11111 ~ 11111111111 ~ 1111111111111 ~ 11I111 ~IIIIII

~ 0 8 0 1 9 1 88·

:::::::===::..--------== --_

-. -.

AMON

•

NGUYEN LAM DONG

Nhap moo

? "" A K

xtr L Y TIN HIEU SO

•

NHAxuXT BAN KHOA HOC vA KfTHUAT

" . .

HA N(n - 2004

LM noi daD

Quyin each nay duac viet dilam tai lieu. hoc tg,p mon. hoc " Xit lj tin hi~u so'" cho sinh oien va kj szt cdc nganh. di~n tit, viln thong, do luang, dUu khiin, va cdc nganh. khac co lien quan, vm thai luang mon. hoc 60 den 75 tiit (4 den 5 hoc trinh). Sdch. duoc viet treti co sd tham hluio nhi€u tai lieu. v€ Xit lj tin hieu so' va cdc mon° hoc hluic co lien quan nhzt Lj thuyit mach, Kj thutit so: Kj thtuit vi xit lj, Totin, cling nhzt dztcjc t(ip hap tit cdc bai giang mon hoc cua tac gui va dfi dztC/c bd xung, hoan thien qua cdc oong gidng dg,y.

Xit lj tin hieu s{/ la mot linli uuc khoa hoc kj thuiu. ri)ng, co khot luang kien thuc ldn. va nhieu huang phat triin hhac nhau. Niji dung quyin sach. nay t(ip trung trang bi cho ngztili hoc nhftng kie'n, thuc co ban va quan trong nluii cua linh. ouc xit lj tin hieu so: Do la nhiing kitn thuc nluip mon lam cd sd cho nguai hQC co thi tiep tuc hoc t(ip va nghien. cUU sdu han trong cdc huimg phat triin hluic nhau cua linh. vue xit l:y tin hieu s6: d6ng thiti giup ngztili hoc tiep thu cdc mon hoc hhac co lien quan d b(ic dai hoc.

Do xit lj tin hieu. s6' la mi)t mon hoc mdi, nen oiec sit dung mijt sf/ thutit ngft va hluii niem trong cdc tai lieu v€ xit l.Y tin hieu s6' dii duoc xuat ban con chzta duoc th6ng nhdt, d(Lc bi~t co nhftng thutit ngft duoc dich. sat nghia tit tieng Anh rna khong sit dung thuiit ngft co kluii niem. tuang ung dfi co trong tieng Vi~t. Trong quyin sach. nay, tac gui dfi c6' gang xac dinh. chinh xdc va lam rii mijt s6' hluii niem va thuiu ngft, d6ng thai dua uao sit dung mijt uai tluuit ngft nhu " d(Lc tinh xung ", "d(Lc tinh t6n s6''', " ham h~ th6ng ", ... Day la nhftng thuat ngft dfi duac sit dung trong mon hoc lj thuyit mach, la man hoc rat g6n va co nhieu. net tuang

d6ng vm xit lj tin hieu. s6: .

Khi viet quyin sach. nay, tdc gid dfi c6' gang diln dat cdc van d€ mijt each. ro rang, ngiin gon. va chinh xac, sap xep cdc van d€ thea trinh tlj hap lj di nguiti h9C dl tiep thu kien thuc, De" tao thtuin. lai cho nhftng nguai tlj h9C, trong m6i ph6n lj thuyet tdc gia d€u dzta ra va giai cdc vi du. nhiim giup nguiti hoc dl ruim. duac lj thuyet va biet each v(i_n dung di guii cdc bai uip.

Niji dung cua each. g6m co 5 chuang nhzt sau :

Chuang m(Jt : Tin hieu. s6' va h~ xit lj s6:

Chuang hai: Ung dung bien ddi z pluiti tich h~ xit lj s6:

Chuang ba: Ung dung bien ddi Fourier phtin. tich tin hi~u s6' va h~ xit lj s6:

Chuang b6n : Ung dung bien ddi Fourier rei rae ph/in. tich tin hieu. s6' va h~ xit lj s6:

Chuang niim : B(J loc s6' co d{ic tinh xung hftu han, pha tuyer: tinh.

Chuang mQt trinh briy nhiing hluii niem cd ban v€ tin hieu va h~ xli lj tin hieu, cdc phiamg phap bie"u di~n tin hieu. so'va mo ta h~ xli lj so: ciing nhzt cdc cong cu todn hoc di nghien cuu, phan tich ua ti/ng hop tin hieu so' va h~ xli lj so'theo ham thai gian.

Cdc cluamg hal, ba va bon trinh briy cdc cong Cl;l todn. hoc hhac la bien do?i Z, bien d& Fourier, bien d& Fourier riti rae va cdc phuang phop zing dung chung di ph/in. tich tin hieu. so' va h~ xli lj so: Cac phep bien d& tren. dii giup cho vi~c guii quye't nhieu. bai todn. ph/in. tich tin hieu. so' va h~ xli lj so'trd neti d~ dang han, di€u do dii tao ra slj phat trien. vzt(lt b(ic cua nhieu ky thiuit co zing dung xli lj tin hi~u so:

Chuang ruim chi gidi han. trinh briy phuang pluip ph/in. tich oa t6'ng hap cdc bQ loc so' co dij,c tinh xung hilu han, pha tuyer: tinh. Day la nhiing kien thiic cd ban di ngzt.di hoc co co sd nghien. cuu stiu. han"V€ ph/in. tich va tdng hap cdc bQ loc so' noi rieng, ciing nhzt cdc h~ xli lj so' noi chung.

Tdc gia chan thanh. cam an su giup diJ va nhilng j hien. dong gop cho quyin sach. nay clla cdc thriy va d6ng nghiep, PGS-TS D6 Huy Giac, Th.S Nguyen. Van Th.uac d Hoc uien. ky thud: qtuin. su, va PGS- TS Pham Thztqng Han, d truitng Dg,i hoc bach khoa n« NQi.

Ttic gui ciing chan thanh. cam an TS Nguy~n Quoc Trung, TS Quach Turin Ngoc, TS Duong Ti:t Cuimg, la nhiing nguiti dii co sdch. rna tac gui sli dung nhieu. de" tham hluu» khi viet quye"n sdch. nay.

Tuy tac gui dii co .rfit nhieu. co' g&ng, nhztng day la ldn. driu xutit ban, nen. trong quyin sdch. nay chdc chdn con nhiing thie'u sot, tdc gia rdt mong nhiin. duac cdc j kien trao do?i ua dong gop cua cdc d6ng nghiep va dQc gui de" ldn. tai ban sau nQi dung sdch. duac hoan. thien. han.

Cdc j hien. trao d& va dong gop biing thu xin glii v€ dia chi :

Nguyen Lam Dong, BQ moti Lj thuyet mach. - Do luimg, Khoa Vo tuyen. dien tli, Hoc oien. ky thtuit qutin. su, 100 duimg Hoang Quoc Vi~t, Ha NQi. De" trao di/i true tiep, xin gt;Ji den so'may nha rieng 04-7320365 hoiic so' may di dQng 090.328.70.71. Tdc gia riit mong nhiin. dztqc ua xin chan thanh. cam an moi j kien dong gop va trao ddi.

TS Nguy~n Lam Dong

4

cAc cuff VIET TAT DUNG TRONG sAcu

ADC : BQ bien d6i tuong tl,1 86 ( Analog Digital Converter ).

DAC : BQ bien d6i 86 tuong tu ( Digital Analog Converter ).

DFT : Phep bien d6i Fourier roi rae ( Discrete Fourier Transform ), bien d6i Fourier roi rae thuan.

FIR : Dac tinh xung hiiu han ( Finite - Duration Impulse Response ).

FT : Phep bien d6i Fourier (Fourier Transform), bien d6i Fourier thuan

FFT : Thuat toan tinh DFT nhanh ( Fast Fourier Transform).

IDFT : Bien d6i Fourier roi rae nguoc ( Inverse Discsete Fourier Transform)

1FT : Bie'n d6i Fourier nguoc ( Inverse Fourier Transform).

IIR : Dlllc tinh xung vo han ( Infinite - Duration Impulse Response).

IZT : Bie'n d6i Z nguoc ( Inverse Z Transform).

RC : Mien hQi tu cua bien d6i Z ( Region of Convergence).

zr : Phep bien d6i Z (Z Transform), bien d6i Z thuan.

TTBB : Tuyen tinh bat bien,

TTBBNQ : Tuyen tinh bat bien nhan qua.

5

Chuang mot

, A ,..." A ? , A:'

TIN HI~U SO VA H~ XULY SO

ChU'dng mot trinh bay cac khili ni~m co ban ve tin hi~u va h~ xl! Iy tin hi~u n6i chung, cling nhU' tin hi~u 56 va h~ xl! Iy 56 n6i riimg, cac each bi~u dien tin hi~u 56 va h~ xl! Iy 50, cac phU'dng phap phan tich h~ xl! Iy 50 theo ham thai gian.

1.1 KHAI NI~M vt TiN HI~U

vA H~ XULY TiN HI~U

D~ xac dinh d6i tuong va pharn vi nghien cuu cua linh vue xli 15' tin hieu sO', truck het Cl1n nam duoc cac khai niern va thuat ngfi co ban ve tin hieu va cac h~ xli 15' tin hieu,

1.1.1 Khcii ni~m va phin lo~i tin hi~u

1.1.1a Kh6i ni,m ve tin hi,u : Tin hieu la mot dang vdt chat co mot dai luang vdt Iy duac bien ddi thea quy ludt cua tin tuc.

Co nhieu loai tin hieu khac nhau, vi du nhu cac tin hieu am thanh, anh sang, song am, song dien tu, tin hieu dien .... vv ... M6i llnh vue ky thuat thuong sli dung mQt sO' loai tin hieu nhat dinh. Trong cac Iinh vue co ung dung ky thuat dien tli, nguoi ta thuong sli dung tin hieu dien va song dien tu, vdi dai luong mang tin tire co th~ la di~n ap, dong dien, tlin sO' hoac goc pha.

M6i loai tin hieu khac nhau co nhirng tham sO' d~c trung rieng, tuy nhien ta't ca cac Ioai tin hieu dgu co cac tham sO' co ban la dQ IOn (gia tri), nang luong va c6ng suflt,chinh cac tham s6 do noi len ban chat vat chat cua tin hieu

Tin hi~~ duoc bi~u di~n dudi dang ham cua bien thoi gian xit), hoac ham cua bien t~n sO' X(/) hay X( to).

1.1.1b Phon IOQi tin hitu

Theo dang cua bien thoi gian t va gia tr] ham sO' xtt), nguoi ta phan loai tin hieu nhu sau :

1. Tin hieu lien tuc xtt) la tin hieu co bien thai gian t lien t~IC.

Tin hieu lien t\1C xac dinh lien t\1C theo thoi gian, vdi gia tri ham sO' co th~ bien thien lien t\1C hoac duoc luong tli hoa, va co th~ t6n tai cac di~m gian doan loai mot hoac loai hai.

Tren hinh l.la la d6 thi cua tin hieu lien t\1C co gia tri lien tuc, Tren hinh l.lb la d6 thi cua tin hieu lien tuc co gia tri luong tli hoa tU

7

tin hieu tren hinh 1.1a. Tren hinh 1.1c la d6 thi cua tin hieu lien t\1C co gia tri gian doan loai mot,

xit)

tx(nJ

'-- -=-.thlL~n

4 2 O~---------------4~t

a. Gia tr] lien tuc,

b. Gia tr] 111c;mg tll.

Hinh 1.1 : Do th] cac tin hi~u lien tuc,

c. Gia tr] qian doan.

2. Tin hieu roi rae x(nT) la tin hieu c6 bien thai gian gian doan t = nT.

Tin hieu rei rae chi xac dinh a nhirng thoi di~m gian doan t = nT, khong xac dinh trong cac khoang thoi gian a giira hai di~m gian doan.

Co th~ bien d6i tin hieu lien t\1C x(t) thanh tin hieu roi rae xin'I'), qua trinh do duoc goi la roi rae hoa tin hieu lien tuc. Dinh ly Iffy m:1u la co sa d~ thuc hien roi rae hoa tin hieu lien t\1C rna khong lam thay d6i thong tin mang trong no. Qua trtnh roi rae hoa tin hieu lien t\1C con duoc goi la qua trinh Iffy m:1u.

Tren hinh 1.2a la d6 thi cua tin hieu roi rae co gia tri lien t\1C (co th~ nhan gia tri bfft ky tai m6i thoi di~m rdi rae), Tren hinh 1.2b la tin hieu roi rae co gia tri duoc luong tli hoa ttl tin hieu tren hinh 1.2a

x(nT)

x(nT)

a. Gia tr! HEm tuc,

b. Gia tr] duoc IUQng tu hoc.

Hinh 1.2 : Do th! ccc tin h~u rol rQC.

3. Tin hieu luang ti} la lin hieu chi nhan cac gia tri xac dinn bang .w"/ nguyen ldn mot Ria tri ca sif g9i la gia tri luang ttl.

Qua trrnh lam tron tin hieu co gia trj lien tuc hoac gian doan thanh tin hieu luong tli duoc goi la qua trinh hrong tli hoa.

Tren hinh LIb la tin hieu lien t\1C duoc hrong tli hoa tit tin hieu tren hinh 1.1a. Tren hinh 1.2b la tin hieu roi rae duoc lirong tli hoa ttl tin hieu tren hinh 1.2a ..

4. Tin hieu tilling tl! la lin hi¢u lien tuc c6 gid tri lien tuc hodc 11I(1ng tli.

Nhieu tai lieu goi tin hieu tuong tlJ theo tieng Anh la tin hieu

Analog. Cac tin hieu lien tuc tren hinh 1.1a va 1.1 b la tin hieu tuong tu, 5. Tin hieu xung la lin hieu C() Ria tri ham slf doan loai m(JI.

Tin hieu xung c6 th~ la tin hieu lien tuc hoac roi rae. Tren hinh 1.lc la tin hieu xung lien tuc mot cue tinh, con tren hinh l.2 la cac tin

hieu xung roi rl;lc. .

6. Tin hieu Sf)' Id mot nhom xung dlf{/e md hoa theo gia tri 1[{{InR Itt cua tin hieu tai cae Ihifi diem rai rae each diu nhau.

. M6i xung cua tin hi~~ so bi~u thi mot bit cua tlt rna, n6 chi c6 hai mire dien ap, mire thilp la gia tri logic "0" , mire cao la gia tri logic "1".

So xung (so bit) cua tin hieu so la d9 dai cua tlt rna. Tin hieu so c6 8 bit duoc goi la mot byte, con tin hieu so c6 16 bit bang hai byte duoc goi la mot tit (hoac goi theo tie'ng Anh la word).

Nhieu tai lieu goi tin hieu so theo tieng Anh la tin hieu Digital.

Tin hieu so thuong duoc rna h6a theo rna nhi phan (Binary Code), rna co so tarn (Octal Code), rna co so muoi sau (Hexadecimal Code), rna nhi thap phan (Binary Coded Decimal), rna ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) ....

Gia trj rna cua tin hieu so duoc goi la so lieu (Data), n6 chinh la thong tin chua dung trong tin hieu. So lieu la anh XI;l cua tin hieu so, do , d6 cac tac d9ng len so lieu cung chinh la tac dong len tin hieu.

T'ren hinh 1.3 la d6 thi cua tin hieu so 4 bit c6 gia tri rna nhi phan tai thoi di~rn OT la 0110 , tai 1Tla 0011 , tai 2Tla 1011 , ....

Hit t [ .NT
0 0
Hit t
1 0 .NT
Hit t L
1 1 .NT
Hit t C
~ .NT
OT IT 2T 3T -1T fiT 6T Hinh 1.3: D6 th! tIn hieu 56 b6n bit vo rna nh! phon cue no.

Nh U vay, tin hieu so la tin hieu rdi rae, c6 gia tri hrong tli va dUQC rna h6a. C6 th~ bien d6i tin hieu lien tuc thanh tin hieu so, qua trinh d6 dUQC goi la so h6a tin hieu lien tuc. Qua trinh so h6a tin hieu lien tuc duoc thuc hien qua 3 buoc la :

- Roi rae h6a tin hieu lien tuc, hay con goi la lily mau.

- LUQng tli h6a gia tri cac mau.

- Ma h6a gia tri Iuong tli cua cac mau.

Tren hinh 1.4 mo ta qua trinh so h6a cac tin hieu tuong tv va tin hieu xung thanh tin hieu so 4 bit. Khi so h6a tin hieu tuongtu se gay ra

9

sai so luong tli (xem hinh l.4a), nhung khi so hoa tin hieu xung thi ngoai sai so hrong' tli con co sai so v~ pha (xem hinh l.4b).

x(t)

xtt)
4
2
n t
X(NT~l
x(NT .~ NT U~NT

en o n~NT

; NT ~

a. s6 noo tin hieu tuong tu

4 2 OL-~~==~~~====~.t

x(NT)T .... , ... , .•. ;

4 2 NT n~~~~~~~~~~~

x(NT)

4 2 NT

o .__~~..._-~~-..._~~

Hit t~~_O~~~~~~~~~~NT Hit.1:... .............

t r ~NT

Hit l

NT

Hit ~::::.__._...IT1.....;-, ....... --r-i:~NT

tn

Hinh 1.4 : Qua trinh s6 h6a tin hi~u lien tuc,

b. s6 noo tin hleu xung.

Ca ba budc cua qua trinh so hoa tin hieu lien tuc duoc thuc hien tren bQ bien d6i tuong tv so, vie't uit la ADC (Analog Digital Converter).

D~ bien d6i tin hieu so thanh tin hieu tuong tv, sli dung bQ bien d6i so tuong tv, vie't d.t la DAC (Digital Analog Converter). Tin hieu tuong tv d dllu ra cua DAC co gia trj luong tli nhu tren hinh l.lb .

1.1.2 Khai ni~m va phsn lo~i h~ xl! Iy tin hi~u

1. 1.2 a Kh6i ni,m ve xu Iy tin hltu va ht xu Iy tin hitu

1. Xii Ij tin hieu la thuc hien cdc tac dong len tin hieu nhu khuyech dai, suy gidm, chon loc, bien dbi, khoi phuc .... gia tri va dang cua tin hieu.

2. H¢ xii Ij tin hieu la cac mach dien.sxu: thief hi, cac h¢ thong dung di Xl' ty tin hieu.

Vf}.y xli ly tin hieu dong nghia vdi gia cong tin hieu, va h~ xli ly tin hieu thuc hien cac tac dQng len tin hieu theo mot quy luat nhat dinh.

10

H~ xli ly tJn hieu co th~ chi la m9t mach dien don gian, ciing co

th~ la nhimg thiet bi hoac h~ thong phuc tap. ,

M6i h~ xli ly tin hieu cho du la don gian hay phuc tap d~u co nhung d~c thu rieng phu thuoc vao loai tin hieu n1a no xu ly, Cac loai tin hieu khac nhau dn co cac h~ xli ly tin hieu khac nhau. Vi the', viec phan tich va t6ng hop cac h~ xli ly tin hieu luon g~n li~n vdi viec nghien

cuu va phan tich loai tin hieu rna no xli ly. .

1.1.2b Phon IOQi cec hf xu Iy tin hifu

Cac h~ xli ly tin hieu duoc phan loai theo nhieu each khac nhau, d day trinh b~y each phan loai theo tin hieu rna no xli ly.

1. H~ tuong tu : (Analog System) La cac mach, thiet hi va /i¢ thdng de' XII Iy tin hieu luang tu.

Nhi~u tai lieu goi h~ tuong tu thea tie'ng Anh la h~ Analog.

2. H~ xung : (Impulse System) La cac mach, thiet hi va h¢ thong de' XII Iy tin hieu xung.

H~ xung con co th~ duoc goi la h~ gian doan theo thoi gian (Discrete-Time System).

3. H~ s6' : (Digital System) La cdc mach, thiet hi va h¢ thong de' xilly tin hieu .w"{

Cac h~ so khong co may tinh hoac he thong vi xli ly, chi thuc hien xli ly tin hieu sO' b~ng mach phan cung, thuong duoc goi la cac mach logic hoac mach sO'.

Cac h~ sO' thuc hien xli ly tin hieu sO' bang phan mem can co may tinh hoac h~ thong' vi xli ly. V~ thuc chat, viec xli ly tin hieu sO' bang phan mern la xli ly cac day s6li~u, tuc la xli ly sO'. Vi the, co th~ coi cac chuong trinh chay tren may tinh la cac h~ xli ly s61i~u.

Trong linh vue xli ly tin hieu sO', nguoi ta thuong sli dung thuat ngir " h~ xu If tin hieu so" (Digital Signal Processing System). hay ngan gon la " h~ XU If s6 " (Digital Processing System). D~ ngan gon va bao ham ca h~ xli ly tin hieu s61~n h~ xli ly s61i~u, trong sach nay sli dung thuat ngir " h~ xli ly sO' ".

4. H~ XU If s6 tin hi~u : (Digital Processing System of Signal) H~ xli ly sO' tin hieu la cac mach, thiet bi va h~ thong' d~ xli ly ca tin hieu sO' l~n tin hieu tuong tu bang phuong phap sO'. Nhu v~y, h~ xli ly sO' tin hieu bad g6m ca h~ tuong tt;i va h~ xli ly sO'.

Phi'in tuong tu I

ADC

Phlln xtt ly so

DAC

Phi'in tuong tu 2

Hinh 1.5 : So do kh6i cue h$ xu Iy 56 tfn hi$u.

So d6 kh6i cua h~ xli ly sO' tin' hieu tren hinh 1.5, trong do phan tuong tt;i 1 d~ xli ly tin hieu tuong tu, Tin hieu tuong tt;i sau khi duoc sO' hoa bdi ADC trd thanh tin hieu sO', va se duoc xli ly bdi phan xli ly sO'.

II

DAC thuc hien bien deli tin hieu s6 thanh tin hieu tuong tl,i, va n0 duoc xli ly tiep bang phan tuong tl,i 2. Nhu vay, ADC va DAC la cac phan tli n6i ghep giua phan tuong tu va phan s6 cua cac h~ xli Iy s6 tin hieu. Trong nhieu truong hQP, tin hieu tuong tu sau khi da duoc xli ly s6 khong dn bien d6i trd ve dang tuong tu, h~ xli ly s6 tin hieu nhu vay se khong co bQ bien d6i DAC va phan tuong tl,i 2.

D6i tuong va pharn vi nghien ciru cua Iinh vl,ic xli ly tin hieu s6Ia cac h~ xli Iy s6, cimg nhu tin hieu s6 va cac day s6li~u.

1.2 DAy s6

Day s6 duoc dung d~ bi~u dien s6Ii~u va tin hieu s6, cung nhu d~ mo ta h~ xli Iy s6, do do truce he't dn nghien cuu ve cac day s6 va cac phep toan tren chung.

1.2.1 Cac dCilng biEtu diim clIa day so

Day s6 co th~ duoc bi~u di~n dudi cac dang ham s6, bang s6li~u, d6 thi, hoac day s6Ii~u. Dudi dang ham s6, day s6 xin) chi xac dinh vdi d6i s6 la cac s6 nguyen n, day s6 khong xac dinh d ngoai cac gia tri nguyen n cua d6i s6.

Vi du 1.1 : Day s6 xin) duoc bi~u dien bang ham s6 :

x(n)={ ~

Khi n E [0,3] Khi n ~ [0,3]

tx(n)

.111J._n

-1 0 1 2 3 4

I ~ 00 I I 0.3 I 0.2 I 0-1 I 01 111 121 131

xtn) ~~'. . . . . . .

. Bi~u di~n day s6 xtn) dudi dang bang s6Ii~u d bang 1.1.

Ban~ 1.1 .

Hlnh 1.6: D6 thj day xin)

I~

I~

I~' Ffl

. Bi~u di~n d6 thi cua day xin) tren hinh 1.6,

- Bi~u dien day xtn) dudi dang day s6Ii~u: x(n)=i··· ,O,~,I,I,I,O,O, ... J

Trong do ky hieu t d~ chi s61i~u ling vdi di~m g6c n = O.

1.2.2 Phan leal cac day so

1.2.2a Day xac djnh va day nglsu nhien

* Day xin) xac dinh la day co gia tri bien thien theo quy luat va co th~ bi~u di~n duoc bang mot ham s6 toan hoc,

12

" Day xin) ngau nhien la day co gia trj bien thien ngllu nhien va khong th~ bi~u di{;n duoc bang ham so toan hoc.

1.2.2h Day tuon hoan va day khong tuon hoen

"Day x/n) tuan hoan la day co gia tri l~p lai va thoa man bi~u thuc :

xp(n) == xp(n + kN)· [1.2-1]

Trong do, h~ so k co th~ nhan gia trj nguyen ba't ky, hang so nguyen N duoc goi la chu kyo Day tuftn hoan x/n) con cac tham so sau :

I

- Tftn sol~p lai : f == N [1.2-2J

2Jr

- Tftn so goc : co == 2Jr.j == - [1.2-3]

N

"Day xin) khong tuan hoan la day khong t6n tai mot so N hiru han d~ gia t.ri cua no duoc lap lai va thoa man bi~u thuc [1-1]. Tuy nhien, co th~ coi day khong tuan hoan la day tuan hoan co chu ky N = 00.

1.2.2c Day hliu he;m va day vo he;m

" Day xin) huu han la day co so m:1u N < 00 • Day xin) hiiu han co N rna u ducc ky hieu la x( n) N.

"Day xin) va han la day co vb han mau. Khoang xac dinh cua day va han co th~ la n E (-X) ,(0) ; n E (0, (0); hoac n E (- 00 , 0).

1.2.2d Day m¢t phio va day hoi phio

" Day xin) la day mot phia neu n E (0, (0) hoac n E (- 00 , 0). "Day xin) la day hai phia neu n E (- 00, (0).

tV-I

Vi du 1.2: - Day XI (n) == ~)-k la day mQt phia hiru han co dQ dai N. k=O

N

- Day x2(n) == ~)-k la day hai phia huu han, dQ dai L = 2N + 1.

k=-N

'"

- Day x,(n) == ~)-k la day mot phia va han,

k=O

00

- Day x4(n) == Irk la day hai phia vo han.

k=-OSJ

1.2.2e Day chan va .day Ie

<Day xin) la day chan neu xin) = xt-n) . Day ch£n co d6 thi doi xung qua true tung, nen con duoc goi la day doi ximg.

"Day xin) la day Ie neu xin) = - xi-n) . Day Ie co d6 thi phan doi xung qua goc toa dQ, nen con dl1Qc goi la day phan doi xirng.

1.2.2£ Day thliC va day phLrC

" Day xin) thuc la day ham so thuc. Hftu het cac day bi~u di{;n tin hieu so va h~ xi':t ly so dgu la day thuc.

"Day xtn) plurc la day ham so phirc xin) = a(n) + j.b(n)

MQi day xin) bat ky" co th~ thuoc mQt hoac nhieu nhom trong cac phan loai tren.

13

Vi du 1.3: - Day x(n) = e(-a+/,u)n la day phuc, hai phia, tuan hoan, va han. - Day xin) = cos(w.n) la day thuc, hai phia, tuan hoan, chan, va han.

- Day xin) = sin(w.n) la day thuc, hai phia, tuan hoan, le, va han.

jx(n)

I 11,:,6Ll C~" ill

-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -I 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

-8 -7

........_._____.n 7 8

Hinh 1. 7 : 06 thi day x( n) cue VI dl,J 1.4.

Dudi day la cac day co ban duoc sir dung trong xii ly tin hieu so. 1.2.3a Day xung don vi (f( n}

Day xung don vi ~n) doi vdi he xii ly so co vai tro tuong duong nhu ham xung Dirac ~t) doi vdi h~

tuong W, nhung day ~n) don gian

hon. Day xung don vi ~n) co ham so nhu sau :

6(n) = { ~

Vi du 1.4 : - Day xin) tren hinh 1.7 la day xac dinh, hai phia, chan va doi xung, gian doan, va han, tuan hoan vdi chu ky N = 5.

- Day ytn) tren hinh 1.8 la day xac dinh, mQt phia, lien tuc , khong tuan hoan, co dQ dai hiru han N = 5.

1.2.3 Cae day co ban

Khi n = 0

[1.2·4] Khi n*-O

_,.y(n)

".Jrrr~,_n

-2 -I 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Hinh 1.8 : 06 thi day yen)

~n)

Hinh 1.9: 06 thj day ~n)

D6 thi day ~n) tren hinh 1.9. Day ~n) chi co ffiQt ffi~U tai n = 0 vdi gia tri bang 1, nen ~n) la day hiiu han co dQ dai N = 1.

T&'n - 5)

ICJI

I n

, .~~ -- ...

-1 0 1 2 3 4 5

Hinh 1.10: 06 thj ccc day ~n - 5) vo ~n + 5)

14

Md rQng co day xung don vi ({n - k) , vdi k la hang s6 duong hoac

{I Khi n = k

S(n - k) = [1.2-5]

o Khi n -:;; k

Tren hinh 1.10 la d6 thi cua cac day xung don vi ({n - 5) va ({n + 5) 1.2.3b Day bQC thang don v! utn)

Day bac thang don vi urn) d6i vdi h~ xli ly s6 co vai tro gi6ng nhu ham bac thang don vi Itt) trong h~ tuong tu. Day bac thang don vi urn) co ham s6 nhu sau :

{ 0 Khi n < 0

u(n) = [1.2-6]

I Khi n ;i 0

Day urn) la day mot phia, lien tuc, vo han, va tuan hoan vdi chu ky N = 1. D6 thi cua day b~c thang don vi u( n) tren hinh 1.11.

am:

urn)

.~U·~LLn

-1 0 I 2 3

Hinh 1.11 : D6 th! day urn)

Md rQng co day bac thang don vi urn - k), vdi k la hllng s6 duong hoac am:

u(n - k) = { ~

Khi n < k Khi n ~ k

[1.2-7]

Tren hinh 1.12 la d6 thi cua cac day b~c thang don vi u(n - 2) va u(n + 2).

Tu(n - 2) rU(n + 2)

. L uin. ~_UIL:~-lLn

-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 .... 00 -3 -2 -1 0 1 ....

Hinh 1.12 : D6 th! ccc day bee thong don vi u(n - 2) vo u(n + 2)

Vi day ~n - k) chi co mot mau vdi gia tri bang' 1 tai n = k , nen neu la-y t6ng cua ~n - k) vdi k chay tit 0 de"n IYJ, se nhan duoc day urn).

Hon niia, trong khoang (0 ~ n < 00) tai moi k luon co:

u(k) = u(k).S(n - k) = I

Nen co th~ bi~u di€in day u(n)qua day ~n) thea bi~u thuc :

00 00

u(n) = LS(n-k) = Lu(k).S(n-k)

k=O k=D

Day ({n) diroc bi~u di€in qua day urn) theo bi~u thirc :

S(n) = u(n) - u(n -1)

[1.2-8]

[1.2-9]

15

1.2.3c Day chii' nh(Jt rect Jn)

Day chir nhat rectN(n) co ham so nhu sau :

{I Khi n E [0 , (N - I) ]

reetN(n)= 0 Khin'i[O,(N-I)]

Day chir nhat rect Jn) la day mot phia, lien tuc, xac dinh trong mien n E [0 , (N-1)] , d9 dai hiru han N, twin hoan vdi chu ky bang 1. D6 thi cua day chu nhat rect Jn) tren hinh 1.13.

Md rong co day chu nhat rect Jn. - k) , vdi k la hang so duong

hoac am:

[1.2-10]

Hinh 1.13 : 06 thi day rect Jn)

{I Khi n E [k , (N + k - I) ]

reetN(n-k)= 0 Khi n 'i [k , (N + k - I) ]

D6 thi ella cac day chir nhat rect In. - 2) va rect An. + 2) tren hinh 1.14

.... rectIn. - 2) !

I

[1.2-11 ]

i rect In. + 2)

III t. .ru.

2 3 4 5 6 -4 -3 -2 -I 0 I 2 3

-I 0 1

Hinh 1.14 : 06 thi ccc day rect Jn. - 2) vo rect In. + 2)

Co th~ bi~u dien day rect Jn) qua day ~n) thea bieu thuc :

N -I .'I-I

reel" (n) == I t5(n - k) = I rect; (k ).t5(n - k)

k =0 k=O

Day recttnv; duoc bi~u di~n qua day urn) theo bi~u thuc : reel" (n) = u(n) -- u(n - v)

1.2.3d Day h¢m sin va ham eosin

Day ham sin co dang nhu sau :

x(n) = sin (2: n) = sin (won)

[1.2-12]

[1.2-13]

,. 2rr

voi Wo =N

[1.2-14]

Day sint w()onJ la day vo han, hai phia, Ie va ph an doi xung, lien tuc, va twin hoan vdi chu ky N. D6 thi cua day sint W()o n) d hinh 1.15.

