kt gia m hnh 3D v tin thi cng phi nh n mt ng dng ring
bit.

- Phi c s thng nht r rng gia cng tc dng m hnh 3D v cng tc lp
tin thi cng ca d n.
Nhn chung, cc kh khn, hn ch khi s dng cng ngh 4D CAD trong lp l m phng
tin d n thi cng Xy dng xut pht t tnh s dng kt hp nhiu phn mm chuyn
bit. Do , hn ch cc kh khn ng thi pht huy ti a cc th mnh ca 4D CAD,
ngi dng cn phi c mt khi nim r rng trc khi bt tay vo xy dng m hnh ny.
Hin nay, trn th trng hu nh cha c phn mm chuyn dng no phc v y
cng tc m phng 4D. Hn na, vic s dng cc phn mm tch ri gip ta tn dng trit
cc im mnh ca cc phn mm , t gip s dng thnh cng hn cng ngh 4D
CAD trong lp v m phng tin thi cng Xy dng.
Cc cng c phn mm h tr trong p dng thnh cng cng ngh 4D CAD
p dng thnh cng cng ngh 4D CAD trong lp v m phng tin thi cng Xy
dng, nghin cu s dng mt s phn mm thng dng trn th trng Vit Nam hin
nay:
- Autodesk Revit Structure 2009: l mt phn mm ni ting ca Autodesk.

y l mt phn mm c kh nng dng m hnh 3D t bn v 2D rt mnh.
Thm vo , cc i tng trong m hnh Revit l mt i tng thng minh
cha tt c cc thng tin m mt i tng ngoi thc t c. Thm vo , vi
tnh nng mnh m c trang b t Revit API, ngi dng c th lp trnh
tng tc xut cc thng s ca cc dng phn t mong mun qua Microsoft
Excel, to mi lin h gia cc phn t trong m hnh vi cng tc trong tin
CPM ca Microsoft Project nhm m phng 4D. C th ni, Autodesk Revit
Structrure l phn mm h tr tuyt vi cho cng tc lp tin d n thi cng
xy dng.
- Microsoft Excel: c p dng trong vic tnh ton khi lng ti nguyn cho
tng phn t ring l. Th mnh lin kt d liu gia cc sheet trong mt bng
tnh gip ngi dng c th thc hin cng tc tnh mt cch nhanh chng,
chnh xc. Th mnh ca Macro c trong Microsoft Excel cng c khai thc
trit trong vic tp trung cc phn t c cng tnh cht thnh mt cng tc
chnh.
- Microsoft Project: l phn mm c s dng trong vic lp tin CPM cho

d n. Tin ca d n trong nghin cu ny c th c np trc tip t tp

tin Excel c lp giai on trc hoc c th c lp mt cch c lp
t khi lng c tng hp trong bng tnh Excel. Nu tin c np
trc tip t Excel, cng tc chnh ca d n iu c cha thng tin ca cc phn
t trong m hnh 3D Revit. y l nhn t then cht trong s thnh cng ca
m phng 4D. Ngoi ra, vic s dng Macro VBA trong Microsoft Project cn
gip ta ti u ha ti nguyn, gp phn nng cao tnh hiu qu ca d n.
- Microsoft Visual Studio 2005: l mt phn mm khng th thiu trong lp

trnh tng tc, lin kt m hnh 3D Revit v tin CPM. y l phn mm
to ra cc ng dng then cht trong nghin cu ny.
Mi phn mm u ng gp mt vai tr ring trong nghin cu ng dng. Vic s dng

nhun nhuyn cc phn mm cng nh lin kt mm do gia cc ng dng l nhn t
quyt nh s thnh cng ca cng tc m phng 4D d n thi cng Xy dng.
6.2. Kin ngh
Mt trong nhng hn ch ca ti l nghin cu ch c thc hin trn mt d n c th

v ch tp trung vo cng tc thi cng phn th ca d n. o cc u im cng nh cc
hn ch khi p dng cng ngh 4D CAD vo mt d n n hon chnh bt k s khng
c pht hin y t c nhng bin php khc phc cc mt hn ch, ng thi
pht huy cc li ch m 4D CAD mang li. Tuy nhin, t kt qu nghin cu ny, tc gi hi
vng cc cng ty hot ng trong lnh vc Xy dng, nht l trong lnh vc qun l d n
c th ng dng 4D CAD lp tin d n trong giai on u thu/ giai on u m
khng cn m hnh chi tit nhm pht hin v hn ch cc sai st, bt cp trong cng tc
lp d n.
Kt qu nghin cu thc t cng cho thy, li ch mang li khi p dng cng ngh 4D
CAD trong lp v m phng tin thi cng l rt ln. Cc cng ty xy dng, c bit l
cc cng ty chuyn v lnh vc qun l d n hay thi cng xy dng c th xem xt, ng
dng cng ngh ny vo trong lnh vc ca mnh nng cao tnh hiu qu ca d n. Cc
n v tham gia d n, c bit l ch u t c trang b thm mt cng ngh gip quan
st trc quan trng thi ca cng trnh ti bt k mt thi im theo tin c lp d
cha c thi cng thc t ngoi cng trng. Bn cnh , nghin cu cn ch ra mt s
kh khn hn ch ban u khi p dng cng ngh 4D CAD vo trong lnh vc m phng
thi cng xy dng. Nhng thun li v kh khn ny c ngha v cng quan trng trong
vic la chn, p dng cng ngh mi vo trong lnh vc lp d n, nh gi tnh kh thi

ca phng n thi cng, hiu qu ca d n v ng thi kim sot c mt phn ri ro,
sai st t giai on lp d n n giai on thi cng thc t ngoi cng trng.
Bn cnh , cc yu t cn thit cho vic p dng thnh cng cng ngh 4D CAD tm
thy trong nghin cu ny s gip cc n v tham gia d n c mt ci nhn tng quan,
thit thc cng nh c nhng bc chun b trc khi p dng cng ngh ny vo trong
lnh vc ca mnh. Cc n v lin quan ni chung v cc n v vn dng trc tip ni
ring cn phi trang b nhng k nng thit t phng php, kin thc, nng lc c th
p dng thnh cng cng ngh 4D CAD v mang li hiu qu cao nht c th.
Ngoi ra, vi cc kt qu t c t vic s dng cc cng c phn mm h tr trong ti

