217

Bai giang sB 12

PHEP TiNH Til:H PHAN V A lING DUNG

Cac bai toan v~ tich phan la mQt trong nhfrng bai toan luc nao cling co m~t trong cac d~ thi rnon Toan vao cac tnrong Dai hoc va Cao d~ng trong nhfrng narn gAn dily (2002 - 2009).

Bai giang nay gioi thieu cac phuong phap chinh d~ tinh tich phan va ung dung cua tich phan d€ tim dien tich hinh phang va th€ tich cua kh6i tron xoay.

§1. cAc PHUONG PHAP TINH TICH PHAN

A. PHUONG PHA.P SU DVNG BANG NGUYEN HAM

D€ Slr dung duoc phuong phap nay ngoai viec slr dung thanh thao bang nguyen ham, con phai nam vung cac phep tinh vi ph an va bien d6i thanh thao cac d~ng tlnrc v~ phep tinh vi phan.

Thl du l: (DJ thi luyin sinh D{li It!)C klt(U D - 2009) 3

Tinh tich phan: I = J~ . eX -1

I

3 eX - (ex -1) 3 d (eX -1) 3

Ta co: I = J ,x dx = J x _ Jdx

I e -1 I e -1 I

= In ( eX, - 1 )I.~ - 2 = In e: ~/ - 2 = In ( e2 + e + 1) - 2.

Thi lI{1 2: (DJ thi luyin sinh D{li Itpc kltJi B - 2008)

. ( 1t)d

4 Sill X - _. x

Tinh tich phan: I = J 4 .

o sin2x + 2(1 + sinx + cosx)

7t

7t

7t

, I 4J (sinx-cosx)dx -14Jd(l+sinx+cosx)

Tacol=- =-

J2 0 1+ sin2x + 2(sinx + cos xj+ I J2 0 (I +s inx +cosx)2

I I ~ I (1 1) 4 -3J2

= J2 1 + S inx + cos x ~ = J2 I + J2 _ 2" = 4 .

1l

1l

1l

TIIi d{l 3: (DR IIIi luyill sill" D(li hoc k"6i A - 2006)

1l

1= j sin2xdx .

o Jcos2x + 4sin2 x

GiiH •

Nhan thay d(cos2x + 4sin2x) = (-2~sinx + 8sinxcosx)dx = 3sin2xdx.

Tinh tich phan:

1l

"4 I

V~y I = ~ f( cos/x + 4sin2 xf2 d( cos/x + 4sin2 x) o

1l

Tinh tich phan:

2

I = f( eS inx + COS x) cos dx .

o

Taco:

2 . 1 2 1 2

1= feslllxcosdx + - fdx + - fcos2xdx

o 20 20

1l

2f' '. 7t 1 ~ "~ 7t 7t

eSIIlXd(sinx)+-+-sin2x 2 = eSlIlx 2+-=e-I+-.

o 44 0 04 4

TIIi d{l 5: (DR thl luyi" sinh D{li hoc kh6i B - 2003)

1l

41 2' 2

T' I 'I I' I f - SIl1 X d 1111 tic 1 plan: = ----- x.

o 1 + sin 2x

1l

1l

41..,.2 4 2d

Ta co 1= f-=-=-SIIl X dx = fCOS x x

o 1 + sin 2x 0 1 + sin 2x

1l

14fd(1+Sin2X) 1 . ~ 1 _ 1

= - .---- =-In(1 + sin Zx] 4 =-(ln2 -In 1)--ln2.

2 0 1 + sin 2x 2 0 2 2

Nhdn xet chung:

Phuong phap dung bang nguyen ham thuc chat la mot phep d6i bien va la mot . phep d6i bien don gian, Tuy nhien, dung phuong phap nay co hai thuan loi:

218

219

- Khong dn thuc hien cac phep d6i c~n khong dn thiet.

- Cach trinh bay dan gian,

Xet them cac thf du sau:

Thl tll;l 6:

1l

Tfnh tich phan:

_ 2f(sinx+cosx)dx

1- ~. .

1l S II1X - cos X

3

Tac6:

~ 2 n

2f _I (sinx-cosx):3 2" 3( III (r;; )2)

1= 1l (sinx-cosx) 3d(sinx-cosx)= 2. ~ =2" 1-2"~2 ..;3-1 .

:3 '3 3

Tid tll;l 7:

1l

Tinh tich phan:

-

4

Tac6:

1l

1l

3 . d 3 d

1= f SIl1X X = f tanx x

~cos2xCOSX)I+ I _ ~cos2x~2+tan2x

4 cos2x 4

1l ! n

13 _:::I d 2 + tan 2 x) 2 3"

= 2" f( 2 + tan 2 x) 2 d ( 2 + tan 2 x) = 2" I n =.J5 - J3 .

1l ~

424 Nhdn xet:

Thf du tren cho ta thay ra tfnh hieu qua khi SlJ' dung plurong phap bang nguyen ham.

Thi du B:

Cho b>a>O, tfnh tich phan:

b

I fl [( )x+a ( »': dx

= n x + a x + ( )( ) .

x+a x+b

a

Ta c6:

I = }( X + a) In (x + a) + ( x + b) In ( x + b) dx

a (x+a)(x+b)

a

a

= b[ln(x+a) + In(X+b)]dx= 1= Jln(X+Jl+X2)dx= Jln(X+JI+X2)dx+ Jln(X+JI+X2)dx

!l x+b x+a -I -I 0

b

= fd[ln(x+a)ln(x+b)]

a

(Theo cong tlurc d(uv) = udv + vdu)

Ib b

= In ( x + a) In ( x + b) = In - .In ( a + b) .

a a

Nhdn xet:

Day la thi du dep clurng to tinh hieu qua cao cua viec str dung plurong phap bang nguyen ham.