Day ham eosin co dang nhu sau :

x(n) = cos( ~ n) = cos (won) vdi Wo = ~ [1.2-15]

16

Day cos! (Vo.n) I~l day vo han, hai phia, ch~n va doi xung. lif~n tuc, V,) tuan hoan voi ehu ky N.

'fl I'

-I ()

... sin! Wo. n)

0,95 059

III J

1 2 :1 4 5

-0.59

, -0,95

T l r 1'0· n

Hinh 1.15 : 06 th; day eint Wo. n) vol N = 10

1.2.4 Cac phep toan d6i vdi cac day sO' 1.2.4a Phep dich tuyen tinh

Dinh nghia : Dd» ytn) la dich tuyen tinh k mall ctiu ddy xin) f1(;11 :

yen) = x(n-k) [1.2-16]

- Khi l: > 0 la yin) dich trl (cham] l: mau S(I vai xin).

- Khi l: < 0 10 y( n) dich sam (1I11l1ll1l) k mall so wli x( n).

Phep dich tuyen tinh day xtn) di k mau khong lam thay d6i dang cua xin), rna ChI don gian la glu cham hoac d~y nhanh no k mau. Phep dich tuyen tinh con thuong duoc goi van tat la phep dich.

Trong xir ly tin hieu so thuong chi sli dung phep dich tr~, va goi Iii phep tr~. Phep dich sdm rat it khi duoc sli dung.

Vi du 1.5: Cho day x(n) = u(n), hay xac dinh cac day:

a, YI (11) = x(n - 2) b. Y2 (11) = X(11 + 2)

Gidi : a. Vi l: = 2 > 0 nen day YI (n) = x(n - 2) = u(n - 2) la day u(n) bi giu cham 2 mau, d6 thi day YI (n) = lI(n- 2) nhan duoc bang each dich ph hi d6 thi day X(I1) = u(n) di 2 miiu theo true tung.

b. Vi k = - 2 < 0 nen day Y2 (n) = x(n + 2) = utn + 2) la day u(n) duoc dclY sorn 2 mau, d6 thi day Y2 (n) = u(n + 2) nhan duoc bang each dich trai d6 thi day X(II) = u(n) di 2 miiu thea true tung.

D6 thi cac day u(n), u(n - 2) va u(n + 2) tren cac hinh 1.13 va 1.14. 1.2.4b Tong dQi so cue cec day'

Dinh nghia : T/{ng dai s(f cua M day x,(n) Id day ytn) ('() gia tri m/ft' mall hang ti/ng dai s// tdt cd cae mdu tuang ung cua cac ddy thanh phdn.

Ki hieu :

M

y(n) = I x, (n)

[1.2-17]

k~1

Vi du 1.6: Cho day x,(n) = rect~(n) va day x2(n) = rect,(n-I), hay xac dinh day y(n) = xl(n)-x2(n)

17

Gidi : Co y(n) = rect , (n) - rect , (n - I) = ii(n)

D~ thay ro hon ket qua tren, xac dinh yen) bflng d6 thj nhu tren hinh 1.16. 1.2.4c Phep nhan cec day

Dinh nghia : Tich cua M day x,(n) la day yin] C() gill tri moi mall hang tich lat cd Cal' mall tuang lfng Clio cac day thanh phdn.

AI

Ki hieu : y(n) = n XI (n)

[1.2-181

1=1

Vi du 1.7: Cho day XI (n) = u(n)

va day x2(n) = recl,(n+2), hay xac dinh day y(n) = XI (n),x2 (n). Gidi : Theo dinh nghia co :

y(n) = utnvrect, (n + 2) = reel, (n)

D~ thay r6 hon ket qua tren, co th~ giai vi du barig bang 1.2 dudi day:

Bang 1.2

t rectIn)

11111

-I 0 1 2 3

. .• n 4

t rectJn - 1) I !

Ii !!-J 4-~n

yen) = dn)

Hinh 1.16 : D6 th! xcc d!nh rectIn) - rectJn-L) = dn)

,_------------
n -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
x/(n) = urn) 0 0 0 , 1 1 1 1
,
x2(n) = rect-tn + 2) 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0
yen) = x/(n).x2(n) = rectin) 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 Til vi du tren co th~ thay rang, tich cua mot day bat ky voi day u(n) Iii mot day bang chinh no trong mien n :::0: O.

1.2.4d Phep nhan m<;>t day vOi h6ng so

Dinh nghia : Tiel! cua day xtn) vai hang s{/ a la day yen) co gia tri moi mall hang tich cua a voi cae mall tuong ung cua xin).

Ki hieu : y(n) =a.x(n) [1.2-19]

Phep nhan day xi n) voi hang so a con thuong duoc goi Iii phep lay ty I~. Vi du 1.8 : Cho day xin) = rect1(n) , hay bi~u di~n day yen) = 2.rect1(n) dudi dang day so lieu.

Gidi : Day rect1(n) co dang day so Iieu Iii x(n) = l ~, I, I, I j

Day yen) = 2.rect1(n) co dang day soli~u Iii y(n)=l r,2,2,2 1.2.5 Khili ni~m va tich ch~p tuyen tinh

1.2.5a Dinh nghia tich ch(lp tuyen tinh : Tich cJuJp tuyen tinh giifa hai day xl(n) WI x~(n) 1(/ day yen) duac xac dinh va k.Y hieu theo hie'll thuc :

A=-OO

en

y(n) = I xl(k).x2(n-k) = xl(n) * x2(n)

[1.2-20]

Tich chap tuyen tiQP ,thudng duoc goi van tiit Iii tich chap.

"i' ~";" ...

.

•• 1 -,

18

-, ",

, 1\.

1.2.5b Cac tinh chat cue tich ch<Jp 1. Tinh giao hoan :

xl(n)* xl(n) =x2(n)* xl(n)

Chung minh : Theo cong thuc dinh nghia tich chap [1.2-20] co:

[1.2-21]

if)

xl(n)*x](n) = Lxl(k).x2(n-k)

D6i bien cho bi~u thuc (j ve phai, d(it m = (n. - k) ? k = (ti - m).

Khi k ~ - 00 thi m ~ 00 va khi k ~ 00 thi m ~ - 00 . nhn n duoc :

~ -r

Lxl(k).x2(n-k) = LXI(n-m).x2(m)

k=-oo m=oc

Dao can va d6i bien m trd ve k doi vdi bitiu thuc d ve phai, nhan duoc :

00 r

Lxl(k).x2(n-k) = Lx2(k).xl(n-k)

k~·-cfJ

Day chinh la bi~u thuc [1.2-21] : XI (n)* x2 (n) =x2 (n) * XI (n) 2. Tinh kit hop :

XI (n)*[x](n) * x, (n)] == [XI (n)* xl(n)] * X, (n)

Chung minh : Ap dung tinh giao hoan eho ve trai ella [1.2-22] :

x I (n) * [x 2 (n) * x, ( n)] = [x 2 (n ) * X, ( n )] * X I (n) =

" ,~Lt,X'(k).x,(n-k)] .x,(n-k) ~

,~[,t,X] (k).x, (n - k)] .x, (n - k) ~ [x, (n)' x,(n)J' x, (nl Day chinh la bitiu thuc d ve phai ella [1.2-22]

3. Tinb phdn phoi :

XI (n)*[x2 (n) + x,(n)] = XI (n)* x2 (n) +XI (n)* x,(n) [1.2-23]

[1.2-22]

Chung minh : Viet ve trai ella [1.2-23] theo cong thuc tich chap [1.2-20] :

00

xl(n)*[x2(n)+x,(n)]= Lxl(k).[x2(n-k)+x,(n-k)]

k=-oc

00 00

xl(n)*[x2(n)+x,(n)]= L>I(k).x2(n-k) + LXI(k).x2(n-k)

k=-oo k=-if;

V~y: xl(n)*[x](n)+x,(n)].= xl(n)*x](n)+xl(n)*x,(n) Day ehinh la bitiu thuc d ve phai cua [1.2-23].

1.2.5c H~ qua: Moi day xtn) deu bang tich chap cua chinh no vo! ham xung

if)

dan vi (i(n): x(n) = Lx(k).o(n-k) = x(n)*(i(n)

k=-oo

[1.2-24]

19

C1'

x(n)= L6(k).x(n-k) = 6(n)* x(n)

[1.2-25]

Chung minh .- Luon co x(k) = x(k).5(n - k) vdi moi k E (- 00 , 00). Vi the, khi lay t6'ng cac mau x(k) vdi kE (- 00 , 00), nhan duoc [1.2-24] . Theo tinh chat giao hoan cua tich chap, tU [1.2-24] nh~n duoc [1.2-25].

1.3 TIN HI~U sf)

1.3.1 Biiu dien va phim loai tin hi~u so 1.3.Ia Bieu di~n tin hi~u so

Tin hieu so la ham cua bien thoi gian roi rae x(nT), trong do n lao so nguyen. con T la chu ky roi rae. D~ t.huan tien cho viec xay dung cac thuat toan xli ly tin hieu so, ngurri ta chuan hoa bien thoi gian roi rae nT then elm ky T, nghia la sli dung bien n = (nT/T). Khi do, tin hieu so x(nT) duoc bi6u dien t.hanh dang day so xin), do do co th~ sli dung cac bi6u ddin cua day so d~ bi~u dien tin hieu so, cung nhu sli dung cac phep toan ella day so d~ thuc hien tinh toan va xay dung cac thuat toan xli ly tin hieu so .

. Giang nhu day so xin) , tin hieu so co th~ duoc bi~u dien duoi cac dang ham so, bang so lieu, do thi va day so lieu, Nguoi ta thuong sli dung bi~u dien tin hieu so dudi dang day so lieu co dQ dai hiru han d~ xli ly tin hieu so bang cac chuong trinh phan memo

Cac phep toan co ban duoc sli dung trong xli ly tin hieu so ia cong, nhan, nhan vdi hang so, va phep tre. Phep dich sdm co th~ duoc sli dung d cac he xli ly so bang phan mern trong thoi gian khong thuc,

I.3.Ib Phon IOQi tin hi~u so

C6 th~ phan loai tin hieu so theo dang cua day xin) , nhu da duoc

trinh bav d 1.2. MQt so loai tin hieu so thuong gap la : - Tin hieu so xac dinh va ngau nhien.

- Tin hieu so tuan hoan va khong tuan hoan.

- Tin hieu so hiru han va va han.

- Tin hieu so la day mot phia.

- Tin hieu so la day so thuc.

- Tin hieu so la day chan, va day le.

- Tin hieu so la day doi xung, va day phan doi xung.

Ngoai ra, thea gia tri nang luong va cong suat cua tin hieu so, nguoi ta con phan biet hai loai tin hieu so sau :

- Tin hieu so nang luong la tin hieu so co nang luong hiru han.

- Tin hieu so cong suat la tin hieu so co cong suat hiru han.

20

1.3.2 Cae tham so cc ban ella tin hi~u so

1.3.2a £>9 doi cue tin hi~u so la khodng thai gian ({In tai etta tin hieu tinh hc'ing s{/ mall.

1)9 dai cua tin hieu so dac trung cho khoang thoi gian rna h~ xli Iy so pha i xli ly tin hieu. Tin hieu so co d9 dai hu:u han hoac vo han duoc bi~u dien bang day hiru han hoac vo han tuong ung. D<) dai hiru han cua tin hieu so thuong ducc ky hieu 1a N (hoac mdt chir cai khac).

Tin hieu so xtn) mot phia hiru han co dQ dai N duoc xac dinh vdi doi so n E [0, (N - 1)] . va thucng duoc ky hieu la xtnl.),

Tin hieu so.x(n) hai phia c6 d9 dai hiru han (2N + 1) duoc xac dinh voi doi so n E [-N , N].

Co th~ tang d9 dai cua tin hieu s6 hiru han xinl; rna khong lam thay d&i no, bang each them van xin) cac mau co gia tri bang 0 khi n 2 N. 1.3.2b Gi6 tr! trung binh cue tin hi.u so bang tcing gia tri tal cd cdc mall cilia rho d(j dai cua tin hieu,

Gia tri trung binh cua tin hieu so xin) duoc tinh nhu sau : - Doi voi tin hieu sO xin) mot phia hiru han c6 dQ dai N :

-~ 1,\-1

x(n)=- Lx(n) [1.3-1]

N n~O

- D6i vdi tin hieu so xin) hai phia hiru han e6 d9 dai (2N + 1) :

_- 1 A

x(n)= L x(n) [1.3-2]

(2N+l),,=_\

- Doi voi tin hieu sO xin) mot phia vo han :

-~ 1 .\-\

x(n)= Lim - Lx(n) [1.3-3J

,,-->'" N ,,~O

- Doi VOl tin hieu sO xi n) hai phia vo han :

1 s

x(n)= Lim Lx(n) [1.3-4]

,\ -->70 (2 N + I) 11=-,1/

Theo cac bi~u thuc tren, cac tin hieu s6 hiru han luon co gia tri trung binh hiru han, con gia tri trung binh cua cac tin hieu s6 vo han co th~ la hiru han hoac vo han.

1.3.2c Nang luc:;sng cua tin hi.u so hc'ing tring binh phuong gia tri tal cd cae mdu ctia tin hieu,

Nang luong Ex cua tin hieu s6 xin) duoc tinh nhu sau : - noi voi tin hi.~u so xin) mot phia hiiu han co d9 dai N

"'--I

E, = L Ix(n)12

[1.3-5J

- Doi vdi tin hieu so xin) hai phia hiru han co d<) dai (2N + 1) :

.\

E, = L Ix(n)12

tI-=--\'

[1.3-6]

21

- Doi vdi tin hi~u ,.;6 xin) m9t phia va han :

a:

E, =I IX(I1)12

[l.3-7]

- noi vdi tin hi~uso xtn) hai phia va han :

7)

E, = I Ix(n)1 1

[l.3-8]

tI--:-<--r.:

Theo cac bi6u thuc tren, cac tin hi~u s6 hii'u han Iuon co nang luong hiru han va chung la cac tin hieu nang luong. Nang luong cua cac tin hieu s6 va han co th6 la huu ha n hoac vo han.

1.3.2d C6ng suat trung binh cue tin hi~u so hang gia tri trung binh ClIU nang 11(~fllg fill hieu tren mot mall (hang trung binh binh phuong ('Ita fin hieu J_

Cong suat trung binh P; cua tin hieu s6 xt n) duoc tinh nhu sau : - noi vdi tin hieu so xin) mot phia huu han co d9 dai N:

f~ lSI --

'x 'II? 1

f'r = - = - L., x( n) = x (n)

N N n~O

[l.3-9]

- n6i voi tin hieu so xin) hai phia hiiu han co d9 dai (2N + 1) :

E, I I\ 1 11 =t:':

P == . == x( n ) == x - (n )

, (2N+I) (2N+I)n~.\

- Doi voi Lin hieu so xtn) mot phia va han :

E I ~1 )

1\ == Lim ___£ == Lim - L., Ix(n)l- == x- (n)

v rf: N ,\ -.". N n~()

- Doi voi tin hieu so xtn) hai phia vo han :

v

. E, . I 'I 12 2

P, == Lim --- == Lim L., x(n) == x (n)

\ .. , C2N + I) \-H. (2N + I) noN

[1.:3-10]

[l.:3-11]

[1.3-12]

'I'heo cac bi6u t.huc tren, cac tin hieu so hiru han luon eo cong sufft trung binh huu han va chung la cac tin hi~u cong suat. cong suat trung binh cua cac tin hieu so vo han co th6 la hiru han hoac va han.

Nhu v~y. tin hieu so hiru han co gia tri trung binh, nang luong va cong suat huu han, chung la tin hieu nang luong va tin hieu cong suat. Vi du 1.9: Hay xac dinh cac tham so co ban cua cac tin hieu so sau :

a. OI:.n) : b. u(n) : c. rectN(n) : d. x(ll) = cos! !!...n) voi n E [-4 , 4]

\ 2

Gidi: a. Cac tham s6 cd ban cua tin hieu xung don vi 6\n) : - Tin hieu so OI:.n) co d9 dai hiru han N = 1 .

- Gia tri trung binh thea [1.3-1] : 6(11) == I

- Nang luong theo [1,;3-5] :

()

f.~ ='1.=1

-,,. L.,

E(j I

- Cong suat tr,ung binh theo 11.3-9] : PI == -- == - == I

( N I

22

b. Cac tham so co ban cua tin hieu bac thang don vi urn) : - Tin hieu so urn) co de? dai vo han

N-I

. Cia tri trung binh thea [l.3<1] : u(n)= Lim ~ Iu(n) = Lim!!_ = I

.\'-->r N II~O \-c,,,, N

- Nang luong thea [l.3-7] :

-r o:

E" = Ilu(nf = I 1112 = ex;

- Cong suat trung binh thea [l.3-11] :

I v-Ill \-1 N

r; = Lim -I [u(n)]- = Lim -I 1112 = Lim - = I

.\' __ if' N lid) S __ if N /lO() \'c,c" N

V~y urn) la tin hieu cong suat, khong phai tin hieu nang luong, c. Cao tham so eo ban cua tin hieu xung chir nhat rect,,,(n) :

- Tin hieu so rect,,(n) co de? dai hfru han N

- Gia tri trung hinh thea [l.3-1] :

~~ I V-I . N

recttn) . =- "recl(n) = -- == I

.\ NL.. \ N

/I~O

\-1 .\'·1

E, = I !reCI(n) , I" = I 1112 = N

- Nang luong thea [l.8-5] :

/1.0

('A ' bi h h Ex /II

- .ong suat trung m t eo [l.3-9] : P, =~ == - = I

.11/ N

I C h A' b " .) in h . A A' ( (lr ) , . r I

(.act am so co an cua tin l~usoxn)=cosl2n VOlnE -4,4:

- Tin hieu so x(n) hai phi a co de? dai huu han N = ~.4 + 1 = 9

- Cia t.ri trung binh thea [l.3-~] :

:«~ = ~ I .. 4 cos(~ n I = ~[COS(-~4) + cos(- ~31 + COS(-~2) +

9 /1--4 ....) 9 - .... ) -

cos( - ; )+ cos(O) + cos( ~ ) + cos( ~ 2) + cos( ~ 3) + cos( ~ 4)]

-~ I I

x(n) = -[I + 0 -I + 0 + 1+0 - 1+0 + I] = -

9 9

- Nang luong theo [l.3-6] :

E, = It cos 2 ( ; n) = I + 0 + I + 0 + I + 0 + I + 0 + I = 5

- Cong suat trung binh theo [l.3-10] : P -~ - 2.

x - 2N + I - 9

13

1.4. HE xu L Y S(}

1.4.1 Me) til h~ Xlt Iy so

Giang nhu doi vdi h~ tuong tu, d~ nghien diu, phan tich hoac t/;ng hop cac h~ xli iy so, nguoi ta eoi h~ xli ly so la mot hop den va mo ta no bAng quan h~ giua t.ac d<)ng tren dau vao va phan ling t.ren dau ra cua he, quan h~ do duoc goi la quan h~ van ra. Quan h~ van ra cua h~ xli iy so co th~ duoc mo ta bang bieu t.huc toan h9C, va thong qua no co th~ xa y dung duoc so do kho] hoac so do cau true cua h~ xli iy so.

1.4.Ia Me ta h~ xu Iy so b6ng quan h, VQO ra

Xet mot h~ xli iy so co tac d<)ng la xin) va phan ling la yin), khi do quan h~ giua chung co th~ duoc mo ta bang ham so toan h9C F[ ] :

y(n) = F[ J [1.4-1]

Ho<}c: x(n) -!.~ Y(I1) [1.4·2]

Theo [1.4-1] . phan ling ytn) phu thuoc VaG dang cua ham so F[ ].

Dang cua ham s6 F[ J phan anh cau true phan cling hoac thuat toan phan mern cua h~ xii iy so, vi the ta co th~ dung ham s6 F[ ] d~ mo ta h~ xli Iy sf).

Quan h~ VfW ra [1.4-11 co dang t6ng quat cua nhu sau :

y(n) = F[ ...• hk x(n - k) •... , (Jry(n - r) •... ]

[1.4-:1]

Trong do :

- Cae thanh phan cua tac d<)ng Dkx(n - k) vdi k E (- co. co).

- eriC t.hanh ph:1n cua phan ling bi giu cham (Jry(n - r) vdi r E [1 • co).

- Cac h¢ s6 (J,. va hk co th~ bang 0 : Iii hang so : phu t.huo« van tac

d(mg xtn), phan ling yt n), hoac bien thai gian roi rae n.

Vi du 1.10: ~<)t h~ xli ly so co tac d<)ng la xtn), phan ling la yen) duoc mo ui bang' quan he vao ra Y(I1)= F[x(n)] = 2x(n) + 3x(11 -I)

I.4.lh Me ta h~ xu Iy 56 b6ng so do khoi

Theo [1.4-1]. h~ xli ly so duoc mo ta bang so do khoi (j hinh 1.17.

x(n)~~y(n)

Hinh 1.1 7 : So d6 kh6i cue he xu Iy 56

H¢ xli Iy so phuc tap co th~ duoc mo ta bang sd do k ho] vdi sl! lien k€;t cuu nhieu kho] F,l] nhu tren hinh 1.1R.

x(n)

y(n)

Hinh 1.1 H : So d6 kh6i cue he xu Iy 56 phuc tQP

24

Neu t.hay cac bieu thuc FJ J cua sd d6 khoi tren bang chuc nang ella cac khoi thi do la so d6 khoi chuc nang.

Vi du 1.11 : Tren hinh 1.19 la so d6 kh6i cua h~ xli Iy so co quan h~ vao ra cho d vi du 1.10: y(n)= F[x(nJ = 2x(n) + 3x(n -I).

xin) _~.~I 2x(n) + :lx(n _ I) ~ y(n)

Hinh 1.19 : So do kh6i cuo he xu Iy 56 y(n) = 2x(n) + h(n -- I)

1.4.1c Me> ta h~ xu Iy 56 b6ng so do eau true

Dua tren quan h~ vao ra [1.4-1J, cung co th~ rna ta h9 xli ly so bang so d6 cau true. a day, can ph an biet su khac nhau {..,rilia so d6 khoi va so d6 cau true.

So d6 cau true g6rn die phan tli co sd bi~u dien cac phcp toan tren cac tin h ieu sO' hoac day so lieu.

So d6 khoi eo rn6i khoi dac trung cho mot (~flu true IOn, rna chinh no co th6 duoc rna ta bang so d6 khoi chi tiet hon hoac sd d6 cau true,

Ve phuong dien phan cung thi sd d6 khoi cho biet cau true t6'ng th6 ella h~ xli Iy so. con so d6 cau true cho phep thiel ke va thuc hien rnQt h~ xli Iy so cu lh6. Ve phuong dien phan mern thi sd d6 khoi chinh lil thuat loan l6'ng qual cua mot chuong tri nh xu Iy so 1i9U rna rn6i khoi co th6 xern n hu mot chuong trinh con, eon so d6 cau true 18 thuat toan chi tiet rna tU do e6 th6 viet duoc cac dong lenh ella mot chuong trinh hoac chuong t.rinh con.

Cac phan tli cau true duoc xay dung t.ren co sd die phep toan doi voi cac day sf) In cong, nhan, nhan voi hAng sf). dich tre va dich som.

1. Phdn tii cong : Phan tii eQng dung d6 cQng hai hay nhieu day roi rae, no Iii phan tli khong nhd va dUQC ky hieu nhu tren hinh 1.2'2.

x Jn)

y(n)

xin)

y(n)

xin)

If

b. y(n) = Lx,(n)

,-I

Hinh l.20 : Ky hieu phon tu congo

Mach phan cung co b(l cong hai tin hieu so nhu d hinh 1.22a , chung la vi mach cong hai so rna nhi phan -1 bit hoac 8 bit.

25

2. Phti'n tit nhdn : Phan tii nhan dung d6 nhan hai hay nhieu day roi rae, no 1<1 phan tii kh6ng nhd va dLi0C ky hieu nhu t.ren hirih 1.21.

x Jn)

y (n)

x.In)

y(n)

x.Iri]

x.Jn)

"

h. y(n) == n -'",(n)

, I

Hinh 1.21 : Ky hieu phon tu nhor>,

Mach phan cling co b<) 'nhan hai tin hieu so nhu d hi nh 1.21a chunj; Jil. vi mach nhan hai so rna nhi phan 4 bit hoac 8 bit.

3. Phdn tit nhdn voi hdng so: Ph:in Iii nlian voi hang so dung d6 nha n mOt day rdi rae voi mot hAng so. no lil. pha n tl'i kh6ng nho va duoc ky hi~u nhu t.ren hinh 1.22.

xtn) ---l[>>--~.~ yin) = a.xin) a

Hinh 1.22 : Ky hi9U phon tu nhan voi hang s6.

D6 nhan tin hieu so xin) voi hAng so a. sl'i dung be) nhan hai so voi mot d:lu vao Iii. tin hieu so xin), con dau vao kia 1a hang so a.

4. Phdn tit tre dun vi : Phan tl'i tr6 don vi dung d~ giir tre day xin) mot mall. no 1,1 ph:in tii eo nho va duoc ky hi911 nhu (j hinh 1.23.

x( n) --~.~IL-._I_) _ _;--~.~ y( n.) = x( n - U

Hinh 1.2:3 : Ky hieu phon tu tre don vi.

noi voi mach phan cling. d6 thuc hien giir tre tin hieu s6 xin), ngLieji La sl'i dung b<) ghi dich, thanh ghi cho]. hoac be) nho, chung t.huong duoc sa n xuflt duoi dang vi mach sf; 4 bit hoae 8 bit.

.5. Phdn tit vuot truoc dun vi : Phan tii vuot trudc don vi dung d~ day sorn day rdi rae mot ruau (driy nhanh mot nhip), no la pha n tii eo nho va duoc ky hi911 nhu t.ren hi nh 1.24.

xtn) _~.~I AD

I-----"l.~ y( n) = x( n + U

Hinh 1.24 : Ky hi9U phon tu vuot truce don vi.

26

Phan tli vuot truoc don vi la phan tli khong th~ thuc hien duoc tren thuc te, nen khong co mach phan cling, no chi' duoc dung d~ rna ta cac h~ xli ly so la thuat toan phan memo

D~ xay dung so do cau true cua h~ xli ly so, can lien ket cac phan tli cau true co sej thea dang ham so rna ta qua n h~ vao ra cua h~.

Vi du 1.12 : Tren hinh 1.25 la so do cau true cua h~ xli ly so co quan h~ vao ra da duoc ncu d vi du 1.10 : y(n) = 2x(/1) -+ 3.\'(/1 - I)

x(n)

y(n)

Hinh 1.25 : So do cou true cue h$ xu 1'1 56 y(n) = 2x(/1) -+ h(11 -I).

1.4.2 Phim loai h~ Xlt Iy so theo quan h~ vito ra

Theo gia tri va tinh chat ella cac he so a , va h. trong quan h~ vao ra t6'ng quat [l.4-3) , ngiroi ta phan loai h~ xli ly so nhu duoi day. 1.4.2a H~ xu Iy so khong nho va co nho

* II¢ xu: Ii s(/ khong nha la h¢ ("() phdn 1(11~ chi phu TIIII(Je I'ao T(I(, dong d Cllllg thoi diem va C() quan he vao ra :

y( 11) = F[hox( /1) ] [1.4-4]

Trong do, h~ so b., co th~ la hang so, phu thuoc vao xt n) hoac n.

* II¢ xii Ii so' co nho la hf co phdn l(n~ phu thuoc vao tdc d(m~ d cdc thai diim hicn tai WI qua klur theo quan hf vao ra [1.4-8].

Vi du 1.13: - H~ xli ly so co quan h~ vao ra y(n) = II.X(II) la h~ khong nho. - H~ xli ly so co quan he vao ra y(n) ~= 2x(n) + 3x(n - I) la h~ co nho. 1.4.2h H~ xu Iy s6 tuyen tinh va phi tuyen

* II¢ xii Ii so tuyen tfnh la hf co quan h?, bdc nhdt ~ii7'(l phan l(ng I'a tac dong, dong thai thoa mdn nguyen I_y xep chong.

* II¢ xii Ii so' phi tuyen hi h¢ khong thoa mdn mot trong cac dieu kifll tren.

Quan h~ bac nhat giira phan ling va tac dong duoc phat bieu nhu sau : Hf Xli' I_~' s()' ('() quan h¢ h¢ bdc nhdt giiia phdn ung va tac dong, nell va chi 1/('11 tac d(JI1~ xtn ) ~ay ra phdn ung ytn), thi tac d(jng a.xin) ~dy ra phdn 1(1I~ a.ytn), I'()"- a fa hdn~ s{/

Theo quan h~ bac nhat giua ph an ling va tac dong, h~ xli ly so tuyen tinh co quan h~ vao ra thoa man dieu kien :

Neu : F[x(n)] = y(n)

Thi:

F[a.x(n)] = a.F[x(n)] = a.y(n)

[ l.4-5]

27

H~ xli Iy s6 co quan h~ van ra kh6ng t.hoa man [1.4-5]la h~ phi t.uyen.

Nguyen Iy xep chong' duo« phat bi6u nhu sau : II£? Xlf I.v s()' tuyen till I! dl(/,i hie d(H/,~ Iii .n'p ch/mg Cllll IIhi(,'1/ tdc d(mg x,(n) .W7 ("() phdn I(ng ytn) h/illg xep ch/")lIg ("fla Cal' phdn ling y,(n) do moi tal' d(mg thanh phdn x,(n) gliy ra.

Theo nguyen Iy xe'p eh6ng, h~ xli Iy so tuyen tinh co quan h~ vao ra thoa man dieu kien :

~6u : Fix, (11)] = Yi (11)

l'hi: F[~U' .x.<n)] ~ ~U' .F(x,(n») ~ ~u,.y,(n) ~y(n) [1.1·"1

H~ xir Iy so co quan h~ vao ra kh6ng thoa man [1.4-61 la h~ phi t.uyen.

l{6 rang, dieu kien [1.4-5] chi la mot trueing hop rieng cua dieu k ien 11.4-61 k hi III = I, We la nguyen Iy xep chong da bao ham en quan h~ h,)(' nhrlt. do do eo th~ phat bieu :

II~; .rtf (~' .w)' 1£1 lu! til_veil Jillh 11('11 1'(1 ch] mY11 quan ht? l'aO ra cua II() tho« n/(III nguven I.~' xep clulng thco dieu ki~;11 11.4-61.

H6 thou man dieu kien [1.4-6], thi h~ xli \y so tuyen t.inh pha i eo quan h';; vao ra t6'ng quat [1.4-3] vdi Ult C;.1 cac h~ so a , va hi kh6ng phu

t huoc vao trw dong xin) hoac phan ling yt n), nhung co th6 phu t.huoc van bien thoi ginn rdi rae n.

Vi du 1.14 : Hav xet t.inh tuyen tfnh cua cac h~ xu Iy so sau :

a. l'(n) c. II.X(II) b. Y(I1) = X2(11)

Gi.i! : <I. Phal1 {tng cua h~ doi vdi hai tac dong rieng re x,(n) va xAn) : v, ( 11) =: n.x, (11) =: FI x, (11)]

.1'](11) = I1.X] (11) = Flx2(11)1

Phan ling cua h~ doi voi tac d<)ng xe'p chong' X(I1) cz la,x,(I1)+(I]X](I1)]:

Y(I1) := F [a,xl (11) + a1x, (11)] =: 11.[ al XI (11) + a2x 2 (11) 1 Y(I1) := n.a,.x, (11) + 11. a] .x] (11) = (1,.1 n.x, (11)] + a].[ ",X2 (11)] Y(I1) :=: a,y, (11) + (/]Y2 (11) = a,.F[x, (11)1 + a:- .Flx] (I1)J

H~ a e6 quan h~ van ra thoa man dieu kien 11.4-6] nen la h~ tuyen tfnh. b. Phan ling ella he doi voi hai Lac dong rieng re x,(n) va x~(n) :

l',(I1) =: X,2(1I) = F[x1(1I)]

y](n) c: X~(II) = F[x2(11)1

. Phan ling ella h~ df)i voi tac d<)ng X(I1) = [o,xl (11) + aex: (11)] :

Y(I1) =: F[o,x, (1/) + (/]x,(I1)1 ==- falx, (11) + (f]x2(n)]2 Y(II) ~ (/,'.X,'(II) + 2.(I,.(l2'X, (11).X] (11) + a~xJ(I1)

V( 11) oc LI i' . y, (n) + 2.0, .a] .x, (11 ).x ] ( n) + a i . Y 2 (11 ) Y(I1) '1- u, .F[x, (n) 1+ (/2.F[ X 2 (n)1

2X

H~ b co quan h~ VaG ra kh6ng thoa man dieu kien [1.4-6J nen la he phi tuyen.

