Chuyén dé2 BAI TOAN CUC TRI TRONG HINH HOC GIAI TiCH Bai todn cuc tri trong hinh hoc giai tich thuéng duoc phat biéu duéi dang yéu cdu x4c dinh toa do cua mot diém, phuong trinh cia mot dudng hay mot mat dé mot biéu thitc hinh hoc nao dé dat gid tri 16n nhat hay bé nhdt. Khi gap bai ton dang nay, ta cé thé nghi t6i mot trong hai phuong phap sau : Céch 1 : Ding céc phuong php ciia hinh hoc thudn tuy dé khao sat biéu thite cn tim cuc tri. Chi sau khi da x4c dinh duge vi tri vé mat hinh hoc cia diém (hay cua dudng, mat) cdn tim thi ta méi tinh toa do (hay viét phuong trinh) cia nd. Trong khi khao sat bing phuong phdp hinh hoc, can luu y rang ngoai trir cdc bai toan di quen thudc trong Hinh hoc thudn tuy ma ta da cé phuong phap khdo sat riéng, con néi chung ta cén bién biéu thitc cin khdo sat vé dang mdi dé trong 46 chi con mot dai luong bién thién. Céch 2 : Dat mot dai luong thay déi nao dé bang bién f ri viet biéu thie céin khao sat thanh mot ham cia bién ¢. Sau dé khao sdt ham vita tim dugc bang cdc phuong phdp ciia dai s6. Trong khi sit dung phuong phap nay, cn liu viéc lua chon mot dai lugng dé dat bing bién r dé thuan gi trong viéc tinh todn biéu thitc cén khao sat theo t (va dugc mot ham s6 cé thé khao sat duoc su bién thién cua nd). Ciing can luu y téi mién xdc dinh cia bién f, béi n6é anh hudng tdi viéc tim cuc tri cha ham xdc dinh trén bién dé. Nhdn xét : © cach 1 hay cach 2, ta déu nhdn manh téi viée chuyén biéu thitc can khdo sat vé dang m6i ma trong d6 chi cén mot dai luong bién thién (dai luong hinh hoc 6 cdch I va dai s6 6 cch 2). Tuy vay, khong phai véi bai todn nao cing c6 thé thuc hién duoc diéu d6. Trong trudng hop cén khdo sét mot biéu thitc c6 nhiéu dai lugng bién thién, ta c6 thé str dung céch sau : Céch 3 : Ding cdc bat dang thitc dai sé dé danh gid biéu thie cin khdo Xét dau dang thite xay ra khi nao va cé két luan tuong Ung vé gid tri cuc tri ci: biéu thiic cin khdo sat. Trong khi sir dung phuong phap nay, ki nang sir dung cdc bat dang thtic dai sé 14 rat quan trong. Can nam duoc dac trung ciia timg bat dang thitc dai s6 c6 dién va cdc nguyen tic sit dung chting. Thé du, khi sir dung bat ding thitc Cauchy, mot bat ding thttc dugc khai théc nhiéu trong Toan phé thong, ta cdn luu y nhiing diém sau : * Cfc tham 6 tham gia vao bit ding thttc Cauchy 1a khong am ; © Phu thude vo muc dich ta dang mu6n danh gid mot biéu thifc 1a 16n hay 1a bé ma ta nhin biéu thiic dé duéi dang 1a téng hay 1a tich tuong tng (muc dich 166quyét dinh cach nhin d6i tugng dudi géc do nao, va cdch nhin nhan déi tugng sé quyét dinh hudng giai quyét) ; Khi sir dung bat dang thttc Cauchy, céin luu ¥ huéng t6i ddu dang thttc cé thé xay ra. Truéc hét, can suy dién dé biét ring dau bang cia bat dang thie cn chimg minh xay ra khi nao. Trén co sé dé, ta chi sir dung bat dang thitc Cauchy d6i v6i nhimg s6 cé kha nang bang nhau. Ta hay xem xét nhimg luu ¥ trén trong mot vi du cu thé sau : "Cho x, y, z > 0 vax + y +z =1. Chimg minh rang : (: + “( + ‘hi + ) > 64. ~ y Zz O day, muc dich ta dang can danh gid biéu thitc vé tai cha bat ding thtic 1a In. Do dé, ta cn nhin nhan né duéi dang 1a téng. Nhu vay, ta can nhin vao timg thanh phan 1 + a + a + Z dé thay ching 1A cdc téng, do d6 c6é thé danh gid ye ching lén theo bat ding thie Cauchy (néu ta nhin vao toin biéu thie ( + “f + hi + ‘) thi ta sé thay day 1a mot tich). x y z Dé danh gid téng (: ee ) 18 16n, ta céin huéng t6i dau bing cia xy og bat ding thitc trong bai todn. Dé dang kiém tra duoc dau bang xay ra khix =y=2= > va khi dé — = 3. Vi vay, ta céin bidu dién téng 14 duéi 1 dang 1+ = + x (1a téng cia bon sé cé kha nang bang nhau). Tir dé ta cé x Bx 10i gidi sau : Tac6:1+—=1 ! = +t sad 1 3x 3x 3x 27x Tuong tu ls ar) = : ae y ta, Var bods: (14-4) ie Te > 6441. x y Zz. 2xry 167Mat khéc : |= x+y +22 3%/xyz => xyzs 5 => wry si. Do dé ta nhan dugc bat dang thitc cn chimg minh. Vi du 1. Trong mat phing toa do Oxy, viét phuong trinh dudng thang A di qua (1 ; 2) va cat cdc truc Ox, Oy lan Iuot tai A, B khéc O sao cho — + — OA" OB’ bé nhat. Léi gidi (h.61) y 6 vi du nay, ta trinh bay ba cach giai theo ba phuong phdp ndi trén. B M Caéch J. Ha OH 1 A. Trong tam giéc vuong H OAB, ta cé: st = eK tcong a, ~~ OA" OB OH’ N Dau dang thtfc xay ra khi va chi khi : Hinh 61 H=MOOM1LA. vay —> oe + _ dat gid tri bé nhat khi dudng thang A di qua diém M(1 ; 2) va cé php vecto 1’ OM(1;2). Vay dudng thang A cn tim 1a: