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Culture Documents
“It seems to me that architecture is, in fact, the machine that produces the universe
that produces the gods. It does so not fully through theories or reflections, but in
the non repeatable and optimistic act of construction. Unlike language, music or art,
which are based on a trace that cannot be traced, architecture, through its
transcendence and materialism, forever discloses its opening but never sees it own
end”. (Daniel Libeskind, The Space of Encounter, 2000.)
Daniel Libeskindʼs approach to architecture has been worldly recognized as unique. His
way of working and his inspiration are of the most unorthodox kind. By analyzing his
works, one can see how his vision of architecture goes beyond buildings, and gives way to
reflexion over the human nature. I would like to focus specifically on the duality of man and
memorial culture.
In order to start deciphering the meaning of the starting quote, it is accurate to approach it
universe is a machine for producing gods implies that the cosmos as such, its existence
and its order, demand a first cause that made it be, a god. If this be the way, why not then
saying that god produces the universe? My thought is that the first thing that is understood
is the existence of the universe, its presence, which then motivates the look for a cause,
and in this sense, the cause is understood in a second term. To take it to a more concrete
level: first we see nature, then we wonder about its origin. This categories of mind, this
way of ordering the world in terms of cause and effect, are properly human. It is the
At this point, one can see how architecture and human beings are positioned in the same
place: they both give birth to god. But it is not that simple, since architecture is in a double
position. On the one hand, is the result of human life on earth. On the other hand, it
generates new movements by organizing human life. Architecture is both bears society
and is born by society. It is in this way that architecture is intrinsically related to the human
mind and life, and cannot get away with not speaking of the main worries that affect
Mies van der Rohe, Walter Gropius, and the other great modernist masters
argued that buildings should present a neutral face to the world, but theirs is a
philosophy that feels almost quaint now. Neutral? After the political, cultural, and
soulless and dull? Or do we confront our histories, our complicated and messy
Here the architect is pointing out another essential aspect when pairing buildings and
human beings. Edifices have souls as well. In order to explain this, it is better to first look
at what this means for a human being. As established above, god is a concept that stands
for transcendence and universality, two characteristics that are also -to some extent-
present in the human being. In this way, man faces a constant struggle when confronting
his duality: he is both body and soul. On the one hand there is a potential for
transcendence; but on the other hand man is finite. Architecture faces duality in a similar
way. AS established above, it is both transcendence and materialism. However, I will only
speak of this tension later on. To comprehend better the struggle man faces when
confronted with his duality, it is accurate to discuss what role memory plays.
Memory is always meant for transcendence. What it does essentially is rescue a piece of
reality from a past time and preserve it for as long as possible, away from the hands of
oblivion. However, the intrinsic finitude of human beings condemns memory to an eventual
loss: the mind that hosts it will simply not live forever. The history of Mankind is an account
of passing memories, that together give shape to knowledge. However successful this has
been -and still is- in many aspects, there are certain things of the personal experience of
each individual that cannot be transferred. This arose during the debate for the Holocaust
memorial1. A number of survivors argued that they did not need a memorial, since they
already had their own memories on the tragedy. The problem with this standpoint is that,
once dead, the memory will not outlive the person, as it is necessary that it does. A
memorial culture becomes, then, essential. To my view, it introduces two main changes in
the act of memory. It acts upon the unavoidable finitude of human memory. By rescuing
and building a common view on the past, society does not rely solely on the good health of
individual minds. This leads to the second major change a memorial culture brings about,
for now memory ceases to be an individual act and becomes a collective act. In this way, it
transcends the individual and becomes a position adopted by the State. This also means
that memory is not private any more, but public, and citizens are compelled to deal with
whatever facts are brought about: if there was anybody ignoring these facts about the
past, they cannot do so anymore. In addition, since it involves a State action, it implies that
the society aims at coming to terms with its past, in order to better project into the future.
Finally, a collective view on the past that takes this shape also transcends time, because it
picks up on the different individual recollections and crystalizes them for generations to
Under the light of a memorial culture, Daniel Libeskind approach to architecture becomes
very relevant. His method first involves understanding the reality he has to portray from its
very core, and not from outside. Furthermore, his interest in voids is directly related to