Cling co th~ nhan duoc ngay ket qua tren kh i nhan xet rang, h~ a co quan h~ vao ra Y(I1) = n.x(n), vci h~ sf; ho = n kh6ng phu thuoc VaG tac dc)ng va phan ung' nen la h~ tuyen tinh. H~ b co quan h~ VaG ra Y(I1) = Xl (n) = X(I1).X(I1), vdi h~ s6 ho = x(n) npn In h~ phi tuyen.

1.4.2c H~ XU Iy so bat bien va khong bat bien

'" H¢ xU Ij .w'/ bat bien Iii IIf ("() tal' d(lI/g xin) dich k mall thi phdn l'rng ytn) ciing chidich ding chicu k mdu ma kMmg hi hie'n ddi dang.

H~ xli 1y so ba"t bien co quan he VaG ra thoa man dieu kien :

Neu : Flxk (n)] = Y. (11)

T'hi : F[x(l1- k)] = Y(11 -k) [1.4-7]

Va h(~ xli ly st; co quart h(' van ra thoa man [1.4-71Ia h(' bat bien.

D~ t.hoa man <lieu k ien [1.4-7J. t hi h~ xii ly s6 bAt bien phai eo quan hQ VaG ra L<~ng quat 11.4-:~] voi tat ea cac h(' so Il, va hk khong phu thuoc van van bien thoi ginn roi rae n, nhung eo th~ phu thuoc U1C dong xt n) hoac phan ung ytn),

* H¢ xU Ij so' khong bat bien Iii Ilf ('() (/11ll11 IIf \'tlO fa kl/(Ing thoa mdn die'll kien [1.4 - 7J.

Vi du 1.15: Hay xct tinh ba"t bien cua dlC h~ xli Iy so sau :

a. ,v( 11) = n.x( n ) b. y( n) ,= x ~ (11 )

Gidi : a. Vci tac dc)ng xin) thi tai thoi di~m (11- k) h~ a co phan ung : y( n - k) c= (n - k ) .x( n - k )

Con vdi t.ac dong x(n - k) thi phan ung' la n.x(n - k) ~ yen - k). H~ a co quan h(' van ra kh6ng thoa man [1.4-7J nan la h~ khong ba"t bien.

b. Voi tac dong' xin) thi tai thoi di{:m (/I k)h~ b co phan ung :

y( n -- k) = x:' (11 - k )

Con vdi tac dc)ng la X(11 - k) thi phan ung la x2 (11 - k) = yen - k).

H~ b co quan h~ VaG ra thoa man dieu kien [1.4-7] nen la he bat bien.

Co th~ nhan dUQC ngay ket qua tren khi nhan xet ding. he a co qua n h~ van ra y(n) = n.x(n), vdi h~ so b., = n nen la h~ kh6ng ba"t bien.

H~ b co quan h~ VaG ra y(l1) = x\n) = x(n).x(n), vdi h~ so ho = x(n) kh6ng phu thuoc VaG bien roi rae n nen la h~ bat bien.

Cac h~ xli Iy so tuyen tinh va bat bien theo thoi gian (duoc viet tat la h¢ xu Iy solTBB) co quan h~ VaG ra t6'ng quat dang [1.4-3J :

y(n) = F[ ... ,hkx(n - k); ... , ury(n - r ), ... ]

voi tat d. cac h~ so Il, va hk dell la hang so.

Cac h~ xli Iy soTrBB la mot lop ,h¢ xli ly so thuong gap trong thuc te, dc3ng thoi cac cong cu toan h9C d~ ph an tfch, t6'ng hop chung di'i duoc nghien CUll kha d:1y duo

29

1.4.2d H~ xU Iy so nhen qua va khong nhan qua

* lle xu Ij scj' nhan qua la hf C() phdn IfllR chi ph« thuoc WIO lac dong d cdc thai diem qua kht? va hifn tai, khong phu thuoc WIO Ide dong d cac thoi dii'n' tuang lai.

H~ xli IS so nhan qua luon thoa man dieu kien :

N6u : Tac d(mg xin.) = 0 voi moi n < k

Thi : Phan ling yt n) = 0 vdi moi n < k [1.4-H]

Vel tl~ xli IS so c() quan h~ vao ra thoa man [l.4-A]Ia he nhan qua.

Hj(:u mot each nom na thi h~ xli IS so nhan qua phai co tac dong lil nguven nhan thi moi co pharr ling la ket qua, tire la ph an ling khong th~ xua]. hien truo« tac dong.

f)~ thoa man dieu kien [1.4-81. hI) xli IS so nhan qua phai co quan he van ra [1.4-:3] voi cac thanh phan ella t.ac d<)ng hkx(n - k) chi co k ~ 0 .

do <16 hI) xir IS s6 nhan qua co quan he vao ra [lAo::!] voi k ~ 0 va r ~ I :

yen) = Fhx(n) •...• hkx(n - k) •...• (I,.v(n -- r) •... ] [1..1-9]

* H¢ xu' (v so' khong nhdn qua : II~ .H( I.\'.wi' ('() phon ung phu 111ll(iC I'do tac: d(Jllg rI' cdc thni di/m tuong lai hi h~' kluJllg nluin qua. /If khong nhdn q/{{i ('() quail h( 1'(10 ra kh6nR II/(Ia mdn dicu ki~;11 [1.4-A].

VI trong thoi gian thuc khong lh~ biet duoc gia trj ella tin hieu (1 tuong lai, ne n khong th~ thuc hien duoc cac h~ xli IS so kh6ng nhan qua. Tuv nhicn, trong truong hop gia tr] ella tin hieu so da duoc luu gill trong b(> nho ella may t.inh va qua trinh xli IS so lieu kh6ng can t.ien hanh trong thlii gian thuc, thi co th€; thuc hien duoc cac h~ xli IS so kh6ng nha n qua. Nhu v$.y. tren thuc te khong co h~ xir IS tin hieu so kh6ng nhan qua. nhung co th6 xay dung duoc h~ xli IS soli~u khong nhan qua. Vi dl_l1,16 : X6t t.inh nh an qua cua cac he xli IS so sau :

a . .1'(11) = n.x(n) b. yen) = 3x(n + 2)

Guii .- a. H~ xli IS so a co phan ling chi phu thuoc van tac dOng d thoi (h6m hien tai ne n la h~ nhan qua, quan h¢ vao ra cua no thoa man dieu kien Il.4-H] : Khi tac dong x(n) = 0 thi phan ling yen) = O.

h. Xet tai n = 0 thi phan ling y(O) = :3x(2), h¢ xli IS so b co phan ling phu thuoc van Lac dong d thoi di€;m tuong I80i nen la he khong nha n qua, quan h~ vao ra ella no kh6ng t.hoa man dieu kien [1.4-A].

Cac h~ xli IS s6 tuyen tinh, Mit bien va nhan qua (duoc viet t~t la h~ xli IS s{)TrBBNQ) co quan he vao ra t6ng quat [1.4-:1] :

y(n) = F[hox(n) , .... hkx(n·- k) •... , ury(n - r ), ... ]

vdi k ~ 0 , r 2> I va tat ea cac he so a, va hk deu la h:lng s6.

(~uyt;n sach nay se chi trinh bay ve cac he xli IS so lTBB , trong do chu veu 1:'1 ve cac h~ xli IS soTIBBNQ

1.4.2e H~ xU Iy so d~ quy va khong d~ quy

* H¢ xi( If so' khong d¢ quy la h~~ 0) phan lfng ytn) chi' phu thuoc vao tac d(mg xtn),

30

--- -----------------------------------------------------------

H~ xl1 ly so nhan qua khong d~ quy c6 quan h~ VaG ra [1.4-9J khong c6 cac thanh phan cua phan ling 6 qua khu a/yen - r) :

yen) = F[hox(n), h,x(n-I), ... , h,x(n-k), ... J [1.4-lOJ

Quan he VaG ra [1.4-10] duoc goi la quan h~ VaG ra khong d~ quy.

* H¢ xi} Ij so'd¢ quy lei II( ("() pluin 1(lIg ytn) pill.' 111lI(j(' vao cd lac d~;ng h, x(n - k) ldn phon /(ng d qU(1 kill! a/yen - r) .

H~ X111y so nhan qua d¢ quy c6 quan h~ vao ra [1.4-9] VOl r > 1 :

yen) = F[hox(n), ... ,hkx(n-k), ... , a/y(n-r), ... J [1.4-11]

Quan h~ vao ra [1.4-11J duoc goi la quan h~ vao ra d~ quy.

Vi du 1.17: - H~ Xl1ly so yen) = x(n) - 3x(n -I) la h~ khong d~ quy.

- H~ X111y so yen) ~ 2x(n)+3x(n-I)-3y(n-\) lah¢ d¢ quy.

- Ca hai h~ xu ly so t.ren deu la h¢ TfBBNQ vi chung co k ;::. 0 va t:lt

ca cac h~ so a , . hk deu Ia hiing so.

1.5 f)~C TiNH XUNG h(n) CUA H~ XU LY S(j

TUYf:N TiNH Bkr BIEN NHAN QuA

1.5.1 D~e tinh xung ella h~ Xlr Iy so TTBB

1.5.1a £)!nh nghia __ Dd« tinh xung lit n) cua h( XII' I_v sf)' 1£1 phdn l(ng Cit(/ h~; khi ta« dong Id (ki_v xung dan vi /Xn) :

hen) = F[d(n)l [1.5-1J

M9t so tai li911 ve xu ly tin hieu so goi h(n) la "dap ling xung " do dich sat nghia t.huat nf,rU tieng Anh " impulse response ''. Trong quyen sach nay chung toi dung thuat ngu " dac tinh xung " vi day la thuat ngu tieng Vi9t co khai niern tuong ling da duoc sl1 dung trong mon hoc ly thuyet mach, la mon h9C co quan h~ rat g§.n gui va co nhieu di6m tuong d6ng vdi xir ly tin hieu so.

Do tmh chat dac biet cua day xung don vi 6(n) nen dua vao dac tinh xung hin), co th& nghien cuu va glal quyet duoc nhieu van de cua cac h~ xu ly 86 TI'BBNQ.

1.5.1h £)ge tinh xung cuo h~ xu Iy so tuyen tinh

Theo [1.2-24J , moi day xiti) deu co tht; bi&u dilin dudi dang :

'Y

x(n) = Lx(k).d(n-k) = x(n)*d(n)

k-'=-'-f!

Tli do, co quan h~ vao ra :

y(n)~ F[x(n»)~ F[,~cX(k )o(n - k) J

[1.5-21

31

Vi h¢ xu ly so tuyen t.inh thoa man dieu kien [1.4-6], nen tir [1.5-2] co :

~ r

y(n)= Lx(k).Flb'(n-k)]= Lx(k).h(n,k)

k -'f It r

[ 1.5-:1]

Trang do:

h( n , k) = FI () (n - k ) j

[1.5-4]

So sanh [l.ii-4] voi hi6u thuc dinh nghia dac tinh xung [1.;'';-1], thi hin, k) chinh la df.ic tinh xung cua h~ xU' Iy st) ling voi tac dong la day xung don vi bi dich lre k mau ,'in - 0. Nhu v~y, dac t.inh xung hin, k) cua h¢ xU' Iy so tuven tinh khong chi phu thuoc vao bien n rna con phu thuoc vao chi so k In lhiii di6m tac d<)ng cua xung don vi (In - k).

l.5.le DQc tinh xung cue h~ xu Iy so TTBB

Vi h¢ xU Iy sf) TTBB thoa man dicu kien [14-7], nen tU [l.5-4] e6 :

h(n,k) = 7'[b'(l1 ~- k)1 c: htn= k)

[1.5-5]

'I'heo [l.fi-:il thi dac t.inh xung h(n, k) Cttel h¢ xU' ly soTrBB chmh la dac tinh xung ht n) hi dich trc k mau. Thuy 11.;i-Gl V<10 Il.il-;l] nhan duoc :

r-

y(n) Lx(k)_h(n-k)

[ 1.5-6]

I ,

Doi chieu quan he vao ra [1.5-6] voi cong t.huc dinh nghia tich chap [1.2-20]. thi quan h¢ VaG ra [1.5-6J chinh Ifl tich chap cua tac d<)ng x(n) voi dac tinh xung hin), non co :

v

y(n) = Lx(k).h(n- k) .c= X(f1) * htn)

[ 1.5-7]

Thr-o t.mh chflt giao hoan cua tich chap co :

r

y(n) =: Lh(k).x(n-k) == h(n)*x(lI)

[1.5-H]

Cac bieu thuc [1.5-6]. l1.5-7] va [1.5-R] cho phep tim phan ung yin) cua h(~ xu Iy s(lTnm k hi biet tac d<)ng xtn] va dac tinh xung hin) cua h~. Dong t.hoi thea cac quan he vao ra do co th{~ rna ta h~ xli' Iy sorrBB duoi d'.ll1g Sf} do kh6i n hu tren hinh 1.2R.

xt n) .1 h(n) ~.~ ytn)

Hinh 1.26: So do kh6i rno to h$ xu Iy 56 TTBB theo d¢c tfnh xung hin).

Cac bieu thuc [1.5-6], l1.5-7] , [1.5-R] va so do khoi hinh 1.26 chtrng l<' r{ll1g. tuy ve hien tuong thi dac tfnh xung htn) Ia phan ling cua h~ xli Iy so TTHB khi tac dong Ia day xung don v1~n). nhung ve ban chat thi dac tinh xung ht n) dac trung eho cau true phan cling hoac thuat toan phan mern cua he xlily so TTBB.

12

1.5.2 Di,ie tinh xung ella h~ Xlt Iy so TTBBNQ

1.5.2a D!nh Iy ve dQc tinh xung cue h~ xu Iy so TTBBNQ

fJinh (v : II~; )./r /.\' Sf)' ,[TBB IiI 111/(111 qu« 1/('/1 l'cI cit! 1:(>,1 dd« tinlt sung hi n) cua I/() thod mall dicu ki¢1I :

h(n) = 0 vai moi 11 < () [1.5-9]

Chung minh dicu kien ('till Cfl.n chung minh, neu h~ xli ly so 1:'1 TI'BBNq th i d~c t.inh xung htn) ella no t.hoa man dieu kien [1.5-9],

Xet h~ xu' ly ~,()rrBBNQ veil t.ac dOng X(I1) = XI(II)-- x2(n),

Trong do : XI (11) ::= X 2 (n) voi moi 11 < I/o (no 1:'1 hang so)

va : XI(II) ~ x2(n.) voi moi n 2 no

Hai pha n ung t.hanh phan YI(n) va y~(n) ella h~ xli ly sOTIBl3NQ se 1:'1 :

r 'It) - I y_

VI(Il) = Ixl(k)h(n-k)= Ix,(k)h(n-k)+ Ixl(k)h(lI-k)

~ -_of'

-r 111;- I :.$

\',(11)'" L>'2(k)h(n-k)= LX2(k)h(n-k)+ LX2(k)h(n-k)

Phan ung ytn) ella h~ x111y so tuyen tinh then dieu kien [1.4-6J la :

"1, --I -r:

.\ ,( n) = Y I (n) - y 2 (n) = I [ X I (k )- X 2 (k ) Ih( n - k) + I [ X I (k ) - X 2 (k ) Ih( n - k)

do co :

-r

Y(II) =vl(n)-Y2(n)= L[x,(k)-x2(k)lh(n-k)

11.5-10]

Do h¢ xlt Iy sola nhan qua, nen then dieu kien [1.4-8J no phai ('{) :

Neu : xl(n)-x2(n) = 0 vdi V n < no

Tht : y(n) =YI(n)- Y2(n)= 0 vdi V n < no [1.5-]1]

Vi x,(k) j: x2(k) voi V k 2 no nen [1.5-10] chi dung vdi [1.5-11] neu :

h(n-k) = 0 voi v k 2 no va V n < no [1.5-12]

Di_lt (11- k) = m , khi do vdi V k 2 no va V n < no, thi (n - k) = m < 0, nen

('{) th~ viet lai [1.5-12] dudi dang : h(m) = 0 voi V m < 0

Vi m cung' 1:'1 so tu nh ien nen co th~ d6i lai bien m tha nh n :

h( n) = 0 vdi V n < 0

Day chinh 1:'1 [1.5-9], dieu kien can cua dinh ly da duoc chung minh.

- Chung minh dieou kien d,i : Cfln chung minh, neu h~ xli ly so TIBB co dac tinh xung h(n) = 0 vdi moi n < 0, thi h~ xli ly so do 1:'1 nhan qua,

Vi dac tinh xung h(n) = 0 voi V n < 0 nen phan ung cua h~ xli ly so 18. y(n) = h(n) * x(n) = 0 vdi V n < 0, Neu chung minh duoc x(n) = 0 vdi moi 11 < 0, thi thea dieu kien [t .4-8] he xlt ly soTIBB 1:'1 h~ nhan qua.

Vi h( k) = 0 vdi V k < 0 nen co :

33

en 00

y(n) = L h(k)x(n - k) = Lh(k)x(n - k) [l.5-13]

k~--'" k~O

VI da CO y(n) = 0 vdi V n < 0, trong khi h(k) =I- 0 vdi V k ~ 0, nen [l.5-13]

chi dung neu : x(n - k)= 0 vdi \j n < 0 va V k ~ 0 [l.5-14]

Dl]\.t (n - k) = m, khi d6 vdi \j n« 0 va \j k :?_ 0, thi (n - k) = m < 0, nen c6

th6 viet lai [1.5-14] dudi dang : x(mJ= 0 vdi \j m < 0

Vi m cling la so tu nhien nen c6 th~ d6i lai bien m thanh n :

x( n) = 0 vdi \j n < 0

Dieu kien du cua dinh ly da duoc chung minh.

1.5.2b Day nhan qua, phon nhan qua, khong nhan qua

MCi rong' khai niem h~ xli Iy so nhan qua, kh6ng nhan qua cho cac day roi rae xin) va c6 cac dinh nghia dudi day.

1. Dinb nghia day nhdn qua: Day x/n; la day nhdn qua nell va chi nell xin) xac dinh khdc khong khi n E [0 , (0) va xin) ::::: 0 viii \j n < o.

V~y day nhan qua la day mot phia t6n tai trong khoang [0 , (0), va day mot phia t6n tai trong khoang [0 , (0) la day nhan qua.

Theo dinh nghia tren, bi~u thuc tich chap [1.2-24] cua day nhan

qua la :

00

x(n) = Lx(k).S(n-k)

[1.5-]5]

k~O

Do do phan ung ytn) thea cac bi~u thuc tich chap [l.5-7] va [1.5-8] se la :

en

y( n) = L x( k )h( n - k) = x( n) * h( n)

k~O

[1.5-16]

00

Va : y(n) = Lh(k)x(n-k) = h(n)* x(n) [1.5-17]

k~O

Theo [1.5-16] va [1.5-17], khi tac d(>ng vao h~ xli ly so ITBBNQ la day nhan qua xin) thi phan ung y(n) cua h~ ciing la day nhan qua.

2. Dinh nghia day phdn nhan qua: Day xin) la day phdn nhdn qua nell \'(1 chi nell xin) xac dinh khac 0 khi n E (- 00 , 0] va xin) ::::: 0 vai \j n > 0 .

Nhu vay, day phan nhan qua Ia day mot phia t6n tai trong khoang (- 00 , 0] , va day mot phia t6n tai trong khoang (- 00 , 0] la day phan nhan qua.

Theo dinh nghia tren, bi~u thuc tich chap [1-24] cua day phan

o ~

nhan qua la : x(n) = Lx(k).S(n-k)=Lx(-k).S(n+k)

k~-oo k~O

[1.5-18]

3. D~nh nghia day khong nhdn qua: Day xtn) la day khong nhdn qua nell va chi nell xtn) xac dinh khdc khong khi n E (- 00 , 00 ).

Nhu vay, day kh6ng nhan qua la day hai phia, va day hai phia la day kh6ng nhan qua.

Khi Ia'y doi xung day nhan qua xin) qua true tung, se nhan duoc day phan nhan qua xi-n),

34

Day khong nhan qua xin) luon co th~ phan tich thanh t6ng ella day nhan qua va day phan nhan qua:

x(n) = XI (-n) + X2 (n) [1.5-191

Theo cac dinh nghia tren va dinh Iy vg dac tinh xung cua h~ xU' Iy

s6lTBBNQ, eo th~ rut ra cac ke't luan sau :

- Ddc tinh xung htn) cua h¢ Xl( Iy s{/TfBBNQ la day nhdn qua.

- If¢ XII' I.V srfTTBB ("() dac tinh xung hin) nhan qua, la Il¢ XII' I.V s/>'7TBBNQ.

- If¢ xII' I)' .w)' TfBB C() ddc tinh xung hin) khong nhan qua, la h¢ xII' I.~' .wi'

TfBB khong nhdn qua.

Theo dc? dai ella dac tinh xung htn) , phan biet hai loai h~ xU' ly sO':

- H~ xU' ly so co dac tinh xung htn) hiru han, duoc viet tiit thea tieng Anh Iii h~ FIR (Finite-Duration Impulse Response).

- H~ xU' ly sO' co dac tinh xung hin) vo han, duoc viet t~t theo tieng Anh la h~ IIR (Infinite-Duration Impulse Response).

1.6 PHAN TICH H~ xu L Y SO TUYEN TiNH BAT BIEN

NHAN QuA THEO I)~C TiNH XUNG hen)

Tit dac tinh xung htn) c6 th~ tim duoc phan ling yin) cua he xU' ly s6lTBBNQ, phan tich cac h~ xU' ly so phuc tap, xay dung so dl) khoi va so d6 cau true, cling nhu xet tinh 6n dinh cua h~ xU' ly s6ITBBNQ.

1.6.1 Tim philO U'ng yen) cua h~ Xlr Iy so TTBBNQ

Theo cac bieu thuc tich chap [1.5-16] hoac [1.5-17] c6 th~ tim duoc phan ling ytn) cua h~ h~ xli ly s6ITBBNQ khi bie't tac dOng xin) va dac tinh xung hin).

1.6.1a Phuong phap giai tieh tinh tich chQP

T'inh tich chap bang phuong phap giai tich chi' thuc hien duoc neu xin) hoac hin) c6 dc? dai hiru han, va phai tinh tung gia tri cua yen).

Xet truong hop tac dc?ng x(n) va dac tinh xung hen) deu la day nhan qua va c6 dc? dai hiru han. Gia sli x(n) c6 dQ dai M, va hen) co dc? dai L. khi d6 co th~ dung [1.5-16] hoac [1.5-17]. Neu sli dung [1.5-16] thi :

,., M-I

yen) = LX(k)h(n - k) = LX(k)h(n - k)

[1.6-1]

k=O k=O

Vi ytn) la day nhan qua, nen ChI d.n tinh tit y(o). Do hen - k) = 0

voi moi (n - k) < 0 va (n - k) > (L -I), theo [1.6-]] tinh duoc :

M-I

yeO) = L x(k ).h( -k) = x(O).h(O) + x(l).h(-I) + ... = x( O).h(O)

k~()

35

II-I I

y(l) = Lx(k).h(l- k) = x(O).h(l) +x(I).h(O) +x(2).h(-I) + ... = Lx(k).h(l- k)

kO

M-I

yi L -I) = Lx(k).h(L -1- k)

II I II-I If-I

y(L) = Lx(k).h(L-k) = x(O).h(L)+ Lx(k).h(L-k) = LX(k).h(L-k)

k 0

k=1

II Ilf I

vi]. + I) = Lx(k).h(L + 1- k) = Lx(k).h(L + 1- k)

If -I \I I

_I'( /. + M - J) = Lx(k).h(L + M -- J - k) = LX(k).h(L + M - J - k)

k 1/ ~

.If I

I'( l. + AI - 2) = L x( k ).h( L + At - 2 - k) = x( M - 1 ).h( L - I)

kO

1/ I

I'U + AI - I) = L x( k ).h(L + M - 1 - k) = x( M - 1 ).h( L) = 0

k,O

I'(n) = 0 voi moi n > (L+ M -I).

Nhu vay : Nell he! XII' I)' s{/1TBBNQ c/) ddc tinh xung h(n) III(u Jilin voi d(1 dui t. , va tac dong x(n) hiiu han. co de; dai M, thi phon ttng yin) ('() do d(ii 1/1(11 han N = (L + M - 1).

Vi du 1.18: Tim phan ungy(n) cua he xli ly so TffiBNQ co dac tinh xung h(lI) /'('cl,(lI-l)vdi tac dong la x(n) <rect-Ln),

(;/0/ _ Sli dung bieu t.huc [1.5-17] va tinh tir m~u y(O) :

'-J CIJ 1

\(11) -Lh(k)x(n-k) = LrecI2(k).recl,(n-k) = Lrecl,(n-k)

k 0 k () k=()

I

\'(0) =- LrecI,(-k) = reel, (0) + recl,(-I) = 1 +0 = I

kO

I

V( 1 ) L reel, (I - k) = reel, (I) + reel, (0) = 1 + 1 = 2

I

\'(:') LreC/1(2 - k) = recl,(2) + recl,(I) = 1 + 1 = 2

; II

I

v( 3) L rcct , (J - k) = rcct ; (J) + reel, (2) = 0 + 1 = I

, I)

I

y(4) = Lrec1,(4-k) = recl,(4)+recl,(J) = 0+0 = 0

kO

y(n) = 0 voi moi n ;:> 4, yin) co d{> dai N = 4 = 2 + :3 - 1.

36

Trang thuc te thuong gap truorig hop h~ xli ly so ITBBNQ c6 dac tinh xung h(n) hiru han, tac dong' x(n) vo han. Khi do, d~ tim phan ling yin) phai dung bi~u thirc [1.5-17] .

Vi du 1.19: Tim pha n ling yin) cua h~ xli ly so ITBBNQ c6 tac dong

X(II) ,--eu(n) va dac tinh xung hen) = 2/l rectLn -I). oi.; : Dung [1.5-17] va tinh tu mau y(O) :

-r-

yen) = I 2'rec!_:> (k -I).u(n - k) kcO

,

yen) = I 2k uin - k) kd

,

" I I) 2

y(O)= L,.2 u(-k) = 2 u(-I + 2 u(-2) = 0

k I

,

y(I)=~)'u(l-k) =-: 2Iu(0)+22u(-1) = 2

1= I

Tinh tiep vdi moi n ~ 2 thi :

:' :' ') I _ ')3

Y(II) = I2ku(n-k) = I2k = - ; = 6

I I ,,"I 1- ~

T6ng hop cac ket qua tren, nhan duoc :

o Khi n ~ 0

Khi 11 = I Khi n ~ 2

V(II) =' 2 6

1.6.1 b Thuc;st toen tinh tich ch¢p

Xet truong hop tac de)ng x(n) va dac tinh xung h(n) deu c6 de) dai hiru han. Gia stt x(n) c6 de) dai M, va h(n) c6 de) dai L. Khi d6 phan ling yin) c6 de) dai N = (L + M-1). Mim y(nJ cua phan ling duoc xac dinh thea [1.6-1] :

All

y(no) = L x(k ).h(no- k)

k 0

[ 1.6-2J

Tao day xik), = xin), va day h(k)", = htti);

Lay d6i xung h! k) M ' nhan duoc h( -k)u

MI

y(n,,) = LXU sht n; - k)

k ()

Dich phai day h(k - nlJ.~, m9t mllu

T'heo [1.6-2J, triroc het xac dinh day bien dao hi-k) ling voi no = O. Sau d6, tai moi di~m nil , tinh t6ng [1.6-2], dich phai day h( no - k), rai tang no len mot.

Lap lai cac buoc tren cho tdi khi no = (N - 1) = (L + M· 2) , se nhan duoc N mau cua phan ling ytn), Then cac buoc nhu tren, xay dung duoc Iuu da thuat toan tinh tich chap [1.6-11 tren hinh 1.27.

Hinh 1.27 : Thuot toon tinh tich chap [1.6-1].

Sai

37

1.6.1c Tinh tich ch{lp b6ng each I{lp bang s61i+u

Theo thuat toan tren hinh 1.27, eo th~ tinh tich chap [1.6-1] bang' each lap bang so Ii~u cac day xik) , h(k), va ht-k}, sau do I:1n luot dich phai day hi-k) d~ nhan duoc htn; - k), Cuci cung, dua van bang so lieu da co, tinh cac mfluy(nJ cua phan ling theo uit;u thirc [1.6-1] .

Vi du 1.20: Tim phan ling yin) cua h~ xli ly so TfBBNQ co dac t.inh xung

h(n) =- 2 - /I rect ; (n -I) vdi tac d{>ng la x(n) = n.rect ; (n).

Gidi : Tinh cac gia tri cua hik) va xik), l~p duoc bang 1.3 :

B')

ang 1.3 ------ ,----
k -2 -1 0 1 2
... _--- --
x(k) 0 0 0 1 2
h(k) 0 0 0 0,5 0,25
-- f----
h(-k) 0.25 0,5 0 I 0 0
h(1 - k) 0 ",25I",5 .. 0 0
h(2 - k) 0 o 0.25 0,5 0
--
h(3 - k) . ~~j±tr"r 0,5
h(4 - k) 0,25
h(5 - k) 0 Dua van bang 1.3, tinh duoc cac mau ella phan ling ytn) :

2

y(O) =- Lx(k).h(-k) = 0.0 + 1.0 + 2_0 zz: 0

bO

,

y(l) =- Lx(k)-h(l- k) =- 0.0,5 + 1.0 + 2.0 =- 0

2

y(2) =- Lx(k ).h(2 - k) =- 0.0,25 + 1.0,5 + 2.0 =- 0,5

2

y(3) =- I x(k ).h(3 - k) =- 0.0 + 1.0,25 + 2.0,5 =- 1.25

k=()

J

y( 4) =- L x( k ).h( 4 - k) =- 0.0 + 1.0 + 2.0,25 =- 0,5

y( n) =- 0 vdi moi n ~ 5 1.6.1d Tinh tich ch{lp b6ng do th!

Phuong phap d6 thi d~ tinh tfch chap [1.6-1] duoc thuc hien thea thir tlj sau : Ve cac d6 thi xtk), ht-k), sau do l:1n luqt dich phai d6 thi hi-k) d~ nhan duoc cac d6 thi htn; - k). Dua van cac d6 thi h(no - k) , xik) va thea bi~u thuc 1.6-1), tinh cac mfluy(nJ ella phan ling.

Vi du 1.21 : Hay xac dinh phan ling yin) ella h~ xli Iy so TfBBNQ co d:}c t.inh xung hin) va tac dQng xtn) t.ren hinh 1.28.

Gidi : Cac buck tinh tieh chap theo phuong phap d6 thi d~ tim phan ling

18

ytn) cua h~ da cho duoc thuc hien tren hinh l.29.

1" h(n)

o.x

0,4 I 0.4

.... l .. 1.

-I 0 1 2 1 4

tx(n)

1 I 0.6 .... 1

-I 0 1 2

Hinh l.28 : hin) vo xin) cuo vi du l.21.

~ xik)

I II'"

-4 -1 -2 ·1 0 I· 2 ,

o.x

.. ht-k)

0,4

OA

I

A ., ·2 -I () 1 2 1 4 ';-- .... n

h(l- k)

..

O.X I

OA I lOA

-4 -1 -2 -I () 1

• n 2 145

1"h(2 - k)

O.X I ,OAJ_

-4 -1 -2 -I 0

h(3 - k)

..

10.4 12··:l4·3·n

(.1041 IO.x1oA.

-2 -I ii 1 2 1 4 5---' n

h(4 - k} ..

O.X

O.X

_(I·i _.I (1~4_ ~

12.i45 n

y(n) .,..

,Ie;"

-I () 1 2 , 4 5. n

I
n = 0: y(O) = L x(k ).h( -k)
k~O
y(O) = 1.0 + 0,6.0 = 0
I
n = 1 : y(I) = IX(k).h(l- k)
k~O
y( I) = 1.0,4 + 0,6.0 = 0.4
I
n = 2: y(2) = I x(k).h(2 - k)
k=O
y(2) = 1.0,8 + 0,6.0,4 = 1,04
I
n = 3: y(3) = Ix(k).h(3 - k)
k~O
y(3) = 1.0,4 + 0,6.0,8 = 0,88
I
n = 4: y(4) = IX(k).h(4-k)
hO
y( 4) = 1.0 + 0,6.0,4 = 0,24
I
n = 5: y(5)= Lx(k).h(5-k)
k=O
y(5) = 1.0 + 0,6.0 = 0 Hinh l.29 : Tinh tfch chop b6ng phuong phop do th! de tim ytn).