I(x -1) + 2(y- 2) =0 x + 2y-5=0. Nhan xét: « Phép bién d6i + +1, = Spe lt chuyén bid thie ban ddu v6 ha di OA OB OH’ luong bién thién OA, OB vé biéu thttc con mot dai luong bién thién OH. © Céch giai tren khong mé rng dugc cho bai toan téng quat hon : x4c dinh vi tri cia dung thing A dé + i nhé nhat (a > 0, b > 0). OA?” OB 168Cach 2. Duong thang A di qua M(1 ; 2), cat cdc truc toa dé va khong di qua gdc nén né 1a dudng thang cé6 hé s6 géc k voi k # 0,k # 2. Khido: Ary-2=k(x-l) ey =ke-k +2. Taco: (#2 0} (0:2 -4) va 1 1 et + a . oA "OB? (K-29 e+ Xét ham s6: f(k) = 5 (k # 0,2). (k-2) 4k? + 6k +4 fe) = 0 y k=2 Taco: fi(k) =0 4 +6k+4=00 1 7 Ta c6 bang bién thién cha ham s6 fx) : k 00 -4 0 2 +00 fi’ . 0 + = 1 +00 | +00 1 fe — 1 ala \ ce 1 Vay #(&) nho nhat khi va chi khi k= > Do dé 1. +1, hd nbat khi va chi khi k= 4 @ Asx +2y-5=0. oa? * OB 2 169Céach 3. Gia sit: A(m ; 0), BO; n), m,n # 0. Khid6 A: ~ +2 =1 diquaM(; 2)nen: n a m Ap dung bat dang thitc Bunhiacopski ta cé : - 12 2 “l 5} t={—+=]| <(? +2 +>] (2 2) ( loz wr Dau dang thiic xay ra khi va chi khi : [= _. he mon m= 5 a ° S Lin _ il 2 n 1 1 : anne ss =. Dau bing xay ra khi va chi Khim =5, Y oe 7 ig xay 5 n=, nghia la 2 g! A:x+2y-5=0. Vi du 2. Viét phuong trinh dudng thing A di qua M(2 ; 3), cdt chiéu duong cia cdc truc toa dé Ox, Oy tai cdc diém A, B sao cho AAOB cé dién tich nhé nhat. Loi gidi Gia sir: A(m ; 0), BO; n), m,n > 0. Khids A: 2 +2 =1. ViAdi qua diém MQ ;3) nen 243-1. n mon _ m Ap dung bat ding thtic Cauchy ta c6 : 12243 22]% omen mn \mn Vaso 50408 7 “mn 212. 170Dau bing xay rakhi va chikhi 2 =2=1 & m=4n=6. mn 2 Do dé dién tich tam gidc OAB nho nhit khi va chi khi A 4 Vi du 3. Trong mat phing toa dé Oxy, viét phuong trinh dudng thang A di qua diém M(1 ; 8), cat chiéu duong cia cdc truc Ox, Oy tai A, B sao cho AB nho nhat. "Lei gidi Gia str: A(m ; 0), BO; 2), m,n > 0. Khi do A: 42 =1, ViAdiquamd;8)nen 248 =1. mon mon taco: 12448 et tty too : mon 2m wm n n 4m n' 5 Do d6: mn* > a Dau dang thitc xay ra khi va chi khi 1,8 +21 oa oe a n=10. 2m on Tacé: 2 2 roe we AB’ = OA* + OBY = m* +n" =m +—+—+—+—2 a 4 2 Dau dang thitc xay ra khi va chi khi m = a <2 n=2m. 28 10 Vay : AB? > a > sn = 125. Dau dng thitc xay ra khi va chi khi m = 5,n = 10. Vay AB nhé nhat khi va chi khi A : 5 + =1 hay A:2x+y-10=0. Vi du 4, Trong mat phing toa do Oxy cho ba diém A(I ; 1), BG ; 2), C(7; 10). a) Chttng minh ring géc A ciia tam gidc ABC nhon. 171b) Viét phuong trinh dudng thang A di qua A sao cho téng cdc khoang cach tir B va C t6i duong thang A 1a I6n nhat. Loi gidi A A a) Tac6 : AB = (2;1), AC = (6;9). an a 2.6+1.9 cosBAC = cos{ AB,AC) = —=————==——= > 0. | ) V2 +P NC +9 A 7 _ Do d6 : BAC < 90°. Hinh 62 b) + Néu dudng thang A cat doan BC tai mot diém M. Khi do : d(B, A) + d(C, A) < BM + CM = BC. Dau ding thiic xy ra khi dudng thing A vung géc véi BC. + Néu dudng thing A khong cét doan BC (h.62). Goi 1(5 ; 6) 1a trung diém cia BC. Tacé: d(B, A) + d(C, A) = 2d{(I, A) < 2Al. Dau ding thitc xay ra khi dudng thing A vudng géc véi A/ (dé ¥ ring khi d6 dudng thang A khong cat doan BC). Do tam giéc ABC nhon nén 2AI > BC. Do dé d(B, A) + d(C, A) 16n nhat khi va chi khi duéng thing A di qua diém A(1 3.1), 6 php vecto Ai(4 ;5). Dudng thang A cén tim 1a 4(x-1) + S(y-1) =0 © 4x4+5y-9=0. Vi du 5. Trong khong gian toa do Oxyz cho mat phing (a):«—y+z—1=0 va ce diém A(1;2;-1), B(1;0;-1),C(2;1;-2). Tim diém M thudc mat phing (a) sao cho MA? + MB? - MC? nhé nhit. Loi gidi Xét diém I sao cho JA + 1B - IC = 0. 172Gia sir / = (x; y3 2). Taco: TA =(1-x;2-y;-1-2), 1B = (1-x;- 3-1-2), IC = (2-x;1~y;-2-2). ~x=0 Dod6 : IA + IB- IC =0 @ \1-y =0 7 = (03150). -z=0 Tacé: 7 2 2 agi TAG age ele Pray Ma? + MB? - MC? = (Mi + TA) + (Mi + 7B) - (Mi + 7C) = MP + 1a + 1B ~ IC? + 2Mi(IA + 3B -1C) = MP + 1A? + 1B? - IC’. Do dé: MA? + MB? - MC? nhd nhat <> MI nhé nhat <> MIL (a). Khi d6 MI di qua 1(0 ; 1 ; 0) va c6 vecto chi phuong n,(1;-1;1) nén cd phuong trinh : x=t y=l-t [z=t Vay toa dé diém M cén tim ting véi gid tri r 1a nghiém cia phuong trinh ta(I-tr-ts0e red 3°3°3 Vi du 6. Trong khong gian toa do Oxyz cho mat phang (a): x-3y +32-11=0 Vay MA* + MB? — MC? nhé nhat khi M = G ! 