Vi Sinh Hoc Ung Dung

TRNG AI HOC A LAT
F7G
GIAO TRNH
VI SINH HC NG DNG
Giang cho SV nam th ba - Nganh Sinh Hoc
(SH 235 30 tiet)
ThS. BCH PHNG LAN
2004
Vi sinh hoc ng dung -1-
MUC LUC
MUC LUC ................................................................................................................. - 1 -
Li tac gia.................................................................................................................. - 3 -
CHNG 1. SAN XUAT SINH KHOI NAM MEN VA SINH KHOI VI TAO ....... - 4 -
I. GIA TR DINH DNG CUA NAM MEN ..................................................... - 4 -
II - NHAN GIONG VA GI GIONG NAM MEN ................................................ - 6 -
III- KHAO SAT CAC CH TIEU SINH HOC CAN THIET ................................. - 8 -
1. Hoat tnh nhan len: The hien qua mc tang sinh khoi tong cong, c anh gia
qua 3 ch tieu: .................................................................................................... - 8 -
2. Hoat tnh len men: (bang phng phap Durgham) ....................................... - 8 -
3. nh lng am Amin trong dch nuoi cay bang phng phap Formol...... - 10 -
4.Xac nh hieu qua cua cac tac nhan kich thch QT t phan.......................... - 11 -
IV- NG DUNG C CHE T PHAN E SAN XUAT SINH KHOI NAM MEN
DI DANG BOT DINH DNG VA COM BO ............................................. - 14 -
1. C s ly thuyet............................................................................................. - 14 -
2. Quy trnh cong nghe ................................................................................... - 16 -
V - SAN XUAT SINH KHOI VI TAO ................................................................ - 19 -
1. ac iem chung ........................................................................................... - 19 -
2.Nuoi trong Luc Tao n bao (Chlorella) ...................................................... - 20 -
3. Nuoi trong Tao xoan a bao (Spirulina)...................................................... - 20 -
Chng 2. NG DUNG CONG NGHE VI SINH TRONG BAO QUAN VA CHE
BIEN THC PHAM................................................................................................ - 22 -
I. O NHIEM THC PHAM VA HAU QUA ....................................................... - 22 -
1.Khai niem chung........................................................................................... - 22 -
2. Tac nhan gay o nhiem thc pham: .............................................................. - 23 -
3 - Nhng benh nhiem khuan do an thc an b nhiem khuan .......................... - 24 -
4.C che sinh hoa cua qua trnh gay h hong thc pham ................................ - 26 -
II. CAC PHNG PHAP BAO QUAN THC PHAM....................................... - 27 -
1- Nguyen tac Bioza (Bios = s song) ............................................................ - 28 -
2 - Nguyen tac Abioza. (Abiosis = khong song).............................................. - 28 -
3. Nguyen tac Anabioza (= giam s song)...................................................... - 30 -
III. S DUNG NHOM NAM MOC TRONG BAO QUAN VA CHE BIEN THC
PHAM.................................................................................................................. - 33 -
1. C s sinh hoc cua viec s dung nam moc trong che bien .......................... - 33 -
va bao quan thc pham. ................................................................................... - 33 -
2.. San xuat nc cham len men t kho dau lac .............................................. - 34 -
3. San xuat chao t au phu ............................................................................. - 39 -
ThS. Bach Phng Lan Khoa Sinh hoc

IV. KIEM NGHIEM THC PHAM .................................................................... - 41 -

1.Nhom ch tieu cam quan............................................................................... - 41 -
2.Nhom ch tieu hoa ly .................................................................................... - 41 -
3.Nhom ch tieu Vi Sinh .................................................................................. - 41 -
4- Y ngha cua cac ch tieu vi sinh................................................................... - 41 -
Chng 3. CONG NGHE LEN MEN ...................................................................... - 44 -
I. . LEN MEN ETILIC VA NG DUNG. ........................................................... - 45 -
1. C che ly thuyet cua qua trnh len men Etilic ............................................. - 45 -
2 - Phan biet cac dang san pham len men ru ............................................... - 46 -
3 Quy trnh san xuat bia ai mach................................................................ - 46 -
4 - Quy trnh san xuat vang nho....................................................................... - 48 -
II . LEN MEN LACTIC VA NG DUNG. ......................................................... - 49 -
1. C che ly thuyet cua qua trnh len men Lactic............................................ - 49 -
2.Mot so cong thc che bien va bao quan tht, sa, tom bang len men Lactic. - 53
-
III. LEN MEN ACETIC VA NG DUNG. ........................................................ - 58 -
1. C che ly thuyet........................................................................................... - 58 -
2. San xuat dam an: ......................................................................................... - 60 -
3. San xuat thach da (Nata de coco) ........................................................... - 61 -
Chng 4. CONG NGHE VI SINH TRONG X LY CAC CHAT THAI ............... - 62 -
I. X ly nc ........................................................................................................ - 62 -
1. Khai niem, phan loai, thanh phan hoa hoc cua nc thai ........................... - 62 -
2 . Cac ch tieu anh gia chat lng nc thai ................................................ - 62 -
3. X ly nc thai bang cong nghe vi sinh (CNVS) ........................................ - 63 -
II- X ly rac ......................................................................................................... - 69 -
1- Phan loai rac thai......................................................................................... - 69 -
2 Phan huy cac hp chat hu c cao phan t ................................................ - 70 -
III . X LY MOT SO CHAT THAI CONG NGHIEP NH VSV....................... - 73 -
1. X ly phe thai cua CN che bien sa ........................................................... - 73 -
2.- X ly phe thai cua CNSX cac chat tay ra ................................................. - 75 -

LI TAC GIA
Vi Sinh Vat Hoc ng Dung la mot trong 5 mon hoc thuoc he thong cac giao
trnh cua chuyen nganh V Sinh Vat Hoc, tnh theo trnh t thi gian ma sinh vien
nganh Sinh Hoc Thc Nghiem se c hoc la:
1. Vi sinh vat hoc ai cng (nam th Hai)
2. Vi sinh vat hoc ng dung (nam th ba )
3. Vi sinh y hoc va mien dch hoc (nam th t )
4. Cong nghe vi sinh (nam th t - t chon)
5. Hoat tnh vi sinh vat at (nam th t - t chon)
V the, trong giao trnh nay se khong nhac en nhng kien thc a hoac se
c e cap trong cac giao trnh khac, tr trng hp that can thiet.
ieu kien tien quyet la trc khi hoc giao trnh nay sinh vien a c trang
b nhng kien thc c ban ve Hoa Sinh, Di Truyen, Sinh Ly Thc Vat Va Vi Sinh
Vat.
Muc tieu cua mon hoc la giup sinh vien tiep can vi nhieu hng ng dung
khac nhau cua Vi Sinh Hoc trong i song, ong thi tao cho sinh vien co thoi
quen lien he gia ly thuyet vi thc hanh bet dung nhng kien thc a hoc e
ly giai cac hien tng dien ra trong thc tien.
Trong qua trnh giang day, ngoai viec truyen thu kien thc, giang vien se
danh mot ty le thi gian thch hp e ren luyen cho sinh vien mot so ky nang lien
quan en mon hoc va en nghe nghiep mai sau v du :
- Ky nang thu thap va x ly tai lieu tham khao e chat loc nhng
thong tin cot loi
- Ky nang x ly va nhan xet nhng so lieu thu c qua khao sat -
thc nghiem
- Ky nang soan thao va thuyet trnh theo chu e (ceminar) v.v
Ve pha ngi hoc cung can phai hp tac chat che vi ngi day, chu ong
tham gia vao nhng hoat ong tren lp e co c nhng gi hoc tch cc va bo
ch.
Co the xem nhng hoat ong tren lp la c hoi e sinh vien trau doi kha
nang t hoc, t nghien cu, chuan b tot cho viec vao i trong tng lai.
Tac gia xin chan thanh cam n rat mong nhan c nhng y kien ong gop
cua cac ban ong nghiep va nhng ai quan tam.
Th.s Bach Phng Lan

CHNG 1. SAN XUAT SINH KHOI NAM MEN VA SINH KHOI VI

TAO
I. GIA TR DINH DNG CUA NAM MEN
Co the noi khong mot loai ong vat hay thc vat nao lai cha trong te bao mot
lng cac chat co gia tr dinh dng phong phu nh trong te bao nam men. Ngi ta co
the tm thay trong sinh khoi nam men tat ca cac thanh phan can thiet cho s song cua
con ngi va ong vat bac cao. Bi vay cac loai san pham dinh dng ieu che t sinh
khoi nam men c xem nh mot thc n ly tng
Nhieu dan lieu ve ty le thanh phan trong nam men cho biet nh sau
- Protein va cac hp chat cha Nit: 40 -60%
- Gluxit 30 -35%
- Lipit 1 - 2%
- Cac chat khac 6 - 7%
Trong thanh phan Protein cua nam men co cha ay u 20 loai axit amin thong
thng, bao gom ca 9 loai axit amin khong thay the, chung c phan bo vi mot ty le
kha can oi .
V du: (Tnh theo trong lng kho).
- Lizin 4,4 - 5,7 %
- Methionin 1,2 - 1,8 %
- Sistein 1,2 - 1,8 %
- Treonin 2,8 - 3,6 %
- Tryptophan 0,57 - 0,7 %.
So sanh vi cac loai bot m va bot gao th ty le nay cao hn khoang t 3 - 10 lan
Ham lng vitamin trong te bao nam men cung rat phong phu, ac biet la
vitamin nhom B. So vi cac loai au tng, au nanh va au Ha lan th trong te bao

nam men th ty le vitamin B3 cao hn 5 - 10 lan, ty le vitamin B4 cao hn 4 - 6 lan, ty

le vitamin B2 cao hn 20 - 75 lan. Seelay (1981) a a ra nhng dan lieu ve ham
lng vitamin trong nam men bia (loai Saccharomyces cerevisiae) nh sau:
- Thiamin (B1) 156,0 mg/Kg trong lng kho.
- Riboflavin (B2) 100,0 -------
- Axit Pantotenic (B3) 100,0 ---- ---
- Axit Cholic (B4) 710,0 -------
- Piridoxin (B6) 020,0 -------
- Niaxin (PP) 022,0 -------
- Axit Folic 013,0 -------
- Inoziton 500,0 -------
Ngoai ra con co Esgosterin, mot tien chat cua vitamin D2.
ieu ang chu y la trong te bao nam men co cha mot he enzim noi bao va
ngoai bao kha ay u, bao gom cac loai quan trong nh: Protease, Pectinase, Amilase,
Glucoamilase, Mantase, Lactase... Chnh s co mat cua cac enzim nay a quyet nh
cac ac iem sinh hoc ac trng cua nam men - trong o co mot c che se c e cap
en phan sau, o la hien tng t phan cua te bao nam men.
Nam men co toc o sinh trng va phat trien manh, thi gian the he trung bnh
la t 30 - 60 phut. Do vay, viec nhan giong e dung trong san xuat rat de dang thuan
li .
Trong cong nghe vi sinh, ngi ta thng s dung nam men theo 3 muc ch chu yeu:
1. Thu nhan sinh khoi tong cong (san xuat com bo, bot dinh dng, proteintho)
2. Thu nhan cac san pham len men ( ru trang, ru vang, bia, dch trai cay len men ... )
3. Thu nhan cac san pham sinh tong hp ac trng ( Axit amin, vitamin....)
Di ay chung ta se tm hieu sau hn ve cong nghe thu nhan sinh khoi tong
cong.

II - NHAN GIONG VA GI GIONG NAM MEN
Theo phng phap co ien, te bao nam men dung lam goc giong c gi
di cac dang sau:
- Ong giong thach nghieng.
- Giong ong kho dang bot.
- Giong men dang bot quanh (dang past)
T cac giong goc nh tren, trc khi a vao san xuat can tien hanh hoan
nguyen te bao, tc la cay chung tren moi trng dinh dng dang dch the vi thanh
phan dinh dng toi u e a chung tr lai dang hoat ong, phuc hoi hoat tnh giong,
sau o t giong a hoan nguyen ngi ta tien hanh nhan giong cac cap I, II, hoac III
(tuy mc o can thiet ve so lng) e co giong san xuat . Bang cac phng phap tren,
quan the giong a vao san xuat co dang te bao nam men t do (viet tat la
TBNMTD). Khi dung TBNMTD nh vay co nhieu han che :
- Giong de b thoai hoa, giam hoat tnh
- Moi quan the giong ch dung c mot lan .
- Dch len men b uc nhieu, khau lang loc kha cong phu .
Trong nhng nam gan ay, nh nhng tien bo vut bac trong cong nghe sinh
hoc, ngi ta a e xuat mot phng phap mi trong viec tao giong nam men - o la k
thuat gan te bao nam men tren cac gia the Polymer co phu cac nhom chc hoat ong
be mat. Te bao nam men c gan co nh tren gia the nh vay c goi la quan the
Te bao nam men co nh (Viet tat la TBNMC).
Dung TBNMC lam goc giong se khac phuc c cac nhc iem tren, cac
manh gia the cha TBNMC co the tai s dung nhien lan, dch len men thng trong.
Khi s dung giong TBNMC trong nhng c s san xuat ln co toc o quay vong
nhanh th hieu qua kinh te tang ro ret so vi khi dung phng phap co ien.
Cac loai Polymer thng c dung lam gia the gom 3 loai:
- Polyethylene (PE)
- Polystyrene (PS)
- Polyvinyl chorid (PVC)

e tao nen hoat tnh be mat cho cac gia the, ngi ta phu tren be mat cua chung
mot loai Monomer thch hp nham muc ch e lo ra cac nhom chc -COOH hoac -
NH2 hoac OH -. Cac nhom chc nay khi tiep xuc vi quan the te bao nam men se lien
ket vi cac iem thu the (Receptor) tren mang te bao, nh vay ma te bao nam men co
the lien ket ben tren gia the.
Cac Receptor tren mang TBNM thc chat la nhng phan t Protein xuyen mang,
co cac au cha cac nhom chc -COOH hoac -NH2 e lo tren be mat lp mang sinh
chat (Membrane). Nhng nhom chc nay tao v tr tiep nhan cho nhng oi tng nao
co cac nhom hoat ong tng ng (ma trong trng hp nay chnh la cac manh gia the
Polymer a c phu cac Monomer).
Hai loai Monomer thng c dung e phu len be mat cac manh ga the
Polymer la:
- Methacrylic acid (MAAc) cha nhom chc Carboxyl (-COOH).
- Acrylamide acid (Aam) cha nhom chc amni (-NH2).
e tao nen cac manh gia the co nhom chc hoat ong be mat can tien hanh cong
oan ghep Monomer. Co nhieu phng phap khac nhau e ghep, mot trong nhng
phng phap co the thc hien kha de dang tai vien Nghien cu Hat nhan (NCHN) a
Lat la Dung bc xa vi nguon CO 60.
Sau khi a tao c gia the, bc tiep theo la gan TBNM vao gia the. Quy trnh
gan TBNMC oi hoi phai thc hien qua nhieu cong oan, vi nhng ieu kien
nghiem ngat ve cac mat:
- o trng nc cua gia the.
- o pH va thanh phan dung dch em cua moi trng trong o dien ra qua trnh
tiep xuc gia quan the TBNM va gia the.
- Nhiet o va toc o lac can duy tr trong suot thi gian tiep xuc.
- Khoang thi gian can thiet cho qua rnh tiep xuc
- Hoat tnh con lai cua TBNM sau khi c gan co nh tren gia the.