.19

1.6.2 Tim d~c tinh xung cua h~ Xlt Iy so theo sa do khoi

MQi h~ xU: Iy sOTTBBNQ phuc tap deu duoc mo ta bang so do khoi, V<1i mtii kh('li duoc bi~u dien bang dac t.inh xung h.In}. Theo dac tinh xung h.In) cua cac khoi thanh phan va quy luat lien ket giira cac khoi. c6 the' tim duoc dac tinh xung hin) cua h~ xU: Iy s6Tl13BNQ phuc tap,

D\1a van cac t.inh chat cua tich chap, co th~ tim duoc bi~u thuc X:{(" dinh dac tinh xung htn) thea tung quy luat lien ket.

1.6.2a Thay doi thu h! cec khoi TTBBNQ lien ket noi tiep

Xet h¢ xU: ly solTBBNQ co hai khoi lien ket noi tiep d hinh 1.:30.

x(n)

-_, ... I h,(n) 1 ~I h,(n) 1-1- •• yin)

Hinh 1.30 : Hoi khoi TfBBNQ lien ket noi tiep.

Phan ling cua h~ :

y(n) = [x(n) * 17(n)I]* 17(n)~

[1.6-:1J

Theo t.inh chat giao hoan cua tich chap co :

_v( n) = [X (II ) * 17( n) ~ ] * 17( n) 1 [ l. 6- 4]

Tu quan h~ van ra Il.G-4]' eo so do kh6i tuong duong tren hinh l.31.

x(n)

----3 ... 1 h,(n) 1 ~I h,(n)

I------'l.~ y( n)

Hinh 1.:31 : 060 vi trf cuo hoi khoi TfBBNQ lien ket nOi tiep.

v dv, khi ddo vi tri cue klu)/ lien kef fl()/' fie'p cuu II¢ XII' (v sli' 7TBBNQ. dd« tiuh xung hin) Vtl phdn ung yin) C!lll h¢ khong thay d()i.

1.6.2b DQc tinh xung cue cec khoi TTBBNQ lien ket noi tiep

Xet h¢ xU: Iy so lTBBNQ gam hai khoi lien ket noi tiep d hinh 1.:30.

Phan ling cua h~ duoc xac dinh thea [1.6-3]. Theo t.inh chat ket hop cua tich chap, co th~ dua [1.6-3] ve dang :

y(n) =x(n)*[17(n)1 *17(n)~] = xtn) * 17(n)

Trong do: 17(n) = 17(n)1 * 17(n)~ [1.6-5]

Tu qua n h¢ van ra [1.6-5]. c6 so d6 khoi tuong duong tren hinh U~2 .

x(n)

• ,-I __ h_(n_)_=_h_I_(n_)_*_h_~_(n_)_~_---3.~ y (n)

Hinh l.32 : So do tuong duong cue hoi khoi TI'BBNQ lien ket noi tiep.

VtJ_v. dd« tinh xung hin) ella cue kllrJl7TBBNQ lien kef noi fiep biing tich chdp cua cue dac tinh xung hJn) thunh phdn.

40

1.6.2c DQc tinh xung cue ccc kh6i TTBBNQ lien ket song song

Xet h~ xU: ly st> TfBBNQ co hai khoi lif-n kct song song (j hinh 1.38, phan uns; cua h~\ la : y(n) = [x(n) * 17(11)1] + [\"(/1) * h(n),]

xt n )

y(n)

Hinh ].:33 : So do hoi kh6i 'ITRRNQ lien ket song song.

Theo t.inh chat phan pho] cua tich chap co :

y(n) =x(n)*[h(n)1 + h(nh] = X(I1) * h(l1)

11.6-6[

Trong do : h(n) = h(n)1 + h(n)2

Tit quan he van ra [1.6-61 , e6 so do kho] tuong duong tren hinh 1.:~4.

x(n)

---J":I_h_(_n_)_=_h_I_(n_)_+_h_~_!(n_)_;-., .. ~ y (n)

Hinh 1.;~,1 : So do tuonq dLlong cue hoi khoi 'ITBBNQ lien ket song song,

V~/.V, ddc I ill h xung hin) cua cac kh(JI TfBBNQ Ih'n kel song song h/illg tong cac d~"je tinh xung hin) thunh phan.

Vi du 1.22: Tim d(lC t.inh xung htn) cua h~ xU: ly so'Il'RBNQ d hinh 1.:35.

i'X_n-l)

rectin-l)

y(n)

rect.in-Y)

Hinh ] .:"35 : So do kh6i cue he xu Iy s6 TI'BRNQ a VI du 1-22.

Giai : Dua so do khoi cua h~ d§ cho vc dang (j hinh 1.:~6, trong do : hl(n) = h'(n- 2) * r(,l'/c(n -I)

h2(n)::-: ti(n-I) * r('('/,(II)

Xar dinh die d~1C t.inh xung hLn) va hin) :

r 2

hi (n) c-, I 8(k - 2) * recl-c(Il-I- k) = I rect.Jn -1- k) = recl1(n - 3)

k () k 2

41

~ I

h2(n) =L b'(k-I) * reCI2(n-k) =L reCI2(n-k) = reCI2(n-l)

k ~O k ~I

rect~(n-l)

Hinh 1.:36 : So do kh6i tuong duong cuo he xu Iy 56 TrBBNQ 6 VI dL,J 1-21.

Theo so do khoi tren hinh l.36 , tim duoc hin) :

h(n) = hi (n) * [he (n) + rect , (n -I)] = rectLn - 3)*[ reel] (n - I) + reel 1 (n - I)] 4

h(/1) = 2.reel1 (n - 3) * reel] (n - I) = 2.2: rect , (/1 - 1 - k) kd

h(n) = 2.[reeI2(n-4)+ recl1(n-5)]= 28(n-4)+48(n-5)+28(n-6)

1.6.3 Dieu ki~n c)n dinh cua h~ xU- Iy so TTBBNQ

Xet tinh 6n dinh la mot yeu cau quan trong doi vdi moi thiet hi va h~ thong xlily tin hieu.

l.S.3a Ojnh nghio tinh on dinh cuo ht xu Iy 56 TTBBNQ

Giong nhu cac he xli ly tin hieu lien tuc, phan ung y(n) cua he xli Iy soTTBBNQ cling gom hai thanh phan : y(n) = yo(n) + y,,(n)

Trong do thanh phan dao dong' tu do yin) co dang phu thuoc vao cau true cua h~ xli ly so, con thanh phan dao dong cudng birc Yin) co dang phu thuoc van tac dong x(n). Do do, dinh nghia ve tinh 6n dinh cua h~ xlily sOTIBBNQ cling giong nhu doi voi h~ xlily tin hieu lien tuc.

1. Dinh nghia 6n dinn 1 : H¢ XII Iy sifTTBBNQ la dn dinh nell phdn ung y(n) C() thanh phdn dao dong W do yin) ~ 0 khi n ~ 00.

D6i voi cac h~ xli ly so, nguoi ta con xli dung dinh nghia ve tinh 6n dinh ella he xlily so TIBBNQ nhu sau :

2. Dinh nghia 6n dinh. 2 : H¢ XII Iy Sf;' TTBBNQ la 6n dinn neu voi tac dong xi n) 0) gia tri hiiu han 'hi phdn ling y(n) ding co gia tri hiiu han.

T'uc la, h~ xlily so TrBBNQ la 6n dinh neu thoa man dieu kien :

Vdi tac dong' : I xin) I s M; < 00 vdi \7' n

Thi ph an ung : Iy(n) I s M; < 00 vdi \7'n [l.6-7)

H9 xu ly s6TI'BBNQ kh6ng thoa man dieu .kien [1.6-7) Ia kh6ng 6n dinh.

Hai dinh nghia tren ve t.inh 6n dinh hoan toan tuong duong, vi mot h~ xlily so TrBBNQ thoa man dieu kien [1.6-7] thi thanh phan dao dong tu do yJn) trong phan ung y(n) se ~ 0 khi n ~ 00 , va nguoc lai.

42

1.6.3b Dieu kitn on dinh cuo ht XU Iy sO TTBBNQ

Dac t.inh xung hin) la phan ling ella h~ xli ly so lTBBNQ khi t.ac dong la day xung don vi rJn). Tac dQng rJn) chi c6 mot mau vdi gia tri b~ng 1 tai thdi di~m n = 0, nen tai cac thdi di~m n > 0 thi tac dong vao h¢ bang kh6ng, do d6 dac tmh xung h/n) ehinh la dang ella thanh phan dao dong tu do yin) trong phan ling ytn] ella h~ xli ly sOTIBBNQ. Do do, theo dinh nghia 6n dinh 1 , suy ra dinh ly v~ dieu kien 6n dinh sau day'.

Dinh' If tin dinh' 1 : Dilll ki¢n dli di h¢ xii /.)' S/;']TBBNQ /)n dinh la :

limh(n) = 0

[1.6-8]

Theo dinh nghia 6n dinh 2. c6 dinh ly ve dieu kien 6n dinh sau.

Dinh If tin dinh 2: Dilll kien dli di hf .Hi I_y .wJ'7TBBNQ /In dinh fa :

'J:'

S = L Ih(n)1 < en

[1.6-9)

1100

Chung minh : Can chung minh ding. neu h~ xli ly so n'BBNQ thoa man dieu kien [1.6-8]. thi n6 thoa man dieu kien [l.6-9] • nen la h¢ 6n dinh.

cr,

Phan lingy(n) cua h~ xli ly sOlTBBNQ: V(I1)= Lh(k).x(n -- k) kcO

ly(n)1 =lfh(k).X(n - k)

" 0(1

T'ri tuyet doi ella t6ng kh6ng IOn hon t6ng tr] t.uyet doi ella cac so hang :

ere I .s.

ly(n)1 = t;h(k).X(n - k) I s ~!h(k)I,lx(n - k>i

Neu tac dQng xin) e6 gia trj gidi han, thi se ton tai mot so huu han M, d~

U{y tri tuvet doi ca hai ve:

, . "

I x(n) I s Mx vdi '\I n, do do e6 :

s.

Iy(n)i ~ M,'L ih(k)j

ncO

Suy ra, neu h~ xli ly s6lTBBNQ thoa man dieu kien [1.6-9], thi n6 thoa man dieu kien [1.6-8J , vi khi d6 e6 : ly(n)1 ~ M,.S = M 1< OCJ

Do do, t.heo dinh nghia 6n dinh 2, h~ xli ly solTBBNQ trim la 6n dinh.

Hai dinh ly ve dieu kien 6'n dinh tren cho phep xac dinh tinh 6n dinh ella h~ xli ly sOTfBBNQ theo dac tinh xung htn) ella n6.

Vi du 1.23: Cho cac h~ x~ ly so TfBBNQ e6 dac tinh xung nhu sau :

a. h(n) = a"u(n) h. h(n) = a"recl(n),

Hay xac dinh mien gia tri ella hang so a d~ cac h~ xli ly so tren 6n dinh. Giai : a. Dung dinh ly 1 d~ xac dinh tinh 6n dinh ella he, xet gidi han :

{ 0 khi 1 a! < I

J~i~ h(n) = I!~~ a" .u(n) = OCJ khi 1 a I ~ I

H~ da eho se 6n dinh neu lal < I.

43

h. Dung dinh Iy 2, de; xac dinh tinh 6n dinh cua h~, xet chuoi :

v

1< \ I I_lui

, .... ' .cc L 111(.11)1 = L 1 a" .re("/(II) \ 1 = L I a" I == -~--I I~ < Cf)

I - a

/I ~' 11'-: .s , 11-- I)

H~ h 6n dinh voi moi gift tri ella a.

1'u dieu ki~n 6n dinh [Hi-9J va vi du trf-n cho thay ding, cac h~ xU:

Iy st)'ITBBNQ la h~ FIR luon 6n dinh VI chuoi. huu han Iu<>n h9i tv.

('{H' h(~ xli Iy s{) TrBBNQ Ii'! h~ llR ('6 lhe' o'n dinh hoac khong ()11 dinh vi chuai \'() han 11.6-91 ella cluing c{) th6 h0i. tv hoac ph an kyo

1.6.4 So do eau true ella h~ xli Iy so TTBB theo d~e tinh xung h(n) 1.6.4a Xay dl!ng so do cdu true theo d¢e tinh xung h( n)

H(~ xli Iy s{{Tnm k hong nhan qua co quan h~ vao ra :

r

.1'(11)= Lh(k).x(n-- k)

[J.6-101

H~ xli Iy s{{'lTBBNQ 13 h~ IIR e6 quan h~ vao ra :

r:

v( 11)'= L ht k ).x( II .- k )

[ 1.6-111

k 0

H(~ xli Iy sC{TrBBNQ la h~ FIR eo quan h~ vao ra :

\" I

yen) = L h(k ).X(II - k) [1.6-121

k .... ()

Theo cac qua n h~ vito ra tren, eo th~ xay dung duoc so d6 cau true ella c;\c h~ xir Iy 80 TIBB co dac tinh xu ng h( n), va tu do th uc hien duoc chung h~ng mach phiin cling hoac chuang trinh phan memo

Vi du 1.24: Hay xay dung so d6 cau true ella h~ xli Iy soTfBB co d~c t.inh xung 11(11) == rectLn + I)

Gi(ii : Dav 18. h~ xli Iy s{{ lTBB khong nhan qua, thea [1.6-10] co :

r r- I

Y(II) .; : Lh(k).x(n-k) == L rec/,(k+ 1).x(II--k) = L x(n-k)

k r k r I: c I

y( 11) == x( k + I) + x( k ) +- x( k ._ I)

l1.6-13]

'I'heo 11.6-1 :1J . co so (1<) cau true ella h¢ xli Iy so TfBB da eho (1 hinh 1.37.

y(n)

Hinh 1.:31 : So do cou true cuo he xU Iy s6TIBB eo h(n) == rectin + I),.

44

H~ xli Iy so cIa cho la h~ FIR nen eo ;;'0 phtin tli huu han, nhung la h~ khong nhan qua. do do kh6ng th~ thuc hien dUQC bf:tng phan cung.

Vi dl;l1.25: Hay xav dung so do cau true cua h~ xli Iy soTI'BB co d~c t.inh

xung hen) = a" u(n)

Gi£/i .' Day I:)h~ xli Iy so lTBBNQ nhung la h~ IIR, thea [] .5-17] co :

f 'Y -s

.v( n) = L h( k ) .x( n - k) = La' u(k ).x( n - k) = L a k x( n - k)

k~O .0 k,O

V(1.V: y(n)= x(n) + a.x(k -I) +a~x(k - 2) + a1x(k - 3) +.... [1.6-141

Thco [1.6-14], co so do cau true cua h~ xli Iy sf)n'BB da cho d hinh l.:~R.

xin)

y(n)

Hinh 1.3S : So do cou true cuo he xu 1'1 s61TBBNQ co hin) = £1"1/(11).

Day In h~ xu ly so T1'BBNQ nhung III he IIR , no d.n dUQ(' xav dung b~ng v() han cac phan tlt nen kh6ng th~ t.huc hien duoc t.ren thuc teo

1.6.4 b DQc diem cdu true cue h~ xu Iy s6 theo dQc tinh xung h( ri)

Ttl' cac quan h~ vao ra [1.6-10J . [J.(j-Il J . [1.6-12J va cac vi du t.ren. rut ra cac ket Juan sau :

- H~ xli ly 86 :TTBB duoc rn6 ta bf:tng dac tinh xung htn) h) h~ e6 quan h~ vao ra khong d~ quy.

- H~ xli Iy s{)TI'BB co quan he van ra kh6ng d~ quy t.hi qua trinh xli Iy sf) chi dien ra thea mot huang nhat dinh, so do cau true cua chung kh6ng c6 phan hoi.

- Theo quan h~ van ra kh6ng d~ quy 11.4- 1 OJ, eo so do kht)i tt;ng quat cua h~ xli ly so nha n qua kh6ng d~ quy d hinh 1.:3B.

xin) ----)l.~1 F[hox(n), h1x(n -- I), ... , h.x(n - k), ... ] I--I--l"~ ytri)

Hinh 1.:3B : So do kh6i tong quat cuo he xu 1'1 so nncn qua kh6ng de quy.

45

- So d6 diu true cua cac h~ xli Iy so 'ITBB duoc rna ta bang dac tinh xung htn) hfiu han (h~ FIR) se co so phan tli hiru han (xern hinh 1.37), do do h~ FIR luon thuc hien duoc theo cau true khong co phan hoi.

- So d6 cau true cua cac h~ xli ly so 'nBB dUQC rna ta b~ng dac tinh xung hin) va han (he IIR) se co so phan tli va han (xern hinh 1.38), do do khong th~ thuc hien duoc h~ IIR thea quan h~ van ra khong d~ quy, vdi cau true khong co phan h6i. Tu day phat sinh van d~ din co phuong phap khac d~ rna ta va thuc hien cac h~ xli ly so HR.

I. 7 PHAN TICH HE: XU' L Y s6 TUYEN TINH BAT BIEN

NHAN QuA BANG PHlfONG TRINH SAl PHAN

1.7.1 Me; ti h~ Xli Iy so b~ng phU'dng trinh sai phan 1.7.1a Thl,lc hitn h' xu Iy so IIR bimg quan h, veo ra d, quy

n~ dua ra giai phap thuc hien h~ xli Iy so IIR co dac tinh xung

h(n) = l1"u(n) d vi du 1-25, viet lai bi~u thuc [1.6"14] duoi dang :

cf) x:

y( n) = 2: a k x( n - k) = x( n) + 2: a k x( n - k)

k~O k~1

D(1i chi so, dat (k - 1) = k' => k = (k' + 1) va khi k = 1 thi k' = ° :

00 00

Y(I1) = x(n)+ 2: l1(k'+I)x[n-(k'+I)] = x(n)+a.2: ak'x(n-I-k')

,'coo k'~O

Vi:

00

~ k'

~ a x(n - 1- k') = yen - I)

Nen nhan duoc: y(n)= x(n)+l1.y(n-l) [1.7-1]

Ri~u thuc [1.7-1]la quan h~ vao ra d~ quy. Theo [1.7-1] xay dung duoc so d<3 cau true cua h~ xli Iy so IIR co h(n) = a"u(n) d hinh 1.40, no chi' co ba phan tli t.ao t.ha nh mot vong phan h6i.

y(n)

Hinh 1.40: So do e6u true de quv cue h$ xu Iy 56 TfBB eo hen) = a'l utn),

46

Nhu vf}.y, thea quan h~ vao ra khong d~ quy [1.6-14) so d6 cau true cua h~ IIR da cho can co vo han phan ttt , con thea quan h~ vao ra d~ quy [1. 7 - 1) , co th~ th uc hien duoc h~ xtt 15' so IIR do bang' ba p han ttt.

H~ xtt 15' so d~ quy co quan h~ vao ra thea [1.4-11) vdi k ~ 0, r ~ 1:

y(n) == F[hox(n) .... ,hkx(n-k), ... , a,y(n-r), ... ] [1.7-2)

Tuong tl,i nhu quan h~ vao ra d~ quy [1.7-1], co th~ tach [1.7-2] thanh t6ng cua hai ham so FI r ] va F~r ) , trong do FI [ ] chi phu thuoc vao cac thanh phan tac d9ng b, x(n - k), eon FA ] chi phu thuoc vao cac thanh

phan phan ling d qua khir a,y(n - r) :

y(n) = FI [box(n),. __ ,bkx(n - k), ... ] +

+ F1[a1y(n-I) •... , a,y(n-r), ... ] [1.7-3)

Tu quan h~ vao ra d~ quy [1.7-3) , co so d6 khoi t6ng quat cua h~ xli 15' so nhan qua d~ quy d hinh 1.41, day la so d6 khoi co phan hfli.

x(n)

y(n)

Hinh 1.41 : Sa d6 kh6i tong quat cue he xu Iy s6 nhan qua d$ quy.

I.7.Ih Me) ta h, xu Iy so bllng phuong trinh sai phon

Khi k va r la so hiru han, k = M va r = N, dang cu th~ va t6ng quat cua quan h~ vao ra d~ quy [1.7-3)la :

M N

y( n) == I b k x( n - k) - I a, y( n - r)

k=() ,=1

Hoac bi~u di~n duoi dang tuong duong :

N AI

I a , (n) y( n - r) = I hd n) x( n - k) V di ao = 1 [1. 7 - 5)

,=0 k =0

Trang do, xin) la tac d9ng, ytn) la phan ling, cac h~ so a , va hk

phu thuoc vao tinh chat va cau truccua h~ xtt ly so, N va M la hang so.

Cac bieu thuc [1.7-4] va [1.7-5] duoc gQi la phuong trinh sai phan bac N. Dau tru d v6 phai cua phuong trinh sai phan [1.7-4) chi la hinh thuc d~ bi~u dien phuong trinh sai phan [1. 7-5) dudi dang t6ng.

Khi N = 0, tu [1. 7-4) co phuong trinh sai phan bac khong :

[1.7-4)

M

y(n) == 2>k x(n - k)

k=O

[1.7-6]

Phuong trinh sal phan bac khong [1.7-6) mo ta cac h~ xli 15' so nhan qua khong d~ quy, no la dang cu th~ cua quan h~ vao ra khong d~ quy [1.4-10] co so d6 khoi tren hinh 1.39.

47

Khi M = (), tir [1.7-51 co phuong t.rinh sai phan thuan nhat :

\

Ia,y(n-- r) zz: 0

[1. 7-7J

,. (I

Phuong Lrinh sai phan thuan nht{t mo tii cac h~ xV ly sf) co Lac d6ng xt n.) he\ng k hong.

Phu thuoc vito t.inh chat cua cac h<) s() a ; va hk' co cac loai p huong t.rinh sa i pha n rna Lil e{H' dang he xvly s6 nhu sau :

- Phuong Lrinh sai phan ('6 mot trang cac h~ so a , va hk phu

thuoc vao 1,[11' dong xtn) hoac phan ung yt n) lil phuong trinh sai phan phi tuven, churn; mo ui h(~ xu Iy so nhan qua phi tuven.

- Phuong trinh sai pha n e6 rnQt trong ('[IC h~ stl L1,. va hk phu t.huo« vao bien thoi ginn n'Jj rae n la phuong trinh sai ph an khong bat hi(~n, «hurur mt) tei h~ xlily stl nhan qua khong btlt bien.

- PhlMng trinh sa i phan c6 tilL eel die h(~ s6 u, va hk la hang stl

dli<,i(' g<.)i Iii phunng trinh sai phan 111V(\n tinh h~ so hang, chung rna La h(> xli Iy sC) 'ITHBN0·

Xorn lui quan he vao ra [1.7-11 yin) = xin) + a.yt n -I), do la phu(ing trinh sai pha n t.uycn tinh h~ s6 hclng bf.tc mot.

Khi tha_v t.[l(' d(lllg X(II) cc' ;>(11) vao phuong trinh sai phan tuven

Linh h(~ s6' h;\ng h(lC khong [1.7-61. nhan duoc bi~u thirc dac tinh xung h t n t ('6 <10 del i h UU han ella h~ h(~ xli Iy st) TmHNQ :

1/

h(n)ccc2>kt'i(ll-k) h"

[1.7-HJ

kO

Nhu vf.ty, phuong trrnh sai phan t.uven tinh he so hang bac khtmg mo t:i hE) xvly stl TrBBNQ khong d~ quy e6 dac tinh xung htn) hiru han (h(~ FIR), ('{IC h(~ st; hk cua phuong t.rinh sai phan [1.7-8J la cac mau tuong

ling r-ua d:)c t.inh xung htn),

C[l(' phuong trinh sai phan tuyen tinh h~ s6 hang bac mot trd len me') tei h~ xu ly sC;Tl'HBNQ d0 quy co dac tmh xung htn) vo han (h~ I1R),

d day cAn co sv phan bi~t dung ve phuong trinh vi pha n rna ta he tli<illg tv vii phuong t.ri nh sai phan me) 1:1 h(~ xvly stl, v« mat thuat ngi1 toa n hoc, vi phan la vo cung nho, dt .. -) O. con sai pha n In su sai khac vdi IU(jng du nho chir khong phai la va cung nho. VI vay, phuong trinh sai phan bi~u dien gia trj ella day st; X[IC dinh each deu nhau rnot k hoa ng hiru han dll nho, nhung khong phai la luong vi phan, Do do, phuong tri nh sai phan mac du e6 dang roi rae ella phuong trinh vi phan, nhung no kht>ng phai In bi~u dien gfin dung ella phuong trinh vi phan. Phuong tri nh sa i phan Iii bi~u dien chinh X;lC d~ mo t:i he xvly so,

1.7.2 Giai phlfdng trinh sai phan tuyen tinh h~ so hllng

Khi biet Lac dOng xin) va phuong trinh sai phan tuyen tinh h~ so hftng ella h¢ xir ly so TrBBNQ, co Lh~ tim duoc phan ling y(n) cua h¢ bang

48

each giai phuong trinh sai phan. Dudi day se trinh b~y hai each giai true tiep phuong trmh sai phan tuyen tinh h~ so hang la phuong phap the va . phuong phap tim nghiem t6ng quat.

1.7.2a Phlldng phap the

Phuong phap the giai phuong trinh sai ph an tuyen tinh h~ so hang duoc thuc hien bang each the l~n 1UQt cac gia trj cua xin) VaG phuong trinh sai phan d~ l~n 1UQt tim duoc cac gia trj cua phan ung y(O), y(l), y(2), .....

D~ giai phuong trinh sai phan c~n phai co cac dieu kien ban d~u y(-l), y(-2), .... , do chinh la cac trang thai khdi tao cua h~ xl':t ly so trudc khi co tac dong. H~ xl':t ly so co phuong trinh sai phan b~c N thi can N dieu kien ban d~u. Chung ta se nghien cuu phuong phap the giai phuong trinh sai ph an qua mQt vai vi du.

Vi du 1.26: Tim phan ung ytn) cua h~ xl':t 1y so TfBBNQ dUQC rna ta bang phuong trinh sai ph an y(n) = x(n) + 0,5y(n -I) + O,ly(n - 2), vdi tac dQng

x(n) = 8(n) va cac dieu kien ban d~u y(-2) = y(-l) = O. Hay cho nhan xet ve ph an irng ytn) va tinh 6n dinh cua h~ da cho.

Gidi : Sl':t dung phuong phap the Mn 1UQt tinh duoc cac gia tri cua ytn). y(O) = 8(0)+ 0,5y(-I)+ 0,ly(-2) = 1 + 0,5.0 + 0,1.0 = 1

y(l) = 8(1) + 0,5 y(O) + O,ly( -I) = 0+ 0,5.1 + 0,1.0 = 0,5

y(2) = 8(2)+ 0,5y(l) + O,ly(O) = 0+0,5.0,5+0,1.1 = 0,35

y(3) = 8(3) + 0,5 y(2) + O,ly(l) = 0+ 0,5.0,35 + 0,1.0,5 = 0,225

y(4) = 8(4)+ 0,5y(3) + 0,ly(2) = 0+0,5.0,225+0,1.0,35 = 0,1475

y(5) = 8(5) + O,5y(4) + 0,ly(3) = 0+ 0,5.0,1475 + 0,1.0,225 = 0,09625

Tiep t\1C tinh tuong tu co th~ l~p duoc bang cac gia trj cua ytn) va xay dung duoc d6 thi cua no. Tit cac ket qua tren, co cac nhan xet sau :

- Do tac dQng VaG h~ la day xung don vi ((n), nen phan ung' ytn) chinh la dl)c tinh xung hin) cua h~ da cho.

- H~ sil ly so da cho co dl)c tinh xung h( 'n) ~ ° khi n ~ 00 , nen theo dinh 1y 6n dinh 1, h~ 6n dinh,

Vi du 1.27: Hay giai phuong trinh sai phan y(n) = a.y(n -I) + x(n)

Vdi tac dQng x(n) = u(n) va dieu kien ban d~uY(-l) = 1 Gidi : Sl':t dung phuong phap the Iftn hrot tinh duoccac giatri cua yin), y(O) = a.y(-I)+u(O)=a.I+1 = al +ao

y(I)· = a.y(O)+ u(I)= a' .y(-I)+ a.u(O) + u(l) = a-2 + al + aO

y(2) = a.y(l)+u(2)= a3y(-I)+a2u(0)+a.u(I)+u(2)= a3+c.? +al +ao

y(n) = a.y(n-I)+u(n)= an+1y(_I)+ anu(O) + an-1u(l) + an-2u(2) + ... +u(n) = = an+1 + an + an-1 + an-2 + ... + aO

Hoac viet dudi dang t6ng quat:

49

" "

y(n) = a,,+ly(-I)+ La'u(n-k) = an+1 + La'

,~ ,~

Hay:

Trong do:

y( n) = Yo (n) + v ; ( n )

() n+1 (I) n+1

Yo n = a y - = a

[1.7-91 [1.7-10]

n n

va : y,,(n) == La'u(n-k) == La' [1.7-11]

,~o ,~o

Thanh phan yo(n) thea bi~u thuc [1.7-10] khong phu thuoc van tac d9ng x(n), chi phu thuoc van h~ s6 a ella phuong trinh sai ph an va dieu kien ban dllu y(-l), We la yo(n) phu thuoc van cau true ella h~ xli ly s6 va gia tri khoi tao ella he. Thanh phan yo(n) ehinh la nghiem ella phuong trinh sai phan thuan nhat tuong ung khi eho tac d9ng x(n) bang khong va la thanh phan dao d9ng tv do ella ph an ung y(n).

Thanh phan Yl'(n) thea bieu thuc [1.7-11] phu thuoc van h~ so a ella phuong trinh sai phan va tac dong u(n), do la phan ung ella h~ xli ly s6 do su cudng buc ella tac d9ng, nen la thanh phan dao d9ng cudng birc ella phan ung y(n). Co th~ nhan thay rang, dao d9ng cudng buc Yl'(n) theo bieu thirc [1.7-11] ehinh la tich chap ella tac d9ng u(n) va dac tinh

xung h(n) = a"u(n).

Tu cac vi du tren eo nhan xet sau : Phuong phap the' giai phuong trinh sai phan tuyen tinh h~ so hang eho phep xac dinh cac gia trj ella phan ung y(n) dudi dang tuong minh, nhung eo nhuoc di~m la viec giai mat rat nhieu thoi gian, va trong nhieu truong hop chi biet duoc gia tri ella phan ung y(n) rna khong biet dti<;le bieu thuc toan hoc ella no.

1.7.2b Phlldng phap tim nghi.m tang quat

Theo bi~u thue [1.7-9], nghiem t6ng quat ella phuong trinh sai

phan tuyen tinh h~ s6 hang eo dang : -

y(n) == yo(n)+ Yl'(n) [1.7-12]

Trong do thanh phan tu do yo(n) la nghiem ella phuong trinh sai phan thuan nhat tuong ung nhan duoc khi eho tac d9ng xtn) = o.

Con thanh phan cudng buc Yl'(n) la mot nghiern rieng ella phuong trinh sai phan khong thuan nhat da eho.

Cac budc giai phuong trinh sai phan tuyen tinh h~ so hang theo

phuong phap tim nghiern t6ng quat nhu sau :

- Budc 1 : Tim nghiem yo(n) ella phuong trinh sai phan thuan nhat,

- Budc 2 : Tim mot nghiem rieng'YI'(n) ella phuong trinh sai phan.

- Buoc 3 : Xac dinh nghiem t6ng quat thea bi~u thuc [1.7-12].

- Budc 4: Tim cac hang s6 sai ph an thea cac di~u kien ban dllu.

D~ tim nghiern tu do yo(n) ella phuong trinh sai phan thuan nh fi't ,

nguoi ta the' yo(n)= A.a" van phuong trinh sai phan thuan nhat :

N

La,y(n - r) = 0

,~o

50

va nhan duoc phuong trinh :

AnA n-I A n-2 A n-N

ao a + al a + a2 a + ... + aNa = 0

A n=N ( N N-I N-2 )

Hay: a aoa +ala +a2a + ... +aN = 0

Giai phuong trinh dac trung :

N N-I N-2

aoa + ala + a2a + ... + aN = 0

nhan duoc N nghiern at, tit do co Yo(n) dudi dang :

N

Yo(n) = u(n)·IAka;' [1.7-13]

k~1

Trang do At la cac hang so sai ph an duoc xac dinh tit dieu kien ban dllu.

Nghiern rieng y/n),clla phuong trinh sai ph an thuong co dang :

Y,,(n)=B.x(n) [1.7-14]

hoac :

Y ,,(n) =B.n.x(n)

[1.7-15]

Sau day, xet mot so vi du giai phuong trinh sai phan tuyen tinh h~ so hang bang phuong phap tim nghiem t6ng quat.