u ha ti nguyn, tin d n, hi vng cc n v tham gia d n, nht l n v lp tin
d n c th tn dng ti a cc th mnh ca phn mm nhm em li em li hiu qu
cao nht c th cho d n vi phng n c lp.
ti ch dng li vic nghin cu s dng cc phn mm h tr, cc cng c c sn

trong phn mm nhm ti u ha ti nguyn, tin d n v p dng thnh cng cng
ngh 4D CAD trong m phng tin thi cng Xy dng. Hi vng, t c s l thuyt cng
nh cc nguyn tc, yu t v kt qu c nu ra trong nghin cu ny, cc nghin cu
tip theo s tip tc pht trin trong mt pham v rng hn, su hn v a dng hn (c th
p dng cho bt k dng cng trnh no) em li hiu qu cao hn trong vic p dng
cng ngh 4D CAD vo lp v m phng tin thi cng xy dng. Ngoi ra, tc gi cn
hi vng nghin cu ny s l nn tng cho vic pht trin mt cng ngh tip theo p dng
trong qun l d n xy dng, mt cng ngh c th xy dng m hnh 3D, lp tin d
n, m phng 4D theo mt qui trnh khp kn, t ng cng ngh 4D BIM (Building
Information Modeling).

PH LC A: THNG S PHN T REVIT

Parameters

Parameters
140 Ground Structural Framing 125587 400 750 4987.3 0.160 1.147

Parameters
176 Ground Floors 128273 - - 200 7.280 1.080
177 Ground Floors 128371 - - 200 44.360 7.260
178 Ground Floors 128445 - - 200 22.400 3.600
179 Ground Floors 128489 - - 200 44.360 7.260
180 Ground Floors 130739 - - 175 78.263 12.578
181 Ground Floors 130774 - - 175 50.635 7.875
182 Ground Floors 130808 - - 175 50.635 7.875
183 Ground Floors 130841 - - 175 61.115 9.733
184 Ground Floors 130875 - - 175 41.945 6.489
185 Ground Floors 130909 - - 175 61.115 9.733
186 Ground Floors 130942 - - 175 41.945 6.489
187 Ground Floors 130983 - - 175 41.945 6.489
188 Ground Floors 131016 - - 175 61.115 9.733
189 Ground Floors 131051 - - 175 50.635 7.875
190 Ground Floors 131085 - - 175 50.635 7.875
191 Ground Floors 131152 - - 150 14.160 1.782
192 Ground Floors 131190 - - 150 9.660 1.188
193 Ground Floors 131225 - - 150 14.160 1.782
194 Ground Floors 131259 - - 150 9.660 1.188
195 Ground Floors 131298 - - 150 23.160 2.970
196 Ground Floors 133902 - - 175 78.262 12.578
197 Ground Floors 134593 - - 150 22.110 2.907
198 Ground Floors 134659 - - 150 16.980 2.167
199 Ground Floors 137652 - - 150 6.965 0.825
200 Ground Floors 139055 - - 150 2.470 0.217
201 Ground Floors 139400 - - 150 14.275 1.825
202 Ground Floors 139440 - - 150 14.275 1.825
203 Ground Floors 139475 - - 150 6.965 0.825
204 Ground Stairs 138652 - - - - -
205 Ground Stairs 139105 - - - - -
206 Ground Structural Columns 135208 400 600 3425 6.850 0.822

Parameters
248 Ground Walls 135377 200 5000 3600 37.440 3.744
249 Ground Walls 135378 200 2700 3600 20.880 1.944
250 Ground Walls 135379 200 5000 3600 37.440 2.576
251 Ground Walls 135380 200 2700 3600 20.880 1.944
252 Ground Walls 135381 200 2700 3600 20.880 1.800
253 Ground Walls 135382 200 3150 3600 24.120 2.412
254 Ground Walls 135383 200 2800 3600 21.600 2.016
255 Ground Walls 135384 200 3150 3600 24.120 2.268
256 Ground Walls 135385 200 2800 3600 21.600 1.388
257 Ground Walls 141523 200 3470 3600 26.424 2.498
258 Ground Walls 142246 150 2000 3600 15.480 1.080
259 Ground Walls 142562 150 2000 3600 15.480 1.080
260 Ground Walls 142664 150 2000 3600 15.480 1.080
261 Ground Walls 143030 200 2000 3600 15.840 1.440
262 Level 1 Structural Framing 135250 250 750 5150 0.063 0.740

Parameters

Parameters

Parameters
336 Level 1 Floors 135394 - - 175 78.263 12.578
337 Level 1 Floors 135404 - - 175 50.635 7.875
338 Level 1 Floors 135414 - - 175 50.635 7.875
339 Level 1 Floors 135424 - - 175 61.115 9.733
340 Level 1 Floors 135434 - - 175 41.945 6.489
341 Level 1 Floors 135444 - - 175 61.115 9.733
342 Level 1 Floors 135454 - - 175 41.945 6.489
343 Level 1 Floors 135464 - - 175 41.945 6.489
344 Level 1 Floors 135474 - - 175 61.115 9.733
345 Level 1 Floors 135484 - - 175 50.635 7.875
346 Level 1 Floors 135494 - - 175 50.635 7.875
347 Level 1 Floors 135504 - - 150 14.160 1.782
348 Level 1 Floors 135514 - - 150 9.660 1.188
349 Level 1 Floors 135524 - - 150 14.160 1.782
350 Level 1 Floors 135534 - - 150 9.660 1.188
351 Level 1 Floors 135544 - - 150 23.160 2.970
352 Level 1 Floors 135556 - - 175 78.262 12.578
353 Level 1 Floors 140675 - - 150 22.110 2.907
354 Level 1 Floors 140683 - - 150 16.980 2.167
355 Level 1 Floors 140698 - - 150 2.470 0.217

