Bai giang sé 16 HAM 56 8A THUC Ham s6 la mt trong nhiing ngi dung cha yéu cia mén Toan duge giang day trong nha trudng phé théng, cha dé ham sé lun lun 1a cau sé 1 trong moi dé thi vé mén Toan vao cac trudng Dai hoc va Cao dang. Ham sé da thite va ham sé phan thite [a hai cau thanh chinh cua chuyén myc ham sé. Bai giang nay dé cap dén cac bai toan lién quan dén ham s6 da thite, trong bai ging s6 17 sé trinh bay cdc bai ton tuong ty nhung déi v6i lop ham sé phan thitc. §1. BAI TOAN TIEP TUYEN VOI HAM DA THUC Cac kién thite co ban sau day luén fuén duge sir dung dén trong qua trinh giai ton. Cho dudng cong y = f(x) va diém M nim trén dung cong ¢6 hoanh d6 la x0. Goi ay 1a hé sé goc cua tiép tuyén voi dudng cong tai M. Khi dé ta cé: I/ ay = ¥"(Xo) = F(X). 2/ Phuong trinh tiép tuyén voi dudng cong tai M lay —yo=y'(xo).(X— x0) (1) Cha y rang (1) 1a phuong trinh tiép tuyén vi dudng cong y = f(x) tai diém M cho truéc trén duéng cong, con cdc truong hop khac dé giai cac bai toan vé tiép tuyén ngudi ta sir dung két qua sau: Cho hai dug y = f(x) va y= g(x). Hai dung tiép xtc voi nhau tai diém M ¢6 hoanh 49 xo néu nhur hé sau day théa man: £(xp)=8(xo) £'(x9)=2'(xo) Loai 1: Tiép tuyén voi duéng cong tai mot diém cho trudc trén duéng cong. Dé gidi cdc bai toan loai nay nhat thiét phai tim duge tiép diém cta tiép tuyén v6i dudng cong, sau dé sé sir dung céng thirc (1) ndi trong phan mé dau. Xét cae thi dy sau: Thi dy 1: (Dé thi tuyén sinh Dai hoc khéi A -2009) Cho dung cong: y Viét phuong trinh tiép tuyén voi (C) biét ring tiép tuyén cat true hoanh tai A, truc tung tai B sao cho OAB Li tam gidc vudng cn tai O, & day O 1a géc toa 46. 286-1 Ta c6: y’ = ———,. Vi tip tuyén tao voi hai truc toa dé mét tam gic (2x +3) vudng cén nén hé sé géc cia tiép tuyén Ia + 1. : : -1 Xq =-2 . Khi dé ay = + 1 > — zat] 7 (2x9 +3) Xp aol. Khi x = -2, thi yo = -4, lite d6 tiép tuyén c6 dang y = -x-2. Khi xp =-1, thi yo = 1, luc dé tiép tuyén c6 dang y = —x (trudng hop nay loai vi y =-x di qua géc toa d6, nén khdng tao thanh tam gidc OAB). Vay co duy nhat X—2 la tiép tuyén can tim. Thi du 2: (Dé thi tuyén sinh Dai hoc khdi B- 2004) 1 Cho ham sé y = —x*~ 2x?+ 3x (C). Viét phuong trinh tiép tuyén A ctia (C) tai 3 diém uén va chimg minh A la tiép tuyén cla (C) co hé s6 géc nho nhat. Ta cé y= x?— 4x +3 vay” = 2x — 4. Tir dé suy raM (23) 1a diém udn cita (C). Tiép tuyén véi (C) tai M cd dang: y 3 -(x-2)>y Tiép tuyén nay co hé s6 goc a = —1. Mat khac tiép tuyén vai (C) tai diém bat ki trén (C) c6 hoanh 46 x c6: ay = x°—4x +3 =(x—-2P -12 -1=a= dpem. Nhéin xét: Dé thay ta c6 két qua téng quat nhu sau (v6i ching minh hoan toan tuong ty): V6i duong cong y = ax’ + bx’ + cx + d voi a>0 thi tigp tuyén tai diém udn c6 hé sd géc bé nhat; (con khi a <0 thi hé sé