Vi du 1.28 : Giai phuong trinh sai phan y(n) = x(n) + 2y(n -I), vdi tac

dong x(n) = u(n) va dieu kien ban dllu y(-I)= 0

Gidi : - Budc 1 : Tim nghiern yo(n) cua phuong trinh thuan nhat : y(n) - 2y(n - I) = 0

The' yo(n) = A.a"vaa phuong trinh thuan nhat :

Aan -2.A.an-1 = 0 ~ A.an-l(a-2) = 0 ~ a = 2

Thea [1. 7-13] nhan duoc nghiem tlj do : yo(n) = A.2n.u(n)

- Budc 2 : Tim nghiem cudng buc dudi dang Y,,(n)=B.x(n) = B.u(n).

The' y/n) vao phuong trinh sai phan da cho nhan duoc :

B.u(n) -2B.u(n -I) = u(n)

Phuong trinh tren dung vdi moi n ? I , d~ xac dinh B chon n = 1 va co:

B.u( I) -2B.u(0) = u( I) ~ (B -2B) = I ~ B = -I V~y nghiern cudng buc la : Y,,(n)= - u(n)

- Birdc 3 : Nghiem tang quat cua phuong trinh sai phan da cho la : y(n) = Yo (n) + y" (n) = A.2n.u(n) - u(n)

- Buoc 4 : Xac dinh hang so sai phan tit dieu kien ban <111u. Thea phuong trinh sai phan va di~u kien ban dllu d dllu bai xac dinh duoc : y(O) = u(O) + 2y(-I) = 1- 2.0 = I

Do do nghiern tang quat co gia trj y(O) la : y(O) = A_2°.u(0) - u(O) = I

vay A -I = I ~ A = 2. Nghiem t6ng quat cua phuong trinh sai ph an : y(n) = 2.2n.u(n) - u(n) ,hay y(n) = [2(n+l) -I].u(n)

51

Vi du 1.29: Tim phan ung ytn) cua h~ xu ly s6 co phuong trinh sai phan y(n) + 2y(n -I) - 3y(n - 2)= x(n) + 2x(n -I), vdi tac dQng x(n) = u(n) va dieu kien ban dliu y(-l) = y( - 2) = O. Xac dinh tinh 6n dinh cua h~ da cho. Gidi : - Budc 1 : Tim nghiern yo(n) cua phuong trtnh thuan nhat :

y(n) + 2y(n -I) - 3y(n - 2) = 0

The Yo (n) = A.a" van phuong trinh thuan nhat :

Aa"+2.A.a"-1-3.A.an-2 =0 ::::> A.an-2(a2+2a-3)=0

Giai phuong trinh dac trung (a2 + 2a - 3) = 0 nhan duoc cac nghiem : a I = 1 va a 2 = -3

Theo [l.7-13] nghiem tu do la : yo(n) =[AI +A2(-3)"].u(n)

- Budc 2: Tim nghiern cudng birc dudi dang y,,(n)=B.n.x(n) = B.n.u(n).

The y,,(n) van phuong trinh sai phan da cho nhan du'Qc :

B.n.u(n) + 2B.(n -I)u(n -1)-3B.(n - 2)u(n - 2) = u(n) + 2.u(n -I)

Phuong trinh tren dung vdi moi n ;::: 2, d~ xac dinh B chon n = 2 va co : 3 2B.u(2)+2B.u(l) = u(2)+2u(l) => (2B+2B) = (1+2) ::::> B =-

4

V~y nghiem cudng b6'c la : y,,(n)= ! .n.u(n)

- Buoc 3 : Nghiern t6ng quat cua phuong trinh sai phan da cho la :

n 3

y(n) = Yo (n) + y" (n) = AI.u(n) + A2.( -3) .u(n) + -.n.u(n) 4

- Buoc 4 : Xac dinh hai hang s6 sai phan tit dieu kien ban dliu. Theo phuong trinh sai phan va dieu kien ban dliu d dliu bai, xac dinh duoc : y(O) + 2y( -I) - 3y( -2)= ufO) + 2u( -I)

y(O) + 2.0 - 3.0 = 1 + 2.0 ::::> y(O) =

va : y(I)+2y(0)-3y(-I)= u(I)+2u(0)

y(l)+2.1-3.0=1+2.1 ::::> yO) =

Theo nghiem t6ng quat xac dinh duoc d buoc 3 co h~ phuong trinh :

{Y(O) = AI'u(O) + A2·( _3)° .u(O) + ~ .0.u(0) = 1 => {AI + A2 = 13

I ) 3 AI - 3A2 + -4 = 1

y(1) = AI.u(I)+A2·(-3) .u(1 +-.l.u(l) = 1

4

13, 3

AI = - va A2=-

16 16

V~y nghiern t6ng quat cua phuong trinh sai phan da cho la :

13 3 n 3

y(n) = -.u(n) + -.(-3) .u(n) + -.n.u(n)

16 16 4

[ 13 3 n 3 ]

Y(n) = -- + -.(-3) + -.n .u(n)

16 16 - 4

Giai h~ phuong trinh tren tim duoc :

Hay:

52

Trong do thanh phan dao dQng tu do la nghiem cua phuong trinh

. h A hua h A' [13 3 n]

sal p an t uan n at: yo(n) = - + -.(-3) .u(n)

16 16

H~ sli 1y s6 da cho co dao dQng W do yin) ~ - 00 khi n ~ Cf) , nen theo dinh 1yan dinh 1, h~ khong thoa man di~u kien an dinh.

Cac vi du tren cho thay ding, giai phuong trinh sai phan tuyen tinh h~ s6 hang bang phuong phap tim nghiern tang quat la kha phuc tap, khi phuong trinh sai phan co b~c N> 2 se cang phuc tap hen vi phai giai phuong trinh bac cao.

Nhu v~y, ca hai phuong phap giai phuong trinh sai phan tuyen tinh h~ s6 hang da duoc trmh bay d tren d~u phuc tap, vi the' nguoi ta se tim phuong phap khac d~ giai phuong trinh sai phan d~ dang hon, van d~ do se duoc nghien cuu d chtidng hai.

1.7.3 Sa do eau true cua h~ xl( Iy 50 theo phuang trinh sal phan 1. 7 .3a So do cdu truc cue h~ xu Iy so co phuong trinh sai phon bQc 0

Xet h~ xli 1y s6 TIBBNQ co phuong trinh sai phan tuyen tinh h~ s6 hang bac khong dang t6ng quat (h~ FIR khong d~ quy) :

M

y(n) = L>kx(n - k)

k~O

y(n)

a. Donq chuon toe

[1.7-16]

ytn)

b. Donq cbuven vi

Hinn 1.42 : So do ccu true cue h~ xu Iy 56 FIR khong de quy theo [1. 7 -16].

53

H~ xu ly so TIBBNQ co quan h~ vao ra [1.7-16] la h~ co so phan tii hiru han va khong d~ quy, nen so d6 cau true cua h~ khong co phan h6i va c6 th~ thuc hien duoc nhu tren hinh 1.42.

So d6 a hinh 1.42a dUQC goi la dang chuan tac, khi thuc hien bang phan cung thi chuoi lien tiep M phan tii tr~ se la bQ ghi dich M nhip.

Khi d6i vi trf cac phan tii tr~, nhan duoc so d6 cau true dang chuyen vi tren hinh 1.42b. Trang cau true nay, day tac dQng xin) trudc he't duoc nhan vdi tat ca cac h~ so bo, b, , b, , ... , bM sau do mdi duoc gii1 tr~ va cQng. Cau true chuyen vi khi duoc thuc hien bang phan cirng thi cac phan tii tr~ la bQ nhd.

XvIy so hoc

y(n)

Day b, trong b(> nhd

Hinh 1.43 : So do cou true h09C thuot toon cue h$ xu Iy 56 TIBBNQ kh6ng de quy su dl,mg bo nho.

Khi cac mau gia tri cua tac dQng xin), x(n - 1), x(n - 2), ... , x(n - M), va cac h~ so bo, b, , b2, ••• , bM duoc luu gii1 trong bQ nhd dudi dang hai day so lieu, co th~ thuc hien h~ xu ly sOTIBBNQ co phuong trinh sai phan bac khong [1.7-16] bang so d6 cau true hoac thuat toan d hinh 1.43.

1.7.3b So de; cau truc cue ht xu Iy s6 co phuong trinh sai phOn bQc N

Xet h~ xli ly so TIBBNQ duoc mo ta bang phuong trinh sai phan tuyen tinh h~ so hang bac N ;? 1 (h~ IIR d~ quy vdi N ~ 1) :

M N

y(n):::: I>kx(n - k);- I>ry(n - r)

[1. 7 -17]

k =0 r=1

H~ xli Iy so TIBBNQ co quan h~ vao ra [1.7-17] la h~ d~ quy, so d6 cau true cua no g6m hai nhom, nhom thu nhat la phan gii1 cham tac dQng vao xin), nhom thu hai la phan phan h6i gii1 cham phan ung yin). Tren hinh 1.44 la so d6 cau true dang chan t:lc 1 cua he.

Doi voi cac h~ xii ly so TIBBNQ, d6i thu tu cua hai khoi lien ke't ndi tiep khong lam thay d6i ph an irng y(n), nen co th~ dua so d6 cau true tren hinh 1.44 ve dang chuyen vi tren hinh 1.45.

Thay hai day tr~ cua so d6 cau true d hinh 1.45 bang' mot day tr~ ,

54

nhan duoc so d6 diu true dang chuan tac 2 tren hinh 1.46 vdi N phan ti1 tre it han ( khi gia thiet M > N).

y(n}

Hinh 1.44 : So do cou true donq cnuor, toe 1 cue h$ IIR de quy [1.7·17].

x(n)

y(n}

Hinh 1.45 : So do cou true d(;mg chuven vi cuo h$ IIR de quy [1. 7-17].

Khi cac rnau gia tri cua tac dQng xin), x(n-1}, x(n-2}, ... , xtn-M), va cac he so b.; bl, b«. .. , , bM, ciing nhu cac m§.u gia tri cua ph an ling yin),

55

y(n-l), ytn-z), ... , yin-tv), va cac h~ so aI' a2, ... , aN diroc luu gift trong bQ nho dudi dang bon day so lieu, chung ta co th~ thuc hien h~ xli ly so TfBBNQ co phuong trmh sai phan tuyen tinh h~ so' hang [1. 7 -17] nhu so d6 cau true hoac thuat toan tren hinh 1.47.

x(n)

y(n)

D

D

Hinh 1.46 : So do cdu true d<;mg chuon t6e 2 cue he IIR d$ quy [1.7-17].

1.7.3c Thl,le hi,n h' xu Ii so FIR theo eau true co phon hoi

H~ xli ly so TfBBNQ co phuong trinh sai ph an tuyen tinh h~ so hang bac kh6ng [1.7-16] vdi gia tri M 16n la h~ FIR v6i d::_ic tmh xung hin) co dQ dai 16n. Neu thuc hien h~ thea cau true khong co phan h6i thi so phan tli nhieu. D~ giarn so phan tli, co th~ thuc hien h~ FIR theo cau true co phan h6i bang each bien d6i quan h~ van ra khong d~ quy thanh quan h~ van ra d~ quy. Vi du duoi day minh hoa cho di~u do.

Vi du 1-30 : Hay xay dung so d6 cau true cua h~ tich lily trung binh co I M

quan he vao ra : y(n) = Lx(n-k) [1.7-18]

(M+J)k~O

Gidi : Quan h~ van ra [1.7-18] la phuong trinh sai phan tuyen tinh h~ so hang bac kh6ng. Theo [1.7-18] xay dung duoc so d6 cau true khong co

56

''0
...c::
~ ''0
<0, ...c::
..0 ~
eo <0·
~ ..0
0 eo
s-. ~
..,
0
s-.
..., '0
ci ..c::
c
eo <0·
~ .0
oro
~ 0>
c
:::J.
D
.:J
<J)
>-
:::J
0-
<(1).
'0
~O
<J)
~
.:J
x
<(1) .
..c::
c
<(1).
E
0
:J .
s:
''0 +-
..c: '<0
~ '0
<0, 0
..0 (/)
eo
~ t-
O ~
s-. .-<
..,
..i:,- s:
,£
eo I
~
oro
~ 57

phan hoi cua h~ tich liiy trung binh tren hinh 1.48.

D

x (n)

Hinh l.48 : CCiu true kh6ng eo phon hoi cue h$ tieh lOy trung binh.

"

D~ thuc hien h~ tich luy trung binh thea quan h~ van ra d~ quy,

bien d6i [1.7·18] nhu sau:

1

v(n) c: {x(n)+x(n-I)+ ... +x[n-(M-I)]+x(n-M)}

· (M + I)

1

v( n) = {x( n) + x( n - I) + ... + x[ (n - (M - I)] + x( n - M) +

· (M + I)

+ x[(n - (M + I)] - x[(n - (M + I)]} 11M

y(n) = {x(n) - x[n - (M + I)} + Lx(n -1- k)

(M + I) (M + I) k.O

1

v(n) = {x(n)-x[n-(M+I)} + v(n-I) [1.1·19]

· (M + I) .

Quan h~ van ra [1.7·19]18. phuong trinh sai phan tuyen tinh h~ so hang bac mot, nen la quan h~ van ra d~ quy. Theo [1.7·19] xay dung duoc so do diu true co phan hoi cua h~ tich luy trung binh d hinh 1.49.

y(n)

x(n)

x[n· (M + 1)]

Hinh 1.49 : CCiu true eo phon hoi cue h$ tfeh lOy trung binh.

So do cau true cua h~ tich luy trung binh thea quan h~ van ra d~ quy d hinh 1.49 , so voi so do cau true thea quan h~ van ra khong d~ quy d hinh 1.48 giarn duoc mot sob('> cong.

Khong co quy d.c chung d~ chuyen cac h~ xli ly so co quan h~ vao ra khong d~ quy thanh h~ co quan h~ vao ra d~ quy.

1.7.3d DQC diem ceu truc cue hf) xu Iy so theo phuong trinh soi phon Tit nhirng van de da nghien cuu, rut ra cac ket luan sau :

1. Cac h~ xli ly so lTBBNQ co phuong trinh sai phan tuyen tinh h~ so hang bac mot trd len la h~ IIR, do la quan h~ van ra d~ quy nen chi thuc hien duoc bang diu true co phan hoi.

58

2. Cac he xiiIy so TTBBNQ co phuong trinh sai ph an tuyen tinh h~ so hang bac khong la h~ FIR, do la quan h~ vao ra khong d~ quy nen thuc hien duoc bang cau true khong co ph an h6i.

3. M9t he xiily so TTBBNQ co quan h~ vao khong d~ quy vdi ca'u true khong co phan h6i, co th~ duoc bien d6i thanh quan he vao ra d~ quy vdi cau true co phan hdi.

4- M9t quan h~ vao ra mo ta h~ xiily so TTBBNQ co th~ duoc bien d6i thanh cac dang khac tuong duong va co th~ thuc hien duoc bang nhirng so d6 cau true khac nhau. Vi the, mot h~ xiily so TTBBNQ co th~ duoc thuc hien bang nhirng so d6 cau true khac nhau nhung v~n cho ket qua xiily nhu nhau. Dieu do co nghia la, bai toan t6ng hop h~ xiily so la da tri va c~n duoc toi uu theo mot tieu chuan nhat dinh d~ chon duoc so d6 cau true tot nhat theo nghia nao do.

5. H~ xii ly so TTBBNQ co phuong trinh sai ph an tuyen tinh h~ so hang bac khong la h~ FIR nen luon luon 6n dinh, H~ xiily so TTBBNQ co phuong trinh sai ph an tuyen tinh h~ so hang bac mot trCl len la h~ IIR nen co th~ 6n dinh hoac khong 6n dinh,

1.8 HAM TUONG QUAN V A HAM TV TUONG QUAN

1.8.1 Ham tU'dng quan

Khi xiily tin hieu so, trong nhieu truong hop, dn so sanh hai tin hieu so hoac hai day so lieu. D~ so sanh hai tin hieu so hoac hai day so, nguoi ta sii dung ham tuong quan r,y(m), vdi bien m la khoang each

gitra cac mau cua hai tin hieu so hoao hai day so duoc so sanh.

Dinh' nghia : Ham tuang quan rxy (m) Clla day ytn) deli viii day xtn) la day

r,v(m)duQ'c xac dinh bang bilu thuc :

00

rx/m) = Lx(n).y(n - m)

[1.8-1]

n:::-oo

hoiic :

00

rxv(m) = Lx(n + m).y(n)

[1.8-2]

n=-oo

d day chi so dudi xy xac dinh hudng tuong quan, vdi xin) la day goc con yin) la day duoc so sanh. Bien m la khoang each giua hai day tinh bang so mau. Cac bi~u thirc [1.8-1] va [1.8-2] la nhu nhau vi su dich cham m m~u cua day ytn) so vdi day xin) hoan toan tuong duong vdi su dich nhanh m m~u cua day xin) so vdi day ytn),

D~ so sanh day xin) vdi day yin), dung ham tuong quan rvx(m):

59

00

r,x (m) == L y(n).x(n - m)

[1.8-3]

n=-r:r;

hoac :

if)

rn(m) == Ly(n + m).x(n)

[1.8-4]

n=-CI)

Neu thay m == - m van [1.8-1] se nhan duoc [1.8-4], va tuong tu, neu thay m = - m van [1.8-2] se nhan duoc [1.8-3] , do do co :

rn.(m) ==rvx(-m)

[1.8-5]

Nhu v~y, r,x(m)la doi xung cua rn(m) qua true tung va chung deu mang thong tin nhu nhau ve slj tuong quan giira hai day xin) va ytn).

Bi~u thuc ham tuong quan r".(m)co dang g:1n giong vdi bieu thuc

tieh chap va ro rang co lien quan vdi bi~u thuc tieh chap, That v~y, bien d6i bi~u thuc [1.8-2] se thay duoc su lien quan do :

if) 00

rn (m) == L x(n + m).y(n) == L y(n).x[m - (-n)] == y(m) * x( -m)

II:':::-CF'

11=-00

V?y:

rn (m) = y(m) * x( -m) = x( -m) * y(m)

Tuong tlj :

r,,(m) == x(m)* y(-m) == y(-m) * x(m)

[1.8-6] [1.8-7]

Vi the, moi thuat toan va chuong trinh dung d~ tinh tieh chap x(n) * y(n) deu eo th~ stt dung d~ tinh ham tuong quan rn.(m), chi can

thav cac day van xin) va yin) bang' cac day van xt-rn) va ytm),

f)~ tim ham tuong quan rn(m)eua cac day co dQ dai hiru han vdi N

nho. co th~ tinh tUng mau cua rn (m) tuong tlj nhu tinh tieh chap.

Vi du 1-31 : Hay xac dinh ham tuong quan r,,.(m) cua hai day huu han :

x( n) = { - I. 2, ~ '2} va y( n) == { I, - 2 ,~ . I. 2 }

Gidi : Dung cong thuc [1.8-11] d~ l:1n luot tinh cac gia trj cua rn(m):

I

r,,(O) = Lx(n).y(n-O) = (-1).1 + 2.(-2)+ 1.3 + 2.1 = 0

D~ tinh rn(m)vdi m < 0, Ian luot dich trai day ytn) so vdi day xinl :

I

r".(--I) == Lx(n).y(n + I) == (-1).(-2) + 2.3 + 1.1 + 2.2 == 13

11=~-2

I

rn(-2) = Lx(n).y(n + 2) == (-1).3 + 2.1 + 1.2 + 2.0 == 1

11=-'2

I

rn (-3) zz: Lx(n).y(n + 3) == (-1).1 + 2.2 + 1.0 + 2.0 == 3

1

r".( -4) = L x(n).y(n + 4) = (-1).2 + 2.0 + 1.0 + 2.0 = - 2

n~-2

1

r".( -5) = L x(n).y(n + 5) = (-1).0 + 2.0 + 1.0 + 2.0 = 0

1I~-2

Tinh tiep se duoc r",(m) = 0 vdi moi m s-5

D~ tinh r" (m) vdi m > 0 , !:in luot dich phai day ytn) so vdi day xin) : 1

rn' (I) = L x(n).y(n -I) = (-1).0 + 2.1 + 1.( -2) + 2.3 = 6

n:=.-'1

1

rxv(2) = Lx(n).y(n-2) = (-1).0+2.0+1.1+2. (-2) =-3

n:=.-2

1

r,y(3) = Lx(n).y(n-3) = (-1).0+2.0+ 1.0+2.1 = 2

,,==-2

1

rXl,(4) = Lx(n).y(n - 4) = (-1).0 + 2.0 + 1.0 + 2.0 = 0

n=-2

Tinh tiep se duoc rxy (m) = 0 vdi moi m > 4

Til cac ket qua tinh toan trim, nhan duoc day tuong quan r,v(m) la :

r,y(m) = {-2,3'1'13,~ ,6,-3,2}

Vi du 1·32: Hay xac dinh ham tuong quan rxv(m) cua hai day: x(n) = recttnv, va y(n) = 2" u(n)

OCJ J

Guii : Co rxv(m) = L rect(n)4.2(n-m) u(n - m) = L2(n-m)u(n - m)

n~-OCJ n~O

Co th~ thay ngay ding khi ne: [ 0 , 3] thi u(n - m) = 1 vdi moi m sO nen :

rx~.(m) = I2(n-m) = rm : = ~4 = 15.2-m voi moi m s 0

11=0

J

rx/I) = L2(n-l)u(n-l) = 2-1.0+2°.1+21.1+22.1 = 7

n=O

1

rxv(2) = L2(n-2)u(n-2) = 2-2.0+2-1.0+2°.1 +21.1 = 3

n~O

1

rxy(3) = L2(n-J)u(n-3) = rJ.0+2-2.O+2-1.0+2°.1 = 1

n=O

Tinh tiep Se duoc rxy (m) =' 0 vdi moi m :;?: 4

1.8.2 Ham tl! tU'dng quan

Ham tu tuong quan rx(m) dung d~ xac dinh quan h~ tai cac thoi di~m khac nhau cua day xin).

61

Dinh nghia : Ham tu tuang qllan r; (m) cua day xin) fa day duac XGC dinh bang hie'u thuc sail :

00

r, (m) = I x(n).x(n - m) = x(n) * x( -n)

[1.8-8]

11:::-X

Uoi chieu cac bi~u thuc [1.8-8] va [1.8·1], thi ham tu tuong quan r, (m) la truong hop rieng ella ham tuong quan rxy(m) khi ytn) == xin.), We

1:'1. khi so sanh day xin) vdi ehinh no tai hai thoi di~m each nhau m mau.

Ham tu tuong quan r, (m) dat gia tri cue dai tai m == 0 vi r, (0) la gia trj tuong quan ella xin) tai cling mot thoi di~m va co :

-r:

r. (0) = I x(n ).x(n) = E,

[ 1.8-9]

n= ~-CF)

V~y r,(O) ehinh la nang luong ella tin hieu xtn).

Vi du 1-33: Hay xac dinh ham tu tuong quan r, (m) ella day: x(n) = 2-n rectinv,

Gidi : Theo cong thuc [l.8-81 co :

00 1

r,(m) = I2-lIreel(n)j.rnnlreCI(n-m)1 = rIllI2-~nreel(n-m)4

r,(O) = 2°I2 ~lIrect(n)4 = I2 2n = 2° +2-2 +2-4 +2-6 = :!

II~O n~()

:I

) 1 , ~II, ) ( () -2 -4 -6 21

r,(-I =2 L.,.2 recl(n+14=2.2.1+2 .1+2 .1+2.0)=-8-

/1:::0

,1

r,(-2) == 21 I2-211 rectin + 2)4 == 22.(2°_1 +2-2.1 + 2-4.0 + 2-6.0) == 5

.1

r,(-3) = 21Ir2nreel(n+3)4== 21.(2°.1+2-2.0+2-4.0+r6.0)== 8

Tinh tiep se duoc rrr(m) == Ovdi moi m:S;-4

1 69

r, (I) = 21 I r211 rectin - 1)4 = rl.(2°.0 + r2.1 + 2-4.1 + r6.1) = --

II~O 128

1

() 27'2--'n ( ') -'( 00 -'0 2-41 -6) 5

r, 2 = - L.,. - reel n - 2 4 = 2 -. 2 . + 2 ", + . + 2 .1 =--

II~O 256

1

r, (3) = 2-:1 I 2-2n rectin - 3)4 = 2-3.(2°.0 + 2-2.0 + 2-4.0 + 2-6.1) = _1-

, II~O 512

'I'inh tiep se duoc rq,(m) = O vdi moi m Z 4.

62

BAI T ~P CHVON(; M(>T

BT 1.1 Cho day x(n) = [I - recii, (n»).rect" (n) vdi N> M

1. Rut gon bieu thuc va xac dinh d(> dai ella xtn).

2. Xac dinh xtn) bang' phuong phap d6 thi vdi N = 5 va M = 3.

BT 1.2 Hay bi~u di~n day x(n)=2"rec(4(n-3)-rect2(n-4) duoi cac dang bang so lieu, day so lieu va d6 thi.

BT 1.3 Cho day xin) co d6 thi tren hinh 1.50, hay ve d6 thi cac day sau :

1. YI(n) = x(n-2)

2. Y2 (n) = x(n - 2).u(n - 3)

3. y:,(n) = x(-n)

4. Y4(n) = x(2-n)

5. Y~ (n) = x(2 - n).J(n + I)

6. Y6(n) = x(2n)

7. Y7 (n) = x(2n - I)

Hinh 1.50 : 06 thi cuo BT 1.3

8. Y8 (n) = x(n) + 2~1I rect, (n - I)

BT 1.4 Hay viet bieu thirc ella cac day sau qua day urn) :

1. Day xung don vi J(n - k) 4. Day eho tren hinh 1.52

2. Day xung don vi J (ti + k) 5. Day chu nhat rect Jn. - k)

3. Day cho tren hinh 1.51 6. Day chfr nhat rect Jn + k)

t xin)

LlJL~

-2 -I 0 1 2 3 n

t xtn)

.1J~_lLU~

-I 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 n

Hinh 1.51 : BT 1.4 cou 3

Hinh 1.52 : BT 1.4 cou 4

BT 1.5 Hay viet bi~u thirc ella cac day sau qua day J(n) :

1. XI (n) = rect Jn + I) 3. x,(n) = [rec(2(n -I) - rect Jn - 2)]

2. x2(n) = O,S.rec(2(n-l) 4. x,(n) = 2~nrect4(n-I)]

BT 1.6 Cho day x(n) = rect Jri), hay viet bi~u thuc cua day xung ehu nh~t tuan hoan yin) tao bdi cac day xtn) vdi ehu ky bang P mau (P> N).

BT 1.7 Tinh cac tham so co ban ella cac tin hieu so sau :

1. xl(n) = r"J(n-3) 3. x,(n) = 2 "rect itn)

2. x2(n) = O,2~nu(n) 4. x4(n) = O,Snu(n)

Xet tinh tuyen tinh, bat bien, nhan qua cua cac h.;\ xli ly so sau :

1. YI (n) = x(n2) 3. y, (n) = ex(n)

2. Y2(n) = a.x(n)-t; b 4. Y4(n) = x(2n)

BT 1.8

63

BT 1.9 Tinh cac tieh chap sau va bi~u dien ket qua dudi dang bang:

1. YI(n) =u(n-2)*rect(n-2)4

2. Y2 (n) = rect(n - 2)4 * u(n)

3. Yl (n) = rect(n - 2)4 * [u(n) + u(n - 2)]

BT 1.10 Tim ph an ling y(n) ella h~ xli 15' so eo d~e tinh xung h(n) va tac dQng xin) tren hinh 1.53 bang each tinh true tiep tieh chap.

x(n)

I tj 0.4 °1,8

.............. ..l_~_ _ __. n

° 1 234

ht n) r

I I! 0,6

0.2

.. .....It __ -.n ° I 2 3

Hinh 1.53 : 06 th! cue BT 1.10

BT 1.11 Tinh tieh chap bang phuong phap d6 thi d~ tim phan irng ytn) ella h~ xli 15' so eo d~e tinh xung hin) va tac dQng xin) d hinh 1.54. Hay bi~u dien phan ling yin) dudi cac dang d6 thi va day so li~u

t htn)

i I

\ 0,6'1 0,6

jlLn

° I 234

Hinh 1.54: 06 th! cue BT 1.11

BT 1.12 Vdi tac dQng x(n) = 0,5 n rect , (n), hay tim phan ling ytn) ella h~ xl:l 1y so eo d~e tinh xung h(n) = 2" rect-Ln):

BT 1.13 Xet tinh 6n dinh ella cac h~ xl:l 15' so eo d~e tinh xung nhu sau :

1. h,(n) = 2-"n.u(n-2) 3. h3(n) = n-O,5 u(n-2)

2. ;/2(n)= »:' u(n-2) 4. h4(n) = 2nn-2 u(n-2)

BT 1.14 H~ xl:l 1y so eo quan _h~ vao ra y(n) = x(n) + n.x(n - 2) thuoc loai nao theo phan loai cac h~ xl:l ly so ? Hay eho biet tinh 6n dinh ella h~ xl:l 1y so do.

BT 1.15 Tim d~e tinh xung hin) va nhan xet v~ tinh nhan qua, tinh 6n dinh ella h~ xl:l 15' so eo quan h~ van ra nhu sau :

y(n)=x(n) + ~X(n-I) + ... + G)' x(n-k) + ...

64

BT 1.16 Giai phuong trinh sai phan ytn) = xin) + 2y(n - 1)

voi tac d{>ng xin) = urn - 1) va dieu kien ban d§.u y(-l) = °

1. Giai bang phuong phap the'.

2. Giai bang phuong phap tim nghiern t6ng quat.

BT 1.17 Cho dieu kien ban dAu la y(- 2) = y(-1) = ° , hay giai phuong trinh sai phan yin) - 3y(n - 1) + 2y(n - 2) = x(n) + xin. - 2)

1. Vdi tac dong xin) = (j(n - 1) .

2. Vdi tac dong xin) = u (n) .

BT 1.18 Tim dac tinh xung htn) va xac dinh tinh 6n dinh cua h~ xlily so duoc rna til bang phuong trinh sai phan :

ytn) - 2y(n - 1) - 3y(n - 2) = Axin) - 2x(n - 1)

BT 1.19 Tim phan ling ytn) cua h~ xli ly so TTBBNQ co dac tfnh xung htn) va tac dong xin) hiru han cho trong bang dudi day.

n ° 1 2 3
h(n) 0,5 1 0,5 °
x(n) 1 0,5 0,25 0 BT 1.20 Tim dac tinh xung hin) va xac dinh tinh 6n dinh cua h~ xlily so co so d6 cau true tren hinh 1.55.

x(n)

y(n)

Hinh 1.55: So do e6u true cue BT 1.20

BT 1.21 Hay xay dung so d6 cau true dang chuan tAc va dang chuyen vi cua h~ xlily so duoc rna ta bang phuong trinh sai phan sau :

yin) = - 4x(n) + 5x(n - 1) + 2x(n - 2)

BT 1.22 Tim dac tinh xung hin) va ve so d6 khoi cua h~ xu ly so co so d6 cau true tren hinh 1.56. Hay xac dinh tinh 6n dinh cua h~.

x(n)

y(n)

Hlnh 1.56 : So do e6u true h$ XU Iy s6 cue BT 1.22

65

BT 1.23 Tim dac tinh xung hin) cua h~ xtt ly so co so d6 khoi d hinh 1.57.

y(n)

x(n

2li(n - 2)

- rect.in. - 1)

Hinh 1.57 : So do kh6i cuo BT 1.23 '

BT 1.24 Hay xay dung so d6 cau true dang chuan tiic 1 va dang chuan tiic 2 ella he xtt ly so co phuong trinh sai phan sau :

. 4y(n) - 2y(n - 1) + y(n - 2) = 2x(n) + xin. - 1)

BT 1.25 Hay xay dung so d6 cau true cua h~ xtt ly so co so d6 khoi thea dac'tinh xung hin) tren hmh 1.58.

y(n)

Hinh 1.58 : So do kh6i cuo BT 1.25

BT 1.26 Tim ham tuong quan cua day x(n) = an recttny, vdi cac day sau :

1. YI(n) = u(n) 4. Y4(n) = recttni ;

2. YJ(n) = u(-n) 5. Ys(n) =5(n)

6. Y6(n) =5(n - 2)

BT 1.27 Hay xac dinh ham tlj tuong quan r, (m) cua cac day sa u :

1. XI (n) = 5(n) 4. x4 (n) = rect(n) N

2. x2(n) = 5(-n) 5. xs(n) = rect(n-k)N

66

Chuang hai

" K K

UNG Dl)NG BIEN DOl Z

" " A?" A:'

PHAN TICH H~ XU L Y SO

Trong nhieu tnJang hop, vi$c giai cac bal toan phan tich h$ Xlt Iy 56 trong mien thai gian la phltc tap va kh6 khan. De giai cac bai toan dl1c;1C d~ dang hon, nglfdi ta thlfdng s~ dunq cac phep bien d6i de chuyen bai toan sang mien bien 56 khac. Bien d6i Laplace dl1c;1C dung de phan tich h$ lIJdng lIf. d6i vai h~ Xlt Iy sO Slt dl,lng bien dc5i z,

2.1 PHEP BIEN aOI Z

Phep bien d6i z duoc sil dung cho cac day so. Bien d6i z thuan d~ chuyen cac day bien so nguyen n thanh ham bien so phirc z, bien d6i z nguoc d~ chuyen cac ham bien so phuc z thanh day bien so nguyen n.