B. PHU'ONG puAp DOl BIEN SO

D6i bien 56 la mot trong nlurng phuong phap quan trong nhiit d~ tinh nguyen ham va tich phan. Trong rnuc nay chung toi trinh bay cac plurong phap d6i bi~n 56 thong dung nhk

b ~

Loai 1: Sir dung cong tlurc: ff[ u(x)]u'(x)dx = ff(t)dt.

b

Gia suo ta can tinh tich phan 1 = fg( x )dx . N~u bang each nao do ta vi~t duoc

a

bieu tlurc duoi diiu tich phan g(x)dx duoi dang.

f [ u (x)] u' (x) dx = f [ u (x)] d ( u (x))

b ~

Khi do ta co: fg(x)dx= ff(u)du,v6ia=u(a); ~ =u(b).

a 0.

V~y bai toan quy v6 viec tinh tich phan moi nay don gian hon nhieu so vci tich ph an ban dAu. Phep d6i bien o· day la t = u(x), va nho khi d6i bi~n thi phai d6i c~n liiy tich phan.

TIIi t1!1 1: (D8 thi IlIyJIl sinh DCli h!JC kh/Ji A - 2008) Tinh tich phan:

1 = Jtan 4 xdx . o cos2x

Gi:ii

Taco:

220

221

. 2 2

(d 1 1 -I Sill X COS x)

o -tan x = ---=--

cos2x cos2x

Dat t = tan X (khi X = 0, thi t = 0, con khi X = 2: thi t = J3) ·63

V~y tir (1) ta co:

jj jj jj jj

---- --_.

1 = f It_4 dt~ = - f t 4 - 1 + 1 dt = - f ( t2 + 1) dt _ _!_ f ( t + I) - ( t - I) dt

o 0 t2_1 0 20 (t-I)(t+l)

t3 J3 Ji 1 ~ dt .~ dt I

=-- 3 -t 3 --; f-- f-

30 ° ~ o(t-I) o(t+l)

=_ Ji _ Ji -_!_lnl!-=--!_1 ~ =_IOJi +_!_In(Ji_l)2=_IOJ3 +J_ln(2+J3).

27 3 2 t + 1 ° 27 2 27 2

Nhdn xet: DT nhien trong thi du nay ta dung phirong phap d6i bien s6 trong jj

3 4d

doan d~u. Sau do viec tinh tich phan: I = f ~ duoc thuc hien nho phep tinh o 1- t

"them bot" va slr dung bang nguyen ham.

Till d{1 2: (D8 thi 11I_vB" sill" D{li hoc klll;i B - 2004)

T' I 'I I' 1 efJ1 + 31n x In xdx

1111 tic 1 plan: = .

I x

Ghii

Taco: fJI+3lnxlnxdx = fJI+3Inxlnx.d(lnx).

I x I

D~t t = In x (khi x = I, thi t = 0; khi x = e, thi t = I, I

Tlr (1) ta co: 1 = f JI+3t. tdt (2) o

Ta co tir (2)

1 I 1 I 3 1 I I

1=- fJl+3t(I-dt-l)dt =~ f(I+3t)2d{I+3t)-- f{l+3t)2d{I+3t)

30 Jo 90

l 5 1 3 1 j

=~ (1+3t)2 _(1+3t)2=~(32 _ _!__!+_!_)=~.

9 5 3 9 5 5 3 3 135

2 0 2 0

7l

7l

Thl dl.l 3: (DJ tltl tuyin sinh D{li IUlc kl,fJi B - 2005) Tinh tich phan:

7l

1= fsin2xcosxdx .

o 1 + cosx

Ghli

Taco

2fsin2xcosxdX 2f2cos2 xd(cosx)

1= =- (I)

o (I + cos x) 0 (I + cos x)

D~t t = cosx (khi x = 0, thi t = I; khi x = ~ thi t = 0) .

..

Khi do ta co:

_ 12t2dt 12t(l+t)-2(I+t)+2 _I I I dt

1- f- = f dt - f2tdt-2 fdt+ f-

o I+t 0 (I+t) 0 0 ol+t

= t21~ - 2t I~ + 21n (I + t )I~ = 21n2 - I.

Thi t/{I 4: (DJ thi tuyin sinh D{d hoc khai B - 2006)

In5 d

Tinh tich phan: I = f. x .

eX+2e-x-3 In3

Ghli

InS d InS xd InS d(ex)

, f X f ex f

Ta co 1= . == . . = (I)

eX +2e-x -3 e2x -3ex +2 e2x -3 X +2

In 3 In3 In 3 e

D~t t = e" (khi X = In3, thi t = 3; khi x = InS, thi t = 5). Taco:

Sf dt 5f( t -- I) - (t - 2) It - 2115 3 1 3

I = = dt = In -- = In - -In - = In - .

3t2-3t+2 3 (t-2)(t-l) t-13 4 2 2

TIIi dl.l5:

7l

3

Tinh tich phan: 1= fsin2 X tan xdx . o

, ~. 2 ~. ~ sinx ~(I-cos2x)d(cosx)

Taco 1= fSIll-xtanxdx= fSIll-'-x--dx=-f --'----.(1)

o 0 cosx 0 cosx

Dat t = cosx (khi x = 0, thi t = I; khi x = .:: thi t = _!_).

. 3 2

222

223

, I (1- t2 )dt I dt I _ I t2 I _ 3

V~y 1= f = f-- ftdt- Int I -- I -ln2--.

I t ,t I - 2- 8

- - - 2 2

222

Loai 2: D6i bien khi ham duoi d~u tich phan chua bieu thirc dang ~f (x) .

Trong nhi~u tnrong hop (clnr khong phai t~t ca cac tnrong hop) ta co the dung phep d6i bien sau day:

t=~f(x).

Day lit mot trong nlnrng phep bi~n d6i thong dung hay g~p. Thi d(l 1: (DJ thi tuyin sinh D(li h!JC kh/Ji A - 2004)

2

T' I 'I I' I f xdx

1111 tic 1 plan: = ~ .