géc lai Ion nhat). Thi du 3: (Dé thi tuyén sink Dai hoc khéi D - 2005) Goi (Cy) 1a 44 thj cia ham sé y = a ~ox + t . Goi M 1a diém thudc (Cn) cé hoanh dé bang —1. Tim m dé tiép tuyén véi (Cn) tai M song song voi dudng thing 5x -y=0. Duong thing 5x — y = 0 co hé sd géc bang 5, nén dé tiép tuyén tai M song song véi A trudc hét ta can cd: y"(-1)=5 & m+1=5 om =4. Khi m = 4 thi tiép tuyén c6 dang: y — (-2) = $(x + 1) > y = 5x +3. RO rang dudng nay song song voi A, vay m= 4 a gid tri duy nhat can tim. Thi du 4: Cho y = x°+ 1 ~m(x + 1) (Cy). Tim m dé tiép tuyén voi (C,) tai giao diém ciia né v6i truc tung, tao véi hai true toa d6 mét tam gide cé dign tich bang 8. Dé thay M(O; 1 - m) Ia giao diém cua (C,,) voi truc tung, nén cing dé thay y=-mx + 1 —m la tiép tuyén v6i (Cy) tai M. 287Goi A, B tong img la giao diém ciia tiép tuyén nay voi truc hoanh va truc tung, ta cé ngay: A= (SS *) va B=(0; 1 —m). (cha y khi m = 0, thi tiép tuyén song song véi Ox nén foai kha nang nay). Tir do: | Vl-m (1-my Song =82 ZOAOB=862 3]! -mj-8e> = 7) a6 2 2) m |m| m=9+4V5 m=-7+4y3. Dé 1a 4 gid tri can tim ciia tham so m. Thi dy 5: Cho duémg cong (C): y = x? -2x? + 8x + 5, Chung minh khéng co bat ki hai tiép tuyén nao ctla dung cong lai vudng géc voi nhau. Giai Gia sir trai lai od hai dung tiép tuyén cia (C) vuéng B60 voi nhau. Goi x1, x2 tong iing la cdc hodnh d@ cita hai tiép diém ciia hai tiép tuyén ay. Goi ai, ap Kin luot 1a cdc hé sé gc ctia hai tiép tuyén tai cdc diém trén (C) c6 hoanh dé x), x2. Khi do tir ayay=-1 => y'(x).y( 1 => (3X; — 2x) + 7)3Xz— 2x2 + 7) =-1 (1). Tam thite f(t) = 3? - 2t + 7 cd A’<0 nén f(t) > 0 Vt eR. Tir dé va tir (1) suy ra mau thudn. Vay gia thiét phan chitng la sai > dpem. Thi du Cho y = 33x +1(C). V/ Viét phuong trinh tiép tuyén vii (C) tai diém co hoanh d6 x = 2 2/ Tiép tuyén 6 cau 1/ cit lai dudng cong (C) tai diém M’. Tim toa 46 cia M’. 1/ Tiép tuyén tai M c6 phuong trinh: 9(x—2) a y=9x- 15. 6 cau I/ cit (C) tai M’. Xét phuong trinh: x'-3x +1 =9x—15 <> x 12x+16 (2) Chi y rang (2) chde chin co nghiém x = 2, vi thé (2) ¢>.x°- 8 - 12x +24=0 <> (x—2)(x?+ 2x - 8) =0 2 (x-2)'(x+4)=0 of? 4. Vay M’(—4; —51) la giao diém thir hai cua tiép tuyén tai M vdi (C). Thi dy 7: Cho durong cong y = x’ — 3x” +1 (C). Ching minh ring trén (C) ton tai vo s6 cap diém ma hai tiép tuyén tai ting cp diém song song voi nhau. 288 ‘Taco y’ = 3x°- 6x. Bai toan da cho c6 dang tuong duong sau: Chimg minh rang ton tai vo sé k sao cho cdc phuong trinh: 3x°- 6x =k ay déu cé hai nghiém phan biét. Taco (1) <> 3x°-6x-k=0 2) Dé thay A’>0 <> 9+3k>0 ok >-3 (3). Tir (3) suy ra dpem. Nhén xét: 1/ Két qua trén van dang cho moi duéng cong bac ba tay y. 2/ Cac ban hay tw chimg minh nhan xét sau: Moi dudng thang ndi ting c&p trén ludn di qua mét diém cé