2.1.1 Bien d6i z thu~n 2.1.1a Bien d6i Z hoi phio

Dinh. nghia : Bien d6i z hai phia cua day xin) la chuoi liiy thua eua bien

slI phuc z :

'"

X(z)= IX(~).7-n

[2.1-1]

n=-C()

Mien xae dinh ella ham Xtz) [Q cdc gia tri eua z di chuoi [2.1-1] hoi tu.

Day xin) duoc goi la ham goc, con Xiz) duoc goi la ham anh z.

Bien d6i Z hai phia thuong diroc goi van tiit la bien d6i z. Chuoi [2.1-1] la bi~u thirc bien d6i Z thuan va duoc ky hieu nhu sau :

ZT[x(n)] = X(z) [2.1-2]

Hay:

x(n)

Z1

X(z)

[2.1-3]

(ZT 1a chii viet tiit cua thuat ngfi tieng' Anh : Z - Transform). Vi du 2.1: Hay xac dinh bien d6i Z hai phia cua cac day sau:

a. t5(n) b. t5(n-k) .c. t5(n+k) d. x(n) = {3,2,-5,1}

. t

e. u(n)

f. u(n - 3)

g. u(n + 3)

h. u(-n)

Gidi : a.

'"

ZT[t5(n)] = It5(n).z-n = 1

[2.1-4)

n=-C()

Chu6i [2.1-4) hQi tv vdi moi z, nen ZT[8(n)] xac dinh vdi moi z.

67

b.

00

ZT[J(n-k)] =:: LJ(n-k).z-1I = Z-k

[2.1-5]

n::::;;--(f)

Chuiii [2.1-5] hoi tu vdi moi Z > 0, nen ZT[J(n - k)] xac dinh voi moi Z > 0.

c.

00

ZT[J(n + k)] =:: LJ(n + k).ztl = Zk

[2.1-6]

Chu6i [2.1-6] h9i tu vdi moi Z < 00, nen ZT[J(n + k)1 xac dinh voi moi Z < o>,

r 2

d. X(z) = Lx(n).z-n = Lx(n).z-n = 3.z1 +2-5.z-1 +Z-1

n:e:-···r:r:

n~ -I

Ham Xt z) xac dinh trong mien 0 < z < 00.

e.

ZT[u(n)] = fu(n).z-" == i>" == 1 I Z

tlee-if) II~O (I-z) (z-I)

Day nhan qua vo han u(n) co bien d6i z bang 00 tai z = 1

[2.1-71

TJ 'l:;:r _ ~ 1

f. ZT[u(n-3)]== Lu(n-3).z-"==Lz-"==Lz-IIII+I)==z-' - ~--'-.--

tI~-if 1101 m~() (z-I) z~(z-I)

Ta da d6i bien, dat (n - 3) = m ~ n == (m + 3) va khi n == 3 thi m = 0 IHy nhan qua vo han u(n - 3) c6 bien d6i z bang 00 tai z = 1 va z = 0

r:r::r: if) ..,. _·t

g. ZT[u(n + 3)} == Lu(n + 3).Z-11 == LZ -II = Lz,m-ll == z' --:-- == -:--

"~-T 1I~-1 m~() (- -I) ('" -I)

Ta d::t d6i bien, dat (n + 3) == m ~ n == (m - 3) va khi n == - 3 thi m == 0 Day kh6ng nha n qua u(n + 3) c6 bien d6i Z bang 00 tai Z= 1 va z = 00

h.

00 0 oc: if)

ZT[II(-n)l = LII(-n).z" == Lu(-n).ztl =:: Lu(m).zm =:: LZ"'

11=--'f\

11::'-'l)

m-=-O

(I - z )

Ta dii d6i bien, dat - n == m ~ khi n = -- 00 thi m == 00

Day p han nhan qua vo han u( -n) e6 bien d6i z bang 00 tai z = 1 2.1.1h Bien d6i Z m9t phia

Dinh nghia : Bien dcfi Z m91 phia ella day xin) fa chuoi fay thua cua bien

.'it)' pJII(C Z :

'"

Xl (z)== Lx(n).z-"

[2.1-8]

II=()

Micll.nJc dinh cua ham XI(Z) fa cdc gia 1,.1 cua z de' chuoi [2.1-8] h(ji I~/.

Bien d6i Z mot phia dUQC lay thea t6ng vdi n bien thien tU 0 den 00. Chuoi [2.1-8] la bi~u thuc cua bien d6i Z mot phia thuan va duoc ky hieu nhu sau :

[2.1-9]

Hay:

x(n)

/1'

X I(Z)

[2.1-10]

Vi du 2.2 : Hay xac dinh bien d6i Z mot phia cua cac day d vi du 2.1 va so sanh ket qua vdi bien d6i Z hai phia tuong ling.

68

a. 5(n)

b. 5(n - k).

c. 5(n + k)

d. x(n) = {3,2,-5,1} t

e. u(n)

f. u(n-3)

g. u(n + 3)

h. u(-n)

Gidi : a.

Of)

ZTI [5(n)] = I 5(n).z-1I = 1

n=O

Day nhan qua 5(n) co bie'n)16i Z mQt phia giong bien d6i Z hai phia.

00

b. ZTI[5(n-k)] =I5(n-k).z-n= Z-k

Day nhan qua 5(n - k) co bien d6i Z mot phia giong bien d6i Z hai phia.

Of) 00

C. ZTI [5(n + k)] = I5(n + k).z-n = I O.Z-II = 0

11=0 n=O

Day phan nhan qua 5(n + k) co bien d6i Z mdt phia luon bang' o.

00 2

d. Xl(z) = Ix(n).z-n = Ix(n).z-n = 2-5.z-' +z-2

n=O n=O

Day khong nhan qua x(n) co bien d6i Z mot phia khac bien d6i Z hai phia

e. ZTI[u(n)] = Iu(n).z-n = IZ-" = 1 _I Z

n=O n=O 1 - z z - 1

Day nhan qua u(n) co bien d6i Z mot phia giong bien d6i Z hai phia.

I ~ -n ~ --n ~ -m-1 -1 Z 1

f. ZT [u(n-3)] = ~u(n-3).z = ~Z = ~Z - = Z . -- = -2--

n=O n=1 ",=0 Z - 1 z (Z -I)

Day nhan qua u(n - 3) co bien d6i Z mot phia giong bien d6i Z hai phia.

00 00

g. ZTI [u(n + 3)] = Iu(n + 3).z-n = Iz-n = _z_

11=0 n=O Z - 1

Day khong nhan qua u(n + 3)co bien d6i Z mot phia khac hai phia.

00 '"

h. ZTI[u(-n)] = Iu(-n).z-n = I o.z-n = 0

n=O n=O

Day phan nhan qua vo han u(-n)co bien d6i Z mot phia luon bang o.

Nhu vay, cac day nhan qua co bien d6i z· mot phia va hai phia giong nhau, cac day khong nhan qua co bien d6i Z ffiQt phia va hai phia khac nhau, cac day phan nhan qua co bien d6i Z mot phia bang khong. 2.1.1c Mien hQi tl,l cuo bien d6i Z

Dinh' nghia : T dp hap tat cd cac gia tri cua bien sf)' phuc z mil tai do cac chuoi [2.1-1] vil [2.1-8] hoi tu duac goi la mien h(Ji tu cua bien dbi Z.

Mi~n hQi tu cua bien d6i Z duoc ky hieu la : RC[X(z)] hoac RC (RC la chii viet tl'it cua thuat ngil tieng Anh : Region ofConuergence)

Co th~ tha'y ngay rang cac day xin) hiru han co bien d6i Z la chuoi hiru han nen se hQi tu tren toan bQ mat phang z, tru hai di~ffi I z I = OCJ va z = 0 la phai xet cu th~ : X(z) = ZT[x(n) N] co RC[X(z)]: 0 < I z] < OCJ

69

Xet truong hop xin) la day khong nhan qua vo han xac dinh trong khoang (- 00, (0), bien d6i Z hai phia ella xin) theo [2.1-1]la :

00

X(z) = Lx(n)_z~n

[2.1-11]

n=-\f)

. D~ tim mien hQi tu ella chuoi [2.1-11], dn slt dung tieu chuan hQi

tu ella Cauchy duoc phat bi~u nhu sau :

Tieu chudn ht)i tu Cauchy: Xit chuoi s(/ \'0 han :

00

Lx(n)

[2.1-12]

I

Neu lim Ix(n)ln = I, thi chuoi [2.1-12] lu)i tu khi 1< 1 .phdn k_v khi I> I.

11-----)000

D~ slt dung tieu chuan hQi tu Cauchy xac dinh mien hQi tu ella chuoi [2.1-11], phai tach X(z) thanh hai chuoi nhu sau :

~I 0fJ

X(z) = Lx(n).z~n + Lx(n).z~n = XI(z)+ X2(z)

Trong d6:

~I 0

XI(z) = Lx(n).=~11 = Lx(n).z-n -x(O)

[2.1-13]

va :

00

X2(z) = Lx(n).zll

II~O

Theo tieu chuan Cauchy, chuoi X2(z) se hQi tu neu thoa man dieu kien :

I

lim Ix(n).z~1I111 < I

11--).<1_'

I Iz~II.limlx(n)l" <I

Neu ton tai so Rr_ hiru han d~ :

lim Ix(n)l" = Rr_ < 00

11-----)000

[2.1-14]

Thi:

s., I Z~I I < I

Khi d6 eh u6i X 2 (z) se hQi tu voi moi z thoa man dieu kien :

Izl> s.:

[2.1-15]

D~ tim mien hQi tu ella XI(z), d6i bien dat m = -n thi chuoi [2.1-13]

o:

duoc dua ve dang : XI (z) = LX( -m).=~'- x(O)

"'~O

Neu x(O) huu han thi chuoi XI (z) se hQi tu neu thoa man dieu kien :

I

lim Ix(-m).z"'l"' < I ~

(11-----)or::r:

Izl.lim Ix(-m)11I1 < I

Neu ton tai so R r+ hiru han d~ :

lim Ix(-m)1 m

1

:=--< 00

Rr+

70

Thi:

I -lzl<1

R,+

trong d6: R,+ = -----

lim \x(-m)\ m

m~oo

Hay trd v~ bien n :

R(+ = lim Ix(n)1 II

[2.1-16}

n~-oo

Khi d6 chuoi XI (z) se hQi tu vdi moi z thoa man dieu kien : /zl < R(+

[2.1-17}

RC[X(z)] la giao cac mien hQi tu cua XI(z) thea [2.1-17) va X2(z) thea [2.1-15) : Neu R,_ < s., thi RC[X(z)] : R,_ < 1 z 1 < RX+.

Nhu vay day khong nhan qua vo han xtn) c6 X(z) = ZT[x(n)] vdi mien hQi tu la hinh vanh tron tren mat phang phuc, c6 tam la goc toa dQ. ban kinh trong R,_ , ban kinh ngoai R(+ nhu a hinh 2.1a . Cac ban

kinh hQi tu R,_ va R(+ duoc xac dinh thea [2.1-14) va [2.1-16) tuong ling. Neu R, khong hiru han hoa« R,_ 2 Rn thi X(z) khong xac dinh vdi moi z, nen trong truong hop d6 day khong nhan qua xin) khong c6 bien d6i z.

~.

Re[z]

a. Day khong nhon qua. b. Day nhon qua. c. Day phon nhan qua.

Hinh 2.1 : MiE§n hQi h,J cue bien dOi Z.

Khi xin) Ia day nhan qua thi bien d6i Z cua n6 c6 thanh phan XI (z ) = 0, nen X(z) = X 2 (z), do d6 mien hQi tu cua X(z) la mien hoi tu

cuaX~(z)thea [2.1-15], nen RC[X(z)]:lz/>R,_ , d6la mien narn ngoai vong tron tam a goc toa dQ. duongkfnh R,_ nhu a hinh 2.1h. Ban kfnh hoi tu R, duoc xac dinh thea [2.1-14). Neu R,_ = 00 thi X(z) khong xac dinh vdi moi z, nen trong truong hop d6 day nhan qua x(n) khong c6 bien d6i Z.

Khi xtn) la day phan nhan qua thi bien d6i Z cua n6 c6 X2(z) = O ,

nen.Y(z)=xl(z), do d6 mi~n hQi tu cuaX(z)la mien hQi tu cuaXI(z) thea [2.1-17], nen RC( X(z)] : 1 z 1 < R(+ , do la mien nam trong vong tron

71

tam d goc toa d<), dudng kinh Rx+ nhu d hinh 2.1c . Ban kinh h<)i tu Rx+ duoc xac dinh theo [2.1-16]. Neu Rrt == 0 thi X(z) khong xac dinh vdi moi z, nen trong truong hop do day phan nhan qua xtn) khong co bien deli Z.

Bieri deli Z mot phia co dang giong vdi bien deli Z hai phia cua cac day nhan qua, do do mien h<)i tu cua bien deli Z mot phia la :

RC[X(d]: [z] > Rx_

Do Iii mien narn ngoai vong tron tam Iii goc toa d<), duong kinh Rx_ nhu d hinh 2.2b. Ban kinh h<)i tu Rx_ dU<Jc xac dinh theo [2.1-14].

Vi du 2.3: Hay xac dinh x, (z) vii RC[X, (z)] cua cac day -l", (n) sau :

a. xl(n)==ree!,(n)

b. x2(n) = ree!,(-n) C. x,(n) = rect itn + I) d. x4 (n) = anu(n)

e. xs(n) = anu(-n)

f. x6(n) = anu(n + 2)

g. x7(n)=a/lu(-n+2)

h. xs(n) == an

00 2

~ ~ 0 -I -2 1 1

Gidi :e. X1(z)= ~reel,(n).z-n=~z-n =Z +Z +Z =1+-+-)

z Z-

n=-C(;i

n=O

Day nhan qua hiru han ree!,(n) coZTVdi RC[X1(z)] :Izl>o

00 0

b. x 2(z) = L ree!,(-n).z-n = Lz-n = z2 + Zl + ZO = z2 + z + I

n=-oo n=-2

Day phan nhan qua hiru han ree!,(-n) co ZT vdi RC[X2(z)]:1 z 1 < <Xl

c.

00 1 1

() ~ ( ) =n ~ -r n 1 0 -I

X, Z = ~ reel, n + I.z = ~ z = z + z + z = z + I + -

n=-oo n=-I Z

Day khong nhan qua hiru han ree!,(n+l) coZTVdi RC[X,(z)]:O<lzl<<Xl

d.

~ n -n ~ n , -n ~ -I n I z

X4(z) =~ a u(n).z = ~ a z = ~ (a.z ) = _I ==--

n=-oo n=O n=O (i -a.z ) (z - a)

I z

ZT(anu(n)] == . [2.1-18]

(I-a.z-I) (z-a)

VfJ.,y:

Theo [2.1-14] , ban kinh h<)i tu Rf_ == lim 1 an In=: I al , vfJ.,y day

nhan qua vo han anu(n) co ZT vdi RC[X 4 (z)] :1 z I > 1 a 1

00 0

e. X5(z)= I anu(-n).z-n = I a"zn

n=-oo

n=-oo

Deli bien, d(tt n = - m ~ - n = m va khi n == - <Xl thi m == co nhan dUQC :

00 00 •

() ~ =m m ~ -I)m 1 a

X5 z =~a z =~(a z = _I =---

m=O m=O (I-a z) (a-z)

72

Theo [2.1-16] , ban kinh hQi tu e., = lim I an In = I a I , vf}.y day

" .......... -C1j

ph an nhan qua vo han anu(-n) co zT vdi RC[X 5(Z)] : I z I < I a I

if) o: 00

f. X6(z) = I a"u(n+ 2).Z-1I = I a"z-II =a-2z2 +a1z+ I a'i z:"

n=-2

_ 0 0 _I Z2 Z Z z'

Xr,(z)=a -z-+a z+X4(z)=-0 +-+--=-2,----

a- a (z-a) a (z-a)

Theo [2.1-14] va [2.1-16], xac dinh duoc day khong nhan qua vo han a"u(n+2) voi n E [-!, (0) coZTvoi RQX6(z)] :lal < [z ] <00

c:F) 0 00

h. Xs!z) = I a"z-" -= -aOz-O + I a'i z:" + Ia"z-" = -( +X5(Z)+X4(z)

11=-00

n=-IJ)

n=O

Sli dung ke't qua cua cac diu d va e , day khong nhan qua vo han x8(n) = a" co ZT voi Rx+ = Rx_ = I a I , nen no khong co bien d6i z .

Mien hQi tu cua bien d6i Z diroc t6ng ket d bang 2.1 trang 114. 2.1.1d Ham X(z) dc;mg phOn there hliu tV

Vi bien d6i Z la chuoi lily thira cua Z nen co th~ bien d6i ham X(z) ve dang phan thuc hiiu ty :

B(z) A.(bo + biZ-I + b2z-2 + ... + bMz M)

X(z)= A.-- = _I _O N

D( z) (1 + a 1 z + a 2 z - + ... + a" z )

B(z) A(bozM +b1zM1 + ... +bM Iz+b~I).Z(N M)

Hoac : X(z)= A.-- = [2.1-20]

D(z) (ZN +a1zN I + ... +aN Iz+aN)

Trong do A va cac h~ so ar, bJ.: la cac hang so thuc.

Phuong trinh Btz) = 0 co M nghiern la ZOkVa tai Z = ZOk thi X(z) = 0, nen cac di~m ZOk duoc goi la kh6ng di~m cua ham X(z).

Da thuc d mau D(z) co h~ so ao = 1 duoc goi 1a da thuc di;lc trung cua Xiz). Phuong trinh di;lc trung Dtz) = 0 co N nghiern la Zpr va tai Z = Zpr thi Xtz) = 00, do do cac di~m zpr dU<;IC goi la cue di~m cua X(z).

Ngoai ra, phu thuoc vao quan h~ giua N va M, ham X(z) con co th~ co met khong di~m hoac cue di~m tai z = o.

. 'Tren mat phang phuc,

cac khong di~m ZOk cua ham X(z) dU<;IC ky hieu bang dau khuyen tron nho "0" con cac

cue di~m zpr duoc ky hieu bang

dau gach cheo nho "x" nhu

tren hinh 2.2.

Theo cac kh6ng di~m ZOk

[2.1.19]

-----:::-t------J'O-.Re[z] o

o

o

ZllO'

Hinh 2.2 : Kh6ng vo eve cue Xt«).

73

va eve di~m zpr ella X(z), co th~ dua phan thuc hiru ty [2.1-20] v~ dang :

. B(z) A(z - ZOI )(z - Z02 ) ... (z - ZOM ).Z(N M}

.\(z) = A.-- = [2.1-21]

D(z) (Z-Zpl)(Z-Zp2) ... (Z-ZpN)

Cac eve di~m zpr ella ham Xtz) co y nghia nlt quan trong doi vdi viec phan tich h~ xli ly so trong mien z.

2.1.2 Bien dc>i Z ngllc;1c

Neu bien dEli Z thuan [2.1-1] eho phep tim ham anh X(z) tu day goe xin), thi bien dEli Z nguoc eho phep tim day goc xin) tu ham anh Xiz), D~ tim bi~u thuc ella bien dEli Z nguoc, xuat ph at ttl bi~u thuc ella

bien dEli Z thuan [2.1-1] :

if)

X(z) = L x(n) z "

[2.1-221

11=-00

Nhan ea. hai ve ella [2.1-22] voi thua so z{ m-I) / j27l, r6i lay tich phan thea chieu duong tren duong eong kin C narn trong mien h9i tv ella Xt z) va bao quanh goe toa d9, nhan duoc :

-' -1 \.(",,).,.(III-I)dz - -1-1 L'" x(n).,.-n.,.(m-')d'"

.. ~~ - ~ ~ ...

" '2

J - 7l ( ) 7l (' n~-oo

[2.1-23]

Vi tich phan [2.1-23]lay trong miern hoi tv ella chuoi [2.1-22]' nen co th~ d6i vi tri ella dau tElng va dau tieh ph an d ve phai ella [2.1-23] :

-.-' -1 X(Z)Z(IIII)dz = f x(n)+ 1 z ' IItm-l)dz [2.1-24]

J 27l ( /I :'00 ) - 7l c:

Theo dirih ly Cauchy v~ tieh phan thea ehi~u duong tren duong cong khep kin C bao quanh goe toa d9 trong mat phang phirc co :

, f (k-I) { 1 khi k = 0

-- z dz =

j27l (' 0 khi k "" 0

Do do tilt ca cac so hang ella chuoi d ve phai ella [2.1-24] d~u bang khong, trir mot sohl;lng ung vdi m = n la bang x(n), nen ttl [2.1-24] co :

I f (Ii-I)d

x(n) = - X(z)z z [2.1-25]

j27l

, (

'rich phan [2.1-25] ehinh la bieu thirc ella phep bien dEli Z nguoc,

no duoc ky hieu nhu sau : IZT[X(z)] = x(n) [2.1-26]

IZl

hay: X(z) x(n) [2.1-27]

( IZT la chir viet tat ella thuat ngu tieng Anh : Invertse Z Transform).

Tinh true tiep tich phan [2.1-25]la kha phirc tap, vi the thuong sli dung cac phuong ph ap gian tiep d~ tim bien dEli Z ngucc.

Khi ung dung bien dEli Z d~ giai cac bai to an ph an tieh va tElng hop h~ xli 1y so, can sli dung bien dEli Z thuan d~ chuyen day xin) sang mien bien so Z. Sau khi thuc hien nhirng bien d6i can thiet trong mien z, can sit dung bien dEli Z nguoc d~ nhan duoc ket qua trong mien thoi gian.

71

2.2 cAc TiNH CHAT CVA BIEN D()I Z

Khi phan tich h~ xli ly s6 qua bien d6i z, van dung cac tinh chat cua bien d6i z se giup cho viec giai quyet bai toan duoc d€i dang hen.

2.2.1 cac tinh chat ella bien d6i Z hai phia

2.2.1a Tinh chat tuyen tinh : Ham dnh Zelia Id h(IP tuyen tinh. cdc day bdng Id h(JP tuyen tinh cae ham dnh Z thanh phdn.

Neu: ZT[x,(n)] = X,(z) vdi RC[X,(z)] :R,_ < [z ] < R,+

Thi: Y(z) ~ zr[y(n) ~ ~A,.x,(n)J ~ ~A,X,(z) 12.2·11

Voi RC[Y(z)] : R,_ < 1 z 1 < R,+ , trong d6 R,_ = min[R,_l va R" = max[R,+] Mien hoi tv cua ham Y(z) la giao mien hoi tv cua cac ham X/z).

Chung minh : Theo bi~u thuc bien d6i Z thuan [2.1-1) c6 :

Y(z) ~ zr[ ~>,_x,(n)J ~ "to ~>,.x,(n).z·" ~ LA"t.x,(n).z·" ~ ~'A,X,(z) Tinh chat tuyen tinh dUQC st1 dung d~ tim bien d6i Z thuan ho~c nguoc cua ham la t6ng cac ham da biet cap bien d6i Z cua chung,

Vi du 2.4 : Hay tim bien d6i Z cua cac day sau :

a. xl(n) = u(n).cos«(Von) b. x~(n) = u(n).sin«(Von)

Gidi : a. Theo cong thuc Euler c6 :

e J (°011 + e - I',JolI I OJ n . I _ (I) 11

XI (11) = u(n).cos«(Von) = .u(n) = -e I u u(n)+ -e .I " u(n)

222

Theo tinh chat tuyen tinh cua bien d6i Z nhan duoc :

XI(z) = ZT[xl(n)] = _!_ZT[e,'O""u(n)] +_!_ZT[e-,O)""u(n)]

2 2

Sli dung bi~u thuc [2.1-18] vdi a = eIO)" va a = e I")" thi :

voi RC: 1 z 1 > 1

Do do:

1 z 1 z

X (z) = +-----

I 2(z-e,M,,) 2 (z-e-IO),,)

voi RC: I z I > 1

) z.(z-e-.I(Oo +z-e.l(t)O) z.[2z-(e.lrlJo +e-_l(I}O)]

X (z = = ---=---'-----=--

I 2.(z-e,O)")(z-e-,M,,) 2.[Z2 -z(e'O)" +e-IO)")+I]

V~y :

z.(z-COS(Uo) »:»

ZT[u(n).cos«(Von)] = ) VOl RC: 1 z ] > 1

(z ' - 2zcos(Vo + I)

[2.2-2]

b. Theo cong thuc Euler co:

e_l(Vol1 _ e -/(lJlln I I

x,(n) = u(n).sin«(Von) = .u(n) = -el"""'u(n)--e IM""u(n)

- ") ") '2

J- J- J

75

Dodo:

1 z z

x)(.:) = ~----

- 2 j (z ~- e IW" ) 2 j (z - e - IW" )

vdi sc. I z I > 1

=.(z - e -I(Vo - Z + e_/(lJU) z.(e!<un _ e -.I(tln)

X~(z)=------

2j.(z-elfO")(z-e-IW,,) 2)'[Z2 _z(elfU" +e-IfU")+I]

z. Sin Wo ,.

Vf!y: ZTr u(n).sin(won)] == J voi nc : I z 1 > I [2.2-3]

(z ' - 2zcoswo + I)

Trong mot so truong hQP, t6 hop tuyen tinh ella cac X/z) tao eho Y(z) cac kh6ng di~m trung voi cue di~m ella X/z), lam eho cac cue di~m d6 bi loai tru, khi d6 mien hQi tv ella Y(z) se dUQe md rong.

Vi du 2.5: C6: XI (z) = ZT[a"u(n)] = _z_ vdi RC\rXI (z)] : I z I> I a I

z-a

2

va : Xo(z) = ZT[a"u(n -2)] = _a __

- z(z - a)

Hay tinh Y(z) = ZT[y(n) = a"u(n) - a"u(n - 2)]

Gidi : Theo tinh chat tuyen tinh e6 :

J

Z a-

Y(z) == XI(z)-X2(z) = -----z - a z(z - a)

J J

z: -a- z+a _I

Y(z) = = -- = 1+ a.z vdi RCry(z)]: I z ] > 0

z(z - a) z

T6 hop tuyen tinh ella X/z) va Xiz) da tao eho Y(z) khong di~m Zo = a d~ loai tru cue di~m Zp = a ella ca X/z) va Xiz), do d6 mien h9i tv ella Y(z) duoc md rong.

2.2.1h Tinh chat tn~ : Khi dich tre day xtn) di k mdu thi ham dnh Z cua no duoc nhdn them thua .wJ' s:',

Neu: ZT[x(n)] = X(z) vdi RC[X(z)] : R<_ < I z I < RH

Thi : Y(z) == ZT[y(n) = x(n - k)] = Z-k X(z) [2.2-4]

vdi RC[Y(z)] == RC[X(z)], trir di~m z = 0 neu k > 0 va di~m z = r:J) neu k < 0 Chung minh : Theo bi~u thuc bien d6i Z thuan [2.1-1] e6 :

00 ~

Y(z) = Lx(n-k).z-Il == r: Lx(n-k).z-(Il-k) = Z-kX(Z)

n=-ci)

n=-oo

Tinh chat tr€i thuong duoc sli dung d~ tim bien d6i Z ella cac day tr€i. Vi du 2.6: Tim: X(.:) = ZT[recIN(n)]

Gidi:

recIN(n) = u(n)-u(n-N)

Theo [~.1-7] e6 :

z

ZT[u(n)] ==-_

(z -I)

voi RC : I z 1 > 1

Sli dung tinh chat tuyen tinh va tinh chat tr€i nhan duoc :

ZT[rectN(n)]:::: ZT[u(n)]-ZT[u(n- N)]:::: _Z __ Z-N _z_

(z-I) (z-I)

76

Vf).y:

(ZN _I)

ZT[ reel" (n)] =. voi RC : I z I > 1

z(~-()(z -I)

[2.2-5]

2.2.1c Tinh chat tY I~ : Khi nhan day xin) vai thua sl)' an thi ham dnh Z cua no hi thay d/fi t_v If (hi nen nell a > 0, dan nell a < 0).

Ne'u: ZT[x(n)] = X(z) vdi RC[X(z)] :R,_ < [z ] < Rn

Thi: Y(z) = ZT[y(n) = a"x(n)] = X(a-Iz) [2.2-6]

vdi RC[Y(z)] :1 a I·R,_ < I z I < I a I·Rn

CJU(nK minh : Theo bi~u thuc bien d6i Z thua n [2.1-1] co :

r(z) = ZT[a"x(n)]= fa"x(n)z" = fx(n)(a IZ)-" = X(a IZ)

f/::--cr

vdi R([Y(z)]: R,_ < \a-l.zl < R,+ => RC[Y(z)] :lal.R, < Izl < lal.R,+

T6'ng quat a la 806 phuc : a = 1 a I.e/f"" • khi d6 vee to Xtz) tren mat phang phuc bi thay d6i ty 1¢ va bi quay mot g6e (f)o. Neu a narn tren yang tron don vi thi I a I = 1 • nen ham Xtz) khong hi thay d6i ty ]~ nhung vee td X(z) tren mat phang phirc bi quay mot goc (Un.

Vi du z. 7: Hay tim bien d6i Z cua cac day sau :

,

a. xl(n) = al1u(n).cos(won) b. x2(n) = al1u(n).sin«(fJon)

Giai : a. Sa dung t.inh chat ty]~ d6i vdi bieu thuc [2.2-2] nhan duoc :

- I ( - I )

a z, a z - COS (On

ZT[ a"u(n).cos«(Uoll)] = voi RC : 1 z 1 > 1 a I

(a 2 z 2 - La I z COS (uo + I)

Hay:

n z( Z -. (I. cos (fJo )

ZT[ a u(n).cos«(t)nn)] = ---

'0' 2 ") '0' 2

_ -. _a._ COS (un + a

[2.2-7]

vdi RC : I z i > I a 1

b. Sa dung tinh chat ty ]~ d6i vdi bieu thirc [2.2-:31 nhan diroc :

1 •

a z.sm (uo

ZT[a"u(n).sin«(uon)] = --------

( -2 2 ") -I I)

a z - sa ZCOS(uo +

voi RC : 1 z 1 > 1 a 1

Hay:

11' a.zsmw(j

ZT[ a u(n).sm«(uon)] = ) )

z: - Ta.z COSWo + a-

[2.2-8]

vdi RC : 1 z 1 > 1 a I

2.2.1d Tinh chat bien dao: Ham dnh Z cua day bien ddo xi-n) e(l bien la Z-I

Ne'u: ZT[x(n)] = X(z) vdi RC[X(z)]: R r < I z I < R,+

Thi: Y(z) = ZT[y(n) = x(-n)]= X(Z-I) [2.2-9]

, . ] 1 1 1 1

voi RC[ Y (z) : - < z <-

R,+ R,_

Chung minh : Theo bit;u thuc bien d6i Z thuan [2.1-1] c6:

x:

Y(z) = ZT[x(-n)] = Lx(-n).z"

11:= --if)

77

D6i bien, dat - n = m ~ khi n = ± 00 thi m = + CI) ,nh:}n duoc :

. -00 a)

Y(z) = ZT[ x(m)] = Lx(m).z'" = Lx(m).(z-I )-m = X(Z-I)

m=oo m=-(f)

, . ] 1 - ] 1 I I 1

voi RC[Y(z) : Rx_ < - < Rr+ ~ RC[Y(z): - < z <-

1 z I . tc., Rx_

Tinh chat bien dao eho phep tim bien d6i z ella day phan nhan qua theo bien d6i z ella day nhan qua tuong ling.