11+v'x-1

D~t t = ~ (khi x = I, thi t = 0; khi x = 2, thi t = I) Ta co t2 = x-I => 2tdt = dx. V~y

'f{ t2 + 1 )2tdt

1= . (I)

o 1 + t

T ' 2t3 + 2t 2 2 2 4 4 " (I) ,

a co: --- = t - t + -- -- ,nen tu ta co

1+ t 1+ t

, ., I I d II

1= 2 ft2dt - 2 ftdt + 4 Jdt - 4 f-t = - - 41n 2.

o 0 0 ol+t 3

Thi d(l 2: (DJ thi tuyin sinh D{li hoc kh/Ji B - 2004)

T' h 'I I' I ef, Jl+3In~.lnxdx

111 tlc 1 plan: = .

I X

Ghii

D~t t = ~I + 31n x (khi x = I => t = I; khi x = 3 => t = 2)

Ta co: t2 = I + 31nx => 2tdt = 3dx =:> dx = 2tdt

x x 3

2t(t2-1) 2tdt 2[2 2 ]116

V~y 1= f---.--- = - ft4dt - ft2dt = - .

I 3 3 9 I· , 135

ChllY:

Cac ban hay so sanh voi each giai cling cua thi du nay trinh bay trong thi du 2, loai 1 phan B (plurong phap d6i bi~n s6).

Tlti d(1 3: (DR thi tuyin sinh D{li h!JC kh/Ji A - 2005)

1t

, , , 2fsin 2x + s inx

TlI1h tich phan: I = ~ dx .

o 1+ 3cosx

Trong thi du tren ta sl'r dung nhi€u phuoug phap d~ tinh tich phan I (bang nguyen ham, d6i bi~n s6 loai I, loai 2).

Loai 3: D6i bi&n khi ham duoi dau tich phan co dang ~a2 _x2 hoac (a' + X2)k hoac Jx2 _a2 .

224

Ghli

Dat t = J 1 + 3 cos x (kh i x = 0 => t = 2' kh i x = 2: => t = 1)

. , 2

Ta co t2 = I +3cosx => 2tdt = -3sinxdx

_ ;fSinX(2COSX+I) _ fI2{1+2;-IJ -2'f( ~ ) _34 .

Ta co: I - dx - - - - 2t + I dt - - .

o J I + 3 cos X 2 3 t 9 , 27

Thl d{1 4:

JC

T' I 'I I' I f 3 - 21n x d

In 1 tIC 1 plan: = J x .

, x 1+ 21n x

Giiii

Dat t = Jl+2lnx (khix= I thit=l,khix= Fe thit= J2).

T ' ) 1 ') I d dx V' ,

a co: t- = + ... nx => t t = -. {lY ta co:

x

J2 3 - (t2 -I) J2 J2 2 10 II

f tdt = 4 f dt - f t dt = - J2 - - .

,t " 3 3

1111 d{1 5:

fj

I 1_- f xdx .

Tin 1 tich phan:

o x2 + 2 + 2J];;;2 Giiii

fj fj d(x2+1). 4

Tac61= f(~ (~ f(,p- )' =~f( dt )' (I)

o x2 + I + I 0 x2 + I + I' 1+ Jt

(d~t t = ~ X 2 + I )

D~t 1I = Jt (khi t = I => u = I; t = 4 => 1I = 2):

Ta co ul = t => dt = 211du. V ~y tir (I) ta co:

I =_!_ S 211d1l7 = JI+U-~ du = Sd(l+lI) _ Jd(l+lI~)

2, (I+ut ,(I+ut ,I+u ,(I+lIt

12 I 12 3 I

= In (I + u) + -- = In - - - .

I u + I I 2 6

225

- Khi bi~u tlurc duoi d~lI tich phan co chua bi~lI thirc diroi dang ~a2 - ~ hoac ~ x2 - a2 noi chung ta se g~p kho khan nSu sir dung phuong phap dbi biSn noi trong loai 2 (d~t t = ~-;J hoac t = ~a2 _x2 ). Voi tich phan nay nguoi ta dbi bien nlur sau:

+ NSu bi~u tlurc duoi d~u tich phan co dang ~a2 _x2 ta hay d~t x = asint hoac x = acost.

+ NSu bi~u tlnrc diroi d~u tich phan co clura biSu tlurc diroi dang ~ x2 - a2 ta

a a

hay d~t x = -.- hoac x = -- .

SIl1 t cost

- Khi bi~u thirc duoi d~u tich ph an co chira bieu thirc duoi dang (a2+x2)k ta hay d~t: x = tant hoac x = cott.

Thi d(l 1: (Trich trong iii tlti 11IY&1l sinh D(li hoc kllti B - 2002) J8

Tfnh tich phan: 1 = f ~J 6 - x2 dx . o

Ghli

D~t x = 4sint (khi x = 0 thi t = 0, khi x = 18 thi t = ~ ) => dx = 4costdt.

1[

1[

4 4

Taco: 1= f~16-16sin2t.4costdt= fl6costlcostldt

o 0

1[

4

= 8 f2cos2 dt (vi khi 0 :::; t:::;2:. thi cost >0)

o 4

1[

1[

1[

444 n

=8 f(J+cos2t)dt=8 fdt+8 f2cosdt =2n+4sin2t 4 =2n+4.

o 0 0 0

Nhdn xet:

J8

II Trong qua trinh giai d~ thi b~t buoc phai tinh tich phan I = f ~16 - x2 dx . o

21 M~c d~u hum duoi dfru tich phan co chua din thirc, nen nSu ta bien dbi

giong trong loai 2: t = Ja2 - x2 thi chac chan se g~p r~c r6i (cac ban tlur lam xem va giai thich vi sao lai nlur vay). Day chinh la thi du clurng to rang khong phai cir

th~y ~f (x) la tlurc hien phep dbi bien s6 t = ~f (x) .

IT

IT

ttu d(l 2:

Dat x= Jsintvci t e [-~;~].