Parameters
356 Level 1 Floors 140734 - - 150 7.069 0.832
357 Level 1 Floors 141009 - - 150 7.082 0.834
358 Level 1 Floors 141580 - - 200 8.000 1.200
359 Level 1 Floors 141831 - - 200 19.880 3.180
360 Level 1 Floors 142370 - - 200 21.500 3.450
361 Level 1 Floors 142461 - - 200 8.060 1.210
362 Level 1 Floors 142591 - - 200 22.400 3.600
363 Level 1 Floors 142684 - - 200 12.200 1.900
364 Level 1 Floors 143138 - - 200 6.920 1.020
365 Level 1 Stairs 143707 - - - - -
366 Level 1 Stairs 143748 - - - - -
367 Level 1 Structural Columns 143408 400 600 3425 6.850 0.822

Parameters
409 Level 1 Walls 143518 200 5000 3600 37.440 3.744
410 Level 1 Walls 143519 200 2700 3600 20.880 1.944
411 Level 1 Walls 143520 200 5000 3600 37.440 2.576
412 Level 1 Walls 143521 200 2700 3600 20.880 1.944
413 Level 1 Walls 143522 200 2700 3600 20.880 1.800
414 Level 1 Walls 143523 200 3150 3600 24.120 2.412
415 Level 1 Walls 143524 200 2800 3600 21.600 2.016
416 Level 1 Walls 143525 200 3150 3600 24.120 2.268
417 Level 1 Walls 143526 200 2800 3600 21.600 1.388
418 Level 1 Walls 143956 200 3470 3600 26.424 2.498
419 Level 1 Walls 143979 150 2000 3600 15.480 1.080
420 Level 1 Walls 144011 150 2000 3600 15.480 1.080
421 Level 1 Walls 144024 200 2000 3600 15.840 1.440
422 Level 1 Walls 144391 150 2000 3600 15.480 1.080

Parameters

Parameters
497 Level 2 Floors 143535 - - 175 78.263 12.578
498 Level 2 Floors 143543 - - 175 50.635 7.875
499 Level 2 Floors 143551 - - 175 50.635 7.875
500 Level 2 Floors 143559 - - 175 61.115 9.733
501 Level 2 Floors 143567 - - 175 41.945 6.489
502 Level 2 Floors 143575 - - 175 61.115 9.733
503 Level 2 Floors 143583 - - 175 41.945 6.489
504 Level 2 Floors 143591 - - 175 41.945 6.489
505 Level 2 Floors 143599 - - 175 61.115 9.733
506 Level 2 Floors 143607 - - 175 50.635 7.875
507 Level 2 Floors 143615 - - 175 50.635 7.875
508 Level 2 Floors 143623 - - 150 14.160 1.782
509 Level 2 Floors 143631 - - 150 9.660 1.188
510 Level 2 Floors 143639 - - 150 14.160 1.782
511 Level 2 Floors 143647 - - 150 9.660 1.188
512 Level 2 Floors 143655 - - 150 23.160 2.970
513 Level 2 Floors 143665 - - 175 78.262 12.578
514 Level 2 Floors 143896 - - 150 22.110 2.907
515 Level 2 Floors 143904 - - 150 16.980 2.167
516 Level 2 Floors 143914 - - 150 2.470 0.217
517 Level 2 Floors 143930 - - 150 7.069 0.832
518 Level 2 Floors 143944 - - 150 7.082 0.834
519 Level 2 Floors 143959 - - 200 8.000 1.200
520 Level 2 Floors 143970 - - 200 27.140 4.390
521 Level 2 Floors 143982 - - 200 21.500 3.450
522 Level 2 Floors 143992 - - 200 9.440 1.440
523 Level 2 Floors 144003 - - 200 21.500 3.450
524 Level 2 Floors 144014 - - 200 20.660 3.310
525 Level 2 Floors 144027 - - 200 6.920 1.020
526 Level 2 Stairs 145961 - - - - -
527 Level 2 Stairs 146002 - - - - -

Parameters
570 Level 2 Walls 145772 200 5000 3600 37.440 3.744
571 Level 2 Walls 145773 200 2700 3600 20.880 1.944
572 Level 2 Walls 145774 200 5000 3600 37.440 2.576
573 Level 2 Walls 145775 200 2700 3600 20.880 1.944
574 Level 2 Walls 145776 200 2700 3600 20.880 1.800
575 Level 2 Walls 145777 200 3150 3600 24.120 2.412
576 Level 2 Walls 145778 200 2800 3600 21.600 2.016
577 Level 2 Walls 145779 200 3150 3600 24.120 2.268
578 Level 2 Walls 145780 200 2800 3600 21.600 1.388
579 Level 2 Walls 146210 200 3470 3600 26.424 2.498
580 Level 2 Walls 146233 150 2000 3600 15.480 1.080

Parameters
581 Level 2 Walls 146254 150 2000 3600 15.480 1.080
582 Level 2 Walls 146265 150 2000 3600 15.480 1.080
583 Level 2 Walls 146278 200 2000 3600 15.840 1.440

Parameters
658 Level 3 Floors 145789 - - 175 78.263 12.578
659 Level 3 Floors 145797 - - 175 50.635 7.875
660 Level 3 Floors 145805 - - 175 50.635 7.875
661 Level 3 Floors 145813 - - 175 61.115 9.733
662 Level 3 Floors 145821 - - 175 41.945 6.489
663 Level 3 Floors 145829 - - 175 61.115 9.733
664 Level 3 Floors 145837 - - 175 41.945 6.489
665 Level 3 Floors 145845 - - 175 41.945 6.489
666 Level 3 Floors 145853 - - 175 61.115 9.733
667 Level 3 Floors 145861 - - 175 50.635 7.875
668 Level 3 Floors 145869 - - 175 50.635 7.875
669 Level 3 Floors 145877 - - 150 14.160 1.782
670 Level 3 Floors 145885 - - 150 9.660 1.188