Vi du 2.8: Hay tim bien d6i z ella day phan nhan qua x(n) = a-nu(-n)

Gidi : Theo [2.1-18] co ZT[anu(n)] = _z_ vdi RC : I z I> I a I

(z - a)

S\i dung tinh chat bien dao nhan duoc :

-I

ZT[a-"u(-n)]= z 1

(Z-I - a) (1- a.z)

2.2.1e Tinh chat dQO ham

Neu : ZT[x(n)] = X(z) vdi RC[X(z)] :Rx_ < [z ] < Rx+

Thi: Y(z) = ZT[y(n) = n.x(n)] = -z. dX(z)

dz

, . 1 1 1

voi RC: z < _

lal

[2.2-10]

[2.2-11]

vdi RC[Y(z)] : s : < I z I < Rr+ ell/tnt: minh : Tit bi~u thirc bien d6i Z thuan [2.1-1]:

co

X(z) = ZT[x(n)] = Lx(n).z-n

n=-oo

Lay dao bam ea hai ve theo z nhan duoc :

dX(z) = fx(n).(-n)z -n-I =- Z-I f[n.x(n)].z-n =- Z-I fy(n).z-" =- Z-I Y(z)

dz t1~--(j) n=-f.!) n=-oo

Nhan ca hai ve vdi -z : Y(z) = ZT[y(n) = n.x(n)]= - z, dX(z)

dz

'I'Inh chat dao ham ella ham anh duoc s11 dung d~ tim bien d6i z

ella cac day dang nk x(n) theo bien d6i Z cua day xin).

Vi du 2.9 : Hay tim bien d6i Z ella cac day sau :

a. xl(n) =n.u(n) b. x2(n) = n.anu(n)

Gidi : a. S\i dung tinh chat dao ham doi vdi bi~u thuc [2.1-7] , nhan duoc :

d[ .. z " I I

ZT[n.u(n)] = - Z.- -- = 2 voi RC: z > I

dz z-I (z-I)

b. Sli dung tinh chat dao ham doi vdi bi~u thuc [2.1-18] , nhan duoc :

ZT[n.anu(n)] = - z.!!_[ z 1 = a.z 2 vdi RC : 1 z 1 > 1 a 1 [2.2-13]

dz (z-a) (z-a)

2.2.lf Tinh chat tich chQp : Ham dnh Z cua ticli chap hai day bdng tich hai ham dnh thanli phdn.

[2.2-12]

78

Neu : ZT[xl(n)] = XI(z) vdi RC[XI(z)] :RI_ < l z ] < RI+ va : ZT[x2(n)] = X2(z) voi RC[X2(z)] :R2_ < [z ] < R2+

Thi: Y(z) = ZT[y(n) = xl(n)* x2(n)]= XI(Z).X2(z) [2.2·14]

vdi RC[Y(z)] :max[R,_]< [z ] < min[R/+]

Mien hQi tv cua ham Y(z) la giao cac mien hQi tv cua cac ham X/z). Chung minh : Theo bi~u thuc bien deli Z thuan [2.1-1] co:

00

Y(z) = ZT[y(n) = XI (n) * X2 (n)] = ~]XI (n) * X2 (n)Jz-"

n:::::-ct:)

'" 00

Hay: Y(z) = L xl(k).Z-k LX2(n-k)z-(l1kl = XI(Z).X2(z)

k=-oo n=-oo

Tinh chat tich chap duoc sli dung d~ tim phan ling y(n) cua he xli ly s6 bang each tinh tich chap qua bien deli z .

Vi du 2.10 : Tim phan ling ytn) cua he xli ly s6 TI13BNQ co dac tinh xung

h(n) = 2" rect ; (n - I) vdi tac dQng la x(n) = u(n).

Gidi : Theo bi~u thirc bien deli Z thuan [2.1-1] co :

00 2

H(z) = ZT[h(n)] = L 2" reel, (n -I).z-" = L 2n z "

n=-oo

11=1

Hay:

Theo [2.1-7] co: X(z) = ZT[u(n)] = _z_ (z-I)

Dodo:

_I Z -2 Z

Y(z) = 2z -- + 4z --

(z-I) (z-I)

Theo [2.1-7] va cac tinh chat tre, tuyen tinh nhan dUQC :

Y(z) = ZT[2u(n-l)] + ZT[4u(n-2)]

Lay bien deli Z nguoc tim duoc phan ling y( n) :

y(n) = IZT[Y(z)] = 2u(n -I) + 4u(n - 2)

Hay:

y(n) =n

Khi n s; 0 Khi n = 1

Khi n ~ 2

Ket qua dung nhu tinh true tiep tich chap d vi du 1-19 chuong mot. So vdi tinh true tiep, tinh tich ch~p qua bien deli Z khong nhirng de thuc hien hon, rna con luon luon nhan duoc bi~u thuc toan hoc cua yin),

79

2.2.1g Ham anh Z cue tich hoi day

Neu: 21'[x,(n)] = X,(z) vdi RC[X,(z)]:R,_<lzl< R,+ va : Z1'[x~(n)] = X2(z) voi RC[X2(z)] :R2_ < Izl < R2+

Thi: Y(z) = 21'[y(n) = x,(n).x2(n)]= --:--21 1X,(!.-)x2(U).U-'dU [2.2-15]

.Jlf(. U

vdi RC[Y(z)] :max[RI_]< I z 1< min[RI+]

Mi~n hl)i t1J, cua ham Y(z) la giao cac mien hoi t1J, cua Xlz) va Xiz). DUdng cong kin C cua tich phan [2.2-15] phai bao quanh goc toa dl) va thuoc mien hoi t1J, cua ca Xlz) va Xlz) trong mat phang phuc.

Chung minh .- Theo bi~u thuc bien deli Z thuan 12.1-1] co :

~-' -r.

ZTLv(I1)] = Y(z) = Ly(n) . z 11 '" L[x, (1I).x2(n)lz-"

n-:::--'Y; fI:c _of'

Thav xin) bang bi~u thuc bien d6i Z nguo« cua no:

() I J ) (II-lid

x~ n =~'jX2(U,U . U

J~lf (

Y(=) = fIx, (11) '~Jr 1X~(U).(IJ)III1'dlJ].z-/1

II'. J (

Nhan duoc :

Y(.:) =_.1_1 t.··. X\(I1{ !_1.)·/1jx~(lJ)V'dU

.J2lf : l"--,,, \ U

Til do co: Y(.:) =-.I_Jx,l(!_ \j.X2(U)U·'dlJ

.J2lf: v

2.2.1h I>!nh Iy gia tr! dau cue day nhan qua: Nell xin) fa day nhdn qua va X(.:) = ZT!x(n)] thi : lim X(z) = x(O).

1-~cr:

Hay:

CMrng minh .- Vi xin) la day nhan qua nen xin) = 0 voi moi n < 0 , do do :

• ~) -11 ~ -11 x(l) x(2)

.\ (.:) = ~x(n z = ~x(n)z zz: x(O) + -~- + 2"'" + ...

n -J ,,:c_O ~ =

V?y: lim X(z) == x(O)

2.2.1i Ham anh Z cuo day lien hQp ph(sc

Neu : Z1'[x(l1}1 = X(z) voi RCf X(z)] : R,_ < 1 z I < Rt+

Thi : ZT[x'(I1)] = x'(z') vdi RC[Y(z)] :R,_ < [z ] < Rt+ CJlI(l1g minh .- Theo bi~u thuc bien deli Z thuan [2.1-1] co :

[2.2-16]

~ ~

Z1'[x'(n)] = Lx'(n).z" va X'(.:-) = Lx'(n).(z·)11

f1:::::--f)

f1=--(f)

n=-Cf)

80

2.2.1k Bien doi Z cuo ham tllong quan rx/m) Neu : ZT[x(n)] =: X(z) va ZT[y(n)] =: Y(z)

Thi : R" (c) = ZTlrn.(m)l =: X(z).y(:z-I)

[2.2-17]

Chung minh : Ham tuong quan rxr(m) diroc xac dinh theo [1.8-1] d chirong

en

mot: rn.(m) = Lx(n).y(n - m)

n==-oo

Thea bi~u thuc bien d6i Z thuan [2.1-1] co:

R" (z) ~ LT[r" (m)] = i [,t:(n),y(n - m)].z-"' Doi bien. di;l.t l = (n - m) => m = (n. - l) :

oc 00

Rrv(z) =: ZTlrn·(m)] =: L Lx(n)y(l).z-(II-/)

1=-00 n=-C/)

00 cfJ

Hay: Rn.(z) = ZT[rn.(m)] = L x(n).z-II Ly(l).(Z' )-1 =: X(z).Y(Z-I)

n~-oo I~-oo

Sli dung tinh chfi"t tren d~ tim ham tuong quan rX\ (m) qua bien

doi Z se don gian va d~ dang hen tinh true tiep.

Vi du 2.11 : Cho cac tin hieu so x(n) = 0,5" u(n) va yen) = 5(n - 2) , hay tim ham tuong quan rn(m) .

Gid! : Sli dung bi~u thuc [2.1·5] vdi k = 2 va bi~u thuc [2.1·18] nhan dude :

) -2

Y(z = z

va

z

x(z) = ---

z -0,5

Thea [2.2-17] : Rrv(z) = X(z).Y(Z-I) = z .Z2 = lZT[0,S(m+7)u(m + 2)]

z -0,5

Lay bien d6i Z nguoc , tim duoc : rxr(m) = 0,S(m+2)u(m + 2) 2.2.1m Bien doi Z cuo ham h!tllong quan rJm)

Neu : ZT[x(n)] == X(z)

Thi : R, (z) = ZT[r,(m)] = X(Z).x(Z-I)

[2.2-18]

Chung minh : Thea bi~u thuc [2.2-17], thay yin) = xin) va Y(Z-I) == X(Z-I)

Sli dung tinh chfi"t tren d~ tim ham ttj tuong quan rx (m) qua bien d6i Z se don gian va dfi dang hen tinh true tiep,

Vi du 2.12 : Tim ham tt;l tuong quan rx(m) cua tin hieu so x(n) = 5(n - k).

Gidi : Sli dung [2.1-5] va thea [2.2-18] tim duoc :

Rr(z) == Z-k .Zk == I = IZ715(m)]

Lfi"y bien d6i Z nguoc , tim duoc : rx(m) = 5(m)

Cac tinh chat co ban cua bien d6i Z hai phia duoc tom tiit trong bang 2.2, d trang 114 (cuoi chuong hai).

81

2.2.2 Cae tinh ehat cua bien d{)i Z m9t phia

Bien d6i Z IDQt phia co hau he't ta't ca cac tinh chat giong nhu bien d6i Z hai phia, tru tinh chat tr~.

2.2.2a Tlnh chat tri ella bien d6i Z mQt phia

Ne'u: ZT'[x(n)] = X'(z) vdi RC[X'(z)]: Izl > Rx_ k

Thi vdi k > 0: y' (z) = ZT' [x(n - k)] = Z-k X'(z) + Lx(-i).Z(f-k)

f~'

[2.2-19]

vdi RC[Y' (z)] = RC[X' (z)] , tru di~ID z = o.

Chung minh : Theo bi~u tlnrc bien d6i Z thuan IDQt phia [2.1-8] co:

00 k-' 00

y'(z) == Lx(n-k)_z-n ==Lx(n-k).z-n + Lx(n_:k).z-n

n~O n=O n=k

D6i bien, d*t m = (n - k) => n = (m + k), khi n = 0 thi m = -k , khi n = k - 1 thi m = -1 , khi n = k thi m = 0 , va khi n = 00 thi m = 00 :

-, 00

y'(z) == ZT'[x(~-k)] = Lx(m).z-(m+k) + Lx(m).z-(m+k)

m=-k· m=O

00 +k -k

y'(z) = z-kLx(m).z-m + Lx(m).z-(m+k) = Z-k X'(z)+ Lx(m).z-(m+k)

m=O m=-' m=-'

. D6i bien, di;tt m = -i => i = -m , khi m = -1 thi i = 1 , khi m = -k thi i = k :

k

y'(z) = ZT'[x(n-k)] = «:' X'(z)+ Lx(-i).Z(f-k)

f~'

Tinh chat tr~ cua bien d6i Z IDQt phia duoc sil dung d~ giai

phuong trinh sai phan tuyen tinh h~ so hang.

Vi dI;l2.13: Cho day x(n)=ll , I ,~, I J . Hay tim : a. X'(z) == ZT'[x(n)] ,

b. y' (z) = ZT' [y(n) =x(n -I)] , c. Y(z) = ZT[y(n) =x(n -I)]

Gidi : : Tinh thea bi~u thuc bien d6i Z thuan IDQt phia [2.1-8] :

00 ,

a. X'(z) = Lx(n).z-n = Lx(n).z-n = O.zo + I.z-1 = z-,

n=O

n=O

00 2

b. y'(z) == Lx(n-I).z-n = Lx(n-I).z-n = I.z0 + O.z-' + I.z-2 = 1+ Z-2

n=O

Tinh r ' (z) theo bi~u thuc cua tinh chat tr~ [2.2-19]:

y'(z) = ZT'[x(n-I)] == z-'X'(z) + x(-I) = Z-IZ-I + I = Z-2- + I Ke't qua tinh yl(Z) theo hai cong thirc [2.1-8] va [2.2-i9] Ia nhu nhau.

c.

00 2

Y(z) = Lx(n -I).z-n = Lx(n -I).z-n

n=-Cl)

n=-I

Y(z) = I.z' + I.zo + O.Z-I + I.z-2 = Z + I + Z-2

82

Ket qua cac cau b va c cua vi du tren cho thl1y, d6i vdi cac day khong nhan qua, tinh chat tr~ cua bien d6i Z mQt phia va hai phia Ia khac nhau. Co th~ thay ngay duoc, d6i vdi cac day nhan qua, tinh chl1t tn~ cua bien d6i Z mot phia va hai phia Ia nhu nhau.

2.2.2h Tinh chat VU9t mrec cua bien d6i Z m¢t phia

Neu: ZT'[x(n)] = XI(Z) voi RC[XI(z)] :R(~ < Izl < R(+

k~1

Thi v{jik > 0: yl(Z) = ZTI[X(~+k)]= Zk XI(Z)- Ix(m).z(k~m) [2.2-20]

vdi Re[yl (z)] = RC[XI (z)], trir di~m z = o.

Chung minh : Theo bi~u thirc bien d6i Z thuan mot phia [2.1·8] co:

00

yl (z) = Ix(n + k).z~n

D6i bien, dat m = (ti + k) => n = (m - k), khi n = 0 thi m = k , nhan duoc :

. . .

'" 00 k~1

yl(Z) = Ix(m).z--(m~k) = Ix(m).z~(m-k) - Ix(m).z~(m~k)

m=k m=O m=O

if) k~1 k~1

r ' (z) = Zk I x(m).z-m - I x(m).z(k~m) = Zk X I (z) - Ix(m).z(k~m)

m=O

m=O

Vi du 2.14: Hay tim ZT1 [y(n) = a'iutn + 3)]

Gidi : Ta da biet vdi x(n) = anu(n) thi ZT1 [x(n)] = ZT[x(n)] = z

- (z - a)

Co: y(n) = anu(n+3) =a~3a(n+3)u(n+3) = a~3x(n+3)

Sli dung bi~u thuc [2.2-20] nhan duoc :

ZT'[ ()] ZT'[ ~3 (+3)] -3 3 z ~3~ m ( ) (3~",)

Y n = a x n = a .z - a ~a u m .z

(z - a) m=O

4 1 2 J

Z - (Z - a)(z- + a.z + a- Z)

a\z-a)

ZTI[y(n)] = Z4 _(Z4 +a.z3 +a2z2 -a.z3 _a2z2 -a3z) Z = ZT1[x(n)]

a\z-a) (z-a)

V~y ZT' [anu(n + 3)] = ZT1 [anu(n)], hay hI giai thich dieu .do.

2.2.3 Bang cac bien c:t6i Z ce ban

Bang 2.3 d trang 115 1a cap bien d6i Z cua cac day nhan qua thuong gap. Tat ca cac cap bien-d6i Z do da duoc chirng minh trong cac vi du d cac phan tren. Bang 2.3 co y nghia rl1t quan trong, vi no giup chung ta nhanh chong tim duoc bien d6i z thuan va bien d6i Z nguoc khi giai cac bai toan phan tich va t6ng hop he xli ly sO'.

Theo tinh chat bien dao cua bien d6i Z , til bang 2.3 xay dung duoc bang 2.4 d trang 116 la bien d6i Z cua mot sO' day phan nhan qua.

8il

2.3 cAe PHlfONG PHAp TIM BIEN Dc)I Z NGlfOC

Tim bien d6i Z nguoc d~ xac dinh day xtn) bang each tinh true tiep tfch phan [2.1-25] thuong rat phuc tap, vi the nguoi ta xay dung cac phuong phap gian tiep sau d~ tim bien d6i Z nguoc :

- Phuong phap thang du,

- Phuong phap khai tri~n X(z) thanh chuoi lily thua.

- Phuong phap phan tich Xtz) thanh t6ng cac phan thirc don gian.

2.3.1 Phlfdng phap th~ng dlf

Trang ly thuyet ham bien so phuc, phuong phap thang du dung

d~ tinh tich phan : -'-fQ(z)dz [2.3-1J j2l[ ('

Tich phan [2.3-1] dU<;1C lay thea chieu duong tren duong cong khep kin C baa quanh goc toa dQ va narn trang mien hoi tu cua ham Q(:G).

Neu Q(z) co mot cue bQi bac k tai z == z p thi co th~ phan tich Q(z)

thanh : Q(z)== N(z) k

(z - Z p)

Vdi cac nghiern cua phuong trinh N(z) == 0 phai khac z r :

Khi do tfch phan [2.3-1] se co dang :

I J I J N(z)

-. - 'jQ(z)dz = -. - 'j k dz = Re sp

.l2l[ (' j 2l[ c: (z - z p )

Voi Re sp dU<;1C goi la thang du cua ham oiz) va duoc tinh thea bi~u thirc :

I d(k-I) N(z) I

Res = -

p (k-I)! dZ(k-l) z-zr'

[2.3-2]

Trang truong hop rieng, neu z p la nghiern don thi k = I nen :

Resp = N(z)1 =»» = N(zp) [2.3-3]

D~ tim bien d6i Z nguoc thea tich phan [2.1-25], ap dung phuong phap thang du cho ham Q(z) = X(z).z(n-I) . Gia stt Q(z) co q cue boi bac k, thi co th~ phan tich Q(z) thanh t6ng :

q N (z)

Q(z) = X(z).z(n-I) = I ' k

,~I (z - Z p,) ,

Khi do, bi~u thuc bien d6i Z nguoc [2.1-25] dU<;1C dua ve dang :

I J (n I) I J~ N, (z)

x(n) = -.-'jX(z)z - dz = -.-'j~ k, dz

.I2l[ (" j2l[ c ,~I (z-zp,)

Vi dUdng cong khep kin C narn trong mien hQi tu cua ham X(z).z(n-I) nen tich phan d ve phai cua [2.3-4] co th~ lay tren tung so

[2.3-4]

84

hang cua chuoi, vi the' eo th~ d6i vi tri cua dau t6ng va dau tich phan :

. ~ _1_1 ' '7 7111-1) '7 ~ ~-I-f N,(z) ~ 'f

.\ (n) ~. "\ (_ )-'- dz ~ ~ . k dz ~ L... Re S ['I

/2" / 2" (z ~ '7 )'

. ( I~I· (. - ['I I~I

I q

x(n) == '-:-2:- fr(Z)z(II-11dz == I Res[',

./ " c: I~I

Cac thang du Res[', ling vdi cac cue z['leua X(z).z(II-ll. Res[',eua cue don t.inh thea l~.3-3] , Res[" cua cue bQi bac k tinh theo [2.3-2].

Vi au z.ts : Hay tim x(n) == IZT[X(z)] == [ __ z_] vdi RC[X(z)] :1 z 1 > 1 a 1

, (z ~ a)

[2 .. '3-5]

Gidi: C6 .\(z).Z(/I-I)

(/I-I) z.z

(z ~ a)

(z ~ a)

/I

V(Ji n 2' (). ham \"(7) 7(111) == z e6 mot cue don z ; == a va N(z) == z":

(z ~ a)

Ttl bi«u thuc thang du [~.3-3] , voi n ? 0 tim duoc : Res == N(a) == a"

• .. . I'

Theo 1:2.:1-5] thi : x(n) == Res" = a" khi n ? ()

Vi He[ X(z)] :j z I > I a 1 nen x(n) la day nhan qua. do do ke't qua la :

[ -1

X(II) == IZT -~-~ 1= a" u(n) (z ~ a) J

Vi du z.Ie : Cho ae < s>. hay tim day xin) cua ham anh :

-

.\'(z) == --,----~.~.-.-)-- vdi R('[X(z)]:1 z 1 > 1 h I

(z- + 20.z + h-)

_"

Gidi : 'I'a co X(Z).z'" II = -1-':""---1- Voi n > 0, ham X(Z).Z(III) e6

(r ' +1a.z+h-)

hai di~m cue la nghiern cua phuong trinh : z'. + 2a.z + h~ == 0

Vi a' < he => !\' = l(~~ ~h~ < O. nen phuong trinh tren co hai nghiern

In cap so phuc lien hop : ~'/I -- _I' == -a+.i~(h2 _a2) == Iz[' I.el'l'"

va : -['c ==Z;, =~a~.i..j(hi~a2) ==Izl' I·e 1'1'"

[~(h2 ~a2) j

Voi : 1=" 1 == ~a2 + (h'. ~ a~) = b va ({J[' == =arctg a [2.3-6J

Theo de cue di~m z,' va z;, e6 th~ phan tich X(Z).Z(III) thanh :

X(=).Z(II-I)

85

zn

Voi cue z,' co N,(z) = .' theo bi~u thirc thang du [2.3-3] tim duoc :

(z-z,,)

(z" )n

Res", = N,(z,,) = •

(z" - Z ")

( 1'1' )n

I z" I.e r

V~y :

b" pUP" .e

Il

Vdi cue z~ co N2(z) = z , theo bi~u thuc thang du [2.3-3] tim duoc :

(z - z,,)

• (z~)"

Resl,_) = No (z ) = --'-------

-" (' )

z" - ="

V~y :

hn :J_/I1(f'" Theo [2.3-5] thi : x(n) = Res!" + Res,,} = _, ,==.t===--- 2Jv(h2 - a' )

h" (elll'l'I' - e /I1'1'/, ] __ hn.sin(n.cp!,)

x(n) = ==- ==:-

~(h2_a2) 2j ~(h2_a2)

Vi RC[X(z)]:1 z I > I h I nen xin) phai la day nhan qua, do do ket qua la :

[ z 1 h"u(n) { r ~(b2 _a2) ]}

lZT 0 ) = , .sin - n.arc/gl [2.3-7]

( z - + 2a.z + h - ) v ( h 2 _ a 2 ) a

Trong do a' < h2 , goc pha <PI' duoc tinh thea [2.3-6J va RC[X(z)]:1 z I > I h!

b" .e -lfI(P,>

2.3.2 PhltClng phap khai triin X(z) thanh chu6i luy thlia

Vi X(z) la ham giai tich cua z, nen trong mien h9i tu cua no, co th~ khai tri~n Xiz) thanh chudi liiy thua cua «: theo dang :

00

X(z) = Lar/.z-n

[2.3-8]

n::::-r::IJ

Mat khac, theo dinh nghia cua bien d6i z co:

00

X(z) = Lx(n).z-"

[2.3-9]

n=-r:$)

Trong mien h9i tu cua X(z), ca hai chudi tren deu h9i tu nen khi dong nh~t cac h~ so cua hai chuoi [2.3-8] va [2.3-9], tim duoc day:

x(n) =an

86

V~y khi khai trien X(z) thanh chuoi luy thira [2.3-8], se tim duoc day xin) thea cac he so cua chuoi.

Vi du 2.17: Hay tim day xin) cua ham anh X(z) == z

(z + a)

a. V oi RC[ X (z)] : / z / > / a/ b. V oi RC[ X (z)] : / z / < / a /

Gidi : a. Chia ca tli so va m~u so cho z nhan duoc :

z

X ( z) =-= = -------,--

(z+a) (I+a.z-I)

Vi RC[X(z)]:/ z I > I a I nen x(n) Iil day nhan qua, do do ham anh phai la chuoi luy thua cua z ": D~ khai tri~n X(z) thanh chuoi luy thua cua z" , chi a til' so cho da thuc m~u so (1 + cz') :

1

1 + az-I - az' _ az1- a2z-2

+ a2z-2

+ a2z-2 + a:lz<1

I 1 + az'

_ a:lz-:l

_ a:lz-:I _ a4z-4

+ a4z-4

'"

MQt each telng quat nhan dUQC: X(z) = L(-arz-n

Theo [2-55] nhan duoc : x(n) = (-a)"u(n) vdi RC[X(z)] :Izl > lal

b. Vdi RqX(z)]:1 z I < I a I thi xin) la day phan nhan qua, nen ham anh pha! Ia chuoi Iuy thua cua z": D~ khai tri~n X(z) thanh chu6i Iuy thua cua z'", chia til' so cho da thirc mau so (cz' + 1) :

1 ~1-=a=z-_I~+~l~· __

- a-1z

_ a-1z _ a-2z2

+ a-2z2

+ a-2z2 + a-:1z:1 - a-:1z:1

_ a-:lz:l _ a-4z4

+ a-4z4

Cf)

MQt each telng quat nhan dUQC: X(z) =- L (_a)-m z"

m:=1

D~ dua chuoi ve dang [2.:3-8] , deli bien dat n = (- m + 1) ~ rn. = (- n + 1) ,

87

khi m = 1 thi n = 0 va khi m = a: thi n = - a: :

r ~

X(.:) =: - L(-a)(11 1).:( 11+1) = - z'L(-a)llIl)z"

Thea [2.3-9] va tinh chat dich ella bie'n d6i Z nhan duoc :

x(n) =_(_a)(n-Jlu(_n+ I) vdi RC[X(.:)] :1=1 < lui

'I'ir vi du 2.17 co cac nhan xet sau :

- Cling mot ham anh nhung voi hai mien h()i tv khac nhau sc nhan duoc hai ham goc khac inhau, dieu do co nghia la quan h~ gifia ham anh va ham goc cua bien d6i Z hai phia chi la don trj khi ling voi mot mien hoi tv xac dinh. Nhu vay, d~ tim bien d6i Z nguoc cua bien d6i Z hai phia, can phai biet mien h9i tv ella ham anh Xtz):

- Trang vi du 2.17, chuoi lily thua bien d6i co quy luat nen tim duoc bii~u thuc ella so hang t6ng quat (/" va hi~u t.huc cua ham goc xin).

Trong da so cac truong hop, khi ehia da thuc dt; khai tri~n X(z) t.ha nh chudi lily t.hua, khong th~ tim duoc quy luat bien d6i ella chuoi lily thua, nen chi' tim duoc gia trj mot so mau cua ham g<ic xtn). D6 chinh la nhuoc di6m co ban ella phuong phap khai tri~n X(Z) thanh chuoi lily t.hua. va VI the phuong phap nay it ou<_jc sli dung.

2.3.3 PhU'dng phap phi," tich X(z) thanh t6ng cac phi," thlrc

f)t\y la phlidng phap sli dung bang bien dt;i Z co ban (bang z.a). l)f~ tim day xtn) ella cac ham X(Z) phuc tap, chi din phan tich X(Z) thanh t6ng cua cac ham anh co trong bang bien d6i Z . va ap dung t.inh chat tuyen t.inh tim duoc ham goc bang t6ng cua cac ham gac thanh phan.

Trong 0:1 so truong hop, co th~ dua ham Xtz) ve dang 12.1-20] :

( (h II h I b 2 h ) ,\ .11)

. /3.:) A. 0= + 1= + 2': + ... + II .: ['.).,'J_1(l]

.\ (.:)-.= ,4.-- == .I 1:·---------- - -,

D( z ) ( z + U I': + a , : +... -\- a \ )

Trong do A la hang so va da thuc d mau so Dtz) CC! an = 1 duoc goi la da thuc dac trung ella ham Xtz}, Phuong trinh o(\C trtrng Dtz) = 0 eC) N nghiern Z/Ik • chung la cac cue di~m ella ham Xie).

Neu ham X(Z) [2.3-10] co bac ella da-t.huc (j mau Dtz) lOn hon b{.tc ella da thuc (j tli Biz), tire la N> M thi no duoc goi la ham Xcz) dang chinh uic. Trong trudng hop ham X(Z) [2.:1-1OJ c6 N S M thi no la ham dang khorig chmh tac, Khi do. bAng each chia da thuc d tli cho da thuc (j mau hoac bAng bien d6i toan h9C. se nhan duoc ham Kt z) dang :

I N(::) J . 11.\ ..

X(.:)= A.LC(::) + ----- == A.L .. (',:: 1 + X'(.:)

D(::) r II

Trong 06 X'(z) la ham dang chinh tac. Vi Ci z) 1:'1 da thuc lily thua cua z. nen co th~ de dang tim duoc bien d6i 7 nguoc cua no :

\I .1

c(n) == IZT[A.c(z)l= A'Lc,c)'(n-r)

,..0

88

Vi v~y. t.rong moi trudng hop chi dn nghien cuu phuong phap tim bien d<5i L nguoc cua ham Xtz) [2.:3- 1 OJ darig chinh tac. C6 th6 bieu dd~n ham Xt z} chinh uk [2.;}-10J qua cac cue di6m Zpk :

(h II b I b 2 b ) 1.1111

B(::) A. 0:: + 1= + 2= + ... +\1 .z

X(=)= A.--- = -~-.- . .-- [2.:1-11J

D(=) (=-=,,1)(=-=1'2) .... (=-=1")

C:IC cue di6m Zpk cua ham Xtz) [2.3-10J va [2.:l-111 c6 thi~ la cac cue don (cue co gia tri khac nhau), hoac cac cue boi bac q (q cue co gia t.ri git)ng nhau), hen T1l1a Zpk co th6 la cac sf) thuc hoac so phuc. Trude het chung ta nghien diu truong hop X(z) c6 nghiern don gian.

2.3.3a Truong hQp ham X( z) chi eo cec eve don 10 56 thve

Khi X(z) la ham ~2.:3-1 oJ hoac [2.:3-111 dang chinh tile va c6 N cue don Z"k 1:1 so thuc (N cue t.huc don). t.hi c6 th6 pha n tich Xtz) tha nh t6'ng ella cac pha n t.hirc don gian dang :

X(::) ~'A. 11~] oc· :t ~B~_ -r- '!J_ __ +_!1:. + ... + ----!!-I - [:Z.:l-121

[)( - ) k I (; - ~ ",) (:: - :: 1>1) (:: -- :: I'] ) (= - = I" )

nr: xa« <lj n h h~ sf) BA • nhan ca hal v€; ella [2.:l-12J vdi (z - ZI,k ) :

B I (= - z I,A) B, (:: - :: "A ) 11 I (:: - z 1,1. )

\( ::)(.:- .:- I,k) -.------ + -------.--- + ... + 11, + ... + ------.