KI . 3 fj I' 1t khi 3 I' 1t

11 X = --- t 11 t = -- '11 X = - t 11 t = -.

2 4' 2 6

Ta co: dx = 3costdt, va vi th~

IT

IT

I 6f 3 cos td_t I 6f cos tdt

(do cost >0)

_r: 331cos3tl 9 _2.: Icos3tl

4 4

IT

--

4

IT

1 (, dt 1 (,

= - f-- =-tan t

9 IT cos/t 9 IT

-_

4

Thi d{13:

6

Tinh tich phan: I = f ~ s-Ii x x -9

D~ 3,. l(O 1t)

at x= -- VUlt E ;-

cost 2

(khi x = 3/2 ~ cos t = _!_ ~ t = ~; con khi x = 6 => cost = _!_ ~ t = ~ ).

2 4 2 3

T 'd 3sintdt, d' a co x = --, _ tu 0

cos-t

3 ,..,. d 1 3

1= f .)Sll1t t =- fdt =_2:__.

IT cos2t.-_3- )_9 __ -9 32.: 36

4 cos t cos2t 4

TId d{l 4:

Tinh tich phan:

Giiii

~ , . (1t 1t) kl . fj 1t h3 1t )

Dat x v tant voi t EI--'- ('lIX= --~t=--·x="\I.)~t=-

. \. 2'2 3 6' 3

226

227

IT

6

IT

6

IT

IT

IT

T 'd dt ,

a co: x = --,- nen

cos-t

3 3

f costdt = sin t

Loai 4: D6i bi~n khi bieu tlurc duoi cI~u tich phan co chira ham s6 IUQ'ng giac. Cac phep bi~n d6i thuong clung voi tich phan nay la d~t t = sinx, hoac t = cos x; t = tan x, hoac t = cot x.

tut d{l 1 (D8 tlli tlly81l sinh D{ti hoc klll]i A- 2()09)

IT

1

Tfnh tich phan: 1 = J( cosx - 1 )cos2xclx . o

IT

IT

2 2 2

Ta co 1 = f( cosx -1 )cos2xclx = fcos:ixclx - fcos2xdx

() 0 0

(1)

IT

IT

IT

IT

2 2 2f I -+- 2cosx I 2 1 2f 1t

D~ thay: fcos xdx = -dx = - fclx +- cos2xclx = - .

o 0 2 20 20 4

(2)

IT

IT

2 2

M~t khac: f cos) xdx = f cos 4 X cosxclx

o 0

Do do d~t t = sin x, ta co dt = cos xcix va nr (3) ta co:

(3)

IT

2 _ I ) 2 I I I 8

fcos) xdx = f(l-t-) cit = fclt-2ft2c1t-+- ft4c1t=-.

o 0 0 0 0 15

Thay (2) (4) vao (I) ta co: I=~ -~.

15 4

. Tid d{l 2: (Ei tlti tuy81l sinh D{li hoc kltDi B - 2005)

(4)

IT

1 __ 2f2sin x cos. xcix.

Tinh tich phan:

(J I-+- cosx

Giili

D~t t = cosx (khi do n~u x = 0 => t = 1; x = ~ => t = 0)

IT

2')· 2 d 022 122

'd . d KI' de 1 f~ sin x cos x x f t f t

Ta co: t = -SIllX X. 11 0 = = - -- = --.

o 1 -+- cos x II-+- t 0 1 -+- t

= 21n2 -- I. (tinh nlur trong thi du 3, loai I, ITI\IC 8).

-a

Loai 5: Mot s6 phirong phap d6i bien d~c biet dS tinh tich pharr:

Trong rnuc nay chung toi gioi thieu vai phep d6i bien d~c biet (khong thong dung) dS tinh tich phan vo'i rnuc dich dS cac ban tham khao them.

Dang 1: D6i biSn x =-t Phep d6i biSn nay dung khi:

a

11 Tfnh phan dn tfnh co dang: f f (x )dx, trong do f(x) la ham s6 ch~n hoac

Ie tren [-a; a]

21 Tich phan co dang:

aff(x)dx , -

----, trong do f(x) la ham so chan tren [-a;a] va

1 + kX

-a

k>O. Khi do ta tach tich phan thanh 2 phan: tir -a dSn 0 va tir 0 dSn a. V oi tich phan thuoc phlin tlur nh:h d?t x = -t.

Tltl d{l 1:

1

Tfnh tich phan: 1= fln( x + ~l + x2 )dx. -I

Taco:

1 0 1

1 = fln( x+ ~)dX = fln(x+ ~)dx+ fln( x+~1 + x2 )dX. (1)

-I -I 0

D~t x = -t, khi do

o 0 1 1 1

fln(x + ~)dt = - fln( J1;;2 - t )dt = fin .J];_ 2 dt = - fln( t + J1~~}t .(2)

_I lot + I +t 0

Thay (2) vao (I) ta co: 1=0.

ci« y: Ham duoi dftu tich phan f(x) = In ( x +~) la ham le tren [-1; 1].

ru d{12

2 6 Tinh tich phan: 1 = f x dx .

I + eX -2

228

229

Dang 2: Phep thay bien x = a - t

Phep d6i bi~n nay thirong dung dS tinh cac tinh phiin co c~n tren la a, ham diroi d~u tich phan clura cac biSu thirc IUQ'ng giac va cac bieu thirc nay lien quan d~n c~n tren a (theo nghia chung co m6i lien h~ cua cac ham IUQ'ng giac cua cac goc lien

quan d~c biet). Vi th~ cac tich phan nay thuong co c~n tren la ~ ,21t ,1t , ...

V oi cac tich phan nay, sau khi bi~n d6i x = a-t se dfrn d~n viec giai phirong trinh dan gian rna frn s6 0 diiy la tich phan 1 can tinh.

TIIi d~/l: (DJ tlti tuyi" sill" C{lO dling Sir plutm Hit N{ji - 2004)

11

Tinh tich phiin:

2 . 2004

1 = f Sill X dx .

o sin2004 COS2004x .

Ghii

Dat x = 2: -t => dx = --<it ta co:

. 2

rr

o "004 :; "004

cos- t - cos- t

1 = - f "004 "004 dt = f"OO4 '004 dt.