Parameters
671 Level 3 Floors 145893 - - 150 14.160 1.782
672 Level 3 Floors 145901 - - 150 9.660 1.188
673 Level 3 Floors 145909 - - 150 23.160 2.970
674 Level 3 Floors 145919 - - 175 78.262 12.578
675 Level 3 Floors 146150 - - 150 22.110 2.907
676 Level 3 Floors 146158 - - 150 16.980 2.167
677 Level 3 Floors 146168 - - 150 2.470 0.217
678 Level 3 Floors 146184 - - 150 7.069 0.832
679 Level 3 Floors 146198 - - 150 7.082 0.834
680 Level 3 Floors 146213 - - 200 8.000 1.200
681 Level 3 Floors 146224 - - 200 19.880 3.180
682 Level 3 Floors 146236 - - 200 21.500 3.450
683 Level 3 Floors 146246 - - 200 8.060 1.210
684 Level 3 Floors 146257 - - 200 22.400 3.600
685 Level 3 Floors 146268 - - 200 12.200 1.900
686 Level 3 Floors 146281 - - 200 6.920 1.020
687 Level 3 Stairs 147118 - - - - -
688 Level 3 Stairs 147159 - - - - -

Parameters
731 Level 3 Walls 146963 200 5000 3600 37.440 3.744
732 Level 3 Walls 146964 200 2700 3600 20.880 1.944
733 Level 3 Walls 146965 200 5000 3600 37.440 2.576
734 Level 3 Walls 146966 200 2700 3600 20.880 1.944
735 Level 3 Walls 146967 200 2700 3600 20.880 1.800
736 Level 3 Walls 146968 200 3150 3600 24.120 2.412
737 Level 3 Walls 146969 200 2800 3600 21.600 2.016
738 Level 3 Walls 146970 200 3150 3600 24.120 2.268
739 Level 3 Walls 146971 200 2800 3600 21.600 1.388
740 Level 3 Walls 147247 200 3470 3600 26.424 2.498
741 Level 3 Walls 147264 150 2000 3600 15.480 1.080
742 Level 3 Walls 147289 150 2000 3600 15.480 1.080
743 Level 3 Walls 147300 200 2000 3600 15.840 1.440
744 Level 3 Walls 147480 150 2000 3600 15.480 1.080

Parameters

Parameters
819 Level 4 Floors 146980 - - 175 78.263 12.578
820 Level 4 Floors 146988 - - 175 50.635 7.875
821 Level 4 Floors 146996 - - 175 50.635 7.875
822 Level 4 Floors 147004 - - 175 61.115 9.733
823 Level 4 Floors 147012 - - 175 41.945 6.489
824 Level 4 Floors 147020 - - 175 61.115 9.733
825 Level 4 Floors 147028 - - 175 41.945 6.489
826 Level 4 Floors 147036 - - 175 41.945 6.489
827 Level 4 Floors 147044 - - 175 61.115 9.733
828 Level 4 Floors 147052 - - 175 50.635 7.875
829 Level 4 Floors 147060 - - 175 50.635 7.875
830 Level 4 Floors 147068 - - 150 14.160 1.782
831 Level 4 Floors 147076 - - 150 9.660 1.188
832 Level 4 Floors 147084 - - 150 14.160 1.782
833 Level 4 Floors 147092 - - 150 9.660 1.188
834 Level 4 Floors 147100 - - 150 23.160 2.970
835 Level 4 Floors 147110 - - 175 78.262 12.578
836 Level 4 Floors 147203 - - 150 22.110 2.907
837 Level 4 Floors 147211 - - 150 16.980 2.167
838 Level 4 Floors 147221 - - 150 2.470 0.217
839 Level 4 Floors 147229 - - 150 7.069 0.832
840 Level 4 Floors 147239 - - 150 7.082 0.834
841 Level 4 Floors 147250 - - 200 8.000 1.200
842 Level 4 Floors 147258 - - 200 27.140 4.390
843 Level 4 Floors 147267 - - 200 21.500 3.450
844 Level 4 Floors 147275 - - 200 9.440 1.440
845 Level 4 Floors 147283 - - 200 21.500 3.450
846 Level 4 Floors 147292 - - 200 20.660 3.310
847 Level 4 Floors 147303 - - 200 6.920 1.020
848 Level 4 Stairs 148528 - - - - -
849 Level 4 Stairs 148569 - - - - -

Parameters
892 Level 4 Walls 148373 200 5000 3600 37.440 3.744
893 Level 4 Walls 148374 200 2700 3600 20.880 1.944
894 Level 4 Walls 148375 200 5000 3600 37.440 2.576
895 Level 4 Walls 148376 200 2700 3600 20.880 1.944

Parameters
896 Level 4 Walls 148377 200 2700 3600 20.880 1.800
897 Level 4 Walls 148378 200 3150 3600 24.120 2.412
898 Level 4 Walls 148379 200 2800 3600 21.600 2.016
899 Level 4 Walls 148380 200 3150 3600 24.120 2.268
900 Level 4 Walls 148381 200 2800 3600 21.600 1.388
901 Level 4 Walls 148674 150 2000 3600 15.480 1.080
902 Level 4 Walls 148699 150 2000 3600 15.480 1.080
903 Level 4 Walls 148719 150 2000 3600 15.480 1.080
904 Level 4 Walls 149143 150 2000 3600 15.480 1.080

Parameters
977 Level 5 Floors 148390 - - 175 78.263 12.578
978 Level 5 Floors 148398 - - 175 50.635 7.875
979 Level 5 Floors 148406 - - 175 50.635 7.875
980 Level 5 Floors 148414 - - 175 61.115 9.733
981 Level 5 Floors 148422 - - 175 41.945 6.489
982 Level 5 Floors 148430 - - 175 61.115 9.733
983 Level 5 Floors 148438 - - 175 41.945 6.489
984 Level 5 Floors 148446 - - 175 41.945 6.489
985 Level 5 Floors 148454 - - 175 61.115 9.733