2) va céc diém A(3 ; -4; 5),B(3;3; -3). Tim diém M thudc mat phang (a) sao cho |MA — MB| 16n nhat. 173Loi gidi (h.63) Lan luot thay toa do cia A(3;-4;5) va B(3;3;-3) vao vé trai cha phuong trinh mat phang (a), ta dugc hai s6 tr4i dau. Do d6 A va B nam vé hai phia cia mat phang (a). Goi A’ la diém déi xting voi A qua (a). Ta cé : |MA - MB| = |MA’- MB < AB. Dau dang thitc xay ra khi va chi khi M, 4’, B thang hang va diém M nam ngoai doan thang A’B. Mat khdc, M thudc mat phang (a) con A’ va B nim vé mot phia cla mat phang (a). Do d6, dau bang cla dang thifc trén xay ra khi va chi khi M = AB (a). Dudng thang Ad’ di qua diém AG ; 4; 5), vung géc véi mat phang (@) nén cé vecto chi phuong nati 3-353). x=3tt a z=5+ 32 Toa do giao diém / cha AA’ voi mat phang (a) tmg v6i gid tri r 1A nghiém cla Hinh 63 phuong trinh : 341 -3(-4 - 3) + 3(5+3r)-11=0 2 19+19=0or=-l. Vay I = (2;-1;2). Gia sir A’ = (x; yz). Khi d6 / 12 trung diém cia AA’ nen -=tteoas | z+5 2 174Vi A’B = (2:1; -2) nen dudng thing 4'B c6 phuong trinh x=1+2t AB:3y +t Zz 1-22. Toa do cua diém M can tim ting voi gid tri 1a Aghiém cia phuong trinh : (142) -32 +) +3(-1-2)-11= 01 =-2 Vay [MA - Mal ton nhat khi mw =(—-2!,- 3,34), 7 oo x+y-z-1=0 Vi du 7. Cho dudng thing A: { 2x-y va hai diém A(2;~1;1), B(1;—1;0). Tim diém M thuge ditmg thing A dé dién tich tam gidc AMB dat gid tri nhé nhat. Léi gidi Xét m = (1315-1), m = (25-150). Duong thang A c6 vecto chi phuong Ral-( fie gh )-eoa-oreas Mat khac dudng thang A di qua diém N(1 ; 1; 1) nén x=lt+t A:jy=142t z=143t. Goi M(1+ 151+ 2031430) A. Tacé: AM = (1-1; 21 +233), AB = (-1;0;-1). [Ai AB] = (20 - 2 2-152 + 2), Vay Ssage = s[4m. 4B] =sy(2r+ 2y+ (20+ iy + (20+ a dl 2 V12? +207 +9. i 2 175Xét ham s6 f(t) = 127 + 20r + 9. Ham s6 nay c6 dé thi 1a parabol quay bé Jom len phia trén. Do dé f(t) nhé nhat <> 1 = 3 oM= ($:-2 :-3) Vay dién tich tam giéc AMB nhé nhat khi M = ( : Vi du 8. Trong cdc mat phang di qua cdc diém A(1;2;-1), B(-151;2), viet phuong trinh mat phang (a) tao v6i mat (xOy) mot géc nhé nhat. Loi gidi x—-2y+3=0 3y+z-5=0. ap: 224 Y= 2 241 2, gg, 2 1 -3 Mat phang (a) chita AB nén c6 phuong trinh dang : (a): u(x - 2y +3) + 1(3y + 2-5) = Of? +? > 0). © Néu w= 0 thi (a): 3y + z~ 5 = 0 c6 phap vecto n, (03351). Mat phang (xOy) c6 phap vecta n(0; 051). 1 Te Khi d6 cos((a), (x0y)) = kos(,. al = © Néuu # 0, c6 thé coi uw = 1. Khi dé : (a) : x + (3 — 2)y + tz — 5t +3 = 0 c6 php vecto ng (1331 — 251). Khi d6 cos( (a), (+0y)) = fos(n,. i] = a 7 yl+(3r-2)7 +2 ? e Xét ham s6 : f(¢) = ————_ = —_ *__.. £0 14+ (37-27 + 10? - 128 +5 -~1272 / f(t)= tO 08 FW) -0 (10? - 12 + 5) 0 2 A 176Ta cé bang bién thién : t -00 0 FO =~ 0 + a 2 oN va 0 Do d6 cos((@), (xOy)) 1én nhat bang a khit = 3 Ble] olan 1 / a So sdnh hai trudng hop trén, suy ra mat phing (a) tao v6i (xOy) mot géc nhd nhat khi io 6 Vay mat phang (a) cfin tim cé phuong trinh 1a x+(33-2)+3:-s3+3=0 © 6x43y 452-720. Vi du 9. Cho dudng thing ne x+yt+z-1=0 x-y+z-1=0 va céc diém A(2;1;-1),B(-1;2;30). Trong cdc dudng thang di qua B va cat duéng thang A, viét phyong trinh dudng thang sao cho khodng céch tir A t6i né 1a 16n nhat ? Bé nhat ? Loi gidi Xét m= (i151), m = (15-151). Duong thang A di qua N(1 ; 0; 0) vacé vecto chi phuong, [A im] = (2505-2) (1505-1). 12A- BTNC&MSCBHH12 177Vay A: NSS " So = —t Goi d 1a dudng thing bat ki di qua B(~1;2;0) va ct dudmg thang A. Gia sid cat dudng thing A tai M(1+1;0;-r). Khi d6 d c6 vecto chi phuong 1a BM =(2+1;-2;-1). Tacé BA = (3;- Do d6: d(A,d) _ [aH] Ga Bal Ve= iF + @- 2 +9 Ba enyeaee _ (6? -20r+ 24 _ [3 - 10r +12 2? +4148 P+t4 — - Xétham sO: f(t) = eget EAL) Tacé f() = Or 4 P4244 (P2044) ~1), [BM4, BA] = (2-132 2134-2), ry=oe |, Ta c6 bang bién thien : t 00 2 2 +00 fo + 0 7 0 + m NS Vay khoang céch ti A t6i d Ién nhat bing VII khi r = -2 img voi M(-1;0;2) va nho nhat bang F khi ¢ = 2 img voi M(3;0;~-2). Hai dung thang cn tim tmg véi cdc gid tri lon nhat, nhé nhat 1én lugt cé phuong trinh 1a : 178 128. BTNC&MSCBHH12d(Avd) max M = (3:0:-2) d:2t1= 5 weg ht 2Y73=0 “|y-2-2=0. Bai tap 1. Trong mat phing toa dd Oy, viét phuong trinh dudng thing A di qua diém : : 2 I A(-1;3) va cat cdc truc Ox, Oy lan luot tai M, N sao cho ——; +> OM ON nho nhat. Trong mat phang toa do xOy, viét phuong trinh dudng thing A di qua diém M(2; 5), cat chiéu duong ctia cdc truc Ox, Oy lan lugt tai cdc diém A, B khac gc toa dé sao cho dién tich tam gic OAB nhé nhat. Trong mat phang toa do xOy cho dudng thing A:mx+y+2m =0. Tim m dé khong cach tir A(3 ; 4) t6i dung thang A dat gid tri lon nhat. Trong mat phang toa do xOy, viét phuong trinh dudng thing A di qua diém MG ; 2), cat chiéu duong cia cdc truc Ox, Oy tuong ting tai cdc