III- KHAO SAT CAC CH TIEU SINH HOC CAN THIET
e tuyen chon goc giong dung trong san xuat, trc het can xac nh Hoat
tnh sinh hoc chu yeu cua cac chung nam men hien co
Hoat tnh sinh hoc chu yeu cua cac chung the hien qua hai tieu ch sau:
1. Hoat tnh nhan len: The hien qua mc tang sinh khoi tong cong, c anh
gia qua 3 ch tieu:
Thi iem sinh khoi at cc ai (tnh bang gi)
Lng sinh khoi tong cong tai thi iem at cc ai (tnh bang ch so o o
uc D%)
Mc tang sinh khoi, the hien qua o chenh lech ve ch so o uc gia thi
iem at cc ai so vi luc bat au nuoi cay (tnh bang so lan)
2. Hoat tnh len men: (bang phng phap Durgham)
The hien qua ch so sinh CO2, c anh gia qua 2 ch tieu:
Thi iem tao bot kh CO2 au tien (gi).
o noi toi a cua phao Durgham (Lf).
Giong nam men c dung trong san xuat bao gom 6 chung thuoc giong
Saccharomyces cerevisae
Nhng phng phap dung trong khao sat:
a. Th kha nang len men cua giong goc bang phng phap Durgham:
Nguyen tac:
Da vao lng CO2 thoat ra trong qua trnh nuoi cay e anh gia toc o len men
cua quan the te bao.
Cach tien hanh:
Chon mot loat cac ong nghiem co o day ong nhat va co dung tch bang
nhau, tren thanh ong a co vach chia o.

Cho vao moi ong 5ml moi trng Hansen.
Tha vao ay moi ong mot chiec phao Durgham (phao Durgham at mua cua
Vien Vaccin a Lat).
Cay mot lng xac nh giong te bao nam men vao cac ong, duy tr nhiet o
t 30 - 320C. Theo doi cac ch tieu:
Thi iem tao bot kh CO2 au tien.
o noi toi a cua phao Durgham (c ky hieu la Lf).
b. So o uc tren may so mau quang pho hap phu (Electrophotometre)
Nguyen tac:
o uc cua dch nuoi cay se phan anh lng sinh khoi tong cong co trong
moi trng.
ng vi moi thi iem can khao sat, lay mau e o o uc tren may, tnh
mc chenh lech ve o uc e biet mc o tang sinh khoi.
Cach tien hanh:
Hon dch nam men nuoi cay tren moi trng Hansen c pha loang en o
pha phu hp cho viec s dung may. o mau a pha loang vao Cuvet, a vao may.
Cho anh sang co bc song 520 i qua dung dch. Chum tia sang gap dung
dch se b hap phu mot phan va b tan xa, ch co mot phan xuyen qua. Kim ong ho cho
biet phan anh sang a b ngan can khong i qua hon dch. Bang cach nay chung ta biet
c o can quang cua dung dch, tnh theo %, c ky hieu la D - o cung chnh
la Ch so o uc cua quan the te bao. o uc cang cao chng to lng sinh khoi cang
ln, so te bao trong quan the cang nhieu.

Vi sinh hoc ng dung - 10 -
3. nh lng am Amin trong dch nuoi cay bang phng phap Formol
(lng am Amin ty le thuan vi lng sinh khoi, ong thi phan anh chat lng
dinh dng cua dch sinh khoi)
Muc ch:
Xac nh lng am co mat trong dch sinh khoi di dang cac axit amin t do.
Nguyen ly: Nit co the phan ng vi formol trong moi trng kiem e hnh
thanh dan xuat Metylen - Aminoaxit khien cho nhom chc Carboxyl trong phan t
c boc lo chc nang axit lam cho moi trng mang tnh axit. Dung NaOH chuan
o e t o suy ra lng axit amin co trong moi trng.
Cac phan ng: ( xay ra ieu kien pH = 9 )
R - CH COOH + H C = O R CH COOH + H2 O
NH2 H N = CH2
R CH COOH + NaOH R CH COONa + H2 O
N = CH2 N = CH2
Cach tien hanh:
Bo tr song song mot bnh th nghiem (TN) va mot bnh kiem tra (KT).
Bnh TN:
Hut chnh xac 10ml dch sinh khoi nam men cho vao bnh tam giac.
Them 5ml formol, nho vai giot phenolphtalein e lam ch th mau.
Lac eu bang may khuay t t cho en khi kim ch pH on nh.
Nho t t tng giot NaOH 0,1N cho en khi co mau hong nhat (ng vi pH
8,8). Lac eu, nho tiep NaOH 0,1N cho en khi co mau hong am va ben (ng vi pH
9 - 9,1).

Dung HCl 0,1N chuan o ngc tr lai cho en pH trung tnh.
Bnh KT:
Thay hon dch sinh khoi bang 10ml nc un soi e nguoi. Thao tac tng t
nh tren .
Lap lai th nghiem 3 lan. Ket qua c tnh theo cong thc:
N( mg% ) =
[ ( V V ) ( V V )]
1 2 1
' '
2
x1,4 x100
a
Trong o: V1: Tong lng NaOH 0,1N dung e chuan o bnh TN.
V2: Tong lng HCl 0,1N dung e chuan o bnh TN.
V1: Tong lng NaOH 0,1N dung e chuan o bnh KT.
V2: Tong lng HCl 0,1N dung e chuan o bnh KT.
a: Lng mau dung e chuan o.
4.Xac nh hieu qua cua cac tac nhan kich thch QT t phan
Th nghiem hai loai tac nhan, vi 2 nong o tng ng, a c nhieu tac gia
tha nhan la co hieu qua cao nhat, o la NaCl 5% va Toluen 1%.
Dch sinh khoi cua chung giong NM sau 18 gi nuoi cay tren moi trng nc
chiet t nhien, c thu lai e trong 9 bnh cau, moi bnh cha 1 lt hon dch, chia lam 3
lo, moi lo 3 bnh:
Lo TN1: Cho tiep xuc vi NaCL 5%.
Lo TN2: Cho tiep xuc vi Toluen 1%.
Lo C: Khong cho tac nhan (oi chng).
Duy tr 400C, lac 150vong/phut. Hieu qua cua qua trnh t phan c anh gia
qua ch so va ham lng am amin trong hon dch. Tai cac thi iem cach eu lay
mau e nh lng am amin. (xem bang 1)

Bang1: So sanh hieu qua cua 2 loai tac nhan kch thch t phan c dung
trong khao sat.
Thi iem Ham lng am amin ( mg/100ml )

lay mau Dung NaCl DungToluen oi chng
(gi) 5% 1%
0 73,05 73,05 73,05
5 80,60 79,40 78,20 *
10 76,20 67,90 67,90
15 67,90 57,60 65,50
20 * 88,20 * 86,80 * 66,50
25 74,90 72,70 59,50
30 67,00 65,80 57,40
35 60,90 60,20 56,00
T so lieu bang 1 cho thay:
1/. Tai thi iem cc ai ham lng am amin hai lo TN eu cao hn ro ret
so vi lo C. So sanh gia hai loai tac nhan th hieu qua cua NaCl to ra cao hn so vi
Toluen.
2/. Ham lng am amin ca 2 lo th nghiem eu tang cao thi iem 5 gi, roi
ha xuong. Sau o thc s at cc ai vao luc 20 gi. Trong khi o lo C ham lng
am amin at cc ai vao luc 5 gi roi giam lien tuc .
ay chung ta gap mot hien tng kha ly thu la o th t phan cua ca hai loai
tac nhan eu chia lam hai vung, vi 2 gia tr cc ai (Vung I at ga tr cc ai luc 5
gi, Vung II at gia tr cc ai luc 20 gi ).
Theo ly giai cua mot so chuyen gia ve lnh vc nay th tai iem cc ai th nhat
cac tac nhan cha the hien tac dung, am c tch luy trong moi trng theo c che
trao oi chat t nhien. chnh v vay ch so am ca 3 lo khong co s sai khac ang ke.
iem cc ai th hai mi la ket qua that s cua s kch thch t phan nh tac ong cua

cac tac nhan. vung th 2 nay, do tac dung kch thch, cac enzim phan giai cua te bao
bat au hoat ong manh, mot loat cac he enzim (ma quan trong nhat la phc he
Proteaza A, Proteaza B, Proteaza C) c giai phong vao moi trng, chung c hoat
hoa va bat au phan giai cac san pham TC cua quan the te bao.
So lieu ve bien thien am Amin khi dung Nacl 5% c bieu dien tren oth 2
o th 2: Dien bien ham lng am Amin trong dch t phan bang

NaCl 5%.
AM AMIN
( mg % )
100
95
90
88.2
85
81.6
80
75 76.2 74.9
73.05
70
67.9 67
65
60 60.9
55
50
t (gi)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Tren o th, 2 vung oc phan chia nh sau:
+ Vung 1: Dien ra t luc bat au tiep xuc vi tac nhan, ket thuc thi iem 15
gi, at cc ai tai thi iem 5 gi vi lng Amin la 81,6 mg%.

+ Vung 2: Bat au vao thi iem 16 gi sau khi tiep xuc vi tac nhan, at cc
ai vao luc 20 gi, v ham lng Amin la 88,2% ( trong khi lo oi chng, ham lng
Amin ch con lai 66,5 mg%).
Dch sinh khoi qua t phan nay dung e thay the bot tom ( trong banh phong
tom). Do vay, no chnh la nguon am cho loai thc pham cao cap nay.
IV- NG DUNG C CHE T PHAN E SAN XUAT SINH KHOI NAM

MEN DI DANG BOT DINH DNG VA COM BO
1. C s ly thuyet.
Te bao nam men, nh a noi tren, cha ng trong no mot lng vat chat vo
cung phong phu va quy gia oi vi con ngi. Song, do mang te bao cua chung co mot
lp vo bao ve vng chac nen neu dung dch khoi cha nhng te bao nguyen ven lam
thc an cho tre em, ngi gia, ngi benh thi se gap mot tr ngai la nhng c the nay
kho hap thu, khien cho gia tr dinh dng thc s cua che pham b giam sut ang ke.
Xuat phat t nhng hieu biet ve mot hien tng sinh hoc ac trng cua nam men
o la hien tng t phan. Ngi ta ngh en viec dung tac nhan e kch thch cho qua
trnh t phan nay dien ra sm va nhanh hn, giup cho cac thanh phan dinh dng trong
te bao c giai thoat ra moi trng. Che pham sinh khoi sau t phan se tr nen de hap
thu, phu hp vinhu cau tieu hoa cua c the, nh vay tang gia tr dinh dng cua che
pham.
Co the hnh dung c che cua s t phan nh sau:
Bnh thng, neu khong co s tac ong nao t ben ngoaith quan the te bao nam
men sinh trng va phat trien theo quy luat 4 pha:
- Pha tiem tang ( lag phase)

- Pha cap so ( logarit phase)
- Pha on nh ( EQ. phase)

- Pha t vong (Stop phase)

Khi quan the a tien en pha t vong th se xay ra hien tng t phan: Luc nay,
do chat dinh dng can kiet, trang thai te bao gia coi, cac enzym phan giai co trong noi
bao (ma quan trong nhat la he protease) hoat ong manh. Chung phan giai pha huy cac
thanh phan cau truc noi bao lam v mang te bao e giai thoat cac san pham phan giai
i ra ngoai.
Nh vay hien tng t phan dien ra trong t nhien vao giai oan chot cua s
song cua quan the te bao nam men do vay luc nay nhieu san pham quy a hao hut,
chat lng cua sinh khoi kem nhieu.
Khi dung mot tac nhan ben ngoai e chu ong kch thch qua trnh t phan, giup
cho hien tngphan giai va pha v mang te bao dien ra sm hn ( vao giai oan pha
cap so), chung ta se thu c mot che pham sinh khoi cha toan nhng te bao tre, khoe,
co trang thai sinh ly toi u va co thanh phan dinh dng ay u nhat. S dung dch sinh
khoi sau t phan e lam com bo hoac bot dinh dng se tot hn nhieu so vi s dung
sinh khoi nguyen ven.
e thc hien viec chu ong kch thch qua trnht phan ngi ta a lam c 2
loai tac nhan thch hp, khong gay oc hai cho ngi dung va khong lam cho che pham
co mui kho chu o NaCl 5% va Toluen 1%
Tac dung cua NaCl la gay co nguyen sinh, pha v s can bang ap suat tham
thau khien cho cac chat trong noi bao b ay ra moi trng.Dch sinh khoi co cha NaCl
vi ty le 5%, sau o c hap thu vao cac gia the dang bot se ch e lai v man va u
am, nhp vi khau v ngi dung. Do vat ay la mot tac nhan thch hp.
Touen co tac dung hoa tan thanh phan lipit trong cau truc te bao, khien cho qua
trnh tham loc cua mang b roi loan, nh the cac thanh phan cua mang b roi loan, nh
the cac thanh phan noi bao c t do thoat ra ngoai. Toluen co ac tnh la de bay hi
nhiet o cao, do vay sau khi hoan thanh chc nang t phan, co the dung bien phap un
nhe e lam bay hi het toluen ra khoi che pham.
T nhng ket qua thc nghiem thu c a cho phep chung toi rut ra mot so
ket luan co y ngha cho thc tien nh sau:

Trong quy trnh san xuat sinh khoi nam men ( e lam com bo va bot dinh
dng) th thi iem thch hp nhat e cho tac nhan t phan tiep xuc vi quan the nam
men la khoang 18 20 gi ke t khi bat au nuoi cay. Luc nay mat o te bao cung nh
lng sinh khoi tong cong at gia tr cc ai; Trang thai sinh ly te bao mc toi u,
quan the te bao ang trong pha logarit.
Thi iem thch hp nhat e kch thch qua trnh t phan va tien hanh thu san
pham la vao luc 20 22 gi ke t khi cho tiep xuc vi tac nhan. Luc nay ham lng
am amin trong che pham at cc ai.
e nang cao hieu qua kinh te va ha gia thanh san pham, trong viec san xuat sinh y ha895 2
- Hap thu dch sinh khoi sau t phan vao chat phu gia.
- Gia cong che bien, say kho, ong goi.
Cong thc moi trng e nuoi cay & nhan giong nam men
Moi trng Hansen: (dung trong phan lap, nhan giong, lap o th sinh
trng, th hoat tnh giong).
Glucose: 50 gam.
Pepton: 10 gam.
K2HPO4: 3 gam.
MgSO4. 7H2O: 3 gam.
Bo sung nc chiet gia au (200 gam)

Moi trng 1
Glucose 50g
Pepton 10g
K2HPO4 3g
MgSO4.7 H2O 2 -5 g
Nc 1 lit
Agar 20g
pH 5,6 6
Moi trng 2
Saccharose 150 g
NH4NO3 10 g
K3PO4 5g
MgSO4 2,5 g
CaHPO4 0,5 g
Nc 1 lt
Agar 20 g
PH 5,6 6

Moi trng 3
Saccharose 50 g
Khoai tay 300 g (got vo, un lay nc chiet)
Gia au 200 g (un lay nc chiet)
Long o trng ga 1 cai/ 1 lt
Nc 1 lt
PH 5,6 6
Moi trng 4 (Moi trng san xuat)
Khoai tay 250 g (got vo, un lay nc chiet)
Ca rot 250 g (got vo, un lay nc chiet)
Gia au 250 g (got vo, un lay nc chiet)
Bot nhong tam 20 g (rang, say kho)
Dch r ng a x ly 10% (tong the tch moi trng)
Nc may 1 lt
PH 6 6,2
Nc un soi e nguoi - u 1 lt. pH 6,5 - 6,8
Ghi Chu: Neu can pha MT ac th bo sung them 20 gam Agar-agar dang bot
Moi trng 5 ( MT nc chiet t nhien - dung trong san xuat com bo va bot
dinh dng)
Nc chiet 200 gam gia au.
Nc chiet 200 gam khoai tay.
Nc chiet 200 gam carot
Nc chiet 100 gam nhong tam.
Dch r ng a x ly, bo sung nc may en u 1 lt.
Ghi chu: Dch r ng c x ly qua hai giai oan.
1. Lang can, loc trong bang phng phap tua loi cuon, Chat gay tua la Zelatin
hoac long trang trng. Thc hien trong ieu kien 70 - 800C.