COS- t + sin- t sin- t + COS- t

n 0

,

11

11

2 S in2004x + COS2004X 2 1t

Tir do suy ra: 21 = f dx = fdx = -.

sin2004 x + cos2004x 2

o 0

Viiyl=2:.

. 4

TIIi tl{1 2:

211

Tinh tich phiin: f x cos3 xdx . o

Ghli

D~t x = 2 1t -t => cosx = -cost va dx = -dt, Ta co:

o 211

1 =- f{21t-t)(cos3t)dt= f{21t-t)(cos3t)dt

211 0

o 211

= 21t f cos3tdt - 1 => 1 = 1t f costdt . (I)

211 0

211 211

Bai toan quyve tinh 1t f costdt , DSth~y 1t f cos3tdt = 0

o 0

(giai nhtr thi du I, loai 4, m~IC B).

Tir (I) suy ra 1=0.

Nhdn xet: Ta co thS giai lai bai toan tren bang each slr dung tich phiin tung phan bang each d~t 1I = x; du = cos'xdx.

(2)

C. PHUONG PHAp rtcn PHAN TUNG PHAN

Phuong phap tich phan tung phdn cling la 1119t trong cac phuong phap co ban nhlit d~ tinh tich phan. C~n nhlin manh r~ng cac bai toan sir dung tich phan tung ph~n d~ tinh tich phan nhieu I~n xulit hien trong cac d~ thi tuyen sinh vao Daihoc va Cao d~ng trong nhirng nam g~n day.

Loai 1: Cac dang toan co ban cua phep lay tich phan tung ph~n.·

Cftn nhan manh rang cac dang toan nay chiem tren 90% cac bai toan Slr dung phirong phap tich ph an tung phftn d~ tinh tich phan trong cac d~ thi nr 2002 dSn 2009 (va 100% trong cac d~ thi tuyen sinh men Toan vao cac truong Dai hoc kh6i A, B, D trong nhirng nam do). Co 4 dang toan chinh:

b b b

1. V6i tich phan dang: fP(x)ekxdx hoac fP{x)sin kxdx; fp(x)coskxdx, o'

a a a

day p(x) la da tlurc thi d4it 1I = P(x) ; dv = ekxdx (hoac dv = sinkxdx, ... ) b

2/ V 6"i tich phan dang fp (x) In k xdx (co th~ ap dung voi 1119t s6 truong hop

a

b I k

co tich phan dang: f n( x)~dX), o' day P(x) la da thirc thi d4it 1I = ln'x, dv = P(x)dx P x

a

dx (hoac dv = p( x) ).

b b

3/ V o-i tich phan dang: fekX sin axdx hoac fekXcosl3xdx,

a a

thi d4it 1I = ekx , dv=sin adx (hoac dv = cos I3dx)

hoac u = sin ax (hoac u = cos I3x), dv = ehdx

TIIi d{l 1: (DJ thi fuyBIl sinh D(li hoc kh/Ji B - 2009)

3

T' I 'I I' I f 3 + In x d

1111 tic 1 plan: = --2 x.

, I (x + I)

Gi:li

3 3

T c , I =3J~- f Inxdx

a co. 2 + ? .

l(x+l) I(x+lt

;:- ,~ 3J dx 3fd (x + I) -I 13 1

Dethay: 2 = ---2 =-- =-.

I (x+l) I (x+l) x+11 4

D~ I d dx

:;tt 1I = nx ~ 1I = - ;

x

dx -I

dv= ~v=--.

(x + 1)2 x + 1

(I )

230

Thea cong thLJ'C tich phan tung phan, ta co:

-In x 13 3f dx -In 3 3f( x + 1) - x -In 3 x 13

1=-- + =--+ dx=--+In--

x+11 I x(x+1) 4 I x(x+1) 4 x+Tll

3

4In-- -ln3

2

27 In-

~ 4

4

27 3+ln~--

Thay (2) va (3) vao (1) ta co: 1= 16

4

TIll d{l 2: (DJ tlti Illyill sinh D(li hoc klltJi D - 2008) 2

fin Xd

Tinh tich phan: I = 3 x.

I X

Giiii

dx fdx-1

TadiH u = Inx ~ du = -; v= -=-.

. x x3 2x2

,3K (') )] -In 2 1 12 3 - 21n 2

V~y + (x+3)- =x " +4x-3 dx = --- = .

I 8 4x2 1 16

Thi d{l 3: (DJ thi luyJIl sinh D(li II!,c klltJi D - 2007)

c

Tinh tich phan: 1= fx31n2 xdx.

I

Giiii

o 2 In xdx f 3 x 4

Vat u = lrr'x ~ du = ; v = x dx = - .

. x 4

, I 4 2 Ie I ef 3 1 4 I ef 2

Taco: I=-x In x -- x Inxdx=-e -- x Inxdx.(1)

4 I 2 I 4 2 I

2 2

Lai dat 1I = Inx ~ 2_+L = 1. Do do:

. . 16 4

Cf 3 I 4 Ie I ef 3 I 4 I 41e 3e4 1

I x In xdx = 4 x In x I - 4 I X dx = 4e -16 x 1 = 16 + 16 .

4

Thay (2) vao ( I ) va co: I = 5e - 1 .

32

Thl d{i 4: (DB thi Illyill sinh D(li hoc khtJi D - 2006) I

Tinh tich phan: 1= f(x-2)e2Xdx. o

(3)

(2)

231

Giai

D~t u = x - 2 => du = dx; v = Je2xdx = 1e2x .

, I ( ) 2x II I If 2x I ( 2 ) I 2x II

Taco: 1 =- x-2 e -- e dx=- -e +2 --e

2 0 20 2 4 0

TId d(1 5: (DJ thi Illyin sinh D(li h(Je khai D - 2004)

3

Tinh tich phan: 1= Jln ( x2 - x )dx . 2

5-3e2 . 4

Giai

¥ 2 2x -I f

Dl;lt 1I = In(x - x) => du = -2 -dx;v = dx = x.

x -x

( )13 3JX(2X-I) 32x-2+1

Tit do: I = x In x 2 - x - ( ) dx = 31n 6 - 21n 2 - J---dx

2 xx-I x-I

2 2

_ 3 3 d ( x - I) 13 _

-ln54-2Jdx- J =ln54-2-ln(x-l) -31113-2.