Parameters
986 Level 5 Floors 148462 - - 175 50.635 7.875
987 Level 5 Floors 148470 - - 175 50.635 7.875
988 Level 5 Floors 148478 - - 150 14.160 1.782
989 Level 5 Floors 148486 - - 150 9.660 1.188
990 Level 5 Floors 148494 - - 150 14.160 1.782
991 Level 5 Floors 148502 - - 150 9.660 1.188
992 Level 5 Floors 148510 - - 150 23.160 2.970
993 Level 5 Floors 148520 - - 175 78.262 12.578
994 Level 5 Floors 148613 - - 150 22.110 2.907
995 Level 5 Floors 148621 - - 150 16.980 2.167
996 Level 5 Floors 148631 - - 150 2.470 0.217
997 Level 5 Floors 148639 - - 150 6.353 0.742
998 Level 5 Floors 148649 - - 150 6.381 0.746
999 Level 5 Floors 148668 - - 200 22.580 3.630
1000 Level 5 Floors 148677 - - 200 22.220 3.570
1001 Level 5 Floors 148685 - - 200 22.040 3.540
1002 Level 5 Floors 148693 - - 200 22.220 3.570
1003 Level 5 Floors 148702 - - 200 21.080 3.380
1007 Level 5 Structural Columns 149248 400 600 3512.5 7.025 0.843

Parameters
1049 Level 5 Walls 149349 200 5000 3675 38.220 3.822
1050 Level 5 Walls 149350 200 2700 3675 21.315 1.985
1051 Level 5 Walls 149351 200 5000 3675 38.220 2.648
1052 Level 5 Walls 149352 200 2700 3675 21.315 1.985
1053 Level 5 Walls 149353 200 2700 3675 21.315 1.838
1054 Level 5 Walls 149354 200 3150 3675 24.622 2.462
1055 Level 5 Walls 149355 200 2800 3675 22.050 2.058
1056 Level 5 Walls 149356 200 3150 3675 24.622 2.315
1057 Level 5 Walls 149357 200 2800 3675 22.050 1.427
1058 Roof Structural Framing 149290 250 600 5000 0.063 0.531

Parameters

Parameters
1133 Roof Floors 149366 - - 175 41.968 6.591
1134 Roof Floors 149374 - - 175 27.132 4.126
1135 Roof Floors 149382 - - 175 27.132 4.126
1136 Roof Floors 149390 - - 175 72.615 11.624
1137 Roof Floors 149398 - - 175 49.845 7.749
1138 Roof Floors 149406 - - 175 26.902 4.111
1139 Roof Floors 149414 - - 175 18.442 2.740
1140 Roof Floors 149422 - - 175 49.845 7.749
1141 Roof Floors 149430 - - 175 72.615 11.623
1142 Roof Floors 149438 - - 175 27.133 4.127
1143 Roof Floors 149446 - - 175 27.132 4.126
1144 Roof Floors 149454 - - 150 14.160 1.782
1145 Roof Floors 149462 - - 150 9.660 1.188
1146 Roof Floors 149470 - - 150 14.160 1.782
1147 Roof Floors 149478 - - 150 9.660 1.188
1148 Roof Floors 149486 - - 150 23.160 2.970
1149 Roof Floors 149496 - - 175 41.967 6.591
1150 Roof Floors 149589 - - 150 22.110 2.907
1151 Roof Floors 149597 - - 150 16.980 2.167
1152 Roof Floors 149607 - - 150 2.470 0.217
1153 Roof Floors 149615 - - 150 20.310 2.651
1154 Roof Floors 149623 - - 150 20.310 2.651
1155 Roof Structural Columns 151085 400 600 1500 3.000 0.360

Parameters
1181 Roof Walls 151171 200 5000 3200 33.280 3.068
1182 Roof Walls 151172 200 2700 3200 18.560 1.593
1183 Roof Walls 151173 200 5000 3200 33.280 2.832
1184 Roof Walls 151174 200 2700 3200 18.560 1.593
1185 Roof Walls 151175 200 2700 3200 18.560 1.475
1186 Roof Walls 151176 200 3150 3200 21.440 1.977
1187 Roof Walls 151177 200 2800 3200 19.200 1.652
1188 Roof Walls 151178 200 3150 3200 21.440 1.859
1189 Roof Walls 151179 200 2800 3200 19.200 1.534
1190 U.Roof 1 Structural Framing 151147 400 550 5000 0.160 0.700

Parameters
1222 U.Roof 1 Floors 151188 - - 200 52.730 9.430
1223 U.Roof 1 Floors 151196 - - 200 34.240 5.904
1224 U.Roof 1 Floors 151204 - - 200 35.960 6.232
1225 U.Roof 1 Floors 151228 - - 200 51.440 9.184
1226 U.Roof 1 Floors 151236 - - 200 35.960 6.232
1227 U.Roof 1 Floors 152455 - - 200 52.730 9.430
1228 U.Roof 1 Floors 152463 - - 200 34.240 5.904
1229 U.Roof 1 Floors 152471 - - 200 35.960 6.232
1239 U.Roof 2 Floors 151329 - - 150 23.035 3.035
1240 U.Roof 2 Floors 151337 - - 250 13.225 2.512

PH LC B: KT QU TNH TON KHI LNG TNG

CU KIN
No Level Catalogy
87 Ground Structural Framing 0.02 CN[1] 2.65 CN[1] 1.89 CN[1]


No Level Catalogy


No Level Catalogy
176 Ground Floors 1.96 CN[1] 3.87 CN[1] 2.76 CN[1]
204 Ground Stairs 2.54 CN[1] 5.16 CN[1] 3.69 CN[1]
205 Ground Stairs 2.54 CN[1] 5.16 CN[1] 3.69 CN[1]
206 Ground Structural Columns 2.19 CN[1] 3.50 CN[1] 2.50 CN[1]