diém A, B khac géc toa dO sao cho OA + 208 dat gid tri nhé nhat. Trong mat phing toa do xOy cho céc diém A(1 ; 1), B(2 ; 5), C(4 ; 7). Ching minh ring AABC cé géc A nhon. Viét phuong trinh duéng thang A di qua A sao cho : a) d(B, A) + d(C, A) 16n nhat ; b) 2d(B, A) + d(C, A) 16n nhat. Trong mat phang toa do xOy cho dudng thing A: x + y+2=0 vacdc diém A(2; 1), B(-1; -3), C(1; 3). Tim diém M thudc dudng thang A sao cho a) [MA — MB| Ién nat ; b) MA + MC nhé nhat ; 179c) MA? + MB ~ MC? oho nhat; d) [MA + MB + md| nhé nhat. 7. Trong khong gian toa dd Oxyz, viét phuong trinh mat phang (a) di qua diém A(1 ; 2; 4) va cat chiéu duong cia céc truc toa do Ox, Oy, Oz lan lugt tai M, N, P khac gc toa dO sao cho tit dién OMNP cé thé tich nhd nhat. 8. Trong khong gian toa dé Oxyz, viét phuong trinh mat phang (a) di qua diém M(1; 2; 3), ct cdc truc toa dd Ox, Oy, Oz lan lugt tai A, B, C sao cho 1 I 1 —s + > + SS ho nat. oA? 0B? oc? 9. Trong khong gian toa dd Oxyz, viet phuong trinh mat phing (a) di qua diém M(2; 5 ; 3) va cat chiéu duong cia cdc truc Ox, Oy, Oz lan luot tai cdc diém A, B, C sao cho OA + OB + OC nho nhat. 10. Cho mat phang (a): x — y + 2z =0 va cdc diém A(I;2;-1), B(3;1;-2), C(1;-2;1). Tim diém M thudc mat phang (a) sao cho a) MA + MB nho nhat ; b) [MA — MC{|I6n nhat ; c) MA? — MB? — MC? I6n nhat ; @) [ota + 148 + MC} ond nba. 11. Cho cdc dudng thing Trong cdc dudng thing di qua A(2 ; —1 ; 2) va cét duéng thing Aj, viét phuong trinh dudng thang A sao cho khoang cach giita A va A, 16n nhat. 12. Trong cdc mat phang di qua A(2 ; -1 ; 0) va song song voi dudng thing d: eon eee eal Te =I viét phuong trinh mat phang (a) tao véi mat phang (xOy) mot géc nho nhat. 18013. Trong cdc mat phang di qua A(1 ; 1 ; -1) va vudng géc v6i mat phang (A):2x-y+2+2=0, viét phuong trinh mat phang tao véi dudng thing Oy mot géc Ién nhat. 14, Cho mat phang (a) : x + y - z + 1 = 0 va dudng thing aftr 2x-y+72-2=0. Trong cdc dudng thing di qua A(1 ; -1 ; 2) va song song v6i mat phing (a), viet phuong trinh dudng thing A sao cho khodng cdch gitfa A va d lén nhat. teal tl oe va hai diém A(2 ; 1 ; -1), 1 2 -1 15. Cho duéng thing d: BG; -2; 1). Trong cdc dudng thing di qua B va cét dudng thing d, viet phuong trinh cdc dung thang sao cho khoang cach tir A t6i no 18 16n nhat ; bé nhat. 16. Cho dudng thang x+y-z A: va hai diém A(2 ; 1; 1), B(-1; 2; 0). Tim diém M thuoc dudg thing A sao cho MA? + MB? nhé nhit. 17. Cho hai dung thing A, se a2o? kt 228 -28 = a) Chtmg minh ring cdc dudng thing A, va A, chéo nhau. b) Trong céc mat cau tiép xtic véi cdc dudng thang A, va A), viet phuong trinh mat cdu (S) c6 ban kinh nhé nhat. 18, Trong cdc mat cdu di qua A(I ; 2 ; ~1) va tiép xtic véi mat phing (a): x+y+2z-13=0, viét phuong trinh mat cdu c6 ban kinh nho nhat. 19. Cho mat céu (S): x? + y? + 2? ~ 2x + 22-4 = 0 va mat phing (a) :2x-2y+72+8=0. Tim diém M thudc (S) sao cho khoang céch tir M t6i mat phang (c) 14 16n nhat. 18120. Cho mat céu (S)ia2 + y? +2? -2x422-2=0 va cic diém A(O; 1; 1), B(-1 ; -2; -3), CU ; 0; -3). Tim diém D thudc mat cau (S) sao cho thé tich ti dién ABCD 16n nhat. Lai gidi 1. Gia sir M = (m; 0), N= (0; 2) (mn #0). Duong thang A di qua M, N nén cé phuong trinh 1a : Hon nita A(-1;3) € A nen 2 1 Tacé : —~ + —~ om? on? Ap dung bat ding thitc Bunhiacopxki, ta co : Vay dutng thing A c6 phuong trinh la: —x + 6y - 19 = 0. Gia sit A = (4:0), B= (0;b) (> 0,b > 0). Dudng thing A cé phuong trinh 1a: > + . =l, a 182Do dudng thing A di qua M(2 ; 5) nén: 243. L a R Ap : ,5 A Ap dung bat dang thitc Cauchy cho hai s6 duong 2 va , tacé: a Dau "=" xay ra khi va chi khi : = a Tu d6 Song = 30A08 = je > 20. Vay Soag bé nhat bing 20 khi a = 4,b = 10. Khi d6 dudng thang A c6 phuong trinh : ~42 «1, 4 10 Khoang cach tir A(3 ; 4) toi duéng thang A: mx + y+ 2m=01a: Bm+4+2m| _ [Sm+4| Vm? +1 Vm? +1 Cach 1, Theo bat dang thtic Bunhiacopxki ta cé : (mn? + 1)(5? + 47) > (5m +47 € 4l(m? +1) > (5m +4) Dau "=" xay ra khi va chi khi oxy hay m = o 5 4 4 Vay khoang cach tir A dén dutmg thing A dat gid tri lon nhat bang V41 khi 183_ (Sm +4) _ 25m? + 40m +16 Cach 2: Dat f(m . Khi dé a H(m) m+] m +t 2 F(a" —40m* + 18+ 40 (n? + 1) 4 5 "(m) =0 = -— hoc m=. f(m) =0< m 3 hose m= lim f(m) = 25. m2 Ta c6 bang bién thién : m | 3 a o +00 5 4 f'(m) - 0 + 0 - 25 41 Tird6 f(m) dat gid tri lon nh&t bing 41 khi m = : hay khodng céch tir A t6i dudng thing A 16n nhét bing V41 Khim = 5. 