1 Karen E. Till, The New Berlin. Memory, Politics, Place. University of Minnesota 2005.
the sense that it stands for something that is no longer there. Libeskind gives a high value
to voids by incorporating them in his construction plans. While traditional architecture sees
in an empty space a white canvas to be covered with shapes and colors, Libeskind does
not think of building as just something to fill in the space. When it comes to memorials or
building in significant spaces (for the collective imaginary), his objective is to preserve the
Some years after the wall came down, one of the first spaces to be renovated was
Potsdamer Platz. The square had been an empty space for more than twenty years, since
it was the so-called no-manʼs land between the walls. Daniel Libeskindʼs suggestion was
to preserver the void as it is. Not to build on it, but to preserve it as what it essentially is: a
place that nobody wanted. He said that the image of Potsdamer Platz void would remain in
the citizens mind forever, that it is firmly implanted. “Something like that cannot be easily
erased, even if the whole area is developed”, he stated 2. This is an example of how he
would take a void and work on it using the very sense it has, not to re-signify the concept
From his experience visiting the area when the competition was open for the Jewish
Museum, one can see how the first thing he gathers is the empty space. What used to be
one of the most active spots in the city changed into a deserted view once the wall came
up. The Berlin Museum was founded in 1962 as a response to the blocking of the
traditional Märkisches Museum, and functioned as a history museum for the western part
of the city 3. The building used to house the Berlin Chamber Court before the space
became a museum. This area was not directly connected to the jewish community or the
Holocaust, but Libeskind took the void -as place and concept- and re-signified it to speak
about the missing jewish people of Berlin. The structure of the Jewish Museum is a broken
the building is only through the baroque edifice next to it, the first thing the visitor has to do
is descend the staircase, get into the void. The underground floor is uneven. It is also
divided in three different axis: the road of the Holocaust, the road of exile and the road of
continuation, a slope that goes upward and then leads to the stairs that will take the
visitors to the the ground floor, the first floor and second floor. The axis of exile leads to the
Garden of Exile, a square in the courtyard of the building full of concrete pillars that stand
on an uneven floor. With this garden we can see how Libeskind works with the space in
order to render the experience in a certain way. Walking through these pillars, the visitor
feels disoriented, the geographical position is not clear and the visitor feels lost. The
desired sense the work should have is achieved in different ways: on the one hand there
are concrete aspects that generate a certain feeling; on the other hand, there is also
symbolism. When looking up, one can see that on top of the pillars there are plants
resembling olives, as a symbol of hope. Going back to the main building, the axis of
Holocaust ends in the Holocaust void, a 27-meters high closed space, built of raw concrete
and with no windows. This is one of the few empty spaces that the visitor has access to,
and can experience in its wholeness. The main void is the straight line that goes alongside
the building, and can only be viewed in certain spots through windows. It is in this manner
that the concept of void is present in different ways, and Libeskind essays different
The central structure in the building is the void, a disconnected straight line
architecturally from the white walls of the exhibition spaces and illuminated by
skylights- refers to that which can never be exhibited in this museum, no matter
how many objects are brought to it and stories told in it. (Daniel Libeskind,
It is in this way that Libeskind finds materials and shapes them around the idea that he
wants to communicate. The jewish museum is also known for its unorthodox windows, that
cut through the wall in are hardly ever straight, but diagonal and cross over each other.
They are intended to manifest a matrix of connections that invades the museum. In
Libeskind words, “these ʻcutsʼ are the actual topographical lines joining addresses of
Germans and Jews immediately around the site and radiating outwards”4. These lines are
also reproduced in the roof. Daniel Libeskind finds the means to bring together symbolism
architecture, as stated in the opening quote. However, a basic problematic underlies the
like that forever. This was also a struggle for the Association for the Memorial to the
Murdered Jews of Europe. Lea Rosh pointed out that once the competition was over, and
the art work completed, the discussion around it also ended 5. The discussion motivated by
how to build a memorial of such dimensions was very rich, since it also triggered a
reflection process on what had happened in the past and why it was important to come to
terms with it. This apparently ended when the memorial by Brandenburger Tor was
finished. Libeskind himself also says that “in the realm of architecture, ideas, having stared
at Medusa, turn to stone” (Proof of Things Visible, lecture, Humboldt University of Berlin,
1997). However, what Daniel Libeskind does is radically different. Having in mind the
terribly deconstructed buildings he brings up, it is not obvious, to the naked eye, to
4 Bernard Schneider, Daniel Libeskind. Jewish Museum of Berlin, 5th edition, 2007.
5 Karen E. Till, The New Berlin. Memory, Politics, Place. University of Minnesota 2005.
understand what such a construction means. What is trying to be said with a building like
the Jewish Museum. Libeskindʼs designs are unconventional and provocative, they incite
interpretation and thinking. And since it is clear that the artist is taking a stand with his
work (as can be appreciated from the first quote), these buildings also motivate discussion.
and structure, but the substance of the individual in society and history; a
figuration of the inorganic and organic, the body and the soul, and that which is
visible beyond. Some would deny this substance and, as a result, might
themselves vanish into the emptiness of “facts”, which as indices of power are
only the illusory ghosts of a virtual world. (Proof of Things Visible, lecture,
In this quote we can see how Libeskind struggles to bring together the two aspects of a
human being -body and soul- into architecture. The art of building has a substance as well,
which is informed by the society that gives birth to it. Furthermore, it is interesting to see
why he works so hard on making this relationship work: it is his way of getting involved and
This takes us back to the beginning, as to how architecture and people are bound
together. From my view, buildings, as an essential part of every personʼs life, are to speak
about these. Buildings, as the creative work of a thinking mind, are to find a way of
bringing together memory and the reflection upon it. The idea is not to stay in the past,
unable to move, but to elaborate a new way of relating to this past, in order to be able to
mind, and also going back to the capacity to remember, for Libeskind architecture is a
means for people to grasp reality, which is above all evanescent. One could state that
Reality is at the same time a reconstruction of the past that is constantly re-thought; a
reflection on the present situation; and a projection towards the future, that is subject to
change. In order to avoid the inevitable fading out of the past as conceived from an
individual perspective, Libeskind brings -with his approach to architecture- a solid rock that
helps rethink the present situation under the new light of the past. I called it “new” because
memory is turned -in this way- into something collective and mandatory, it cannot be
ignored.