No Level Catalogy
248 Ground Walls 10.40 CN[1] 13.42 CN[1] 9.58 CN[1]
262 Level 1 Structural Framing 0.02 CN[1] 2.65 CN[1] 1.89 CN[1]


No Level Catalogy


No Level Catalogy
336 Level 1 Floors 21.09 CN[1] 45.08 CN[1] 32.20 CN[1]


No Level Catalogy
365 Level 1 Stairs 2.41 CN[1] 4.90 CN[1] 3.50 CN[1]
367 Level 1 Structural Columns 2.19 CN[1] 3.50 CN[1] 2.50 CN[1]


No Level Catalogy
409 Level 1 Walls 10.40 CN[1] 13.42 CN[1] 9.58 CN[1]


No Level Catalogy


No Level Catalogy


No Level Catalogy


No Level Catalogy


No Level Catalogy


No Level Catalogy


No Level Catalogy


No Level Catalogy


No Level Catalogy


No Level Catalogy


No Level Catalogy


No Level Catalogy


No Level Catalogy


No Level Catalogy
1058 Roof Structural Framing 0.02 CN[1] 1.90 CN[1] 1.36 CN[1]


No Level Catalogy


No Level Catalogy
1133 Roof Floors 11.31 CN[1] 23.62 CN[1] 16.87 CN[1]
1155 Roof Structural Columns 0.96 CN[1] 1.53 CN[1] 1.09 CN[1]


No Level Catalogy
1181 Roof Walls 9.25 CN[1] 11.00 CN[1] 7.85 CN[1]
1190 URoof1 Structural Framing 0.06 CN[1] 2.51 CN[1] 1.79 CN[1]


No Level Catalogy
1222 URoof1 Floors 14.21 CN[1] 33.80 CN[1] 24.14 CN[1]

PH LC C: TIN THI CNG D N




PH LC D: CNG C H TR TRONG MS. PROJECT

C1. Np ng dng vo Ms. Project
Chy ng dng Ms. Project v vo Tools\Macro\Visual Basic Editor hoc nhn
Alt + F11 m ca s Visual Basic Editor.
Trong ca s Project Explorer, click chut phi vo ProjectGlobal v chn Import
File.
Hnh C1: Ca s Project Explorer

Ln lt Import tt c cc tp tin c trong th mc Tools. Kt qu sau khi Import
thnh cng s c nh hnh C1.2
Hnh C1.2: Cc tp tin c Import t th mc Tools

Trong ca s Visual Basic Editor, vo Tools\References m ca s References.
Trong ca s ny, chn Microsoft Excel 12.0 Object Library (Hnh C1.3). Nu
dng Ms. Excel 2003 th chn Microsoft Excel 11.0 Object Library.
Hnh C1.3: Thm tham chiu Ms. Excel vo trong Ms. Project
C2. To thanh cng c trong Ms. Project
Vo Tools\Customize\Toolbars m ca s Customize. Ti th Toolbars, click
New to thanh cng c mi. Trong ca s New Toolbar nh tn thanh cng c
cn to v nhn OK.
Hnh C2.1: Tn thanh cng c cn to

Ti th Commands trong ca s Cuustomize, chn All Macros ti phn
Catalogies. Mt danh sch Macro s hin ra (Hnh C2.2). Gi chut, ko v th ln
lt hai Macro ImportFormExcel v OptimizeResource vo thanh cng c va
to.

Hnh C2.2: Cc Macro trong danh snh

Lc ny, cc nt lnh trn thanh cng c va to ch hin th di dng ch. Click
chut phi v tr chut chn Name t tn cho nt lnh (v d Import from
Excel). Tip theo, chn Change Button Image thay i hnh nh theo thch.
Cui cng, chn Default Style. Ta c mt thanh cng c ging cc thanh cng
c bnh thng khc.
Hnh C2.3: Thanh cng c sau khi hon thnh

C3. S dng cc ng dng
ng dng c d liu t Ms. Excel qua Ms. Project
ng dng ny c thc thi t Macro ImportFromExcel. Khi chy ng dng, ca s ng
dng s hin ra nh Hnh C3.1. Trong :
+ Path: ng dn cha tp tin Excel. Ngi dng c th nhp ng dn trc tip
t nhp liu hoc nhn nt >> tr n v tr cha tp tin Excel.
+ Available Excel Sheet: Hin th tt c cc Sheet c trong tp tin Excel. Cc
Sheet ny c c khi thc thi nt lnh Retreive Excel Data.
+ Import Data Option: Hin th la chn kiu np d liu nh trnh by trong
nghin cu. Ngi dng phi la chn Sheet cha d liu tng ng vi kiu np d liu.

+ Start Import Data: Thc hin thao tc np d liu t Ms. Excel vo Ms. Project
vi Sheet d liu v kiu d liu c chn.
+ Exit Import Program: Thot khi ng dng. Ngi dng nn thc hin lnh ny
thay v nhn (X) trn gc phi ng dng.
Hnh C3.1: Ca s ng dng c d liu t Ms. Excel

ng dng ti u ha trong Ms. Project
ng dng ti u ha c chy khi ngi dng kch hot Macro OptimizeResource. ng
dng ny cho php ngi dng ti u ha ti nguyn vi tin lp sn v ti u ha ti
nguyn trong iu kin tin cho php.
Hnh C3.2: Ca s ng dng ti u ha

+ Nt lnh Minimize Usage: Thc hin thao tc ti u ha ti nguyn hin hnh.
Tin cng tc s c phn b li sao cho nhu cu s dng ti nguyn hin hnh c
gim ti mc thp nht m vn khng lm thay i tin d n.
+ Nt lnh Optimize Project: Phn tch, a ra nhu cu s dng ti nguyn ti u
trong iu kin tin cho php (tin c ly t Project Duration). Lu : trc khi
thc hin lnh ny, ngi dng cn ph tr tin d n v trnh trng ban u (cha
Leveling Resource).