4. Gia sir A(a;0), B(0;6) (a > 0,6 >0) 1a giao diém cha dudng thing A v6i chiéu duong cia cdc truc toa do. Khi d6 dudng thing A cé phuong trinh 1a : z42e21. ab Do M(3:2) A nen: 242 =1 a => 2a + 3b = ab => 2a = (a-3)b. “ 2a Via>0,b>Onen ti (*) suy rag >3 va b= 7 co4a ata Tacé: OA+20B=a4+2b=a+ : a-3 a-3 @ra Dat f(a) = . Tacd an 3)-@-a _@ -6a- 3 (a- 3y° (a- 3y Wo) og (4237 2N3 ray=000[2 i 0) = i 0) = 8 Ta cé bang bién thién : f= a |-o 3- a 3 3423 +00 Yi Pea Tir dé f(a) dat gid tri nhd nhat bing 7+4V3 khi a = 3423 hay OA +20B dat gid tri nhé nhat bing 7 + 4V3 khia =3 + 2V3. Voi a= 3+2V3 thi b= 2+ V3. Phuong trinh dudmg thang A can tim 1a: . Tacé: AB =(1;4), AC = (3;6). AB.AC = 1.3 + 4.6 = 27. AB.AC = AB.ACcosBAC = V17.V45.cosBAC = cosBAC = —27__. > 0 => BAC nhon. vi7V45s 185a) Néu dudmg thing A cat doan BC tai mot diém M thi: d(B, A) + d(C, A) < BM + CM = BC. Dau "=" xay ra khi va chi khi dudng thing A vudng géc véi BC. Néu A khong cat doan BC thi d(B, A) + d(C, A) = 2d(/,A) < 2Al, & d6 1(3;6) 1a tung diém cia BC. Dau "=" xdy ra khi va chi khi A vudng géc voi Al. Do tam giéc ABC c6 BAC nhon nén 2AI > BC. Vay d(B, A) + d(C, A) I6n nhdt khi va chi khi dudng thing A di qua diém A(1; 1) va.c6 vecto php tuyén JA = (-2;-5). Dudng thing A cn tim c6 phuong trinh : -2(x -1)-S(y~1)=0 < 2x+5y-7=0. b) Trén tia AB ly diém B’ sao cho B 1a trung diém cia AB’. Ta cé : B' = (3 ; 9) va d(B', A) = 2d(B, A). Tird6 : 2d(B, A) + d(C, A) = d(B',A) + a(C, A). Tuong tu nhu cach gidi cau a) dp dung cho tam gidc AB'C, ta cing chia lam hai truéng hop: Néu dudng thang A di qua A va cdt doan B'C tai M thi: d(B', A) + d(C, A) < B'M + CM = BC. Dau "=" xay ra khi va chi khiA 1 B'C. Néu dudng thing A khong cat doan B'C thi d(B', A) + d(C, A) = 2d(I', A) < 20 v6i fz : s) 1a trung diém cia canh BC. Dau "=" xay ra khi duéng thang A vudng géc véi /'A. AAB'C c6 B'AC nhon nén 2/'A > BC. 186Vay d(B’, A) + d(C, A) 16n nhat khi va chi khi dung thang A di qua A(I ; 1) va c6 vecto phdp tuyén ats ; 7} Dudng thang A can tim la: 3(e-) 47-1) =0 <= 5x+l4y-19=0. a) A(2 ; 1) va B(-1 ; -3) thudc hai nita mat phdng khdc nhau véi bd 1a dudng thing A:xt+y+2=O0vi (x4 + ¥4 + 2)(ap + yg + 2) = 5(-2) < 0. Goi A’ 1A diém déi xting voi A qua dudng thing A. Khi dé A’ va B thudc cing mot nita mat phing bé A. Ta cé : |MA — MB| = |MA'- MB| < A'B. Dau "=" xay ra khi va chi khi M, A’, B thing hang va M & ngoai doan A'B <= {M} = A'B OA (vi M € A vaA’, B thudc cing mot nita mat phang bd A). AA’ di qua A(2 ; 1) va vudng géc v6i dudng thing A nén AA’ cé vecto chi phuong 18 nq = (151). 5 x=2+t AA’ cé phuong trinh yol+t {I} = AA'O A thi toa do cia J tuong img voi gid tri 1a nghiem cha phuong trinh : (2+ 4) +(1+1)+2=0 @U45=0e01=-5. 7 3 Vay ee) : (3 3] Vi / 1a trung diém cia AA’ nén i cate is xq = 2x, — 2, |. 7 ={" i ay. = A'=(-35-4) = Jarra Ya = 291 — Ya Ja =—4 ay 187188 x =-3+20 Suy ra dudng thing A'B co phuong trinh : f [ yo4et Giao diém M cia A'B va dudng thing A img véi ¢ 1a nghiém cia phuong trinh : (-3 + 2r)+(-4+1)+2=0 @U-5-0er=FeM Vay [MA — MB| lon nhat khi M = 6 : -3} b) Goi A' 1a diém d6i ximg véi A qua A. Khi d6, A’ va C nam 6 hai phia khdc nhau d6i v6i dudng thing A. V6i M tuy ¥ trén dudng thang A tacé: MA +MC=MA'+MC2 AC. Dau "=" xay ra khi va chi khi M 1a giao diém cia A'C va A (tic M 6 giita A’ va C, diéu nay c6 duge do A’ va C thudc hai nia mat phing khdc nhau cé bd 1a dudng thang A). Theo cau a) : A'(-3 ; 4), A'C = (4:7). Phuong trinh dudng thang A'C : 3+ 4t f =—44+7t. Toa d6 cia M mg voi gid tri ¢ 1a nghiém cha phuong trinh : (-3 + 4t) + (44+ 71) +2=0 @1n-5=0601=3. Tr dé: M = (-E:-2} Wool c) Véi M(x ; y) thudc dutng thang A, ta cé : x =-y — 2. MA? =(x-2) +(y-1), MB? = (x +1) +(y +3), MC? =(x-1) +(y-3),suy ra MA? + MB? ~ MC? = x7 + y* + 10y +5 = (-y-2) +9? +10y +5 =2y + 14y 49. Xét ham sO f(y) = 2y? + 14y +9 c6 dé thi 1a parabol quay bé 16m lén trén. Do d6 f(y) nhé nhét khi y = + oM= (3: -3} Vay MA? + MB? — MC? nhé nhat khi M = (3: . d) Gia sit M = (x; y) thh MA =(2-x;1-y), MB=(-1-x;-3-y), MC = (1-x;3-y). => MA + MB + MC = (2 -3x;1- 3y). yond nat kh va chi khi [MA + iB + MC = Y(2 -3x) +(0- (2- _ (i- ay) nho nhat. Voi M(x; y) thude dudng thing A thi x = -y — 2, do dé : (2-32) +(1-3y)? = By +8) + (1-3y)? = 18y? + 42y +65. Xét ham sO f(y) = 18y? + 42y + 65. Ham s6 nay cé6 dé thi Ia parabol quay bé Jom Ién tren. Do d6 f(y) nhé nhat khi y = 2 oM= ( Vay [MA + MB + MC| nh nhdt khi M = ( 2). Gia sir M(m;0;0), N(0;;0),P(0;0; p) (m > 0,n > 0, p > 0). Mat phing (a) c6 phuong trinh: = +242 =1, mon p Diém A(1 ; 2; 4) thudc mat phang (a) nén : fee yee. P 189=> mnp 2 216. Dau "=" xay ra <> = = 2 mon TW d6 Vomnp = 50M.ON.OP = gmp » 216 _ 36. al= m=3 Vay Vowwp bé nhat khi 47 = 6 p=12 va mat phang (a) cn tim c6 phuong trinh 1a : Ha OH vudng géc v6i mat phing (ABC). Vitidign OABC vuong tai O nen: 4, 1.1 oa? * OB Oc? On Vi OH < OM neén a = ——> khong déi. Tat Dau "=" xay ra khi va chi khi H = M < OM vudng goc véi mat phang (ABC). 