2. Loai mau: Bo sung H2SO4 am ac vi ty le 2 - 4 ml/1kg r ng (a pha

loang cho en nong o 12 - 14%) - Cho chay qua cot thuy tinh co cha hai lp Than
hoat tnh va Bong thuy tinh.
* S o san xuat com bo bang dch sinh khoi nam men qua t phan.
Chung giong goc Saccharomyces
Giong goc
Nhan giong cac cap
Giong san xuat
+ 28 320C
Moi trng san xuat + 18 gi
Lac 150 vong/phut
+ 400C/20 gi
Dch sinh khoi + Lac 150 vong/phut
Tac nhan t
phan NaCl 5%
Dch sinh khoi sau t phan

- Nguyen lieu hap thu
- Chat ket dnh + Tron eu
- Chat gay hng + Ep khuon
Com ti
+ Say kho
+ ong goi
Com thanh pham

V - SAN XUAT SINH KHOI VI TAO
1. ac iem chung
- Vong i ngan, ieu kien phat trien n gian
- Sinh khoi co thanh phan hoa hoc phong phu
- Nang suat quang hp cao

- Cong nghe nuoi trong de ieu khien

- Thch hp vi SX cong nghiep
2.Nuoi trong Luc Tao n bao (Chlorella)

- Tao nc ngot, nguon goc on i, te bao hnh cau, mau xanh luc
- S dung trong cac muc ch:
+ ieu che thc an tong hp cho ngi
+ Dc pham ,
- Thch hp vi khoang nhiet o 20-25o c, pH thap
- Nguon am chu yeu la Ure, nguon cac bon chu yeu la CO2
- Trong san xuat sinh khoi Luc tao thng dung moi trng co cha 1% Ure , bo
sung acid acetic 1-3 g/ lt, nuoi trong nhng be xi mang co nap che ma nhng phai bao
am co u nang e quang hp. Thay dch moi trng moi ngay mot lan, xuc kh lien
tuc.
- Thanh phan cau truc noi bao: giau protein va vitamin, co cac hoat chat dc
lieu quy (chong ung th, giam cholesteron, an than nhe )
Dan lieu phan tch thanh phan Axit Amin trong Luc tao nh sau:
Loai A.Amin Ty le (%)

Arginin 2,29
Hstidin o,29
Isoluecin 1,69
Leucin 1,99
Lyzin 2,43
Methionin 0,57
Phenylalanin 2,14
Threonin 1,91
Tryptophan o,41
Valin 2,61
3. Nuoi trong Tao xoan a bao (Spirulina)

- Tao nc man, nguon goc nhiet i, thch hp vi khoang nhiet o 30-35o c
- Nguon cac bon chu yeu la CO2 va HCO3
- S dung trong cac muc ch:
+ ieu che Linavina, Lactozyl, Pirulamin( cha suy dinh dng tre em tang
lng sa cho san phu)

+ SX thc an cho au trung tom

+ X ly nc thai (lam sach cac Ion kim loai nang)
Thanh phan cau truc noi bao cua Spirulina
Thanh phan Ham Lng

(%chat kho)
Protein 59,94
Gluxit 12,50
Lipit 01,12
A.Nucleic 04,29
Tro 10,23
Thanh phan Ham Lng
Carotenoid 2,10 (mg/g)

Chlorophyl 1,70 (mg/g)
Vitamin B12 0,4-1,3 ( g/g)
Vitamin A 0,3-0,6 ( g/g)

CHNG 2. NG DUNG CONG NGHE VI SINH TRONG BAO

QUAN VA CHE BIEN THC PHAM
I. O NHIEM THC PHAM VA HAU QUA
1.Khai niem chung
Thc pham noi chung, ac biet la cac loai giau am, thng rat de b o nhiem.
Tac nhan gay o nhiem bao gom trc het la vi khuan, sau en nam moc va nam
men, khi xam nhap vao khoi nguyen lieu, thoat au chung se phat trien ve mat so
lng, tiep o tiet ra cac san pham thai, lam bien oi mau sac, mui v cua nguyen
lieu, dan en h hong hoac giam pham chat cua thc pham.
Cac dang h hong thc pham thng gap la: hoa nhay, len men chua, len
men thoi, len moc xanh hoac moc vang, bien sac , co mui hoi v.v
Rieng oi vi thc pham giau am th dang thng gap nhat la b thoi va oi
thiu do vi khuan. Cac loai vi khuan gay oi thiu chia lam hai loai:
- Loai co kha nang tiet ra nhieu enzyme hon hp, co the phan huy c tat
ca cac loai cao phan t protein, glucid, lipid co trong nguyen lieu.
- Loai ch co kha nang tiet ra mot hoac vai loai enzyme rieng re, do vay ch
phan huy c mot thanh phan nhat nh co trong nguyen lieu.
* Hau het cac loai VSV gay o nhiem thc pham eu ong thi la tac nhan
gay benh cho ngi ac biet la oi vi cac benh ng ruot, (nh ta, l, tieu
chay, thng han, ngo oc thc an, ay hi chng bung )
* Mot so loai Moc tiet oc to vao lng thc- thc pham, gay benh cho ngi
an .
V du :
- Aflatoxin , gom 20 loai khac nhau (Loai B1 va M1 do Aspergilus flavus,
gay viem gan va ung th gan cho ngi, bo, cu, heo. Loai T2 do Fusarium
culmorum, gay xuat huyet, giam hong cau, teo tuy song) Nguon lay la ngu coc
b moc va sa cua cac con vat nhiem benh co cha oc to.
- Cac Alcaloit (Egostamin, axit secalonic do Claviceps pupurea, gay co
mach ngoai vi, hoai t TB gan, teo c va gay benh nam ca)
- Ochatoxin do Alterneria, gay ung th va ngo oc thc an.

V nhng ly do tren, chong o nhiem thc pham chnh la mot khau quan trong
trong bao ve moi trng at nc khong kh va ong thi cung la mot khau co
y ngha quyet nh trong cong tac bao ve sc khoe cong ong.
2. Tac nhan gay o nhiem thc pham:

* Tac nhan hoa ly
- Chat bao quan
- Chat phu gia
- Chat nhuom mau
- Kim loai nang.
- Nhiet o, o am.
* Tac nhan sinh hoc
- Enzime co trong nguyen lieu.
- Cac vi sinh vat xam nhap.
* Cac con ng gay o nhiem thc pham:
- Suc vat b benh.
- Moi trng o nhiem.
- Che bien khong ung quy cach VSATTP:
+ Nguon nc dung trong che bien khong sach.
+ Tay chan quan ao ngi che bien.
+ Dung cu dung giet mo gia suc.
+ S dung chat phu gia ba bai.
- Bao quan khong ung quy cach VSTP:

+ Bao b dung cu cha ng.
+ Dung hoa chat bao quan qua lieu lng cho phep.

S o: Cac con ng gay o nhiem thc pham.
SUC VAT MOI CHE Bao quan

BIEN
M O nhiem nc, -Ve sinh ca nhan - ieu kien mat ve

khong kh tay ngi lanh sinh.
mang trung . - Khong che ay
- Dung cu mat ve - Ruoi bo
sinh .
Nhiem vao Nhiem vao Nhiem vao

NAU
thc pham thc pham thc pham
KHONG KY
Ngi an
3 - Nhng benh nhiem khuan do an thc an b nhiem khuan
- Benh do Vibriocholerae: Vi khuan gay benh ta ca va cac loai thuy san co

vo giap ( nh tom, cua, ghe, so, oc ) anh bat t nguon nc b o nhiem. Nguyen
nhan o nhiem nc la do ao ho, song, rach thng la ni cha ng cac loai phan
rac, nc, cong, nc thai t cac khu dan c o vao ma khong qua x ly.
- Benh do Salmonella: Vi khuan gay benh thng han. Loai vi khuan nay co
kha nang thch nghi cao va co sc chong chu tot vi cac yeu to ngoai canh.
nhiet o bnh thng no co the ton tai trong phan, bui, rac ti ba thang. nhiet
o t 6 - 120C no co the ton tai trong thc pham 4 8 thang. Ngoai ra
Salmonella co kha nang chu man hn han cac vi khuan gay benh ng ruot
khac. Tht ong vat thng b nhiem Salmonella di hai hnh thc:
+ Gay nhiem ong vat song

+ Gay nhiem tht sau khi b giet va qua che bien.

- Benh do Shigella: Vi khuan gay benh l trc trung. Nguon truyen benh la
cac thc an chn va cac thc an nguoi thuoc loai tht, sa. Rieng loai Shigella
sonei con co the phat trien c cac loai thc uong.
- Benh do E.coli: Vi khuan gay benh tieu chay tre em va nhiem huyet
tre s sinh. ay la nhom vi khuan gay benh co ieu kien ngha la bnh thng
chung co the ton tai trong at, nc, khong kh, song hoai sinh, khong gay benh.
Ch khi gap nhng ieu kien nhat nh va thch hp mot so loai trong chung mi
tr thanh gay benh.
- Benh do Proteus: Gay ngo oc thc an dang d ng. Proteus la mot dang vi
khuan gay benh co ieu kien, chung thng xuyen c tru ruot ngi va ong
vat di dang vo hai; khi c the suy yeu chung se lap tc phan chu va gay
benh. Neu mam benh la P. morganni th khi vao c the chung san sinh ra nhieu
chat Histamin gay noi man, nga ngay toan than o chnh la hien tng d ng
do o nhiem thc pham.
- Benh do Vibrio parahaemolyticus: Vi khuan gay viem da day va viem
ruot, la vi khuan a man thng co nc bien va nc l. Nguon lay nhiem chu
yeu la cac loai tom, cua, ghe, ca nhuyen the vung ven bien. Ngoai ra, cac be
nuoi tom nhan tao cung hay b o nhiem loai vi khuan nay.
- Ngo oc thc an do oc to gay viem ruot cua tu cau vang (Staphyloccocus
aureus): Tu cau vang thng c tru trong mang ca, da va niem mac cua bo (
nhat la nhng con bo b viem tuyen vu ). Cac loai thc an nhiem tu cau vang
gom: sa, cac san pham che bien t sa, cac loai banh keo co kem, ca hop va ca
kho phi khong ky. Tu cau vang gi nguyen kha nang gay benh trong hai thang
ieu kien nhiet o thap.
- Ngo oc thc an do oc to cua vi khuan gay nhiem oc tht (Clostridium
botulinum ): Cac vu ngo oc nay t xay ra nhng khi a xay ra th ty le t vong
cao. Vi khuan nay co kha nang tao thanh nha bao ( hay bao t ) do vay sc chu
nhiet rat cao. oc to cua no cung oc hn so vi cac loai oc to cua vi khuan
khac. Khi un soi 100oC vi thc an b nhiem Cl.botulinum van khong giet c
toan bo cac nha bao cua chung, muon bao am tuyet oi an toan can un soi lien
tuc 3 gi.

S o: C che gay nhiem va lay lan cua vi khuan
Che bien
Thc pham ban (Khong hp ve sinh)
Bao quan
au
Gay o Gay
nhiem nhiem
San pham o nhiem
Moi trng o nhiem (at,

nc, khong kh )
Ngi dung
Ngi benh Ngi lanh mang

mam benh
ao thai qua phan
ao thai qua phan
4.C che sinh hoa cua qua trnh gay h hong thc pham
Qua trnh h hong thc pham luon bat au be mat nguyen lieu, sau mi i
dan vao ben trong. Thng trong giai oan au cac vi sinh vat cha Enzyme hon
hp se nhan len trc va hoat ong manh me e khai pha nguyen lieu, sau o
en lt cac cac vi sinh vat cha Enzyme n tien hanh phan huy nguyen lieu mot
cach manh me va triet e. Cung vi cac Enzyme do VSV tiet ra th ong thi
nhng Enzyme co san trong ban than khoi thc pham cung b kch hoat va tham
gia vao cac phan ng phan huy, lam tang toc o h hong cua nguyen lieu.

Nguyen lieu giau ng se b len men chua, moc xanh, moc vang .
Nguyen lieu giau am co c che phc tap hn, dien bien nh sau :
au tien, cac vi khuan tiet Enzim proteaza ngoai bao se phan cat cac phan t
protein t nhien thanh cac chui peptit mach ngan . Tiep o, chung tiet ra cac
Enzim peptidaza phan huy chuoi peptit thanh cac acid Amin t do. Cuoi cung, cac
acid amin b phan huy thanh CO2, NH2, acid hu c, hoac cac hp chat amin . Tuy
ieu kien bao quan, giai oan cuoi dien ra theo mot trong hai con ng sau :
Trong ieu kien hieu kh:

NH2
/
R CH2 CH - COOH R CH2 CH2 COOH + NH3
Trong ieu kien k kh:
NH2
/
R CH2 CH - COOH R CH2 CH2 NH2 + CO2
Thc pham khi a b bien tnh nh tren th khong the an c, amoniac gay
mui hoi, cac Amin gay oc, Axt hu c nong o cao cung se gay oc. Neu b ca
hai nhom vi khuan hieu kh va k kh xam nhiem th mc o h hong cang nang
hn, mui hoi nang hn do s co mat cua cac san pham nh indol, skatol , phenol,
H2 s.
II. CAC PHNG PHAP BAO QUAN THC PHAM.

Bao quan thc pham la tm cach ngan chan, tran ap va tieu diet cac VSV
gay nhiem, ong thi han che en mc toi a cac qua trnh sinh hoa dien ra trong
khoi nguyen lieu, tren c s o nham ti muc ch cuoi cung la gi nguyen trang
thai va pham chat ban au cua thc pham hoac chuyen ve mot dang mi, thm
ngon hn de van chuyen hn, ma van am bao gia tr dinh dng von co cua no.
Thng trong qua trnh che bien a ong thi bao ham ca cac bien phap bao quan;
ngc lai, khi ap dung cac bien phap bao quan ong hi cung bao ham ca tnh
chat che bien

Co the noi, ngay nay nhieu thanh tu cua nhieu lnh vc khoa hoc va ky
thuat khac nhau a c ap dung mot cach co hieu qua cho muc ch bao quan va
che bien thc pham.
Co rat nhieu phng phap bao quan thc pham, song nhn chung cac
phng phap eu tuan thu theo mot trong 3 nguyen tac chnh sau:
1- Nguyen tac Bioza (Bios = s song)

Theo nguyen tac nay thc pham c cat gi ieu kien ve sinh cao, vi
moi trng vo trung tuyet oi e luon luon gi nguyen trang thai ti song ban
au cua nguyen lieu.
V du: e Supl, cai bap, ca chua v.v trong nha knh vo trung, co may
ieu hoa nhiet o c gi 10 - 15oC .
e tht ln, tht bo ti trong phong mat, vo trung luon gi nhiet o 0oC - 100C.
Cac phng phap nay khong thch hp vi ieu kien nhiet i, lai oi hoi thiet b
at tien, do vay Viet Nam rat t ng dung.
2 - Nguyen tac Abioza. (Abiosis = khong song)

Theo nguyen tac nay ngi ta dung nhng bien phap nh ch hoan toan s song
cua vi sinh vat gay nhiem; Di tac dung cua cac yeu to diet khuan nh vay th ban
than khoi nguyen lieu c bao quan cung thay oi trang thai, khong con ti song na.
Thuoc nguyen tac nay co ba phng phap dc s dung:
a. Thanh trung nhiet o cao
Di tac dung cua nhiet, hoac chnh cac te bao cua VSV b tieu diet; hoac cac
enzym quan trong cua chung b bat hoat, do vay khong gay nhiem c. Phng phap
nay con c goi la S dung qua trnh nhiet nong. Tuy loai thc pham ngi ta co the
thc hien viec kh trung nguyen lieu ba khoang nhiet o khac nhau. Keo dai trong
nhng khoang thi gian nhat nh.
V du: - Vi loai thc pham co nhieu ng bot, de b chay can duy tr 80
0
90 C, trong 30 45 phut.
- Vi nhng nguyen lieu dang am duy tr 90 1000C trong 45 60 phut.
- Vi nhng dang o hop hoac vo giap cng co the duy tr 110 1500C va
ap suat t 1,2 1,5 at v.v
b. Chieu xa va sieu am
Cac tia hong ngoai, t ngoai; Cac tia bc xa dang , , , X, vv gay oxy
hoa hoac ion hoa, do o tao ra mot trong nhng hieu qua sau oi vi VSV gay
nhiem:
- Thay oi thanh phan cau truc te bao