2 2 x-I 2

I 2

Tinh tich phan: 1 = Jx3eX dx. o

Giai

I 2 I I 2 I I

Taco: 1 = Jx3eX xdx=- fx2eX d(x2)=- fte'dt (I)

o 20 20

I

D~ dang tinh duoc fte'dt = I, v~y 1 = 1. o

Thi (/(17:

7t

2

Tinh tich phan: 1 = fe2Xcos3xdx. o

Giai

D~t u = e2x => du =·2e2xdx; v = Jcos3 xdx = ± sin 3 x .

7t 7t

TI 2 2

Ta co: 1 =~e2x sin3x "2 -~ fe2X sin3xdx = _~e7t -~ fe2X sin Jxdx . (I)

3 0 30 3 30

Lai dilt u = e2x => du 2e2xdx; v = JSin 3 xdx =.!. cos3x .

. . 3

232

233

rr rr

2 1 2: 22 1 2

Vith~: fe2Xsin3xdx=--e2Xcos3x 2+- fe2Xcos3xdx =-+-1.(2)

o 3 0 30 3 3

1 rr 2 4 13 I rr 2 . - 3err - 2

Thay(2)vilO(I)tac6: I=--e ----I ~-I=--e -- ~I=---

3 9 9 9 3 9 13

Chit y: N~u sau khi c6 (I) ta dung phep tich phan tirng phan l~n tlur hai nhir sau:

Dat u = sin3x => du=3cos3xdx; v = fe2Xdx = _!_e2X .

. - 2

rr

rr

2 I -~ 32 I 3

Khi do f22X sin3xdx =_e2x sin3x 2 -- fe2Xcos3xdx = __ err --I. (3)

o 2 20 2 2

o

Thay t.Ij vao I l Lva co : I = _ _!_err +_!_err +1 ¢::> 1=I.(4) 3 3

(4) c6 nghia la ta g~p hien nrong "xoay vong" nrc la sau mot loat phep toanta quay lai d~u bai. Do do ta chua giai quyet duoc bai toan.

Khi ap dung plurong phap tinh tich phan tung phdn tir hai burro tro len, neu khong dn than se g~p "hien tuong xoay vong" va dn phai tranh n6.

Loai 2: Phuong phap tich ph an tung phdn vai cac dang tich phan khac. D8 SIT dung c6 hieu qua phuong phap tinh tich phannrng ph§n khi tinh tich phan, di~u quan trong nh.1t lam sao chon ham u mot each thich hop. Phep chon ham u phai dam bao duoc hai di~u sau day:

II D~ dang tinh diroc fVdu.

21 Thong tluroug khi SIT dung cong thirc tich phan tung ph§n d8 tinh tich phan, ta d~u phai trai qua nhi~u biroc. Vi v~y ham u dn chon sao cho trong cac biroc ti~p

thea SIT dung cong tlnrc tich phan, thi viec tinh fVdu ph Iii ngay cang don gian di,

Thi d(l 1: (DJ thi tuyin sinh Cao aling Giao thong - 2004)

2 2 xd -I-_fxe x2· Tinh tich phan:

0(x+2)

Giiii

~ 2 x d x d f dx I

D~t u = x e => u = xe (x + 2) X, v = 2- = --_ .

(x+2) x+2

Theo cong thirc tinh tich phan tung phan, ta c6:

2 x 12 2 2

I=(x e) + fxeXdx=eX+ fxeXdx.(I)

x+2 0 0 0

1t

2

OS thAy (xem loai I, tich phan tung phan), ta co Jxexdx = e2 + I. (2) o

Thay (2) vao (I), va co I = I.

T'" til! 2: (f)J thi Illyin sinh Cao a&ng Sir pluim klt6i A - 20(4)

4

Tinh tich phan: I = J x tan2 xdx . o

Giai

J 2 JI-cos2x .

D~t u = x =? du = dx; v = tan xdx = 2 dx = tan x - x .•

cos x

Theo cong tlurc tich ph an tung phdn, ta co:

1t 1t 1t

2: 4 4 rc( rc) 4 sin xdx x2 2:

I=x(tanx-x) 4- Jtanxdx+ JXdx =- 1-- - J---+- 4

o 0 0 4 4 0 cos x 2 0

n

_ rc rc2 4 d ( cos x) rc rc2 2: rc rc2 I

----+ J =---+Inlcosxl 4 =-----ln2.

4 32 0 cos x 4 32 0 4 32 2

tut tI(1 3:

I 7

Tfnh tich phan: I = J x dx 2

O(I+x4)

Giai

~ _ 2 _ 3 x3dx I d(l+x4) -I

D:;tt u - x =? du - 4x dx; v = J 2 = - J 2 = ( 4) .

(I + x4) 4 (I + x4) 4 1 + x

, _x4 II Ix3dx Illd(l+x4) I 1 411

Ta co: I = + f-- = -- + - J = -- + -In (I + x )

4( 1 + x4) 0 01 + x4 8 40 1+ x4 8 4 0

21n2 -I

8

234

235

A ~, ?, A

§2. MOT SO UNG Dl)NG CVA TICH PHAN

A. TiNH DltN TICH HiNH PHANG

- Dien tich hinh phang xac dinh boi duong cong y = f(x). Cho hinh pang gioi han boi cac dirong

J v= f(x),y=O

lx=a,x=b (a<b)

a

o y = y(x)

y

y = f(x)

Khi do dien tich S cua no duoc h

tinh boi cong thLI'C: S = ~ f ( x)1 dx

(noi rieng neu f(x) 2: 0 voi b

V X E [a;b], thi S = If(x)dx

A B

a

- Dien tich hinh phang gioi han boi hai duong cong:

<, {y=f(X);y=g(x)

Cho hinh phang gioi han boi:

X = a; X = b (a < b).