dinh (1; ~1) Loai : Phuong trinh tiép tuyén voi dudng cong di qua mét diém cho trude: Luge dé chung giai cdc bai ton nay nhur sau: — Hole 1a quy vé bai toan loai | (tie la quy vé tim tiép diém cia tiép tuyén v6i dung cong da cho). — Hoac 1a str dung ménh dé vé diéu kién hai dudng tiép xtic v6i nhau da trinh bay trong phan mé dau. Phuong phap t thir hai !4 phuong phap hay duge sir dung hon, Thi dy 1: (Dé thi tuyén sinh Dai hoe Cao ding khdi B- 2008) Cho dudng cong y = 4x" - 6x" + 1 (C). Viét phuong trinh tiép tuyén voi (C) biét rng tiép tuyén di qua diém M(-1; -9) Di qua diém M(-1; -9) thi x = -1 chdc chan khéng phai la tiép tuyén v6i (C) nén moi tiép tuyén ctia (C) di qua M phai c6 dang: y = k(x + 1) -9 Goi Xo 1 hoanh d6 tiép diém, ta c6 hé phurong trinh sau: 4x} - 6x2 +1=k(xy +1)-9 (1) 12x} - 12x =k (2). Thay (2) vao (1) rdi rit gon ta cé: Xo Ax) + 3X5 —6%y —5=0 <> (Xp +1)(4x9 -Nq ~5)=0 S 7 Xo= + Khi xo=—1, thi k = 24. Lute nay tiép tuyén la y = 24x + 15. I 7 5 15 ‘ ce 1 +Khix=— thik= —. Lic nay tiep tuyen lay = — 4 4 ae ‘ 4 Nhdn xét: Trong thi du trén diém M(-1; ~9) € (C). Vi thé néu ta cho ring M é (C), nén tiép tuyén co dang: Y= 9) = VEN (x + 1) = 24(x + 1) => y = 24x + 15 2 Giai nu vay s& thigu dap sé: y = Bx 4 :Tir 6 ta c6 bai hoc sau: Phai phan biét xem dau bai yéu cau viét phuong trinh tiép tuyén véi (C) tai diém M, hay qua M (diém M nim trén (C) hay khong nim trén (C) khéng déng vai trd gi day ca). Thi du 2: Cho dudng cong y = 3x" -3x? 4 (C). Viét phuong trinh tiép tuyén voi (C) biét tiép tuyén di qua diém M(0; 3 y Gi Lap ludn nhur thi dy 1 tiép tuyén ¢ dang: y = kx #4 i Goi x9 la hoanh 46 tiép diém. Khi d6 c6 hé phuong trinh sau: grb oS = boy 43 ) 2x} —3x9 =k Q) xp =0 Thay (2) vao (1) rdi rat gon ta e6: x5 (x5 -2)=0-< Oo Tir dé suy ra c6 ba tigp tuyén: y = : =-Wix+dsy= Wine, Thi du 3: C6 bao nhieu tiép tuyén di qua diém M(-2; 5) voi dong cong (C): y= x= 9x7 + 17x +2, Moi tiép tuyén voi (C) qua M 6 dan tiép diém. Khi do ta c6 hé: [xb -9xG 417K +2=k(xo+2)+5 (1) = k(x + 2) + 5. Goi Xo 1a hoanh do [x5 + 18x 417 =. (2) Thay (2) vio (1) ri iit gon, ta 06: (Xo~ 1)(2x0"— Xo+ 17) = 0 (3) Déi voi duong cong bac ba sé tiép tuyén bang sé tiép diém (vi mdi tiép tuyén voi y = ax + bx’ + cx + d=0, a #0, chi tiép xtc voi dung cong tai mot tiép diém duy nhat). Vi thé s6 nghigm cua (3) bing sé tiép tuyén véi (C) tai M. Do phuong trinh 2xo?— xo— 37 = 0 (4n xp) c6 hai nghiém phan biét khde 1, nén (3) c6 ba nghiém phan biét, vi thé qua diém M vé duge ba tiép tuyén dén (C). Thi dy 4: Cho dung cong y = x'~ 3x +2 (C). Tim cde diém M (C) sao cho qua M chi cé thé vé duge duy nhat mét tiép tuyén dén (C). Gi: ém thudc © cn tim. Tiép tuyén qua M 6 dang: (xa) + a 3042. Goi Xo 1a hoanh 46 tiép didn, tacé hé: Gia sit M (a; 3042) : 290