(::-=1'1) (.::.--.::/,c) (::-.::",)

Tn i Z = Z"k t.hi t ru B" eon ult ca cac so' hang khac <1 v€; pha i cua bi~u t.huc trtm deu b{lI1g khong, do d6 c6 :

/3 = [X(.:)(.: - z 'k )] 1-,=7 [:2.:3-1:11

• . I --~

LilY hi(>'n drli L ngli<je ham Xtz) [2-58] . tim duoc day xin) :

[' 11 I I - 1

\,(11) _C= 1/11 \(=)J= IZT .L -:~-= L. 11, ,//1'1 z I --_--""--:--

k I (- - I,A ) ,I L ( ; - - /" )

Thc-o t.inh ('h;lt t.re V8 [2.1-181. voi RClX(=)I:! = I'> max[=". I. nhan duoc :

I

) '"' i u II )

x(n = ~ B, '=/'k .u(I1-1

, I

Day [2.:1-14] co dang tr~, d6 nhan duoc cac day xin) khoru; (i dang tn", nlur t re n, chia ca hai ve ella [2.~j-101 cho Z v;) phan tich ham :

X(::) 13(=) ~ B,

.---- .. - cc. A. - .. --- .. ---- '" ~ ... - .. ------

z .:.o(Z) kO (= --.: I.A )

Chi sf) k dU.1Y til O. do z.Dtz) = 0 d) them mot ngh iern ZI'() = 0 (hoac Btz t = 0 giam mot ngh iern t.ai Z"I = 0), Tir :'~ .~-lGI nhan dlJ'QC :

[2.:3-141

[2.:3-151

A

X(::) : L e, --~---~,Il (:: - = I,A I

Trong do, dH' he sf) 13k duoc xac dinh t.heo bd~u thuc :

[2.:3-161

H9

s, = [X;Z) (z -Zf'k)] IZ=Zf'k Lay bien d6i Z nguoc ham Xiz) [2.3-16] , tim duoc day xtn) :

x(n) = IZT[X(z)] = IZT[i s, z 1

k~O (z - Z f'k )

Thea [2.1-18] hoac bang 2.3, vdi RC[X(z)] :1 z 1 > max[z f'k]' nhan duoc ;

[2.3-17)

N

x(n) = IZT[X(z)] = L e, ,Z~k .u(n) k~O

[2.3-18]

Vi d H-' h' A' hA ?? ) (z + 5)

I u 2.18: ay tim am goc n an qua cua X(z = 2 '

(2z -8z+6)

Gidi : Ham X(z) la phan thirc dang chinh tac. Vi da thuc d(tc trtrng co U() =: 2. 1: 1 nen phai nhom thua so 2 ra ngoai. D~ nhan duoc ham goc xin) dang khong tr~, phan tich ham:

X(z) (z + 5)

2z(z" - 4z + 3)

(Z + 5) Bo BI B2

_--'-_--'-_ = _- + __ + _-

2z(z-I)(z-3) Z (z-I) (z-3)

Theo [2.:1-17] xac dinh duoc cac h~ so Bo, BI, va B2:

Bo = [2Z(;Z_~~~Z_3J Iz = 0 => Bo = 2(-1;(-3) = ~

BI = [ (z+5)(z-l) ] I => BI = (I +5) _6 3_

2z(=-I)(z-3) z=1 2.1.(1-3) -4 2

B) [(Z + 5)(z - 3) ] I => BJ = (3 + 5)

- 2z(=-I)(z-3) z=3 - 2.3.(3-1)

8

2

12

3

Suy ra :

X(z) 5 1 3 1 2 I

--=------+---

Z 6 Z 2 (z-I) 3 (z-3)

5 3 z 2 Z

X(z) = - - --- + ---

6 2 (z - I) 3 (z - 3)

Vf).y:

Vi day xtn) la nhan qua nen RC[X(z)] :1 z I> 3, thea [2.3-18] nhan duoc :

5 s: 3 2 n

x(n) = IZT[X(z)] = -u(n) - -u(n) + -3 u(n)

62· 3

2.3.3b TrUong hQp ham X( z) eo nhieu el/e d'tlng phU'e tap

D~ don gian va d~ hieu rna kh6ng lam mat di tinh t6ng quat, gia stl' X(z) la ham [2.3-10] hoac [2.3-11] dang chinh tAc va co r cue thuc don

Z"k ' mdt cue thuc b(>i ZIl</ bac q, mot cap cue phuc lien hop z f'<' va z ~(" khi do co th~ phan tich X(z) thanh t6ng cua cac phan thuc dang :

[2.3-19]

90

Trang do thanh phan ling voi r cue thuc don Zpk la :

Xh(z)=I Bk

z k~O(z-zl'k)

Thanh phan ling voi cue thuc b9i Z')(I bac q la :

X,(z) = t c, ,

Z ,=1 (z - Z 1'<' )

Thanh phan ling voi cap cue phuc lien hop z pc: va Z ;,e la :

[2.3-20]

[2.3-21]

Xe(Z)

.,.

-,

E E*

---+---

(z-zl'e) (z-z~(")

[2.3-22]

Tuong tlj truong hop ham Xtz) chi e6 cac nghiern thuc don, cac h~ soBkeua [2.3-20] duoc xac dinh thea [2.3-17]_ VdiRC[Xh(z)]:lzl >maxlz"kl,

tU ham Xiz) , thea [2.3-18] nhan duoc thanh phan xin) :

N

xh(n) = IZT[Xh(z)] = IBk.z~k.u(n) [2.3-23]

k~O

Cac he so C, cua [2.3-21] ling voi cue thuc boi' Z,I<I' duoc xac djnh nhu sau :

• 1 d«,-f) [X(Z) ]

(, = (q _ i)! dz('I-f) ----;-(z - 2,')'1 12 =z" [2.3-24]

Vdi RCrX,(z)]:1 z I> 121'1, tl1 ham X,(z) nhan duoc thanh phan x,(n) :

. I4, n(n-I) .... (n-i-I) (n-,)

x (n) = IZTP',(z)] = (,. .zl' .u(n)

( (. -I)'

,~I I.

[2.3-25]

o 0

Cac he so phirc E va E * ling voi cap cue phirc lien hop z I'e va z ;'" . Ta chi

can xac dinh E thea biEiu thirc :

E = [X;Z)(Z_ZI')] Iz=zl' = E.e''I'·

vi thea ly thuyet ham bien so phuc thi /(z*) = f * (z ) , nen :

[X(Z)(Z_z')]I~_.,.. = E*= E.e ''I',

z I' ,;.--1'

,\,',. (z) E.el'l',· E.e -/'I',

Da d6 e6 : + ---

z (z-zl') (z-z~)

[2.3-26]

z z

V~y : X,.(z) = E.e''I',· + E.e-I'I', •

(z-zl') (z-zl')

vdi RC[X,.(z)] :1 z I> 121'1, tl1 ham X,(z) nhan duoc ham goe x.In) : x,.(n) = IZT[X,.(z)] = E.el'l"(zl'ru(n) + E.e-''I''·(z~)''lI(n)

91

x,.(I1)=[~.el!l"(I=I,I.el!l',')lIu(n)+ E,« 1!I"(lzl' I.e 1!I"')"U(I1) -. (11) :cc £'.1=1' I" u(n) (el!l', .elll!l' + .e r, III!I'.)

[e IIlIlf'r '!I'. 1+ e 1IIIIf'r'If"'I]

X,(I1) -z: 2E·1 =1' I" u(n) 2-

Vf).y: x,.(n) = //'1'[,\,(z)1 -z: 2E·1 =1' I" u(n).cos(IHP1, + (jJ,)

12.:i·271

Trong d{) h~ so phuc E = f.ellf', dLi<;JC xac dinh t.hoo hi~u thuc 12.a·2;")].

Tli cac ke't qua tren. nhan duoc : x( n) =: /ZT[ X (c ) I = x, (n) + x ~ (n) + x, (n)

12.:-3·28]

Trong db. x.tn) duoc X3C dinh thoo 12.:3·23], x.In) duoc X3C dinh thr-o 12.:3·2;)], va x.In) duoc X3C dinh thea 12.:3·271.

Vi du 2.19: Cho 0] < he, hay tim ham go" xt n) cua ham anh :

X(=) =: ---, -------,- Voi RCI X(z)] :1 z I > I b I

(=' +2a.=+h")

Gui, : Hai nay da duoc giai bang phuong phap th ang du d vi du 2.14. 6 dav se dung phuong phap ph an tich X(z) t.hanh to'ng cua cac da thuc don gi;in. 06 nhan duo« day xtn) dang kh6ng tn~. phan tich ham:

X(=) I

.... (Zl +2a.z+h~)

Vi a' < he. nen phuong trinh dac trung Z2 + La.: + h] =: 0 co hai nghiem

III cap so phuc lien hop :

va :

• . r;,) . IIf'

z I' =: -- a - J V (h - - 0 -) =: I z I' I .e !

V(1i:

p-;--

) ,

I z I' I == ( b - - 0 C) = b

va :

{J(h2 - 02) 1

(jJ I' =: -.- arctg ---0--- . .1

06 slt dung c[)ng t.huc 12.:'$·271. thea hi~u t.huc 12.:3-26] tim duoc :

r 1

;. = 1(= -~~/',-)(?'! =1*'-) 1==21' => E ----.-

l (z I' - Z;, )

12.3·29]

• J[

va A rg-l I: ) =: In, = --

v-, 2

Theo [2.3-27] nhan duoc day xin) :

1 " ( Jr)

x(n)=2 I) ).h u(n).cos -n.(jJ,,--

2-v(h~ -a") 2

Bien d6i luong giac va xac dinh (jJ" thea [2.3-29], nhan duoc ket qua:

Vdi a" < h" va RCJlzl > Ihl thi:

[ l" j [ I( h) »]l

z b u(n) "\j ~ - a-

IZT· 1 1 = '. . sin - n. arctg [2.:3-:30J

(.:- + La.z + h") ~(h2 _ a") a

So sanh [2.3-30] va [2.3-7] cho thay, hai phuong phap thang du va phan tich Xtz) thanh t6ng cac phan thirc don gian cho cling mot ket qua.

Cac corig thuc [2.3-27] va [2.3-30] thuong duoc slt dung nhu mot cap bien d6i Z thong dung d~ tim bien d6i Z nguoc cua cac ham Xte) co hai nghiem don la cap so phuc lien hop.

Vi d 1" d- 1 A 'J () 'J ':(Z - 2,5)

I u 2.20: i m ay n ian qua x n cua X(.:) = .

. (2z-I)2

Gidi .' Vi da thuc d mau co au = 2 *' 1 nen phai nhorn thua so 2 ra ngoai. D~ nhan duoc day xin) dang khong tn"i, phan tich ham:

X(z) (z - 2,5) ('I c2

4(z _-~5)T (z - 0,5) + (z - 0,5)2

[2.:3-31 J

Trong do cac he; Se) duoc xac dinh nhu sau :

,diX(.:) 2JI[ d[(Z-2.5)JI

(I =d-.;r-;-(Z-0,5) Iz=0,5 = dzL--4- z=0,5 4

,[X(Z) -2]1, r,'(Z-2,5)]1 (0.5-2.5)

(2 = -.;.~ (.: -- 0,) ) I Z = 0,5 = [---4--- 1 z = 0,5 = -- ~-4 -

Thay gia trj cac he so tren vao [2.:)-:31] nh an duoc :

X(z) 1 I 1 1

2

z

4 (z-0,5)

2 '(z-0,5)2

z X(z) = 0,25---

(z - 0,5) (z - 0,5)2

Vi xin) la day nhan qua nen vdi RC[X(z)]:1 z I > ! 0,51, theo bang 3.2 nhan

dUQC : x(n) = 0,25.(0,5r u(n) - n.(0,5r u(n)

O,5z

Hay:

x(n) = 2-" u(n).(O,25 - n)

Vi du 2.21: Hay tim day xin) cua ham anh :

(2z2 +z-3) »:» ] 1 I

X(z) = 2 2 Vd1 RC[X(z) : z > I

(z +1)(4z -4z+l)

Gidi .' Vi da thuc d mau co ao = 4 ::f. I nen phai nhom thua so 4 ra ngoai, D~ nhan duoc ham goc xin) dang khong tr€i, phan tich ham:

93

XC:-) (2z2 +z-3) (2z2 +z-3)

z 4 Z(z 2 + 1)(z2 - Z + 0,25) 4 z(z - j)(z + j)(z - 0,5)2

Phuong trinh dac trung z(z - .i)(z + .i)(z - 0,5)2 =::: ° co : - MQt nghiern don tai Z f'O = 0,

- MQt nghiern bQi bac 2 tai Z pi = 0,5,

- Haj nghiern phirc lien hop tai Z p2 =.i va z f,2 = - .i

[2.3-32]

J[

=> I Zp2 I = 1 va <p) = -

p : 2

Thea cac cue di~m tren, co th~ phan tich ham [2.3-32] thanh dang :

x (z) Bee) E E*

__ =_+ I + _ + + _

Z z (z-0,5) (Z-0,5)2 (z-.i) (z+j)

[2.3-33]

Trang do cac h~ s6 duoc xac dinh nhu sau :

[X(Z) ]1 [(2z2+Z-3)]1 -3 =-3

B = =:: z=o = 4(Z2 + 1)(z-0,5)2 z=O = 4.1.(-0,5)2

C =!!_[X(z)_(~-O'i)lJI =_cj__[(2Z2+Z-3)]1

I dz z ~ ,- z = 0,5 dz 4 z( Z 2 + I) z = 0,5

C =Z(Z2+1)(4z+I)-(3z2+1)(2z2+z-3)1 =344

I 4Z2(Z2+1)2 z=0,5'

C2 = [X(Z)(Z-0,5)2JI =05 =[(2Z2 +/--:3)]1 =05 =-0,8

z z, 4 z(z + I) Z ,

£=[X(Z\~_ ')JI =[ (2Z"+Z-3) .]1 -05 -/1.1

z "' .J Z = j 4 z(z + j)(z _ 0,5)" z = j - ,.e

Thay gia tri cac h~ s6 vao [2.3-33], nhan duoc :

X(z) - 3 3,44 0,8 0,5.e-JIJ 0,5.eJI,I

--=--+ + +---

Z z (z - 0,5) (z - 0,5)2 (z - j) (z + j)

~ 08 ° 5z - z

X(z) = - 3+ 3,44 ~ - _'_ , + - 0,5e-/I,1 + 0,5eJI,1

(z - 0,5) 0,5 (z - 0,5)2 (z - j) (z + j)

Thea bang 3.2 va cong thuc [2.3-27] , vdi Rc[X(z)]:1 z I > I, nhan duoc :

x(n) = -38(n)+3,44.(0,5tu(n) -1,6,n.(0,5ru(n) +2,0,5,llln u(n)cos(~.n-I'I)

Hay: x(n) = rnu(n).(3,44- 1,6.n) +u(n)cos(~.n-I'I)-38(n)

94

2.4. PHAN 'rtcn H~ Xl1LY SO TUYEN TiNH BAT BIEN

NHAN QuA BANG HAM H~ THONG H(z)

2.4.1 ham h~ thong H(z)

2.4.1a O!nh nghio : Ham h¢ thong H(z) cua h¢ Xlf fy sihTBBNQ fa bien drJi z

00

cua ddc tinh xung h(n): H(z) = ZT[h(n)] = Lh(n).z-n

n=O

[2.4·1 ]

vdi RC[H(z)] : [z ] > Rh_

Phan ling yen) cua h~ xl11y so' TfBBNQ duoc tfnh theo tich chap [1.5-7] : y(n' = x(n) * h(n)

Co th~ Om diroc : X(z) = ZT[x(n)] va H(z) = ZT[h(n)]

Do do, theo tfnh chat tich chap cua bien d6i z co :

Y(z) = ZT[y(n) = x(n) * h(n)] = X(z).H(z)

[2.4-2]

Tu do suy ra:

H(z) = Y(z) X(z)

[2.4-3]

Theo [2.4-3] , ham h~ thong Hiz) cua h~ xl1 1y s6 TfBBNQ la ty s6 cua phan ling Y(z) va tac dong X(z) , do do ham he thong Hiz) con duoc goi la ham truyen dat z cua h~ xl11y s6TTBBNQ.

Bieu thuc [2.4-3] cho phep tim ham h~ thong Htz) cua h~ xl11y s6 ITBBNQ khi biet tac dQng X(z) va phan ling Y(z), con bi~u thuc [2.4-2] cho phep tim phan ling yen) cua h~ Xl11y so' TfBBNQ khi biet ham h~ thong Htz) va tac dQng X(z).

Lay bien d6i z nguoc ham h~ thong H(z) cua h~ xl11y s6 TraBNQ , nhan duoc dac tfnh xung hen) cua h~ ;

h(n) = /ZT[H(z)]

vdi RC[H(z)]: I z I > Rh_

[2.4-4 ]

Tli quan h~ vao ra [2.4-2], co th~ rna ta h~ xl11y so' TfBBNQ theo so d6 khoi tren hinh 2.3, do do ham h~ thong Htz) di[lc trung cho cau true phan ctmg hoac thuat toan phan mern cua h~ Xl11y s6 trong mien z.

X(z) ----'l.~1 H(z) ..

I--~.~ Y(z)

Hinh 2.3 : So do khoi h$ xu Iy so TfBBNQ theo ham h$ thong Htz),

2.4.1 b nm ham h, thong H( z) tu phuong trinh soi phon

Xet h~ xi11y so' TfBBNQ duoc rna ta bang phuong trinh sai phan tuyen tfnh h~ so' hang t6ng quat b~c N ;

N M

LQ,y(n - r) = L bkx(n - k)

,=0 k=O

Lay bien d6i z ca hai ve cua phuong trinh sai phan tren :

95

ZT[ t. a,y(n - r) 1 ~ ZT[~ h,x(n - k) 1

Theo tinh chat t.uyen tinh va tinh chat tr€i ella bien d6i Z nhan duoc :

,\ 1/

Ia,z 'nz) = Ihkz'X(z)

,~() , ()

1/ 1/

'h _k 'h 71\/k )

~ t= ~ k>

1/(;:;) = !(.:") = HI __ = k~O ZIN-,\l1

X(=) ~ " ~ I \ I)

~ar= z:»>

,~O leli

Suv ra :

[2.4-5]

Co Lh~ bi~ll dien ham h~ th()ng If(z) qua N nje di~m z f'k cua no :

V() ('v-H) (h ,II h 1/--1, h) ,:::: 0:: + I:; i ... + \f

fI(.:") = -- =------------ [2.4-6J

X(::) ao(:: -:: {,I )(z - z ('~ ) .... (z -:: (''')

d day d.n luu y rang, d~ tim dung Htz) thi phuong tri nh dac trung D(::) = 0 phai co h~ so ao = I, vi the neu Uil ic I thi phai nhom Uo ra ngoai.

Lay bien d6i Z nguoc bieu thuc [2.4-6] vdi RC[H(z)]:1 z 1 > max[z (,d, nhan duoc dac tinh xung hin) ella h~ :

hen) = IZ1'[H(z)l = IZ1'[ Y(z) 1 X(z)

[2.4-7]

Vi dl;l2.22 : Cho h~ xli ly sOlTBBNQ co phuong trinh sai phan : 2y(n) -- 4y(n - I) + 2y(1l - 2) = x(n) - 3x(n -I)

Hay xac dinh ham h~ thong H(z) va dac tinh xung hin) cua h~.

Gid! : Lay bien d6i z ca hai ve cua phuong trinh sai phan tren :

2Y(z)-4z-IY(z)+2z-2y(z) = )(z)-3z-IX(z)

Hay: Y(z)(2 - 4Z1 + 2Z2) = )(z)(1 - 3z-l)

/1(::) = Y(z) = (1-3z-l) z-l(z-3) z(z-3)

X(=) (2-4z-I+2z-2) 2z-2(z2-2z+l) 2(z2-2z+l)

v, h' hA h"')' Y(z) z(z-3) z(z-3).

ay am e tong a: H(z) = =.:': := 1 2

/\(z) 2(z--2z+1) 2(z-l)

Lay bien d6i z nguoc ham h~ thong Htz), tim duoc dac tinh xung htn) :

h(ll) = IZT[H(z)] = /ZT[ z(z - 3~ 1 voi RC[H(z)]:1 z 1 > 1

2(z -It

D;!' hin) hA , h ha H(z) (z-3) __ __s__ + C2

e tim n, p an tic am: -- = ,

z 2(z-I)" (z-I) (z_I)2

Trong d6:

(z - 3 )(z _ 1)21

c 2 = 2( z _ I) 2 Z = I

1-3

=> C2 = -- = -I 2

96

(' ==!!__[ (z - 3 )(z -1)2]1 ~ C1 == _!_

1 d: 2(= _ 1)2 z = 1 2

H(=) (z-3) 1 1

z 2(z-I)2 2(z-l) (z_I)2

I.:: z

+=> H(z) == --- - ,

2 (z - 1) (z - q-

Vdi RC[ 11(.::)] :1.:: 1 .> I, thea bang 2.3 tim dU<;IC dac tinh xung htn) : h(n) = O,5u(n) - n.u(n)

Hay: h(n) ,= (0,5 -n).u(n)

2.4.1c Tim phon ling yin) cue h, xu Iy so qua bien d6i Z

Khi biet dac tinh xung hin) cua h~ xli' Iy so TIBBNQ va tac d('>ng xt n), co th~ tim duoc ph an ling ytn) cua h~ xli' ly so theo tich chap :

y( n) = xtn) * h(n)

Cac phuong phap tinh true tie'p tich chap da dU<;IC trinh biiy d chuong mot deu kha phuc tap, va trong nhieu truong hop khong th~ tim duoc bi~u thuc cua phan ling yin). C6 th~ tim phan ling ytn) cua h~ xt:t ly so lTBBNQ de dang hon bang each tinh tich chap qua bien d6i Z, cac budc thuc hien nhu sau :

. 1- 'Tim cac bien d6i Z thuan : X(z) = ZT[x(n)] va H(z) = ZT[h(n)]

2- Tu d6 xac dinh duoc :

V:}y :

3- Tim bien d6i Z nguoc :

Y(z) = X(z).H(z)

y(n) = IZT[Y(z)] = IZT[X(z).H(z)}

Trong da so cac truong hop. ham h~ thong Htz) va tac d('>ng X(z) e6

dang phan thuc hiru ty :

H(z) = 8(z) , [>(z) va X(z) =--

A(z) Q(z)

Do d6 phan ling y(z) cua h~ xli' ly so TIBBNQ la : 8(z).[>(z) Y(z) = X(z).H(z) = --A(z).Q(z)

Trude het xet truong hop ham h~ thong Htz) co N cue di~m don Zpk la nghiem cua phuong trinh dac trung A(z) = 0, eon tac d('>ng Xtz) co m

cue di~m don Zpi la nghiern ella phuong trinh d~e trung Q(z) = 0, trong d6 cac cue Zpk "* z.; vdi moi k va i. D6ng thoi, cac eve di~m cua ham h~ thong Htz) khong bi loai tru bdi cac khong di~m cua tac dong X(z) va nguoc lai. D~ tim phan ling yin) ella h~ xli' ly soTIBBNQ, phan tieh ham:

Y(z) = t Ak + f ___fj__k_

Z k=O (z - Z pk ) 1=1 (z - z",)

Phan ling ytn) cua h~ xt:t.lY so TrBBNQ Ia day nhan qua, nen voi RC[Y(z)] :\ z \ :> max[z {'k ,z PI], nhan duoc yen) la t6ng cua hai thanh phan :

97

n m

yen) = I Ak .Z~k + I Qk .Z~, = Yo (n) + y n (n)

k=O 1=1

[2.4-8]

n

Trong do: Yo (n) = I Ak ,Z~k [2.4-9]

k=O

Thanh phan dao d(mg tu do yo(n) phu thudc vao cac cue cua ham h~ thong H(z) , tire la phu thuoc vao cau true cua h~ xli 1y s6.

m

Con: yr(n)=IQk'Z~, [2.4-10]

k=O

Thanh phan dao dQng cudng buc yin) phu thuoc vao cac cue cua tac d(mg X(z) , tuc 1a phu thuoc vao dang cua tac dQng xin).

Gia tri cua cac h~ s6 Ak va Qk duoc xac dinh theo [2.3-17], chung phu thuoc vao ca ham h~ thong Htz) l§.n tac dQng xie).

Trong truong hop ham h~ thong Htz) ho~c tac d(mg X(z) co cac cue boi, thi ung vdi co cac cue bQi phai phan tich Y(z) thea bi~u thuc [2.3-21] vdi cac h~ s6 duoc xac dinh thea [2.3-24]. Tuong W nhu tren, phan ung ytn) cung la t6ng cua hai thanh phan dao dQng tt;l do va dao dQng cudng buc:

yen) = yo(n) + y,,(n)

[2.4-11]

N€u mot s6 cue di~m cua ham h~ thong' Htz) bi loai t.ru bdi cac kh6ng di~m cua tac dong Xtz) (hoac nguoc lai), thi thanh phan dao dong' W do (hoac dao dong' cudng buc) se mat bdt cac s6 hang tuong irng.

Vi du 2.23 : Cho h~ xli 1y s6 co d~c tinh xung hen) = recutn -I) va tac

dong x(n) =2n.u(n), tim phan ungy(n) va xac dinh tinh 6n dinh cua he. Gidi .- Theo bang 2.3 tim duoc cac bien d6i z thuan :

n Z

X(z) = ZT[x(n)] = ZT[2 .u(n)] = --

(z - 2)

zJ _I (Z2 + Z + I)

H(z) = ZT[h(n)] = 3 = 1

Z (z -I) z

z (Z2 + Z + I) (z2 + Z + I)

Phan ung : Y(z) = X(z).H(z) = --. 1 --2 ---

(z - 2) z z (z - 2)

Kh6ng di~m ZOI = 0 cua tac dQng X(z) di'i ha bac cue bQi Zpl = 0 cua ham h~ thong H(z) , do do dao dQng W do Yarn) se bdt di mot so' hang.

Phan ung cua h~ la : yen) = IZT[Y(z)] = IZT[ (z: + z + I) ]

z (z - 2)

D~ tim phan ung yin) , phan tich Y(z) thanh t6ng cua cac phan

Y(z) (Z2 +z+1) C1 C2 CJ B

thuc : -- = = - + - + - + [2.4-12]

z z\z-2) z Z2 Z3 (z-2)

Vdi cac so' hang ung vdi cac h~ so' Cj phu thuoc vao cue bQi bac 3 tai Zpl == 0 cua ham h~ thong H(z) , so hang ung vdi h~ s6 B phu thuoc vao

cue don Zp2 = 2 cua tac dong Xtz), Tinh cac h~ so cua [2.4-12] :

B = (Z2 + Z + 1 )(z - 2) 1 ~ B = (22 + 2 + I) = _}_

z1(z-2) z=2 21 8

~ C __ 1_- __ 1_

1 - (-2) - 2

C = (Z2 + Z + 1 )Z1 1

1 z\z-2) z=O

CJ=!!_[(Z2+Z+I)Z1]1 _ ~ C =!!_[(Z2+Z+I)]1

- dz z\z-2) z-O 2 dz (z-2) z=O

C2 = (z - 2)(2z + I) - (z2 + Z + I) = (2z2 + Z - 4z - 2 - Z2 - Z - I) 1

(Z-2)2 (Z-2)2 z=o

(Z2 -4Z-3)1 -3 3

C2 = (Z-2)2 z=O ~ C2 = (_2)2 = -4

(Z-2)2(2z-4)-2(z-2)(Z2 -4Z-3)1

(Z-2)4 z=O

(-2)2.(-4)-2.(-2).(-3) ,-16-12 7

CI=-~------ ~ C = =--

(_2)4 I 16 4

Thay gia tri cua cac h~ so tren van [2.4-12] nhan duoc :

Y(z) 7 1 3 1 1 1 7 1

-- = - -- - -- - -- + ---

z 4 z 4 Z2 2 Z3 8 (z - 2)

7 3 1 1 1 7 z

V~y: Y(z) = - - - -- - -- + -~'-

4 4 z 2 z2 8 (z - 2)

Vi h~ xir 1.5' sola ITBBNQ nen phan ung ytn) 1a day nhan qua, vdi RC[Y(z)] :1 z 1 > 2, theo bang 2.3 nhan dUQC :

7 3 1 7 n

y(n) = - 4c5(n) - 4c5(n-l) - 2c5(n-2) + 82 u(n = yo(n) + Yl'(n)

731

Trong do dao dQng tlJ do : yo(n) = - 4c5(n) - 4c5(n - I) - 2c5(n - 2)

Va dao dQng cudng birc : y I'(n) = _}_2n u(n)

8

Vi yo(n) = 0 khi n > 2, nen h~ da cho 6n dinh,

2.4.2 Xet tinh c)n djnh ella h, Xlt Iy so TTBBNQ theo ham h, thong H(z) 2.4.2a f>i6u ki,n 6n djnh eua h, xu Iy s6 TTBBNQ theo H(z)

Vi cac h~ xii 15' so ITBB phan nhan qua va khong nhan qua kh6ng co tren thuc t~, nen chi can xet tfnh 6n dinh cua cac h~ xli 15' so ITBBNQ.

99

Bieu thuc [1.6-8] d chuong m9t da dua ra dieu kien 6n dinh cua h~ xli If so TrBBNQ trang mien thoi gian rCJi rae n :

lim hen) = 0 [2.4-13]

Vi hen) = IZT[H(z)] nen dua vao [2.4-13] co th~ tim duoc dieu kien 6n dinh cua h~ xli If sOlTBBNQ thea ham h~ thong Htz).

Thea cac C\!C cua ham h~ thong Htz), co th~ ph an tich Htz) thanh t6ng cac ph an thuc, khi do h(n) la t6ng cac thanh phan tuong ling. D~ h~ xli If so 1TBBNQ 6n dinh, ta't ca cac thanh phan cua hen) deu phai thoa man [2.4-13]. Thea cac cue don, cue boi hoac C\!C phuc cua Htz), dac tinh xung htn) co cac dang nhu sau :

Voi cac cue thuc don Z pk , thanh phan dac tinh xung hk (n) duoc

xac dinh thea [2.3-18] :

Tit dieu kien 6n dinh [2.4-13]: lim hk (n) = lim[Bk ,Z~k .u(n)] = 0

n~c:c n.---+cr)

Suy ra : lim(zpk r = 0

Hay:

[2.4-14J

Vdi cac cue phuc lien hop Z pc » thanh phan di_ic tinh xung h,.(n) duoc xac dinh thea [2.3-27] : hc(n) == 2E.lzpe In u(n).cas(ntpp +tp,,)

Tit dieu kien 6n dinh [2.4-13]: lim hc(n) = 0 => limlzpe In = 0

n-,>oo

Hay:

1 zP" 1 < I

[2.4-15)

Vdi cac cue thuc b9i

Z pk » thanh phan di_ic tinh xung hdn) duoc

h ()-IlJ , n(n-I) .... (n-i-I) (n-t) (

q n - Ct' . .Z f'll .11 n)

t~J (1 -I)!

xac dinh thea [2.3-25] :

Tit dieu kien 6n dinh [2.4-13] : lim hlJ (n) == 0 ::::::::> lim (z f'll r = 0

n-+oo

Hay: \zplJ \ < 1 [2.4-16]

T6ng hop cac bieu thuc [2.4-14] , [2.4-15] va [2.4-16] , d~ h~ xli If so TrBBNQ 6n dinh thea dieu kien [2.4-13] thi tat ca cac cue Z pk cua ham he

thong Htz) phai thoa man dieu kien :

I Z pk \ < I [2.4-17]

Dieu kien 6n dinh [2.4-17] cua h~ xli If so TIBBNQ co th~ duoc phat bi~u nhu sau : Dieu kien du dl h¢ xU Iy sl/1TBBNQ 6n dinh. lil tat cd cdc cue diem cua ham h¢ thong Htz) de'u ndm trong vong tron dan vi I z I = I H~ xli If so TIBBNQ co di_ic tinh xung htn) la day nhan qua, ham h~ thong Hiz) co RC[H(z)] :Izi > max[zpk], nen dieu kien 6n dinh [2.4-17]

100

con duoc ph at bi~u nhu sau : Dieu kien du de h¢ Xl' Iy so7TBBNQ dn dinh la vong iron dan vi I z I = 1 nam trong mien hoi 11.1 cua ham h¢ th/ing Htz) .

Hinh 2.4. minh hoa dieu kien 6n dinh cua h~ xli ly soITBBNQ .

Re[z]

a. R, < I z I =:c I ,he on dlnh

b. R \ ;::: I z I =:c 1 .he kh6ng on d!nh

Hinh 2.4 : Dieu kien on dlnh cuo he xU Iy so 'ITBBNQ thea H(z).

Dieu kien 6n dinh [2.4-17] chi 13 dieu kien du, vi neu h~ xli ly so TrBBNQ co ham h~ thong Htz) thoa man dieu kien [2.4-17] thi chac chan 6n dinh vdi moi dang tac d9ng xin), Tuy nhien, h~ xli ly so ITBBNQ co ham h~ thong Htz) kh6ng thoa man dieu kien 6n dinh [2.4-17], nhung neu dang ella tile dong xin) lam cho X(z) co cac kh6ng diem ZOk loai trir

t{lt e~l cac cue diem I :::{'k I > I cua Htz), thi h9 van 6n dinh.

Vi du 2.24: Xet h~ xu ly so TrBBNQ co ham he thong:

f/(z) = -,----

(2:::- -4z+ 1,5) 2.(:::2 -2z+0,75) 2.(:::-I.5)(z-0.5)

Vi Htz) c{) hai cue don la z {'I =:c 1,5 va z {'2 = 0,5 , trong do I =',,1 I = 1,5 > I, nen h9 da cho kh6ng thoa man dieu kien 6n dinh [2.4-17J.

Tuy nhien, voi tac dong x(n) = u(n) - r.5.u(n -I) thi h~ da cho se 6n

di h hA V(,-) _- __ z_. 1,_5 __ - (z - 1,5)

m . t 0-t vay : A ~

(z-l) (z-l) (z-I)

In' , . (z - 1,5) z a,s:::

nan ling: Y(:::) =:c .\ (z).H(z) = .------

(z -I) 2.(z -1.5)(z - 0,5) (z -1)(z -r- 0,5)

f)~ tim phan ling yen) cua he, phan tich ham:

Y(z) AI A, 1

------

(.:-1) (z-O,5) (:::-1) (z-0,5)

z z

Y(:::) =:c X(:::).II(z) =:c -- - ---

(z-l) (z-0,5)

H~ xu ly so la TfBBNQ nen voi RC[Y(z)]:1 z 1 > I, theo bang 2.3 nhan dUQC :

101