- Pha v mang
- Bat hoat he Enzyme
- Song sieu am vi tan so tren 20.000 Hz pha v mang te bao.
Han che cua phng phap nay la gia thanh rat cao va oi khi khong an toan
cho ngi thc hien cung nh ngi tieu dung, do vay t c s dung.
c. Dung cac hoa chat bao quan
Nhieu loai hp chat vo c cung nh hu c co tac dung sat trung. C che
tac dung cua no the hien qua nhieu phng thc khac nhau:
- Pha huy thanh phan cau truc te bao
- Ngan nga s sinh tong hp Enzyme va cac Protein cau truc khac (theo c
che cam ng hoac c che)
- Gay roi loan qua trnh tham thau qua mang te bao
Cac loai hoa chat thng dung gom:
* Cac hp chat sulfit va bisulfit nh K2SO3, Na2SO3, NaHSO3, KHSO3,
Ca(HSO3)2 Cac chat nay thng dung vi nong o di 3%. Tac dung cua no c
che qua trnh sinh tong hp cac protein co cha S (theo c che cam ng)
* Cac hp chat Benzoat va cac hp chat Oxy hoa kh
- Axit benzoic C6H5COOH thng dung vi nong o di 0,2 %
- Benzoat Natri C6H5COONa thng dung vi nong o di 0,2 %
- Borat Natri (Han the) Na2B4O7 thng dung vi nong o di 0,1 %
- Nitrat Kali KNO3thng dung vi nong o di 0,1 %
Tat ca cac hp chat tren eu gay tac dung c che s trao oi chat mot
khau nao o. Rieng benzoat Natri co tac dung ro ret nhat oi vi nam moc, no c
che chu trnh Ure cua te bao.
ieu can lu y la nhng hp chat tren eu gay oc hai cho ngi dung, do
vay khong c dung qua lieu quy nh.
Trong so cac hp chat tren, co mot loai ma oc tnh cua no rat ang ngai,
nhng c dung mot cach rong rai va tuy tien trong lnh vc thc pham o la
han the (Borat Natri). Do han the va co tac dung chong moc, chong chua, lai va
co tac dung tang o deo cua cac nguyen lieu dang bot nen ngi ta dung no khi
san xuat m an lien, banh a, banh deo, com bo v.v ieu nay can khuyen cao e
nhng ngi san xuat thu cong t nhan co y thc ung an khi s dung hp chat
nay.
* Ngoai cac hp chat noi tren, oi khi ngi ta con s dung vai loai khang
sinh co hoat tnh khang khuan manh nh Tyrozin, Biomycine v.v nhng chat nay
co tac dung tot vi vi khuan nhng t hieu qua oi vi nam moc.

3. Nguyen tac Anabioza (= giam s song)

(Anabiosis = dang song ngam = song tiem sinh)
Theo nguyen tac nay ngi ta ap dung nhng bien phap nham han che s
phat trien cua VSV va han che cac hoat tnh cua cac Enzyme nhng khong giet
chet hoac nh ch hoan toan.
Thuoc nguyen tac nay co 5 bien phap chnh thng c s dung
a. ng dung qua trnh nhiet lanh
Phng phap nay con c goi la Lu gi thc pham trang thai lanh hay
ong lanh.
- Thc pham c gi nhng nha lanh nhiet o O0C se bao quan trong
vai thang.
Thc pham c gi trang thai ong lanh tc la nhng can phong ma
nhiet o c giam t t cho en khi at ti 10 0C en - 200C (nhiet o thap hn
nhiet o ong bang cua nc a ) nhiet o nay co the bao quan t 6 thang en
vai nam.
nhiet o thap s sinh trng va phat trien cua VSV tam ngng, hoat
ong cua cac Enzyme b nh ch, cac qua trnh sinh hoa trong thc pham b c
che; nhng neu em khoi nguyen lieu tr ve nhiet o thng th moi hoat ong co
the c hoi phuc, bi le VSV khong b giet chet (nhat la nam moc), no ch gi
trang thai tiem sinh ma thoi. Do vay thc pham ong lanh khi a lay ra khoi ni
bao quan can c s dung sm, trc khi khoi nguyen lieu tan gia.
b. Bao quan thc pham bang cach phi hay say kho.
Phan ln vi khuan ch sinh trng va phat trien c trong ieu kien toi thieu
la 30%; nam moc th oi hoi moi trng co o am toi thieu la 15%. Khi em phi
hay say kho thc pham, tc la lam cho o am cua nguyen lieu nho hn o am toi
thieu, khien cho cac VSV gay nhiem khong the phat trien c. Neu say hoac
phi khong ky, hoac sau khi phi, say bao goi khong tot e nguyen lieu b am tr
lai th thc pham se b h hong.
Bien phap nay thng c ap dung oi vi cac loai hai san va nam an.
c. Bao quan thc pham bang cach tao ap suat tham thau cao.
Khi moi trng ben ngoai co ap suat tham thau cao hn ben trong te bao
VSV se xay ra hien tng co nguyen sinh co ngha la nc trong te bao VSV b
rut ra ngoai, nguyen sinh chat b ong ac roi tach khoi mang te bao dan dan chet.
e tao ap suat tham thau cao cho moi trng can chu y chon nhng tac
nhan khong gay oc, bi v phai s dung mot nong o kha cao mi u ngng bao
quan. Thng thng ngi ta dung muoi an (NaCl) va ng knh (Saccharose).

Muoi an NaCl co tnh chat sat trung nhe, han che s hoa tan Oxy vao moi
trng, do vay km ham hoat ong cua bon VSV hieu kh. Rieng ion Cl- con co
kha nang c che Enzyme Protease.
Khi dung muoi an e bao quan thc pham tc la cung mot luc tan dung
nhng hieu qua sau:
+ c che s phat trien cua VSV do cac tinh chat noi tren cua NaCl.
+ Tao ra ap suat tham thau cao e gay co nguyen sinh.
+ Lam giam o am cua khoi nguyen lieu.
Ngi ta thng ap dung bien phap muoi muoi man e cat gi tht muoi va
nam muoi.
Dung ng Saccharose cung co tac dung tng t nh muoi an. Khi dung
ng e lam cac loai mt tc la cung mot luc ng dung 3 qua trnh:
- Gay co nguyen sinh oi vi cac VSV a nhiem trong nguyen lieu e tieu
diet chung
- Lam kho nguyen lieu e khien cho cac VSV mi khong u o am e xam
nhap va phat trien
- Dung nhiet o cao (khi nau mt) e sat trung
- Cac loai mt sau khi lam xong neu c bao goi tot co the bao quan lau.
d. Bao quan thc pham bang acid.
a so cac loai VSV gay nhiem cho thc pham eu hoat ong tot
khoang pH tren 4,5 , khi pH ha xuong di ngng nay chung ngng phat trien.
Ngam thc pham vao acid tc la tao ra xung quanh khoi nguyen lieu mot moi
trng co pH thap di 4,5.
Loai acid thng dung nhat la acid acetic CH3COOH. nong o t 6
10% acid nay c goi la giam an. oi khi ngi ta dung acid Citric hay con goi la
acid Limonic, tc la loai acid co nhieu trong qua chanh.
Bien phap nay c dung e ngam chua cac loai cu, qua an thay rau (nh
da chuot, su hao, cu cai, nam m v.v).
Rieng oi vi cac dang nguyen lieu co ham lng Celluloza cao ngi ta
con dung hai loai acid khac la: acid tractic va acid lactic.
Cong thc hoa hoc cua cac loai acid tren nh sau:
+ CH3COOH Acid acetic
+ CH3-CHOH-COOH : Acid lactic
+ CH2COOH
HO-COOH Acid citric
CH2-COOH
e. Bao quan thc pham bang kh tr va kh Cacbonic

Mot trong nhng nguyen nhan gay h hong thc pham la do tac dung cua
oxy co trong khong kh: phan t O2 khi tiep xuc vi nguyen lieu se tham gia vao
cac phan ng Oxy hoa kh lam cho mot so thanh phan co trong nguyen lieu b
phan giai va bien tnh. e khac phuc tnh trang nay ngi ta tm cac bien phap
ngan cach khoi nguyen lieu vi khong kh, bang cach dung mot khoi lng kh tr
N2 c hoa long -1270C. Cung co the dung mot bien phap th hai la ieu chnh
ty le cua bau khong kh trong kho cha thc pham bang cach giam thap lng 02
va tang lng CO2.
Khi ha ty le O2/CO2 a cung luc tao ra hai hieu qua.
- Tranh hien tng phan huy nguyen lieu.
- c che s sinh trng va phat trien cua bon VSV hieu kh.
f. Bao quan thc pham bang cach tao ieu kien cho mot qua trnh len men co li
Len men la qua trnh chuyen hoa cac nguyen lieu dang glucid thanh ru
va acid hu c nh hoat onh cua mot so VSV ac chung. Neu san pham ru
hoac acid hu c hnh thanh la nhng chat khong oc va co hng v thm, ngon
hp vi s thch cua con ngi th chung c goi la nhng qua trnh len men co
li
Tao ieu kien cho mot qua trnh len men co li von la mot phng phap
co ien va thng c ng dung rong rai trong viec che bien va bao quan cac
loai rau qua, nam an, tht ln v.v
Nguyen lieu sau khi trai qua qua trnh len men se tr nen co kha nang t
bao quan ngha la se lu gi c lau ma khong b h hong; ong thi chung
cung tr thanh nhng mon an co hng v thm, ngon rat ac trng.
Neu biet tao ra nhng ieu kien toi u cho mot qua trnh len men co li
dien ra hoan hao th cung mot luc chung ta at ti nhng hieu qua sau:
- Cac VSV gay len men se phat trien manh, gay ap ao ve so lng khien
cho cac VSV gay oi thoi b kiem ham, khong phat trien c trong khoi nguyen
lieu.
- Cac san pham len men tiet vao moi trng se chuyen nguyen lieu ve
trang thai chn sinh hoc, tao ra hng v thm ngon, ong thi gop phan c che s
xam nhap cua cac VSV co hai.
- Tao ra o pH thap, khong thch hp vi bon VSV gay oi thoi
Bien phap nay n gian, re tien v khong ton nhien lieu e say, khong can
en cac hoa chat at tien va ac biet la khong gay hai oi vi ngi tieu dung, do

vay ang c ap dung rong rai e bao quan rau, qua, nam an, tht ong vat.
Nhng qua trnh len men co li thng dc dung la Len men Lactic, Len men
Etilic, Len men Acetic (xem chng 3)
III. S DUNG NHOM NAM MOC TRONG BAO QUAN VA CHE BIEN
THC PHAM
Dung bien phap vi sinh e bao quan va che bien thc pham tc la s dung
mot noi vi sinh vat nao o, co kha nang phan giai nguyen lieu, nhng chung khong
lam hong nguyen lieu, ma trai lai, chung chuyen hoa nguyen lieu sang mot dang
san pham khac: thm, ngon hap dan hn.
Ba nhom VSV thng c dung nhieu trong lnh vc nay la nhom nam moc
phan giai protein, nhom vi khuan len men Lactic va nhom nam men.
Trong chng nay ch e cap en viec s dung nhom nam moc, hai nhom
con lai dc trnh bay trong cac chng khac (Xem chng1 va chng3)
1. C s sinh hoc cua viec s dung nam moc trong che bien
va bao quan thc pham.

Nam moc thng dung cho muc ch che bien cac loai nc cham va mon an
giau am co nguon t thc vat, bao gom: x dau, magi, tau v yeu, tng, chao
Nguyen lieu khi au cua cac mon an tren la au tng, au nanh, au phu,
kho dau lac (hay con goi la kho dau au phong). Rieng oi vi cac loai tng th
can en mot nguyen lieu th hai la gao nep.
Cac loai nc cham thc vat khi c ieu che theo phng phap Vi sinh vat
(nh tac dung cua nam moc) c goi chung la "cac loai nc cham len men"
oi vi tat ca moi ngi dan, nc cham thc vat la thc an quen thuoc, gop
phan lam tang nguon dinh dng am cho ba an, co tac dung nh nhng gia v
ngon mieng va kch thch tieu hoa. Rieng oi vi nhng ngi ma v benh tat hoac
v co thoi quen an chay ma phai kieng thc an ong vat th cac loai thc pham
tren tr thanh nguon cung cap am chu yeu cho moi ba an cua ho.
e che bien cac loai nc cham len men co the dung phng phap len men
t nhien theo dan gian - tc la s dung chnh nhng nam moc du nhap t khong
kh vao nguyen lieu mot cach tuy tien. Lam nh vay co mot nhc iem rat ang

ngai la khong the kiem soat c s gay nhiem, trong o co ca nhng loai phat
sinh oc to. Bi vay, cach tot nhat la nen s dung cac giong thuan a c kiem
tra ky ve hoat tnh phan giai nguyen lieu cung nh c am bao rang chung
khong gay oc.
Tat ca cac giong moc c a vao san xuat nc cham len men can phai at
c ay u cac ieu kien sau ay:
1) Giong thuan khiet.
2) Co kha nang sinh Enzyme Protease vi hoat lc cao.
3) Co sc phat trien manh, co kha nang lan at cac tap khuan khac.
4) Khong sinh oc to Aflatoxin, Ochatoxin
5) Tao hng thm cho san pham
ieu kien moi trng thch hp nhat cho s sinh trng va phat trien cua cac
giong moc phan giai Protein la
- o am 45- 50%
- Nhiet o 27 - 30oC
- Thi gian 60 - 72 gi.
Tuy tng loai nguyen lieu can che bien ma ngi ta s dung cac chung giong
moc khac nhau; song nhn chung, qua trnh phat trien cua moc trong nguyen lieu
dien ra theo cac giai oan sau:
Giai oan 1 (sinh trng): sau khi cay giong vao nguyen lieu t 8 - 10 gi
moc bat au phat trien , phan chia va hoat ong ho hap lam cho nhiet o trong
khoi nguyen lieu tang dan, nhng khoi lng khuan ty luc nay van con t
Giai oan 2 (len meo: si moc (Khuan ty) phat trien manh, toa nhiet nhieu
hn lam khoi nguyen lieu nong len, si moc co mau trang, ket thanh tng tang va
phu khap mat khoi nguyen lieu.
Giai oan 3 (phan giai): Sau 24 gi bao t moc hnh thanh nhieu va co
mau vang nhat hoac hong nhat (tuy loai giong). ong thi luc nay nam moc mi
bat au tiet vao moi trng cac loai enzyme ac trng, ma quan trong nhat la cac
Protease, cac enzyme nay hoat ong phan giainguyen lieu, phan huy cac mach
peptit cua cac phan t protein, giai phong ra cac acid amin t do. Chnh v vay ma
gia tr dinh dng cua nguyen lieu tang len, ong thi nguyen lieu co mui thm
ac trng. Luc nay nguyen lieu a at trang thai chn sinh hoc. Cong viec tiep
theo ch con la chiet rut lay san pham (neu can) roi lu gi va bao quan.
2.. San xuat nc cham len men t kho dau lac

Mot trong nhng loai nc thong dung nhat la x dau. Chung nam moc
thng dung trong san xuat x dau la Aspergillus oryzae va Aspergillus flavus. Cac

nha nghien cu a khang nh rang, cac chung Asp noi tren, neu cay truyen nhieu
lan tren moi trng tong hp se mat hoan toan kha nang sinh oc to Aflatoxin.
Mac du vay, e chac chan khi san xuat nen kiem tra lai oc tnh cua cac chung
giong tai cac trung tam bao tang giong ang tin cay.
Cac chung giong Aspergillus dung trong san xuat nc cham thng tao
ra 3 loai enzyme quan trong:
- He enzyme protease
- He enzyme Amilase
- He enzyme oxy hoa kh
Qua trnh phan giai nguyen lieu di tac dung cua cac enzyme tren dien ra nh sau:
* Hoat ong cua he Protease:
au tien la hoat ong cua Enzyme Protease exopeptidase, pH thch hp
cho hoat ong cua chung la 6,5, lng Protease exopeptidase at cc ai sau
khoang 36 42 gi ke t khi cay giong vao nguyen lieu. Luc nay Enopeptdase
bat au hoat ong manh, chung tac dung vao cac cau peptide mach ngan trong
long phan t, ong thi cac Exopeptidase tiep tuc phan giai e giai phong ra cac
acid amin n phan t. Hoat ong cua he protease cang manh th s phan giai
nguyen lieu cang triet e va ham lng am amin trong nuyen lieu cang cao, ieu
o co ngha la gia tr dinh dng cua san pham cang ln va v ngot cang am a.
Moi loai acid amin co mat trong nc cham eu gop phan tao nen v ngot ac
trng cua san pham. V du:
- Glutamic tang v ngot cua am.
- Methionin va Cystein tao v thm cua x dau
- Lyzin, Alanin, prolin, Leucin.v.v gop phan tao nen mot v am a giup
an ngon mieng. Hoat ong cua He enzyme proteaza ong vai tro hang au trong
qua trnh phan giai nguyen lieu va no la yeu to quyet nh chu yeu oi vi chat
lng san pham.
* Hoat ong cua he Amylase
He enzyme Amylase cua Aspergillus gom hai thanh phan alpha Amylase va
glucose Amylase. Khoang pH toi u cua chung la 4,7 4,9. Alpha Amylase
thuy phan thanh phan glucid trong nguyen lieu tanh maltose va dextrin. Tiep o
Glucose Amylase phan cat hai thanh tren thanh glucose. Chnh v vay x dau co v
ngot cua ng.