1 1 1 7 : Vay —~ +—> +——> dat gid wi nhd nhat khi mat phang (a) di qua ” On” OR 08? : a : M(1; 2; 3) vanhan OM(1;2;3) 1a vecto phép tuyén. Vay mat phang (a) cn tim 1a: I(x - 1) + 2(y — 2) + 3(z - 3) = 0 hay (a):x+2y 432-14 =0.9, Gia sit A(a;0;0), B(0;b;0),C(0;05c) (véi a,b,c > 0). Mat phing (a) c6 phuong trinh : ~ he 221 diqua M(2;5;3) nen a c 2,5,3 =+5+-5L . (i) oO Tacé:OA+OB+OC=at+bt+e. Ap dung bat dang thitc Bunhiacopxki, ta c6 : (2) (6) may (243 + 3)(a shoe) 2 (VE + V5 VB) e + (Ve) |= (V8 + v5 + 8) Suy ra L(a+b +0) 2 (V2 + V5 +5) (do (*)). Dau "=" xay ra khi va chi khi v2 V5 V3 a = V2(V2 + VB + V5) = 2+ V6 + Vi0 ab oe b = V5(V2 + V3 + V5) = 5+ Vi0 + VI5 _ c = V3(v2 + VB + V5) = VIS + V6 +3. Vay OA+OB+OC nhé nha&tkhi a =2+ 6+ 10, b=5+V10+ V5, c=34 V6 + V5. Mat phang (a) cn tim 1a : x y z 2+ 6s iO 3+ Vio Vis 3sVeevis 10. a) Hai diém A(1 ; 2; -1) va B(3 ; 1 ; -2) nam vé cing mot phia d6i véi mat phang (a) vi thay toa do hai diém nay vao vé trai phuong trinh téng quat cla mat phang (a), ta dugc hai s6 cing dau. Goi 4’ 1a diém d6i xtmg v6i A qua mat phing (a), tacé : MA + MB = MA'+ MB 2 A'B. Dau ding thtic xay ra <> M, A', B thing hang va M thudc doan A’B. 191192 Do A’ va B khong thudc cing mot phia d6i voi mat phang (a) nén {M} = A'B (a). Duong thing AA’ di qua A va vudng géc v6i mat phang (a) nén AA’ c6 vecto chi phutong n, = (13-1 32). x=l+t AA: 4y=2-0 za-l+2e Toa do giao diém J cha AA’ v6i mat phing (a) img voi gid tri ¢ 1A nghiém cha phuong trinh : 1+1-(2-1)+2(-1+ 21) =0 2 6-3=0eret. 2 20} Vi / 1a trung diém cia AA’ nén : xy = “atta 2 Xai = 2xy — X4 Ya + Ya ' yy = ATMA ms ly = 2y — yg => AY = (25151). zy + ty Zq = 22) — 24 zy, = Aa 2 Vi AB = (1;0;— 3) nén dudng thing A’B cé phuong trinh : jfra2ee ysl z=1-3t, Toa do diém M cén tim tg v6i gid tri ¢ 1A nghiém cia phuong trinh : 2+1-14 21-31) =0 13 4 5°” sf Vay MA + MB nho nhat khi M = 543-001-232 hay Mb) Thay toa do cla ACI ; 2; -1) va C(I ; -2; 1) vao ve trdi cha phuong trinh mat phang (a), ta duoc hai sé trai dau nén hai diém nay nam vé hai phia cla mat phang (a). Do dé A’ va C nam cing mot phia cia mat phang (a). Tacé: |MA — MC| = |Ma'- MC| < AC. Dau "=" xay ra khi va chi khi M, A’, C thing hang va M nam ngoai doan A'C. Mat khdc, M thudc mat phang («) va A’, C nam vé mot phia cia mat phing (a). Do dé, dau "=" trong bat dang thitc tren xdy ra khi {M} = A'C 7 (a). Tacé A'C = (-1;-3;0) nén A'C c6 phuong trinh : -t 2-3¢ Toa do diém M cain tim tng v6i gid ti 1a nghiém cita phuong tinh : 1=1=(-2-3)+2=049 245-0013 - lg a il Vay |MA ~ MC| 16n nhat khi w=(2:Us1} c) Xét diém I sao cho : 1A ~ IB - IC = 6. Gia sit (vy; 2), ta.c6: 3+1=0 Dod6 : A - BIC =0. 2 (34+ y=0 1 = (35-350). z=0 Taco: Ma? — mB? — ac? = (ii + Ta) — (iat + 1B) — (Mi + TC) = -MP + 14? - 1B? ~ 1C? + 2Mi(7A - 1B - iC) = -MP + 1A? — 1B? — IC?. 19A- BTNC&MSCDHH'2 193Do d6 MA? — MB? - MC? 16n nhat <= MI? nho nhat <= M/ nho nhét <> MI vudng goc voi mat phang (a). Khi 46 MI di qua [(3 ; -3 ; 0) va c6 vecto chi phuong 1a n, = (13-132). x=34+t Phuong trinh cua M/ 1a: 4 y = -3~t z= 2t. Toa do diém M cén tim tmg véi gid tri ¢ 14 nghiém cha phuong trinh : 340-(-3-1)4+2.21=0 6 +6=0r=-1. Vay MA? - MB? — MC? I6n nat khi M = (2 ; -2 ; -2). d) Goi G la diém thod man GA + GB + GC = 0. Toa do claG la: es + Xp t+ Xe ig = 48 eo : Ya + Yet Ye 3.1.2 = A$ 2 Gel os5s-sh = 3 403 Za, +Zp tic ig = Minti Tacd: MA+MB+MC =(MG +GA)+(MG + GB) + (mG + Gc) = 3MG + (GA + GB + GC) Do dé [MA + MB + MC = Vay [MA + MB + mq bé nhdt <> MG bé nhét <> MG vuong g6c véi mat phang (a). : 3 . Si oe 7 » Duong thang MG di qua G aaa va c6 vecto chi phuong 1a ng = (1; -132). 