Khi do tich phan cua hinh phang duoc tinh boi cong thirc: b

S = II f ( X ) _ g ( x ) I dx ,

a

Giai bai toan tim dien tich hinh phang tlurong c6 11I'9'c d6 chung d~ giai nhu sau: - Ve hinh (neu th~y can thi~t va d~ ve, Khi ve duong cong chi nen ve phac hinh)

- Tim giao di~m cua cac duong tao nen hinh phang,

- SU' dung cac cong tlurc du neu 0' tren,

Loa] 1: Cac bai toan c6 th~ ve phac duoc hinh cAn tinh dien tich:

V6i cac bai toan thuoc loai nay viec ve hinh giup cho viec nhan dien hinh dn tinh d~ dang hon nhieu. Dl nhien ta chi dn luu tam d~n hinh dang cua hinh, nen viec ve hinh chi dn la ve phac rna thai!

Thl d!, 1: (DJ thl tuyill sinh D(li h!JC kh;Ji A _ 2002)

Tim dientich gioi han boi cac duong y = Ix2 _ 4x + 31 va y = x+3,

Hai d6 th] Y Ix2 4x +31 va

. y = x + 3 d~u r~t d~ ve, vi th~ ta c6 ngay hinh ve sau:

Tir hinh ve ta suy ra hoanh U9 giao di~m A, B la nghiem cua phuong trinh: x2 _ 4x + 3 = x +3

(vi n6 dt nhau tren phAn rna

x2_ 4x + 3 > O)~ x = 0 hoac x = 5.

Taco:

I

S = [( x + 3) - ( X 2 - 4 x + 3) ] dx o

3

+[(X+?)-(-X2 +4X-3)Jdx I

5

+ [ ( x + 3) - ( X 2 - 4 x + 3) ] dx 3

I 3

= J(-X2 +5x)dx+ J(X2 -3x+6)dx

o I

5 109

+ J( _X2 + 5x )dx = -(dvdt)

3 6

Thl t/(l 2: (Bi thi tuyin sin" B(li hoc kltai B - 2002)

Tim dien tich hinh phang gioi han boi cac duong: y = ~ va y = x~.

. v4-4 4,,2

g {Y20

Ta co: y = ~ x2 y2

-+-=1 16 4

x

-2

2 2

Yay db thi cua no la rnra tren cua elip ~ + L = l.

. . 16 4

2

D~ thfty y = x r,:: la parabol, nen ta CO hi nh ve sau: 4,,2

Theo thi du I, loai 3, muc B, ta co:

2~ 4

J ~16-x2dx=21t+4. Tir do tir I l j suy ra S= 21t+-(dvdt)

o 3

236'

237

TIzi d{13:

Tim dien tich hinh phang gioi IWn boi

, d ' 2 x2 2, 8

cac uang: y = x ; y = - ; y = - va y = -.

4 x x

Ghli

y = :\2

Ve phac hinh tren co dang sau:

Bang cac xet cac plnrong trinh:

x2 = ~ ¢::? x = 3'2 . x2 =! ¢::? x = 2 .

"L. , '

X X

x2 2 1,{;:;, x2 8

_ = - ¢::? x = ~ 2 va - = - <=> x = iffi .

4 x 4 x

Ta suy ra co 3 giao di~m A, B, C

voi hoanh d9 giao di~m IAn IUQ't la:

ifi;2;iffi . D~ thay:

s= J(x2 -~)dX+ J(!_£]

¥2 x 2 X 4

Cac tich phan tren d~u tinh duoc mot each d~ dang va ta se co:

S = 81n V4 + 21n V4 = _!_2_ In 4 (dvtt). 4

4 •

1.

y=~ y=;

--x

.J

·1

," .,

. .':3~ 4 5

Loai 2: Cac hili toan tinh dien tich hinh phang rna viec ve hinh kho thuc hien. V6i cac bai toan loai nay chua th~ nh~n ra ngay khi nao f(x) > g(x) (hoac f(x) < g(x)). VI th~ each t6t nhfit khi tinh dien tich S la su dung cong thirc:

b

S = II f ( x) I dx ,

a

va xu li thea each tinh tich phan trong truong hop ham diroi dfiu tich phan co chua

dfiu gia trj tuyet d6i.

b

Dang 1: B6 sung v~ tinh tich phan dang: II f (x) I dx .

a

Khi giai cac loai bai t~p nay truce h~t phai ti~n hanh xet dfiu d~ pha di cac dfiu gia tri tuyet d6i (kien tlurc hay dung nhfit la sir dung dinh Ii v~ dfiu cua tam thirc b~c hai, nhi thirc b~t nhfit va su dung duong tron dan vi d~ xet dfiu cac ham luong giac).

Thi du l: (Di thi fuyin sin" D{li hoc, Cao a{ing kllai D - 2003) 2

Tinh tich phan: I = II x2 - x Idx o

Giiii

T~ co bilnret d~u ~u: 2

Dua vao duong tron don vi ta co ngay:

sint < 0 khi -~ < t < 0 va sin t> 0 khi 0 < t < 3n .

4 4

Tic do I ",fir - -l sintdt + 3} sin tdt) " 2-./2 .

Dang 2: Tim dien tich hinh phang.

Thi d!l: (DJ thi tllY;1l sinh D(ti ltoc klu1i A - 2007)

Tim dien tich hinh phang gioi han boi hai duong cong y = (e + I)x va y = (l + e')x

Ghii

Hoanh dQ giao diSm cua hai duong la nghiem cua plurong trinh: (e + I)x = (I + e')x ~ x( e" - e) = 0 ¢::> x = 0 va x = I.