*. Hoat ong cua he oxy hoa kh.

He ezyme nay cung gom 3 thanh chnh. Hoat ong cua no co tac dung tao
mau va gop phan ngan can s gay nhiem cua cac tap khuan. Cu the:
- Ezyme peroxydase: oxy hoa cac acid amin dang L, nh vay tao mau o nau cho
nc cham.
- Glucose oxydase: ngan nga s bien oi trang thai mau sac cua san
pham, no xuc tac cho phan ng chuyen hoa glucose thanh gluconic va H2O2.
- Catalase: xuc tac cho phan ng kh H2O2 tao nc va oxy. Toan bo cac
phan ng tren lap thanh mot he thong kn, chuyen hoa lien tuc, tao nen mot hieu
qua khang khuan, ngha la no giup cho nc cham len men giam ty le nhiem ban
bi cac VSV khac.
S o phan ng nh sau
Glucoseoxydase
C6H12O6 + O2 + H2O C6H12O7 + H2O2
Glucose Catalase Gluconic
H2O2 H2O + O2
Trong cong nghiep san xuat nc cham, sau khi nguyen lieu a chn sinh
hoc nh hoat ong phan giai cua cac phc he Ezyme cua nam moc th can thuy
phan nguyen lieu bang nhiet, vi s co mat cua mot lng nho acid HCl. Muc ch
cua giai oan nay la nham phan giai triet e phan Protein con lai trong nguyen
lieu ma nam moc cha the thc hien c, ong thi nham hoa tan cac thanh phan
can thu nhan vao dung dch, tach ri chung khoi can ba nguyen lieu.
Tiep theo cong oan thuy phan la cong oan chiet tach nham thu nhan
dch nc cham va cuoi cung x ly loai vang, ieu chnh pH, thanh trung nhe roi
ong chai. Quy trnh ieu che nc cham t nguyen lieu banh kho dau lac theo
phng phap len men nh nam moc gom cac cong oan sau:
1) X ly banh kho dau
2) Cay giong moc, u len meo
3) Phan giai Protein
4) Thuy phan nguyen lieu bang nhiet (co bo sung HCl vi mot ty le nho)
5) On nh, trung hoa ong chai
* Cong thc phoi che nguyen lieu:

Banh kho dau 10 kg

au nanh rang 1 1,5 kg
HCl 200 be 1 1,5 kg
Mui v x dau 0,5 1 kg
Chat phu lieu Tuy y
Nc u 100 lt


S o san xuat nc cham len men
Banh kho dau (10 -12 kg)
- Xay nho, ngam nc voi

Giong goc
- Hap chn, anh ti
Nhan giong - Vat loai nc
cac cap - Vat x ly
Bot kho dau chn
Cay giong trai ra
Giong san
khay, tron eu, them
xuat
Giai oan u len nc va gi am lien
tuc
men 5 7 ngay
- e 27 280C
Kho dau moc

Kho dau len men
Giai oan phan +au nanh rang

giai protein + Muoi NaCl
12 30 ngay + Nc: 30 lt
+ Khuay tron
+ Phi nang
Hon hp nc cham tho(40 lt)
+ HCl (1 1,5 lt)
+ Chat phu gia
+ Bot chnh mau + v
+ un tren bep cach cat hoac
cach nhot (135 1500)
Nc cham ban thanh pham (40
+ NaCO3 hoac C6H5COONa
Giai oan trung + Nc 60lt
hoa on nh + ng knh 20 g/l
+ Loc, kh trung
+ ong chai
Nc cham thanh pham

3. San xuat chao t au phu

Loai nguyen lieu dung trong san xuat chao la au phu (hay con goi la au
khuon, au hu) Loai nam moc chuyen hoa nguyen lieu trong chao thuoc giong
Mucor, gom cac chung : M.himalis, M.silvaticus, M.subtis, M.rouxit.
He khuan ty cua Mucor trong chao co mau trang hoac nga nga vang. Si
phat trien phan nhanh chang cht, tao thanh mot lp mang hi nhay, phu kn be
mat nguyen lieu.
He Enzyme cua moc chao bao gom :Protease, Glucoamilase ,
Phospholipase. Di tac dung cua Phospholipase cac Phospholipit, ma quan trong
nhat la leucitin, se c phan giaithanh cac axit beo nh Palmatic, limoleic.; tao
v beo ac rng cho san pham.
e che bien chao co the cay giong thuan hoac e len meo t nhien theo dan
gian. Quy trnh gom cac giai oan chnh nh sau :
(1) x ly nguyen lieu (cat mieng, ngam trong dung dch muoi an 6% +
A.citric 2,5%, u 90oC trong 15 phut, vt ra e
kho)
cay giong moc

(2) u meo
- 30 o C / 3 ngay
- ay vai man
(3) au len Meo
phan giai NaCl 100g
Nc chn 800ml
30 -32 o C / 3 ngay
(4) Chao tho
on nh NaCl 100g-200g
con thc pham 50-70ml
30 -32 o C / 3- 5 ngay
chao thanh pham ong goi

Cong thc moi trng dung e nuoi cay va nhan giong nam moc.
1. Moi trng Sabauraul
Pepton (hoac lactamin) 10g
Maltose (hoac glucose) 40 g
Nc 1 lt
PH 5,6 6,0
2. Moi trng Hansen

Glucose 50 g
Pepton (hoac lactamin) 10g
K2HPO4 3g
MgSO4.7H2O 25g
Nc 1 lt
PH 5,6 58
3) Moi trng Czapek

NaNO3 23g
K2HPO4 1 1,5 g
MgSO4 0,5 g
KCl 0,5 g
FeSO4 0,1 g
ng knh 30 g
Nc 1 lt

IV. KIEM NGHIEM THC PHAM
Muc ch cua viec kiem nghiem thc pham la e anh gia chat lng san
pham theo tieu chuan quy nh chung cua quoc gia. Co 3 nhom ch tieu can kiem
nghiem nh sau :
1.Nhom ch tieu cam quan

- Mau sac, mui v
- Trang thai cau truc
2.Nhom ch tieu hoa ly

- Ham lng am tong so ( thng xac nh bang phng phap
Microkjelhdal)
- Ham lng ng kh
- Ham lng axit
- o con
- Ham lng aflatoxin (neu can)
3.Nhom ch tieu Vi Sinh

- Tong so vi khuan hieu kh (TSVKHK)
- Coliform (ch so coly)
- Clostridium perfrigenes
- Staphylococcus aureus
- Bacillus cereus
- Cac Vi khuan gay benh ng ruot (ta, l, thng han)
* oi vi moi nhom ch tieu se co nhng tieu chuan dnh lng cu the cho
tng loai thc pham rieng biet
4- Y ngha cua cac ch tieu vi sinh

* Tong so vi khuan hieu kh
- Ch tieu nay cho biet s bo ve mc o o nhiem chung cua mau thc pham.

- Tong so vi khuan hieu kh la tong so cac loai vi khuan a kh (ieu kien co oxi
t do) co trong mau thc pham hoac mau nc.
- S dung ky thuat em khuan lac tren thach a.
* Coliforms
Ch tieu nay phan anh tnh trang o nhiem phan cua thc pham do dung
nc khong sach hoac do ni giet mo khong ung quy cach.
Co hai mc o Coliforms can phan biet
Coliforms tong cong la nhng trc khuan ng ruot gram (-), hieu kh
hoac k kh tuy tien, khong co nha bao, co kha nang len men ng lactose sinh
hi, sinh acid nhiet o 350C 370C/24-48 gi. Nhng vi khuan nay co the ton
tai trong ruot ngi, suc vat va ca ngoai canh gom cac loai sau:
- Escherichia coli
- Klebsiella
- Enterobacter
- Citrobacter
Coliforms phan ( Faecal Coliforms ) la nhng coliform co nguon goc t phan
ngi va ong vat mau nong, cung phat trien c trong moi trng lactose co
muoi mat va ch th mau nhiet o 44,5 0,50C/ 24-48 gi. Co kha nang thuy
phan tryptophan trong moi trng sinh indol, khong sinh aceton, khong s dung
citrate lam nguon Cacbon duy nhat.
*Staphylococcus aureus
Staphylococcus aureus la cau khuan gram (+),sap xep hnh chum nho
hoac ng thanh tng cap va chuoi ngan. Staphylococcus aureus thng b ton
thng khi x ly bang nhiet va cac chat tay ra ve sinh. Do o s hien dien cua
vi khuan va oc to cua chung trong thc pham a che bien hoac tren cac thiet
b che bien thc pham la dau hieu cho biet ieu kien ve sinh trong qua trnh
che bien khong at.
*Clostridium perfringens
Clostridium perfringens la vi khuan ch iem s o nhiem do phan ngi,
ong vat, bun at, nc cong ranh mc o nghiem trong. Vi khuan co nha bao
va co sc e khang cao. Neu thc pham che bien khong am bao ve sinh, nhiet
o kh khuan, un nau khong u e diet nha bao, vi khuan van con ton tai va
phat trien, lam h hong thc pham va gay ngo oc thc an ( nhat la thc pham o
hop ).
*Bacillus cereus

- Xac nh Bacillus cereus e anh gia s o nhiem moi trng xung quanh trong
qua trnh che bien thc pham. Vi khuan nay hien dien trong at bui, cac loai thc
pham (sa, tht, rau qua, hon hp gia v va ac biet trong cac thc pham bot).
- Bacillus cereus la nhng trc khuan gram (+) hieu kh, va k kh tuy y, di ong,
tao noi bao t, len men glucose, sinh hi, phan ng Voges Proskauer (VP): (+),
co kha nang s dung nitrate. Loai nay tang trng c trong khoang nhiet o t
5 500C, toi u 35 400C; pH dao ong t 4,5 9,3; de tao bao t, bao t nay
mam rat de dang.
*Salmonella
- Salmonella la trc khuan thng han , gram am, hieu kh va k kh tuy y, co kha
nang di ong, khong tao bao t, len men glucose va manitol sinh acid nhng
khong len men saccharose & lactose, khong sinh indol, khong phan giai ure,
khong co kha nang tach nhom amin t tryptophan, hau het cac chung eu sinh
H2S. Cho en nay a xac nh c 2339 serotype ( kieu huyet thanh ) thuoc
giong Salmonella .
* Vibrio parahaemolyticus
- Vibrio la vi khuan ta, gram(-), hnh que hai au khong eu nhau tao thanh hnh
dau phay, di ong, song k kh tuy y, co phan ng catalase va oxidase(+), len
men glucose nhng khong sinh hi, khong tang trng trong moi trng khong co
muoi. Co kha nang kh nitrat thanh nitrit.
- Vibrio parahaemolyticus phat trien tot trong moi trng co nong o muoi en
8% nhng b c che moi trng co nong o muoi 10%.

CHNG 3. CONG NGHE LEN MEN
Cong nghe len men la lnh vc san xuat cac loai ru va axit hu c bang con
ng len men nh cac vi sinh vat. Can phan biet hai phng thc len men :
Len men k kh ien hnh :
C chat c phan giai qua mot loat cac phan ng Oyhoa kh, trong ieu
kien khong co s tham gia cua Oxy khong kh ma ch co s cho - nhan Hydro.
Trong qua trnh len men , H+ thoat ra giai oan ng phan khong dc
NADH2 chuyen en chuoi ho hap te bao ma c gan vi cac chat trao oi
chung gian cua chnh chuoi chuyen hoa e tao san pham cuoi, ong thi giai
phong cac NAD+.
San pham cua Cac qua trnh len men k kh thng gap trong san xuat la :
Ten san pham Cong thc hoa hoc
1. Ru Etilic CH3 CH2 OH

2. Axit lactic CH3 - CHOH COOH
3. Axit suinic HCOOC - CH2 - CH2 COOH
4. Axit butiric CH3 CH2 CH2 COOH
5. Axeton CH3 CO CH3
6. Glixerin CH2OH - CHOH CH2OH
7. Ru Butilic CH3 - CH2 CH2 CH2 OH
8. Axit Formic H COOH
9. Kh Metan CH4
Len men hieu kh :

C chat dc phan giai trong ieu kien co Oxy phan t tham gia, nhng
qua trnh Oxy hoa dien ra khong triet e en cung e tao CO2 va H2O ma dng
lai san pham trung gian la Ru hoac Axit hu c v vay con c goi la cac
qua trnh Oxy hoa khong hoan toan .
San pham thng gap trong cac qua trnh len men hieu kh la:
- Axit axetic CH3 COOH
- Axit Xitric CH3 OH CH2

COOH COOH COOH

Trong chng nay ch e cap en 3 qua trnh len men tieu bieu, thng
c goi la Qua trnh len men co li trong bao quan va che bien thc pham,
bao gom len men Etilic (1), len men Lactic(2), len men Axetic (10).
I. . LEN MEN ETILIC VA NG DUNG.

1. C che ly thuyet cua qua trnh len men Etilic
Len men Etilic la qua trnh chuyen hoa dng thanh ru, dien ra trong ieu
kien k kh. Co nhieu loai VSV co kha nang len men ru, song nhom co hoat
tnh cao nhat la nam men thoc cac loai sau:
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae (te bao hnh ellip)
- Saccharomyces carlbergensis (con goi la Sac.uvarum , te bao hnh ellip)
- Saccharomyces vini (te bao hnh ellip)
- Shizo Saccharomyces (te bao hnh que)
- Kluyveromyces (te bao hnh que)
Tat ca cac chung nam men len men ru eu co chung cac ac iem sau:
(a) Co kha nang tong hp hai loai En zim ac hieu cho phan ng chuyen hoa
A.Pyruvic thanh ru Etilic o la Pyruvatdecarboxylase va Alcoholdehydrogenase
(b) - Sinh trng hieu kh, nhng khi len men Etilic th lai thc hien trong
ieu kien k kh ; o vay trong quy trnh cong nghe luon can phan bet hai pha
pha au la len men hieu kh e tang mat o te bao, pha sau la len men k kh e
tao ru.
(c) - v co ac iem (b) noi tren nen neu trong qua trnh san xuat ( pha th
hai) neu e cho khong kh lot vao se xay ra hien tng Hieu ng Pasteur hydro
b tranh chap a vao ho hap hieu kh tao ATP - ong thi ru se b chua , do co
vi khuan Axetic lot vao va chuyen ru thanh dam
(d) Nguyen lieu dung trong san xuat co the la ngu coc hoac dch r ng,
trai qua qua trnh phan giai trung gian thanh ng Glucose, sau o ng c
len men tao Etylic. Qua trnh len men ru thc s c tnh t C chat ban au
la ng Glucose, dien ra theo cac bc:

- Glucose c phan giai theo chu trnh EMP tao Axit Pyrucvic, giai phong
H+
- Loai CO2 tao Andehyt, do s xuc tac cua Pyruvatdecarboxylase
- Gan H+ tao Etilic do s xuc tac cua Alcoholdehydrogenase
*S o tong quat cua qua trnh len men ru Etilic:
2CH3-CO-COOH CO2
NADH Pyruvatdecarboxylaza
2CH3-CHO
NAD+ 2H+
Alcoholdehydrogenaza
C6H12O6
CH3 CH2 - OH
2 - Phan biet cac dang san pham len men ru

- Ru qua chng cat ( ru trang, con thc pham, con cong nghiep )
- Ru khong qua chng cat( ru nep, ru can .)
- Vang qua ( vang nho, vang dau , champagne .. )
- Bia ai mach ( bia hi, bia chai ..)
- Nc giai khat len men ( nc Kvat, bia trai cay )
3 Quy trnh san xuat bia ai mach

a/ Nguyen lieu :
- Bot malt ai mach: hat ai mach nay mam, xat vo, xay nho, thuy phan
qua nhieu lan gia nhiet e thu dch nha a dng hoa . Trong dch nha
co cha Glucose, Maltose va mot ty le nho dextran, amilose.