194 196- BTNC&MSCBHH12i. Vay phuong trinh cla MG Ia: 5 valet 3 eos, 3 2 3) Toa do diém M cén tim img v6i gid tri 1 nghiém cla phuong trinh : Vay |Ma + MB + mMc| bé nhat khi M= (5:3:-3} 33 3 x=l+2r Ay:jy=-l+t zaltt Gia sit Me A, thi M = (14 20;-1 405141), AM = (20-1305 1). Dudng thing AM di qua A(2 ; -1 ; 2), c6 vecto chi phuong Ia v= AM va dung thang d6 lun cat dudng thang A). Dé thay A, di qua /(-1 ; 0; 0) va.cé vecto chi phuong uw = (-1;2;3), [i | fein] Tac6: 1A = (35-152), w= (2r-Isrst-1), wy = (-15253), d(AM, Ay) = [tig ] = (t+ 25-74 4557 ~ 2) [207 - 2| Vis? — 721 +24 = d(AM,A,) = 195ee (20 - 2° ' d(AM,A,)lén nhat <=> f(t) = —~———— ln nat. ey 18 tea Khao sat cyc tri cha ham sO f(r) ta thay f(r) dat gid tri lon nhat tai r= « Khi d6 0 = a(t ;68;-27) va do do, dudng thing A cén lap c6 phuong trinh : ne 41 63) 27, 12. Mat phang (a) qua A(2 ; -1 ; 0) cé phuong trinh dang m(x 2) + n(y +1) + pz =0 (m? +2? + p? #0) hay mx +ny+ pz-2m+n=0. Tacé ng (min; p),uj(Ists-1). Truong hop 1: m= 0 => (a): ny + pz +n =0. (a) IId < ng.uj = 0 n-p=0. Chon 2 = 1= p= 1, khi dé mat phang (a) c6 phuong tinh: y+ z+1=0 ber| ve 1 py = 7+ 8 d6 g 18 g6e gitta hai mat phing (a) va (Oxy) ; ng = (03151) va n = (0;051) In Iuot 1a vecto phép tuyén cia (a) va (Oxy) Truong hop 2: m #0. Chon m= 1, taduge (a): x + ny + pz-2+n=0. (a) ld 2 1+n-p=0> p=li+n I+ al => cosp = ———— 4 = yl+e? +(I +n) si V2n? +2n+2 gnho nhat <> cosg én nhat Lt al 3 EL 16m ont N20? + 2n +2 196r+2n+l 2n? +2n +2 1 n 16n nhat 25+ Ion hat 2 a(n +n+l) = 16m nat, n+ntl Dé thay —"— ment Dau "=" xay ra khi va chi khi n = 1. Khi dé tacé cosy = 2 So sdnh két qua hai truéng hop | va 2, thay rang g nho nhat khi n = 1 va khi d6, mat phang («) c6 phuong trinh : x+y+2z-1=0. 13, Mat phang (a) qua A(1 ; | ; -1) c6 phuong trinh dang : mx =1) + n(y =1) + p(z +1) = 0(m? +1? + p? # 0) hay mx + ny + pz-—m-n+ p=0. Do (a) L (B) = ng-ig = 0 = 2m—n+ p=0, 6 6 ng (mn3 p).ng(2;—1s1) lin lugt 1A vecto phap tuyén cita (a) va (B). Truong hop 1: m=0 => -n + p=0. Chon n =1 thi p = 1. Khidé (a): y +2 =0. Dudng thing Oy c6 vecto chi phuong u = (0;1;0). Goi g 1a géc gitta Oy va mat phang (a), ta cé : 2 2 2S Truong hop 2: m # 0. Chon m= 1 thin =2+p > nj =(1; 2+p; p). Khido B+ a Rta sing = —— = 14+(2+p) +p? y5+4p+2p 19714. 198 Do0< ys 5 nén g Iénnhét <> sing 1én nhat B+ 2 ° = |6n nat V5 + 4p + 2p? 2 co FAAP tem nn. 2p +4p4+5 2 Xét ham fp) = 2 tae ts Tacé 2p +4p+5 p=-2 , 4p? -6p+4 ,, f(p)= SE ES Pe)= 0] 1 (2° ap oh ss Ta c6 a fo) =4 si f(-2) =0, (5 \-2 Do dé f(p) én nhat khi va chi 1 khi p = A 5 5 1 Khi dé 1 = = va rx tiy+=7-3=0. id6n => (a): « ED v2 So sinh hai tng hyp (1) va (2), do S < 3 nen (a) sx + Fy 432 -3=0 1a mat phang cn tim. (a): +y—2+41=0 c6 vecto phap tuyén n(1;1;-1). Dudng thing TE xty+z-3=0 —y+z2-2=0 x=-1+2t c6 phuong trinh tham sO: jy = ¢ z2=4-31 Do 6, d di qua diém /(-1 ; 0 ; 4) va c6 vecto chi phuong u(2;1;-3).Gia sit u(a;b30) 1a vecto chi phuong cia dudng thing A cfn tim (2 +? +0? 20). Do A//(a) nen a+b~c=0. Truong hop 1:a=0=> b-c =0. Chon b = I thi c = 1. Dudng thang A cé phuong trinh : va d(A,d) = Truéng hop 2: a #0. Chon a =1=> ¢=b+1 va =(1;b;b +1). Khido au [ d(A,d) = : wu | Do [iat] = (46 + 13-26 ~ 5:26 —1) va TA = (2;-1;~2) nen —= d(A.d) = ———EE— (4p 4.1 + (-26-5) + (2-17 i240? + 24 + 27 d(A,d) lénnhat = <> a Ién nhat V24b" + 24b +27 2 4b° +12b+9 | 24b? + 24b +27 2 ~12(16b? + 18h - 9 xétham f(b) = 22 + 12h +9 ace f(b) = =12{60? + 18-9) 24b? + 24b + 27 (240? + 24 + 21) Be f(b) =08 7 3 b= 8 1991a a S A lim f(b) = 4; /)-=|=0; [2 |=. ae) if 3) (3) 14 Vay f(b) lén nhat khi va chi khi b = 2 Khi dé f(b) = © va d(A,a) = ie . 14 14 So sdnh két qua trudng hop 1 va 2, ta thay duimg thing qua A, song song véi ol (a) va cach d mot khoang I6n nhat la A: jy =-1+s z=2+s. 15, Dudng thang d cé phuong trinh tham sé 1a: xalt+t y=-l+2r z=l1-t. Gia sit dudng thang A bat ki di qua B(3 ; -2 ; 1) va cdt dudng thang d tai M(1+1;2r—1;1-1). Khi d6, dudng thing A cé vecto chi phuong 1a BM = G a. es Khoang cach tir A toi duéng thing A 1a: [2m Bal “\y (1+ wy + (-3r + ay + (5t - sy : 3572 — 70r + 45 232r+1;-71). \au| Ve = 2 +(2r+1yP 4+? 6 +5 2 Xét him $6: f() = 27 5, ot +5 = Tacs p(y = 22 = 190 = 350, (67? +5) 5 37 f()=0e 7 tes 6 wv) 35 I _ lim £0 = 7Ta c6 bang bién thién : t 00 iS x Slain f() + 0 - _ 14 7 6 £() so Na 6 6 Vay khoang cach tir A t6i dudng thing A I6n nhat bing VI4 khi ¢ = 3 ing v6i (2:12:42) vate nha bing J sie = 2 me vot (12:4; ee 6 6'3'6 Phuong trinh dudng thing céch A mot khodng én nhat 14: Mee tee 2a ee dee 0 7 7 7 Phuong trinh dudng thang céch A mot khoang bé nhat 1a : Mee Vet Za Mes Ve Se 9209 ig 5 0 6 6 6 te ace tyr zt =o Qx-y-2z=0 Xét: m = (I51s-1), m = (25-151). Duong thang A cé vecto chi phuong : 1-1 yt a I-1 . [wire] =([! 