PH LC E: NG DNG TCH HP TRONG REVIT

Tt c cc ng dng chy trong mi trng Revit c tch hp vo mt tp tin dll
(4DConstruction.dll). Tp tin ny thc thi cc tin ch khc nhau nh xut d liu qua
Excel, lin kt m hnh 3D Revit vi tin CPM trong Ms. Project, v thc hin m hnh
m phng 4D. Ngoi ra, tp tin dll ny cn kt hp vi tp tin BarChart.dll v biu
ti nguyn.
D1. Np ng dng vo Revit
M tp tin Revit.ini trong th mc con Program ca Revit v thm cc dng lnh sau vo.
Ngi dng s c mt menu cha cc ng dng.
[ExternalCommands]
ECCount=3
ECName1=Export Data to Excel

ECDescription1=Exports all parameters
ECClassName1=Construction4D.Task1_Export2Excel
ECAssembly1=D:\My Thesis\App Extension\4DConstruction.dll
ECName2=Assign Element IDs to Microsoft Project Activities

ECDescription2=Assign Element ID
ECClassName2=Construction4D.AssignElementID
ECName3=Visualization 4D
ECDescription3=4D Visualization
ECClassName3=Construction4D.Viusalization4D
Ch :
Phn in m l ng dn th mc ch tp tin 4Dconstruction.dll. Ngi dng thay
i cho ph hp.
Nu s lng ng dng khc 3 (gi s l 4) thi thng s ca ECCount phi thay i
theo (ECCount = 4).
Cc ng dng c tch hp trong menu External Tools trong Revit nh hnh D1.1
Hnh D1.1: V tr menu ng dng trong Revit

D2. Chun b cc thng s cho m hnh m phng 4D
Khung nhn hin hnh
Theo mc nh, khung nhn s dng cho m phng 4D phi l khung nhn dng 3D v c
tn l 4D Visualization. Ngi dng cn kch hot ca s ny thnh khung nhn hin hnh
trc khi tin hnh m phng 4D.
Thuc tnh ca Phase Filters
m hnh 4D th hin c kt qu nh mong mun. Ngi dng phi xc lp thng s
cho Phase Filters (Settings\Phase chn th Phase Filters). Ngi dng c th to mi
mt b lc v t tn theo mun. Mi b lc bao gm 4 thng s cn xc lp thuc tnh
nh Hnh D2.1
1. New Not Display
2. Existing Overridden
3. Demolished Overridden
4. Temporary Overridden
Hnh D2.1: Cc b lc trong ca s Phase Filters

Ngi dng c th thay i mu sc th hin trong ca s 4D bng cch xc lp mu sc
trong ca s Graphic Overides.
Thuc tnh khung nhn hin hnh (View\View Properties)
Trong ca s thuc tnh ca khung nhn, cn xc lp thng s cho thuc tnh Phasing nh
hnh D2.2:

Hnh D2.2: Xc lp thuc tnh cho khung nhn 4D

TI LIU THAM KHO

[1]. Autodesk, 2006. BIM and Project Planning.
[2]. Autodesk, 2008. Revit Achitecture 2009 User Guide.
[3]. Autodesk, 2008. Revit Structure 2009 User Guide.
[4] . Autodesk, 2008. Revit API Developers Guide.
[5]. Nguyn Phc Thin, 2007. Thit k kin trc vi Revit Architecture 2008. NXB Giao
Thng Vn Ti.
[6]. Lng c Long, 2008. Bi ging H thng Thng tin trong Qun l Xy dng.
[7]. Cao Ho Thi, Nguyn Thy Qunh Loan, 2004. Qun L D n. NXB i hc Quc
Gia Tp. H Ch Minh.
[8]. Th Xun Lan, 2007. Qun L D n Xy Dng. NXB i hc Quc Gia Tp. H
Ch Minh.
[9]. Ng Quang Tng, 2003. Hi v p Cc Vn T Chc Thi Cng Xy Dng.

NXB i hc Quc Gia Tp. H Ch Minh.
[10]. Alan Russell, 2008. Visualizing High-rise Building Construction Strategies Using
Linear Scheduling and 4D CAD. Automation in Construction.
[11]. Rogier Jongeling, 2006. A Method for Planning of Work-flow by Combined Use of
Location-based Scheduling and 4D CAD. Automation in Construction. 16: 189 198.
[12]. Jan Tulke. 4D Construction Sequence Planning New Process and Data Model.
[13]. David Heesom, 2004. Trends of 4D CAD Applications for Construction Planning.
Construction Management and Economics. 22: 171 182.
[14]. B Xy Dng, 2007. nh mc d ton Xy dng c bn 1776/ BXD - VP
[15]. Wei Zhou, David Heesom, Panagiotis Georgakis, 2009. An Interactive Approach to
Collaborative 4D Construction Planning. Journal of Information Technology in
Construction. 4: 30 47.
[16]. K Ananthanarayanan, 2004. Implementation of 4D Visualization as a Planning Tool

in the Indian AEC Industry. The Institution of Engineers (India) Journals. 85: 35 40.