- Tinh dau Hublon: chiet rut t hoa cai cua cay Hublon, trong o co cha
cac loai tinh dau ang va tinh dau thm (Gunulon, Lupulon, Tanin). Co
the dung hoa ti roi un lay nc chiet, hoac dung cao a che bien san.
- Nc : Nc dung e san xuat bia phai at cac tieu tieu chuan hoa ly va
vi sinh nghiem ngat nh sau :
- Nc mem ( o cng tam thi = 0,7, o cng vnh cu = 0,4 - 0,7
- Ham lng can chat kho khong qua 600mg/lit
- Ham lng sat khong qua 0,3 mg/lit
- Khong co hoac rat t cac hp chat Nitrat & Nitrit
- Tong so vi khuan hieu kh (TSVKHK) khong qua 100 TB/ml
- Coliorm khong qua 3 TB/ ml
- Hoan toan khong co vi khuan gay benh ng ruot (VKGBR)
b. S o Quy trnh san xuat bia
Dch nha 12- 14% Cay giong
Len men hieu kh 6-10 ngay, 15-28 o c
PH 6,5 6,8 / nong o Oxy =6mg /lit
Dch len men
Len men k kh 6-10 ngay, 1- 3 o c
Nong o CO2 = 0,3%
Bia non
Lam lanh 0 o c, 12- 14 gi, Lang can, lam trong
Bia ti San pham bia hi (s dung trong 24 gi)

U 60 - 70 o c
ong chai lan I U, Loai can, ong chai lan II
San pham bia chai (bia on nh)

4 - Quy trnh san xuat vang nho

a. Phoi che nguyen lieu ( e san xuat 200/lit vang)
- Trai nho chn : 10 Kg ( ra sach, ngam nc muoi, e kho, ep rap)
- ng saccharose : 1- 2 kg
- Con thc pham 96 o : 2- 3 lit
b. S o quy trnh san xuat vang
Hon dch trai cay cay giong

Them ng, len men hieu kh, 18-20 o c, 4-5 ngay
Dch len men (1-2 o con)
Loai xac, them con (0,5 1 lt)
Len men k kh, 15 18 o c , 6 7 ngay
Vang tho (8 12 o con)
Them con (0,5 1 lt), them nc cho en 100 lit
Len men k kh , 10 - 12 o c, 28 30 ngay
Vang tho (12 16 o con)

Lang loc, loai can ong chai lan I
Vang trong , ban thanh pham
Len men k ph, 10 12 o c, 28 30 ngay
Loai can, ong chai lan II
Vang thanh pham (14 18 o con)
U lanh ( ha tho ), 5 -10 o c
Vang on nh ( co the e nhieu nam)

II . LEN MEN LACTIC VA NG DUNG.

1. C che ly thuyet cua qua trnh len men Lactic
Dung nhom vi khuan len men lactic cho muc ch bao quan va che bien thc
pham chnh la a s dung bien phap tao ieu kien cho mot qua trnh len men co
li, ma trong trng hp nay la qua trnh len men Lactic.
T thi xa xa , khi trnh o van hoa - khoa hoc cua xa hoi loai ngi con het
sc s khai th ngi ta a biet muoi chua cac loai da, ca, cai cu, cai bap, su
hao.va lam sa chua, men chua, e tao mon an cho gia nh
Khi che bien cac mon an tren ngi a ta ap dung c che len men lactic do
vay, ay von la mot bien phap bao quan thc pham co ien va quen thuoc. Cac vi
khuan len men lactic co nhieu trong khong kh, chung thng xam nhap vao cac
dang nguyen lieu giau ng va giau am, no nhan len trong o va tien hanh len
men lactic ngay ga khoi nguyen lieu. Khi muoi chua rau, cu hoac u chua tht,
sa, neu lam ung cach t la a at c ba muc ch
- Thuc ay s phat trien manh me cua cac te bao vi khuan lactic, tao ra mot
lng sinh khoi ln, giup chung lan at c s gay nhiem cua bon tap khuan gay
oi thoi
- Gay chua nguyen lieu do co s tch luy mot lng ang ke axit lactic trong
moi trng, nh vay tao nen v thm ngon cua san pham
- Chuyen rau, cu, tht, sa ve dang chn sinh hoc, do vay chung co kha
nang t bao quan- ngha la co the duy tr c lau hn nhieu so vi nguyen lieu
ban au.
Ngay nay, do trnh o khoa hoc ky thuat a nang cao, nen ngi ta khong ch
s dung bien phap len men Lactic theo kieu dan gian, ma co the phan lap e tach
lay cac giong vi khuan lactic thuan khiet roi chu ong cay vao nguyen lieu theo y
muon.
Cac vi khuan lactic c xep chung vao ho Lactobacteriacae bao gom hai
chi, moi chi co mot so noi thng gap. Theo he thong phan loai cua Bergey th cac
vi khuan lactic c phan chia nh sau:

Lactobacteriacae
Streptococcacae
Lactobacterium
Streptococcus Thermobacterium Betabacterium
Leuconostoc Streptobacterium
ieu kien thch hp cho s sinh trng va hoat ong len men cua vi khuan
lactic la:
+ Nhiet o t 20 22oC
+ PH 3 4,5
+ Nong o muoi an (NaCl): 2 3%
+ Nong o ng: 1 2%
+ K kh hoac vi hieu kh.
Len men lactic la mot trong nhng qua trnh sinh hoa n gian, trong o
dien ra chuyen hoa k kh ng thanh acid lacic, di tac ong cua mot enzyme
co trong moi te bao vi khuan thuoc nhom lactic va khong co cac loai VSV khac.;
o la Lactat dehydrogenaza . Can c vao c che phan ng va loai san pham hnh
thanh, ngi ta chia qua trnh len men lactic thanh hai phng thc nh sau:
len men lactic ong hnh (Homofermentation)
Phng thc nay do nhom vi khuan lactic ong hnh thc hien san pham
len men cua chung cha ti 90 98% acid lactic. Cac san pham phu con lai khong
ang ke.
Phng thc len men lactic d hnh (Heterofermentation)

Phng thc nay do vi khuan len men lactic d hnh thc hien san pham
len men rat a dang trong o acid lactic ch chiem 40 45%, con lai la cac san
pham phu khac, bao gom etanol 20%, acid acetic 10%, cac chat khac 5 10%.

C che len men lactic d hnh t c ng dung trong cong nghiep, nhng
trong cac loai thc an muoi chua theo phng phap dan gian th thong ton tai
song song ca hai qua trnh nay.
C che tong quat cua s len men dien ra nh sau:
CH3CO COOH
NAD H+ 2 H+
2NAD+
C6H12O6 2CH3- CH CHOH COOH

(acid lactic)
V du: Dien bien sinh hoa cua qua trnh len men lactic trong cac san pham rau cu,
qua muoi chua theo phng phap dan gian thng trai qua 3 giai oan nh sau:
Giai oan 1: Muoi an (NaCl) co mat trong moi trng vi nong o 2 3%
lam cho ap suat tham thau lp dch ben ngoai tng oi cao, tao nen traang thai
u trng, do vay, ng va cac chat dinh dng co trong cac te bao rau, cu, qua
khuyech tan vao moi trng. Vi khuan lactic t khong kh du nhap vao nguyen
lieu gap ieu kien thuan li ve dinh dng se nhan len nhanh chong. Luc nay
lng acd lactic con t v toc o len men con cham chap.
Giai oan 2: Quan the vi khuan lactic phat trien manh me, toc o len men
dien ra ao at, lng acid lactic tch tu nhanh va nhieu, o pH trong khoi nguyen
lieu giam ti 3 3,5. khoang pH nay, ch thch hp vi vi khuan lactic, con cac
vi khuan gay thiu, gay thoi khac lai b c che, nh vay vi khuan lactic ngay cang
co v tr ap ao ve so lng va dan dan chiem u the tuyet oi.
Thc pham giai oan nay co hng v thm ngon ac trng va co mau
sac kha hap dan. Trang thai chn sinh hoc cua nguyen lieu ung o oi u. ay
la giai oan quan trong, v no quyet nh chat lng san pham. Neu khong tao
c trang thai len men toi u th de xay ra hien tng khu oi vi rau, cu, qua
va Thiu oi vi tht, sa.
Mot trong nhng nguyen nhan dan en khu va thiu thng vap phai la do
nong o muoi a vao khong thch hp.
Can nhan manh rang nong o 2 3% th vi khuan len men Butiric va
nhom vi khuan E. coli b c che ma khong anh hng en hoat ong cua nhom vi

khuan lactic, neu nh a nong o muoi len cao 5 6% th se c che s phat trien
va s len men cua chnh vi khuan Lactic, ngc lai nong o di 3% th nhieu
tap khuan gay nhiem se nhan len c va canh tranh vi vi khuan Lactic. Nguyen
nhan th hai dan en ngng tre qua trnh len men Lactic la do khong tao c
ieu kien k kh. Neu e khong kh lot vao khoi nguyen lieu se khien cho nhom vi
khuan Lactic khong tien hanh tot viec tch luy Acid Latic vao moi trng t o
dan en nguyen nhan th 3 la o pH khong am bao ngng can thiet. Ngi ta
a xac nh c cac khoang pH thch hp cho cac oi tng VSV co lien quan
en qua trnh len men nh sau:
+ Vi khuan gay thoi hoat ong pH 4,4 5
+ Vi khuan gay benh ng ruot hoat ong manh pH 5 5,5
+ Nam men gay nhiem da, ca, sa, tht hoat ong manh pH 2,5 3
+ Nam moc gay nhiem hoat ong pH 1,2 3
Trong khi o vi khuan Lactic thch hp nhat vi pH 3 4,5. do vay can
duy tr khoang pH nay trong suot khoang thi gian bao quan san pham.
Giai oan 3: Luc nay do lng acid Lactic a c tch tu vi mot lng
kha cao nen pH giam xuong di 3, do vay ban than cac vi khuan Lactic b c che.
Neu c e t nhien th luc nay nhom nam menva nam moc gay nhiem bat au
hoat ong manh, hai oi tng nay co kha nang phan huy acid Lactic thanh CO2
va H2O do vay lam cho san pham b giam, chat lng trong khoi nguyen lieu bat
au co hien tng noi vang, noi bot kh va mat i mui thm cua giai oan trc. V
the, neu la thc an che bien e dung cho gia nh th can tieu thu het trc khi qua
trnh len men chuyen sang giai oan 3. con neu la trong san xuat cong nghe th
ngi ta ngan chan hien tng tren bang cach lu gi cac san pham len men
nhiet o thap (2 40C) ong thi co bo sung them mot loai hoa chat sat trung nao
o (v du: benzoat natri vi nong o 1%, dch chiet cu toi, dch chiet cu rieng
Khi an cac san pham a c che bien theo phng phap Lactic hoa, c
the a ong thi tiep nhan ca mot lng ang ke sinh khoi vi khuan lactic, mot
lng nho acid Lactic va nhng chat dinh dng von co cua nguyen lieu. acid
Lactic cung vi vi khuan Lactic la nhng nhan to giup ch ac lc cho qua trnh
tieu hoa, gay ngon mieng va gop phan duy tr tot s can bang cua khu he VSV co
li c tru trong ng ruot cua c the ngi va ong vat. Nh a noi tren, cac loai
thc pham c bao quan bang phng phap Lactic hoa bao gom 3 nhom:
+ Cac loai rau, cu, qua, da chuot, da leo, cu cai, su hao, cai bap, cai
xanh,ca, sup l, nam m, nam rm

+ Cac loai tht va sa ong vat

+ U chua cac loai co, rm, rau dung lam thc an cho gia suc.
2.Mot so cong thc che bien va bao quan tht, sa, tom bang len men Lactic
Can noi them rang, khi ap dung nhng cong thc nay ,cac ban nen chu y tnh
linh hoat sa oi nhng chi tiet nho e phu hp vi ieu kien cu the trong gia nh
hoac trong xng san xuat cua ban. Khong co mot cong thc hoac mot cong trnh
cong nghe nao la tuyet oi ung cho moi trng hp
a. San xuat sa chua (Yaourt)
* Nguyen tac
Sa chua la mot loai thc pham truyen thong va pho bien cac vung co nghe
chan nuoi bo sa (hoac de, cu , lac a)
T nguyen lieu ban au la sa bo , nh s hoat ong cua cac vi khuan len
men lactic , qua trnh len men dien ra theo hng lactic hoa moi trng ong thi
gay ong tu protein co trong sa, ket qua la sa chuyen t trang thai long sang
trang thai keo set. San pham trang thai chn sinh hoc tr nen co hng v ac
biet hi chua va rat thm ngon.
Khi an sa chua, tom chua, nem chua, ta ong thi ta ong thi s dung ca
sinh khoi vi khuan Lactic va mot lng nho vi khuan Lactic co trong san pham do
vay loai thc an nay va cung cap chat dinh dng lai va co tac dung kch thch
tieu hoa va gi can bang cho he vi khuan ng ruot.
e san xuat sa chua, co the dung sa ti, sa bot, sa ac co ng (sa
hop)

Cong thc phoi che nguyen lieu:

Sa ti 1 lt
ng Saccharose 150 300 g (tuy khau v)
Muoi an 5 10 g
Yaout cai 100 200 g
Ghi chu:
1. co the thay the sa ti bang sa bot (300 400 g) hoaac sa hop (300 400 ml)
2. Co the thay Yaourt cai bang cach cay vi khuan giong thuan (mot ong thach ng
pha trong 100 ml dch hoat hoa)
- Pha moi trng e lam dch hoat hoa vi khuan Lactic theo cong thc sau:
Lactamin (hoac pepton) 20 g
ng Saccharose 20 g
K2HPO4 2g
MgSO4.7H20 0,58 g
MnSO4.4H2O 0,28 g
Acid Citric 2g
Nc chiet gia au 10%
Bo sung nc u u 1 lt
- Moi trng e nuoi cay vi khuan Lactic tren thach ng giong nh tren nhng co bo
sung Agar (20 g)

* Quy trnh che bien

Sa ti ( + ng va muoi , un nhe 800C)
Moi trng len men

+ Yaourt cai hoac giong vi khuan lactic, hoa tan, ong ly 8 16
gi, e 40 500C, ay kn e gi k kh
Ban thanh pham
gi on nh lam lanh 5 100C, 2 3 gi Thanh pham sa
chua (Yauort), neu e tu lanh co the bao quan trong 7 -10 ngay
San pham
- San pham lam ra phai co mau trang nga, hi chua, ngot nhe, co mui
thm ac trng, trang thai ong set va ong nhat.
- Neu thay co mui hoi hoac b va va ong von la b nhiem vi khuan la,
khong nen dung
* Tieu chuan chat lng
+ Nitrogen toan phan 7,2 g/l
+ Acid Lactic 5 10 g/l
+ ng toan phan 40 70 g/l
+ Vitamin A,B,C,D
+ Khong co sinh vat gay benh
b. San xuat mam tom chua (hoac tep chua)
* nguyen lieu chnh:
- Tom nc ngot cat bo au
- Tep nc ngot nhat ky e loai bo san, oc
- Ra sach, e rao nc
* Cong thc phoi che:
Tom ti hoac tep ti 1 kg
ng knh (Saccharose) 250 350 g

Muoi an NaCl 200g

Thnh gao rang (a xay mn) 100 200 g
Ru trang 30 45o 100 200 ml
Toi, t, tieu (tuy khau v)
* Quy trnh che bien.
Nguyen lieu a x ly
+ Bo sung them 100 ml ru, ng, muoi, thnh gao
+ Tron eu, ay nap (phi nang)
Len men Lactic t nhien 7 15 ngay nhiet o 30 350C
Ban thanh pham

+ Bo sung toi, t, tieu, u co nh 1 2 ngay
San pham
+ San pham lam ra phai co mau o ti, co v hm ac trng, co v chua,
ngot, man hoa hp. Neu thay co mui la la b nhiem, phai bo i.
* Tieu chuan chat lng
+ Ham lng chat kho 30%
+ Nitrogen toan phan 20 g/l
+ Nitrogen formol 5 g/l
+ Muoi an NaCl 200 300 g/l
+ ng toan phan 50 g/l
+ Acid Lactic 3 15 g/l
+ Khong nhiem Vi sinh vat gay benh.
Ghi chu: Neu co lam mam theo kieu ngi Hue th khong cho thnh gao,
ong thi co bo sung u u bao nho vao thi iem 1 ngay trc khi an.
Loai mam nay co the bao quan 1 thang ke t khi nguyen lieu at trang
thai chn sinh hoc.

c.San xuat nem chua.