4 b |) --1-9u ein. Diém N(1 ; 1; 1) thudc dudng thang A nén A cé phuong trinh tham sé : x=l+2r yeltt z=1+3¢. 20%Goi M(I + 2t;+ 05143) eA. Taco: AM = (20 ~ 1:13:34), BM = (2+ 231-131 +31). Suy ra AM? + BM? = (2r- 1) + + (30) + (20+ 2) + (r-1) + (14 3x) = 287 +8 +7. Xét f(t) = 287 + 87 +7 c6 dé thi 1a parabol quay bé lom len trén nén f(r) 2.8.4) nho nhat khi va chi khi 1 = te M= (2:$:4 7 a Vay MA? + MB? nhé hat khi M = (28:4 J “ut 17. a) Tir cdc phuong trinh cia dudng thang A, va A, tacd: © A; di qua A(O ; 2 ; ~4) va c6 vecto chi phuong 1a m(1;—1;2). # Ap di qua B(-8 ; 6; 10) va c6 vecto chi phuong 18 (2 ;1;~1). Do rm va my khdc phuong nén A, kh6ng song song véi A. Chting cé phuong trinh tham s6 : x=t x=-8+2s Aviyy=2-¢ Ay :4y=6+5 z=-442t z=10-s. t=-842s () Xéthe: 42-r=6+5 (2) -4-2r=10-s, (3) Ti (1) va (2) suy ra s = 5 t= < khong thod man (3). Do d6, hé ba phuong trinh trén vo nghiém. Vay A, va Ay chéo nhau. b) Gia sir (S) 1a mat cdu tam /, ban kinh R. Goi tip diém cita (S) véi cdc dudng thing A, va A, theo thir tla M, N. Khid6: 2R = IM+IN = MN 2 HK, (*) Botrong dé HK 1a dutmg vudng géc chung cia hai dutng thing A, va Ay (H € A, K € Ad). Dau dang thttc 6 (*) xy ra khi va chi khi (S) la mat cdu duéng kinh HK. Goi H(r;2 —1;-4 + 21), K(-8 + 25:6 + 9510-s). Tacé: HK = (-8 425-134 45 + 514— 5-21), Vi HK 1a dutng vudng géc chung ciia A; va Ay nén: HK Lu [HK =0 — [-8+2s-t-4-s-142(14—s 21) =0 — ej ° HK Ly HK.u, =0 AB+2s-)+4+s+1-14+5+2=0 16-s-6t=0 t=2 = S ~26+6s+1=0 sa4. Tudo: H =(2;0;0),K =(0;10;6) va HK = V2? +10? +6? = Vi40. Dudng tron (S) cin tim cé tam (1 ; 5 ; 3), bin kinh R= V35 va cé phuong trinh : (x1 +(y- 5) + (2-3) = 35. 18. Gia sir mat cu (S) c6 tam /, ban kinh R di qua A(1 ; 2; -1) va tiép xtic voi mat phang (a) tai B. Khi do : 2R = IA + IB > AB > AH, trong dé H 1a chan dudng vudng géc ha tir A t6i mat phang (a). Dau ding thite xdy ra khi va chi khi (S) 1a mat cdu dudng kinh AH. Dudng thang AH di qua A(I ; 2 ; -1) va cé vecto chi phuong 18 ny = (15152). Do d6 AH cé phuong trinh tham sé 1a : xolet y=2t+t z=-1+2r Toa dé cla diém H ting vi gid tri 1a nghiém cia phuong trinh 1+14+24142(-1+ 21)-13=0 © -6f+12=0 @1=2 OH =(3;4;3). 20319, 204 Mat cau (S) can tim c6 tam 1a trung diém /(2 ; 3 ; 1) cha doan AH va cé ban kink a 44 6. 2 Phuong trinh cia mat cdu cén tim 1a: (x- 29 +(y-3) +(e-1) =6. (S) ia? + y? +2? - 20 422-4 = 0 1a mat cdu c6 tm (1; 0; -1), bin kinh R= V6. Khoang cach tir/ t6i mat phdng (a): 2x -2y+2z+8=01a Do dé (a) va (S) khong c6 diém chung. Gia str H 1a chan dudng vudng géc ha tir / xudng M. mat phang («), A 1a giao diém cia doan H/ véi (S), Al kéo dai ct (S) tai B. Voi M tuy ¥ trén mat cdu (5), goi (Z) 1a mat Na, phang qua M va song song véi (a), (8) cat AB Khi dé, K 6 gitta A va B (vi néu K thudc tia AH A thi IK = d(I;(B))>IA=R. Hinh 64 Diéu nay dan dén (8) 4 (8) = @ : volivi Me (B) (5). Tuong tu K khong thé thuoc tia déi cita tia BA. Tacé: d(M, (a)) = KH. Tu AH < KH < BH suy ra KH lon nhat bing BH khi M = B. Dudng thing /H di qua I(1 ; 0 ; -1), c6 vecto chi phuong 1a n, = (23-251) nén:20. Toa do giao diém cia /H véi (S) img véi gid tri 1a nghiém cia phuong trinh (1+ 24) + (-20) + (r- 1) - 21 + 20) + 2-1) -4 =0 a V6i M(1 + 2r;—2r;-1+ 1) © JH thi khodng céch ti N t6i mat phang (a) 1a: oo =6et= 2? 4 (2) + . 9 + 9. Ta thay : psi] p> i UH nén t= e img véi giao diém B (la diém can tim). Vay diém M cén tim 1a 1+ fi:- f+ FI 3 3° 3 (S)c6 tam /(1;0;-1), ban kinh R = 2. AB = (-1;~3;-4), AC = (1; -1;~4). Goi (a) la mat phang chita ba diém A, B, C thi (a) c6 vecta phap tuyén = [AB, AC] = (8-854) (23-231). Phuong trinh téng quat cita (@) 1a: 2(x +1) - 2(y + 2) + M(z +3) = > 2x-2y+z4+1=0 Khoang cach tit tam /(1 ; 0; -1) ca (S) t6i mat phang (a) Ia: jz-oO-14+]] 2 c nén (S) O(a) # ©. 205Ta cd Vagcp = Fo Sasc nén Vagcp I6n nhat <> hp 16n nhat. Goi D,D, 1a duéng kinh cia (S) vudng géc voi mat phang (a). Tuong tu bai 19, ta dé thay véi D 1a diém bat ki thudc (S) thi d(D, (a) < max{a(D,,(2)), d(D,, (a))}. Dau "=" xay ra chi khi D tring véi mot trong hai diém D, hoac Dy. D,D2 di qua / va cé vecto chi phuong 1a Ny = (25-251). Do dé Goi D(I + 2r;-2r;-1+ 1) 1a diém can tim. Khi d6, 7 14 nghiém cha phuong tinh: (20+ 1f +4? + (-1 40? —2(1 + 2r) + 2(-1+2)-2=0 @9P 40601 = 42, Ta cé d(D,(a)) = prea 2 92 +2 »{-2) +2 2 vil 3_]> nén D phai tg voi t = = 3 3 3 Vay off: = —~ | 1a diém can tim. 3: 3 206