[17]. Nashwan Dawood, Sushant Sikka, 2008. Measuring The Effectiveness of 4D
Planning as A Valuable Communication Tool. Journal of Information Technology in
Construction. 13: 620 636.
[18]. Bonsang Koo, Martin Fischer, 2000. Feasibility Study of 4D Cad in Commercial
Construction. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management. 251 260.
[19]. J.M. Khatib, N. Chileshe and S. Sloan, 2007. Antecedents and Benefits of 3D and 4D
Modelling for Construction Planners. Journal of Engineering, Design and Technology. 5:
159 172.
[20]. Jack R. Meredith, Samuel J. Mantel. Project Management 5th Edition. John Wiley &
Son, Inc.
[21]. Tng cc thng k, http://www.gso.gov.vn
[22]. MSDN. http://msdn.microsoft.com
[23]. Wikipedia. http://www.wikipedia.org
[24]. The Building Coder. http://thebuildingconder.typepad.com
[25]. Revit API Forum. http://discussion.autodesk.com/forums/forum.jspa?forumID=160

L LCH TRCH NGANG
THNG TIN BN THN
H v tn: DNG TN DNG

Gii tnh: Nam
Ngy sinh: 24-03-1983
Ni sinh: Bnh Thi Bnh Sn Qung Ngi
a ch lin h: Bnh Thi Bnh Sn Qung Ngi
in thoi: (055) 3850 173
Di ng: 0983 076 024
Email: tan.dung.bsg@gmail.com
QU TRNH O TO
2001 2007: Sinh vin i hc Bch Khoa Tp. H Ch Minh

2007 2009: Hc vin cao hc i hc Bch Khoa Tp. H Ch Minh
QU TRNH CNG TC
03/2006 06/2008: Cng ty Structures Vietnam

07/2008 Nay: Cng ty TNHH Duffill Watts Vietnam

Cong Nghe 4D CAD

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i Hc Quc Gia Tp.

NGHIN CU NG DNG CNG NGH 4D CAD

Chuyn Ngnh : CNG NGH V QUN L XY DNG

Thnh ph H Ch Minh, Thng 09 nm 2009

NGHIN CU NG DNG CNG NGH 4D CAD

Chuyn Ngnh : CNG NGH V QUN L XY DNG

Thnh ph H Ch Minh, Thng 09 nm 2009

Cn b hng dn khoa hc:

Lun vn thc s c bo v ti HI NG CHM BO V LUN VN

TRNG I HC BCH KHOA, ngy.thng.nm 2009

NHIM V LUN VN THC S

- Nghin cu ng dng t ng ha trong tnh ton khi lng cu kin t m hnh

TS. LNG C LONG TS. NG QUANG TNG TS. NG QUANG TNG

Trc tin, xin gi li cm n su sc n TS. Lng c Long quan tm,

Xin cm n nhng ngi ng nghip ca ti, h tr cho ti rt nhiu

Tp. H Ch Minh, ngy 02 thng 07 nm 2009

Cng ngh 4D CAD c hnh thnh t nhng nm thp nin 80 v c tip

Dng Tn Dng MSHV: 00807567 Trang 8

CHNG 1: GII THIU

1.1.1. Tnh hnh ngnh xy dng Vit Nam

Sau mi nm thng trm, t nm 1996 n nay, ngnh xy dng to c th v lc

Nm 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Hnh 1. 1: S Doanh nghip hot ng trong lnh vc xy dng theo tng nm

Ngun: Tng cc Thng K

Nm 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Dng Tn Dng MSHV: 00807567 Trang 9

Hnh 1. 2 : Gi tr ti sn c nh doanh nghip c vn u t nc ngoi

Ngun: Tng cc Thng K

Dng Tn Dng MSHV: 00807567 Trang 10

1.1.2. Tnh hnh s dng cng ngh 4D CAD cc nc trn th gii

Cng ngh 4D CAD l s tch hp yu t thi gian vo m hnh 3D CAD to ra m

1.1.3 C s hnh thnh ti

1.2. Mc tiu nghin cu

Nghin cu ny nhm mc ch:

Dng Tn Dng MSHV: 00807567 Trang 11

ti c thc hin vi mong mun gip cc ch u t, nh thu, cc n v qun l d

Dng Tn Dng MSHV: 00807567 Trang 12

CHNG 2: LC KHO CC VN NGHIN CU

Nghin cu ca Alan Russell v cc tc gi, 2008 ch ra cc nh thit k v thi cng d

Rogier Jongeling v Thomas Olofsson, 2007, cng ch ra mt kh khn khc khi s

Nghin cu ca K Ananthanarayanan, 2004 ch ra s cn thit ca vic m phng 4D.

2.2. Li ch cng ngh 4D CAD trong lp tin thi cng xy dng

Theo nghin cu ca Alan Russell v cc tc gi, 2008, vic s dng kt hp m hnh m

Nghin cu ca Rogier Jongeling v Thomas Olofsson, 2007 ch ra li ch ca vic s

Dng Tn Dng MSHV: 00807567 Trang 14

Nghin cu ca Julian H. Kang v cc tc gi, 2007 ch ra li ch ca m phng thi

Theo nghin cu ca Martin Fischer, 2000, m hnh 4D CAD c to t vic kt hp

Theo nghin cu ca David Heeson, 2004, cng ngh 4D CAD c mt trng s to ln

Dng Tn Dng MSHV: 00807567 Trang 15

2.3. Cc kh khn, gii hn trong p dng cng ngh 4D CAD

Nghin cu ca Alan Russell v cc tc gi, 2008 ch ra cc kh khn th thch vi

Nghin cu ca Rogier Jongeling v Thomas Olofsson, 2007 cho thy s phc tp

Nghin cu ca Jan Tulke v Jochen Hanff, 2007 ch ra s hn ch trong qu trnh kt

Dng Tn Dng MSHV: 00807567 Trang 16

Nghin cu ca David Heeson, 2004 ch ra mt hn ch khi s dng CPM v 4D CAD

Kt qu lc kho cho thy, cc nghin cu c thc hin trn cc d n khc nhau

2.4. Cc cng c phn mm h tr p dng cng ngh 4D CAD

Kt qu lc kho nghin cu cho thy, cc tc gi s dng cc cng c phn mm

Dng Tn Dng MSHV: 00807567 Trang 17

Autodesk Revit Structure l phn mm ng dng to m hnh 3D ni ting ca

Microsoft Project l phn mm ni ting ca Microsoft trong lnh vc lp tin d n.

Vi s h tr ca ba phn mm trn, vic n gin ha qui trnh xy dng m hnh m

Dng Tn Dng MSHV: 00807567 Trang 18

3.1.1. M hnh 3D CAD