* Nguyen lieu chnh:
- Tht ln nac, loai m, co bo sung b ln luoc thai nho
- Muoi diem tieu (KNO3)
- La vong nem hoac la oi
* Cong thc phoi che: Tht nac loai m 1 kg
B ln luoc thai nho 200 300 g
ng knh (Saccharose) 200 300 g
Muoi an NaCl 200 300 g
KNO3 (diem tieu) 5 10 g
Toi, tieu, t (tuy khau v)
Ru trang 30 45o 5 10 ml
Thnh gao xay mn 100 200 g
La vong nem hoac la oi , La chuoi
* Cach lam:
- Tht heo xay hoac gia nho
- Phoi che nguyen lieu, tron eu goi mot lp la vong hoac la oi, sau o bao kn bang
la chuoi
- Bo cang chat tay cang tot
- Buoc lat hoac giay nylon
- Treo cho thoang, am, gi nhiet o 28 320C trong 2- 4 ngay

* Quy trnh che bien

Tht heo nac
+ Xay nho
+ Tron vao b
Hon hp nghien mn
+ ng, muoi, diem tieu, thnh, ru, gia v
+ ay vai man, e yen 1 2 gi(e vi khuan Lactic xam
nhap vao nguyen lieu)
Moi trng len men (nem ti)
Len men Lactic 28 320C 2 4 ngay ,
Boc la vong, la oi. Bao goi la chuoi
Nem chua thanh pham
- San pham phai co mau o nau, co v thm ac trng. Nem phai ket thanh mot
khoi deo dai, ong nhat, chac chan.
- Nem gi tu lanh co the bao quan c 15 ngay ke t khi chn sinh hoc.
III. LEN MEN ACETIC VA NG DUNG.

1. C che ly thuyet
C chat thch hp nhat cua VK Acetic la ru Etilic. Ban chat cua QT len men Acetic la
mot qua trnh Oxy hoa khong hoan toan , dien ra theo c che tong quat sau:
Alcohol-dehydrogenase
CH3-CH2- OH + O2 CH3-COOH + H2O + xKCAl
Co hai nhom VK Acetic, thc hien oxy hoa hai mc khac nhau :
- VK Acetobacter peroxidans thc hien QT Oxy hoa cao, Acetic ch la san pham tam
thi, sau o no c Oxy hoa tiep thanh cac san pham khac.

- VK Acetobacter suboxydans thc hien QT Oxy hoa thap, san pham cuoi cung la
Axit Acetic, c tch luy ben trong moi trng. Nhom nay oc s dung nhieu trong
CN san xuat dam an va thach da.

Qua trnh phan ng gom hai lan loai Hydro lien tiep
( Oy hoa c chat nh s xuc tac cua cac E. Dehydrogenaza)
Dien bien sinh hoa dc trnh bay theo s o di ay
S o Qua trnh len men Acetic (Vi khuan Acetobacte aceti)
E. Alcohol-dehydrogenase
CH3-CH2- OH CH3 - CHO (acetaldehit)

NADPH2
+ H2 O
OH
CH3 - CH
OH
NADP+ (acetal hydrat)
E. Aldehyt -dehydrogenase
NADPH2
CH3-COOH (Axit Acetic)
2. San xuat dam an:
Dam an la dung dch Acid acetic nong o 6%- 8%.

- Goc giong dung trong san xuat la
Acetobacter aceti
Acetobacter oleanense
Acetobacter xylinum
- Nhiet o thch hp la 30 32 o C
- Nguyen lieu la ru trang hoac ru vang trai cay
*/ Co the thay giong thuan bang cach cho len men t nhien, co bo xung mot
lng nho Axit Acetic e lam moi :
- Vang nho 40ml
- Acid acetic 20ml
- nc chn u 1lit

e trong thau thuy tinh, ay 4 lp vai mung, duy tr nhiet o 30-32 trong 10-15
ngay, thnh thoang khuay tron.
3. San xuat thach da (Nata de coco)

Goc giong: Acetobacter xylinum (giong n hoac cong sinh vi nam men trong
tap oan thuy hoai sam) .
Bao quan giong goc 5- 10 o c, nhan giong 30-32 o c
Phoi che nguyen lieu :
- CH3COOH 5ml
- (NH4)2 S04 8g
- (NH4)2 P04 2g
- ng knh 20g (*)
- Nc cot cm da 100ml
- Nc da gia (11-12 thang tuoi) u 1 lt
pH 4, 5 5
(*) Co the thay the ng knh bang dch r ng qua x ly

Cach x ly r ng:
Loai can bang phng phap tua loi cuon vi zelatin hoac long trang trng,
un nong nhe en 90 o C
Loai mau bang cach cho chay qua cot loc cha than hoat + bong thuy
tinh. Bo xung Axit Sulfuric am ac vi ty le 3 4 ml/kg.

CHNG 4. CONG NGHE VI SINH TRONG X LY CAC CHAT

THAI
I. X ly nc
1. Khai niem, phan loai, thanh phan hoa hoc cua nc thai
Nc thai- con goi la nc cong- la nguon nc a qua s dung, a b o nhiem
bi cac vi sinh vat, cac hp chat vo c va hu c. Trong nc thai thng co 99,9 %
la nc, con lai la cac chat ran l lng (chat ran bay hi, chat ran ket tua, chat ran
bam ). Da vao nguon goc co the chia thanh 4 loai nc thai:
Nc thai sinh hoat :
Do he thong cong ranh t cac khu dan c o vao, cha phan, nc tieu, thc an
tha, ty le chat hu c cao (protein, lipit, tinh bot, H2S ) thng co mui hoi thoi
va co mau en quanh .
Nc thai cong nghiep : t cac nha may, cong xng o vao thng cha nhieu
hoa chat, thuoc mau, dau mo, kim loai nang
Nc thai y te : t cac benh vien, trung tam y te o vao cha nhieu vi khuan
gay benh, mau, mu bong bang, thuoc sat trung
Nc thai nong nghiep : t cac khu trang trai, vn ruong cha d lng thuoc
tr sau, phan hoa hoc
2 . Cac ch tieu anh gia chat lng nc thai

- Cac ch tieu hoa ly (kim loai nang, thuoc tr sau va hoa chat ton d)
- Cac ch tieu vi sinh (TSVKHK, coliform, VKGBR, KST )
- Cac chat l lng ( can lng ket tua, chat lng hoa tan )
- Nhu cau oxy sinh hoc (BOD = BIOLOGICAL OXY Demand) , la lng oxy can
thiet do Vi Sinh Vat s dung e lam sach cac chat ban co nguon goc hu c trong
mot khoang thi gian xac nh, 20 o C
- Nhu cau oxy hoa hoc( COD= CHEMICAL OXY Demand), la lng oxy
can thiet e oxy hoa cac chat vo c trong nc bang tac nhan hoa hoc trong mot
khoang thi gian xac nh 20 o C

V du 1: phan tch mau nc thai cua mot x nghiep che bien hai san
Cac ch tieu ket qua phan tch Tieu chuan Viet Nam cho phep
Coliform: 500 te bao / 1000ml 100 te bao / 1000ml
Nit tong so 160 mg/lt 60

COD 914mg Oxy/lit 400
BOD 640mg Oxy/lit 100
H2S 1,5 mg/lit 1,0
Chat ran l lng 140 mg/lit 200
PH 6,7 59
D1 D2
BOD 5 mg/lit =
P
- D1 lng Oxy hoa tan cua mau luc ban au

- D2 lng Oxy hoa tan cua mau sau 5 ngay
- P khoi lng (hoac the tch ) mau dung e phan tch
- ( BOD5 = Lng Oxy Sinh hoc tieu thu sau 5 ngay )
V du2 : Tieu chuan nc thai cua Trung Quoc (mg/l)
Coliform: 1 te bao /1000ml

BOD5 : 40 150 Can l lng: 400
Xianua: 0,1 Ch: 1,0
Crom (ht.6): 5,0 Cac hp chat phe nol: 0,01
Clorua: 500 PH: 5 9
3. X ly nc thai bang cong nghe vi sinh (CNVS)
Nc thai neu a thang vao cac nguon t nhien ma khong qua x ly hoan chnh se
dan en nhieu hieu qua nghiem trong :

- Gay o nhiem nc sinh hoat, do vay tr thanh nguon lay benh cho ngi va gia xuc,
gia cam
- Lam can kiet nguon Oxy cua nc, dan en huy hoai s song trong nc.
- Gay hoi thoi cho cac sinh canh nc o cac khu du lch, giam gia tr canh quan giai
tr.
Ban chat cua qua trnh x ly nc thai bang cong nghe vi sinh la tan dung kha nang
phan giai cua mot phc he VSV gom nhieu chung loai, nham loai bo cac chat ban hu c
ang co mat trong nc thai vi nhieu nong o khac nhau
Co 3 phng phap chnh e x ly nc thai

- Nhom Phng phap hieu kh( Aerobic processes)
- Nhom Phng phap k kh( Anaerobic processes)
- Cac phng phap x ly t nhien
u iem chung cua nhng phng phap nay la s phan giai dien ra kha triet e,
thiet b n gian, chi ph cho thiet ke xay dng khong ln lam.
A . Nhom Phng phap hieu kh( Aerobic processes)

Nguyen tac chung cua Phng phap nay la qua trnh phan giai cua VSV dien trong
ieu kien pH thch hp, co s tham gia trc tiep cua Oxy khong kh - c a vao he
thong bang cach suc kh lien tuc.
San pham cua s phan giai cac hp chat dang Hydratcacbon la CO2 , H2O va mot
chat cha hydro nao o (AH)
San pham cua s phan giai cac hp chat dang giau Protein la NH3, H2O va AH
Co 3 phng thc tien hanh x ly hieu kh : X ly bang bun hoat tnh, X ly bang phin loc
sinh hoc, X ly bang lp nen gia
*/ X ly bang bun hoat tnh (Activated sludge) :
Phng phap nay thch hp cho vec x ly nc thai sinh hoat.
Bun hoat tnh con goi la bun non, o la mot khoi vat chat dang nhao - xop, trong
o co cha 70% la sinh khoi VSV , con lai la cac tap chat khac. Khu he VSV trong bun
non co hoat tnh Oxy hoa phan giai chat hu c manh, thng bao gom cac chung thuoc
cac giong Actinomyces, bacillus, Corynebacterium, Pseudomonas, Micrococus ; trong o,
giong Pseudomonas co hoat tnh cao hn ca.
Neu trong nc thai co nhieu NH3 , H2S va Fe th can co them cac vi khuan
Nitrobacter, Nitrosomonas, Thiobacillus va Ferobacillus.
He thong thiet b x ly chu yeu bao gom mot be loc, mot be lang va mot he
thong ong dan co van ong m. Be Aeroten thng c lam bang betone cot thep.
Nc lu trong be khong nen qua 12 gi. Qua trnh Oxy Hoa trong be thng dien
ra theo 3 giai oan

- Phan huy cac chat hu c de Oxy Hoa

- Phan huy cac chat hu c kho Oxy Hoa
- Vo c hoa cac chat hu c
Bun co the c cho chay thanh dong cung chieu hoac ngc chieu vi dong nc
thai e a vao be loc, khong kh c suc manh t di ay len. Mot cach khac, bun
c cha san trong be loc, nc thai c xuc t di len con khong kh c suc t
tren xuong va khuay tron lien tuc.
Be Loc Be Lang
Nc thai
Khong can Bu
x nly Bun non
Nc
kh Tai s dung
non a x ly
He thong X ly nc thai bang Bun Hoat Tnh nh cac VSV hieu kh

(Be Aeroten)
Sau khi x ly trong be loc, toan bo hon hp c chuyen qua be lang, tai
ay cac thanh phan c tach rieng biet :
-Nc sach (nc thai a qua x ly co the a ve cac nguon nc t nhien)
-Bun hoat tnh (c thu hoi e tai s dung )
- Can tua (co the dung lam phan bon hu c hoac lam nguyen lieu san xuat
Biogaz).
* X ly bang phin loc sinh hoc (Biofilters) :

Phng phap nay thch hp cho viec x ly nc thai cong nghiep. cau truc cua
phin loc gom mot lp nguyen lieu dang hat ieu che t Pe, Ps, Pv - dung lam chat
mang -c ep thanh lp mang mong -xop, tren be mat hap phu cac sinh khoi song
cua Vi khuan, luc tao Chlorophyceae, vi khuan lam Cyanophyceae, giun at, mot
vai loai Metazoa
Nc thai cho chay t tren xuong be mat cua phin loc, khong kh c phun
manh t di len ; nc sach a qua x ly c thu nhan ben di lp phin loc.
Vi tao co vai tro ac biet quan trong trong viec x ly o nhiem kim loai
nang:
Cac loai thng c dung la Chlorrella, Spirulina, Silic, Cladophoara
Nhieu dan lieu cho thay Vi tao co kha nang thu nhan kim loai nang mc o
rat cao, nong o kim loai nang tc luy trong noi bao cua chung cao gap hang ngan
lan so vi nong o ngoai moi trng.
V du (tnh theo sinh khoi kho) :
- Tao Silic co nong o Zn noi bao cao gap 21.600 lan so voi nong o trong nc
thai
- Chlorella SP. co nong o Cu, Cd, Ni noi bao cao gap 2.500 lan so voi nong
o trong nc thai
(Lam Ngoc tuan, Tap ch BVMT so5/2001, T.25-27)
Co the tom tat c che hap thu kim loai nang cua vi tao nh sau:
Qua trnh dien ra theo 2 pha - (1) Pha hap phu be mat
- (2) pha tch tu noi bao
+ Trong pha (1) cac Ion kim loai c gan len cac diem thu the nam tren be mat te
bao nh nhng lien ket hoa hoc khong ben (lien ket Ion, lien ket cong hoa tr )
+ Trong pha (2) cac Ion kim loai c a qua mang te bao theo c che van chuyen
tch cc , bang cach nay, kim loai co the c tch luy noi bao voi mot lng vo cung
ln ( tuy thuoc vao nhu cau s dung cuac te bao )
Song song voi viec tieu thu kim loai nang, vi tao con s dung CO2 cho
qua trnh quang hp, gop phan lam giam hieu ng nha knh va khac phuc tnh trang
ph dng (eutrophication) cua moi trng nc.
*/. X ly bang lp nen gia
Phng phap nay thc chat la s ket hp cua 2 phng phap tren. He thong loc
gom 3 be x ly lien hoan :
- Be loc c hoc : dung cat va a soi e loai can ln

- Be loc sinh hoc I : dung he thong mang loc sinh hoc e loai cac Ion (Cl-,
Hg, Nh4 , CN -)
- Be loc sinh hoc II : Dung than hoat tnh cha VSV e Oxy hoa phan giai triet
e cac tap chat hu c
B. Phng phap k kh ( Anaerobic processes)

Ban chat cua phng phap nay la s dung to hp VSV k kh e phan giai cac
chat ban huu c trong ieu kien khong co Oxy khong kh. San pham cuoi cung cua
qua trnh phan giai la kh Metan CH4 va kh CO2. V the phng phap nay con c
goi la len men metan . Nhom VSV tham gia c che nay bao gom:
- Methanococus vannielli, Methanosarcina, Methanoruminantium
- Bacillus subtilis, Bacteria meganterium, Bac.cereus
ong thi vi viec loai chat hu c, trong QT.len men Methan cac VSV gay
benh cung b tieu diet het.

Dien bien sinh hoa cua QT.len men Methan nh VSV K kh nh sau
Lipit Lignin Gluxit Protein
Axit beo phan t ln Hp chat nhan thm ng Axit Amin
CT. Krebs Keto axit
A. Pyruvic
A. Propionic
A. Acetic
A. lactic Etilic
H2, CO2 A.Lactic

A. Formic
A.Butilic
CH4 + CO2
CH4 + H2O

* He thong thiet b len men Methan gom 3 be lien hoan:

- Be 1 : cac VSV phan giai ngoai bao chuyen cac cao phan t thanh cac n phan
- Be2 :VSV len men A.acetic va A.Lactic, tao nhieu H2
- Be 3 : VSV len men Methan
* e qt phan huy dien ra on nh can co bien Phap kiem soat sinh hoc cac be
Methan bang cach theo doi nong o cac chat oc trong dong nc thai i vao,
tranh cho thiet b phai lam viec qua tai.
*Trong len men k kh cac Axit beo bao hoa hnh thanh (do phan ng -
Oxyhoa) se ket hp vi H2 tao thanhaxit Octanic - chat nay co hoat tnh diet
khuan rat manh
II- X ly rac
1- Phan loai rac thai
Rac thai con goi la chat phe thai ran (e phan biet vi nc thai)
Can c vao nguon goc, co the chia rac thanh 3 loai chnh :
- Rac thai sinh hoat :
Cha nhieu cac chat hu c sinh hoc nh Cellulose, Protein, Tinh bot, Lipit
- Chat phe thai cong nghiep nang (luyen kim, khai thac mo)
Cha nhieu Ion kim loai nang, dau mo
- Chat phe thai cong nghiep nhe khong lien quan en sinh hoc
(nhuom, det, san xuat my pham - giay- cac chat tay ra ).
Cha nhieu pham nhuom, kiem, axit, ester
- Chat phe thai cong nghiep nhe co lien quan en sinh hoc
( Che bien thc pham - sua - ng ma, san xuat phan bon )
Cha nhieu cac hp chat hu c.
Can lu y la trong hau het cac loai phe thai luon san co mot khu he VSV
t nhien vi so lng ln, chungco kha nang s dung cac c chat tng ng
bang cach tiet ra cac Enzim ngoai bao e phan giai c chat thanh cac san pham
trung gian dang nhao & quanh bao gom nhng phan t nho hn, e hap thu
hn. Khi thc hien QT phan giai nay cac quan the VSV ong thi sinh trng va
phat trien manh khien cho sinh khoi tang nhanh - v the, san pham trung gian vo
hnh chung a tr thanh mot loai bun hoat tnh ac trng trong o cha mot
khu he VSV phong phu- a dang va mot lng chat dinh dng phu hp cho
hoat ong hoai sinh cua chung.

X ly phe thai bang CNVS chnh la s dung nhng chung VSV co kha nang
phan giai cac thanh phan co trong chat thai e chuyen nhanh chat thai thanh loai
bun hoat tnh; tiep o , lai dung VSV ket hp vi cac bien phap cong nghe e x ly
chuyen hoa bun hoat tnh thanh cac san pham co ch khac (nh phan bon, thc an
gia xuc, kh ot )
Giong VSV dung cho muc ch nay co the la nhng quan the san co trong
c chat t nhien hoac chu ong cay giong thuan vao ni thu gom phe thai.
Tuy thuoc vao thanh phan cua moi loai phe thai ma la chon cac chung VSV va
thiet ke quy trnh sao cho phu hp.
Muc tieu chung cua cac qua trnh X ly la:
- Phan huy cac chat vo c va hu c trong rac
- Phuc hoi cac vong tuan hoan vat chat trong t nhien ( N,P,K,S)
- Cac san pham sau x ly phai khong co oc to, khong co mui hoi, co the
chuyen thanh cac nguon vat chat co gia tr, di dang nhien lieu hoac hp
chat hu c thong dung
2 Phan huy cac hp chat hu c cao phan t
Cac hp chat hu c cao phan t trong phe thai thng bao gom nhieu nhat
la Cellulose, lignin, cac chat tay ra, protein.
a. Phan huy Cellulose

Cellulose co nhieu trong rac thai sinh hoat, phe lieu CN giay va CN ma
ng.
Nh phng phap phan tch bang tia Rnghen ngi ta a biet Cellulose co
cau tao dang si. Cac si Cellulose t nhien thng cha khoang 14.000 - 20.000
goc Glucozid lien ket nhau bang lien ket 1,4 glucozid. Cac si nay lien ket
thanh bo nho goi la cac micofibrin. Cellulose la hp chat kha ben vng, khong tan
trong nc (ch b phong len khi hap thu nc)
VSV phan giai Cellulose la nh co phc he Enzim Cellulaza do chung tiet
vao moi trng xung quanh. Cellulaza co hoat tnh toi u pH trung tnh hay acid
nhe. Phc he Enzim gom 4 thanh phan :
- Cellobiohydrolaza (C1)
- Endogluconaza (Cx1) , Exogluconaza (Cx2)
- -glucosidaza (E4), con goi la Cellobiaza
S phan giai Cellulose co the dien ra theo hai c che , co s khac biet giai
oan Cuoi (E4)

Trong ieu kien hieu kh san pham phan giai duy nhat la Glucose
VSV thuoc nhom nay bao gom : Vi khuan Cellulomonas, sporocytophaga,
myxoceceoides, Cellvibrio, Acetobacter xylinum. Xa khuan Stretomyces
antibioticus
Trong ieu kien k kh VSV tao thanh nhieu san pham khac nhau, bao
gom cac axit hu c va ru.
VSV thuoc nhom nay bao gom cac vi khuan thuoc giong Ruminoccocus,
nhieu nhat la R. Albus va R.flavejaciens , loai th hai thng gap la trc khuan
Bacteoides Succinogens (dien bien tng t nh tren nhng khac giai oan E4)
San pham phan giai k kh thng gap la: A. Sucinic, A. Acetic, A.Formic,
Etano, H2, O2.
b. Phan giai Protein

Protein co nhieu trong rac thai sinh hoat, trong phe thai CN che bien thc
pham va CN che bien sa (nhu tng sa )
Vai tro cua VSV chnh la thong qua cac qua trnh amon hoa - phan giai
Protein , Ure, acid uric, kitin e bien chat thai nay thanh cac dang hu ch.
a. Qua trnh amon hoa ure:
Ure la loai hp chat hu c n gian cha ti 46,6% nit. Vi khuan amon
hoa ure c Pasteur phat hien t nam 1962. Cac loai vi khuan co hoat tnh amon
hoa ure cao la:
- Cau khuan: Micrococcus ureae, planosarcina ueae, Sarcina hansenii
- Trc khuan: Bacillus pasteurii, proteus Vulgaris, Pseudobacterium ureolyticum
Nhieu loai nam moc va xa khuan cung co kha nang amon hoa manh ure. Vi
khuan ure thng thuoc loai hieu kh hay k kh khong bat buoc. Chung phat trien
tot trong cac moi trng trung tnh hay hi kiem. Chung khong s dung c
Carbon trong ure, ure ch c dung lam nguon cung cap nit oi vi chung. Vi
khuan ure sinh ra Enzim Ureaza xuc tac qua trnh phan giai ure thanh NH3, CO2
va H20
ureaza
CO(NH2)2 + 2H2O (NH4)2CO3
(NH4)2CO3 2NH3 + CO2 + H2O

c. Qua trnh amon hoa protein
Rat nhieu VSV co kha nang amon hoa protein

+ Vi khuan: Bacillus mycoides, clostridium sporogenes, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Bac.
Subtilis
+ Xa khuan: streptomyces griceus, Streptomyces rimosus
+ Nam: Aspergillus oryae, penicillium camemberti, mucor
S o Tong Quat
Protein trong phe thai
Proteaza
Oligopeptide mot phan c VSV hap thu
Peptidaza
Axit Amin Phan giai noi bao
San pham trung gian, NH3, CO2, H2O
Thc an gia suc

Tao mun
Di tac dung cua proteaza, cac protein c phan giai thanh cac hp chat
n gian hn (Polypeptide va Olygopeptide). Cac chat nay tiep tuc phan giai
thanh acid amin nh tac dung cua men Peptidaza ngoai bao. Cac chat nay co the
trc tiep hap thu vao te bao VSV, sau o c tiep tuc chuyen hoa thanh acid
amin. Cac acid amin nay se c s dung mot phan vao qua trnh sinh tong hp
protein cua VSV, mot phan tiep tuc phan giai e tao ra NH3, CO2 va nhieu san
pham trung gian khac.

V du: Phe thai CN che bien sa la nhu tng sa , cha nhieu cazein,
Lactose,
vitamin va khoang. Dung nam men va vi khuan e phan giai va tiep o che
bien thanh thc an cho gia xuc- gia cam hoac lam phan bon.
III . X LY MOT SO CHAT THAI CONG NGHIEP NH VSV
1. X ly phe thai cua CN che bien sa

Sa ti co the dung e san xuat cac loai san pham sau :
- Sa toan phan, bao gom sa ac dang dch quanh, sa bot, kem sa (s dung
ca ng lactose, lippit va cazein)
- B ( tach rieng phan lipit e s dung, loai ng lactose va cazein)
- Phoma (tach rieng phan cazein e s dung, loai ng lactose va lipit)
Phan phe thai cua cac cong nghe che bien tren c goi chung la huyet thanh
sa (HTS) Thanh phan HTS khac nhau tuy vao quy trnh san xuat, song nhn chung
trong o ton d nhieu protein, ng lactose va cac chat khoang. HTS co the c x
ly nh VSV theo hai hng sau:
- X ly e thu nhan che pham giau protein- dung lam thc an gia suc
- X ly e thu nhan phe thai - dung lam phan bon

*/ S o san xuat thc an gia suc t phe thai cong nghiep che bien sa
Sa nguyen lieu Che bien Phoma, kem sa
Huyet thanh sa
Can giau Protein Ly tam
Dch loc (Lactose, vitamin,

Dch thuy phan protein khoang va A. Lactich )
-Vi khuan Lactic -Nam men (3)va (4)

Thc an gia suc -Nam Men (1) va (2)
Sinh khoi giau protein Dch giau protein
Thc an gia suc Thc an gia suc
Ghi chu: 1- Lactobacillus bulgaricus 2- Candida krusei

3- Kluyveromyses fragili 4- Candida intermedia

*/ S o san xuat phan bon t phe thai cong nghiep che bien sa
Che bien
Sa nguyen lieu Cac san pham
Nc thai
Loai m, trung hoa
Len men Metan
Bun hoat tnh
Phan bon Nc a x ly
2.- X ly phe thai cua CNSX cac chat tay ra
Cac chat tay ra thng cha 30% chat hoat ong be mat tc la cac hp
chat Alkyl (alkylbenzosulphonate). Phan con lai la cac chat tay trang, chat tao
bot, Enzim va cac chat phu gia. Cac chat thng dung la :
- Trisodiumphosphat = TDP
- Nitryltriacetat = NTA
- Carboxymethyl succinat = CMS

- Oxydiacetate = ODA
- Ethylenglycol diacetat =EGDA
Ban au ngi ta dung chu yeu la TDP, song chung la nhng chat gay o nhiem
MT nghiem trong, v the ngi ta thay the bang cac chat khong cha P
Vai tro cua VSV chu yeu la phan giai cac chat phu gia gay o nhiem MT
Dung to hp VSV trong bun hoat tnh va che pham EM (Effective
Microorganisms) e x ly cac hp chat tren (VSV phan giai lan x ly TDP, VSV tiet
Enzim Liase ngoai bao x ly cac chat CMS, ODA, EGDA)

Vi Sinh Hoc Ung Dung

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TRNG AI HOC A LAT

ThS. BCH PHNG LAN

ThS. Bach Phng Lan Khoa Sinh hoc

IV. KIEM NGHIEM THC PHAM .................................................................... - 41 -

ThS. Bach Phng Lan Khoa Sinh hoc

Th.s Bach Phng Lan

ThS. Bach Phng Lan Khoa Sinh hoc

CHNG 1. SAN XUAT SINH KHOI NAM MEN VA SINH KHOI VI

I. GIA TR DINH DNG CUA NAM MEN

- Protein va cac hp chat cha Nit: 40 -60%

- Cac chat khac 6 - 7%

V du: (Tnh theo trong lng kho).

- Lizin 4,4 - 5,7 %

- Methionin 1,2 - 1,8 %

- Sistein 1,2 - 1,8 %

- Treonin 2,8 - 3,6 %

- Tryptophan 0,57 - 0,7 %.

ThS. Bach Phng Lan Khoa Sinh hoc

nam men th ty le vitamin B3 cao hn 5 - 10 lan, ty le vitamin B4 cao hn 4 - 6 lan, ty

- Thiamin (B1) 156,0 mg/Kg trong lng kho.

- Riboflavin (B2) 100,0 -------

- Axit Pantotenic (B3) 100,0 ---- ---

- Axit Cholic (B4) 710,0 -------

- Piridoxin (B6) 020,0 -------

- Niaxin (PP) 022,0 -------

- Axit Folic 013,0 -------

- Inoziton 500,0 -------

Ngoai ra con co Esgosterin, mot tien chat cua vitamin D2.

ThS. Bach Phng Lan Khoa Sinh hoc

II - NHAN GIONG VA GI GIONG NAM MEN

- Ong giong thach nghieng.

- Giong ong kho dang bot.

- Giong men dang bot quanh (dang past)

- Giong de b thoai hoa, giam hoat tnh

- Moi quan the giong ch dung c mot lan .

- Polyvinyl chorid (PVC)

ThS. Bach Phng Lan Khoa Sinh hoc

- Methacrylic acid (MAAc) cha nhom chc Carboxyl (-COOH).

- Acrylamide acid (Aam) cha nhom chc amni (-NH2).

- o trng nc cua gia the.

ThS. Bach Phng Lan Khoa Sinh hoc

III- KHAO SAT CAC CH TIEU SINH HOC CAN THIET

Thi iem sinh khoi at cc ai (tnh bang gi)

2. Hoat tnh len men: (bang phng phap Durgham)

The hien qua ch so sinh CO2, c anh gia qua 2 ch tieu:

Thi iem tao bot kh CO2 au tien (gi).

o noi toi a cua phao Durgham (Lf).

Nhng phng phap dung trong khao sat:

Cach tien hanh:

ThS. Bach Phng Lan Khoa Sinh hoc

Cho vao moi ong 5ml moi trng Hansen.

b. So o uc tren may so mau quang pho hap phu (Electrophotometre)

Cach tien hanh:

ThS. Bach Phng Lan Khoa Sinh hoc

Cac phan ng: ( xay ra ieu kien pH = 9 )

R CH COOH + NaOH R CH COONa + H2 O

Cach tien hanh:

Them 5ml formol, nho vai giot phenolphtalein e lam ch th mau.

Lac eu bang may khuay t t cho en khi kim ch pH on nh.

ThS. Bach Phng Lan Khoa Sinh hoc

Dung HCl 0,1N chuan o ngc tr lai cho en pH trung tnh.

V2: Tong lng HCl 0,1N dung e chuan o bnh TN.

V1: Tong lng NaOH 0,1N dung e chuan o bnh KT.

V2: Tong lng HCl 0,1N dung e chuan o bnh KT.