Tic do dien tich S cfrn tim duoc tinh thea cong tlurc:

I I

S = ~(I +ex )x-{I +e)xldx = ~x(ex -e)ldx. (I)

o 0

Khi 0 < x < I thi x> 0; can e" - e < 0, nen nr (I) ta co:

I I I

s= fx(e-ex)dx=efxdx- fxexdx.

o 0 0

I

D~ tluly: fXdx =.~ Theo cong tlurc tinh tich phan tirng phan thi

o 2

I 2

Tic bang xet d~u tren, ta co: 1= f( x - x2 )dx + f( x2 - x )dx ::: I.

o I

tt« d{1 2:

IT

Tinh tich phan: I::: fJl=~in 2xdx. o

Ghii

Tac6 1= iJ' -cos( ~ -2x }X" IFn2( ~- x}x

3rr

~ -./2]sin( ,} )r' c_ J2 !I sin t] dt ,

4

V~y S = ~ - I (dvtt),

Nhdn xet: V oi thi du nay, viec ve hinh khong dun gian chut nao!

238

a

B. TiNH THE TicH v ~ T THE

_ Gia sir v~t th~ sinh boi hinh phang gioi han boi cac duong

{y = f (x); y = 0 , ' , ;:, ,.;: s. ,

va quay quanh true Ox, Khi do the tich V eua vat the ay la:

x = a; x = b (a < b)

G" , I' I h~ ioi h boi l 'd' {y=f(X);y=g(x)

ra sir 111l 1 pang grot an 0'1 iar uong : x = a; x = b

va dem quay quanh true Ox, Khi do th~ tich V cua v~t th~ tao thanh la: b

V = 1t JI f2( x) - g2 (x) I dx.

a

Thi t1{1 1: (DJ thi tllyill sinh D(li hoc kl,{ii B - 2007)

Cho hinh phang gio'i han boi cac duong y = xlnx; y = 0 va x = e. Dem hinh phang quay quanh true Ox, Tim th~ tich kh6i tron xoay thu duoc

Ghii

Ta tim giao diSm ella y = xlnx vO'i true hoanh. Hoanh dQ cua giao diem la nghiem cua phuong trinh xlnx = 0 <=> x = I (do x>O)

e

V ~y V = 1t J x 2 In 2 xdx , (I ) I

c

Tich phan 1t Jx2 In2 xdx duoc tinh thea cong tlurc tich phan tung phcln 10~i I,

I

Bang phep tinh tuong W nhu trong thi du 3, loai I, phcln C,

eJ 2 2 Se3 - 2 Se3 - 2

ta co: x In xdx= .Vaytlr(J)suyraV= (dvtt),

. 27' 27

I v

TIt! d{1 2:

Cho hinh phang S gioi han boi cac

d ' 2 27, x2 T'

uong: y = x; y =-va y=-. un

x 27

th~ tich V khi dem hinh S quay quanh true Ox,

Giai

D~ th~y cac giao di~m A, B nrong irng eo hoanh dQ la x = 3 va x =9.

GQi VI, V 2, V 3 nrong irng la th8 tieh cua cac v~t th~ sinh boi khi dem

~..---- ..----

eung OA, AB va OB quay quanh Ox.

Khi do ta co:

239

24 . 3 d

T' h " I A I f SIn X X

In tic 1 plan: = .

o 1+ cosx

Bai 2: (DJ tlti tuyill sinh Cao adng Kinh d Tal chinh - 2005)

1

T' h " ,A I f xdx D ' _( I

111 tic 1 plan: = 3 ; ap so: -.

o(x+I) 8

Daps6:2.

[3 2 !{27)2 RX2J2] 972rc

V=VI+V]-V]=rc f(x2) dx+ -, dx- - dx =-- (dvtt)

o 3 X 0 27 5

BAI TJP tir GIAI

SU dung phuong phap bang nguyen ham, tinh cac tich phan sau:

Bai 1 (fJd thi tuyen sinh Cao (Mng sir phani Quang Ngiii - 2006)

11

Bai 3: (J)J thi tuyill sinh Cao alillg NOllg ltim)

1 _

Tinh tich phan: I = fx~ + Idx. o

Bai 4: (DJ thi tllyill sinh Cao alillg Y ti - 2006)

2J2 -I Daps6: ---

3

11

2 .

T" ich ,A I fS II1X - cos x d

1111 tic plan: = .J x.

. 11 I +sin2x

D' _( II 2

apso: - n .

2

~

4

Bai 5:

Dap s6: J2 - I .

Bat 6:

11

2 . d

, h " ,A I f Sill X X

Till tic 1 plan: = .

01 + 3cosx

D' _( I, 4 ap so: - n .

3

B(li 7:

1

Tinh tich phan: I = f~ .

I +ex o

SU dung phep d6i bi~n, tich cac tich phan sau:

Bai 8:

fJ' _( I 2e

apso: n--.

I+e

o

Tinh tich phan: 1= f x~x + Idx. -I

, -9 Dap so: -. 28

240

Bl,i 9:

I __ ,nfS e2xdx .

Tinh tich phan:

1112~

Btli 10:

II

2

Tinh tich phan: I = f~1 - cos3x sin xcos5 dx. o

Biii 11:

I x2dx

Tinh tich phan: I - f--~== -o(x+I)~·

BtU 12:

1112

Tinh tich phan: I = f ~dx. o

Blti 13:

n •

T' h 'I I" I -_ f X SIl1 X dx. 111 tic 1 plan:

o 1 + cos 'x

Hu611g dcl""n: D~t x = 1( -t .

Blti 14:

I 6

Tinh tich phan: 1= fx5 (1- x3) dx. o

lJ' d;;' D~ 1 3 ttuong an: ~t t = -x.

D' : 20 apso: -.

3

D' : 12

apso: -.

91

16-1112 Dap s6: ----

3

, 4-1( Dap so: --. 2

o

D' : 1(apso: -. 4

D' : 1

apso: -.

168

SU dung phep tich ph an tung phfrn tinh cac tich phan sau:

Blti 17:

II

2

Tinh tich phan: 1= feSil1X sin 2xdx. o

Btii 18:

2

Tinh tich phan: 1= fx21n xdx .

I

BiU 19:

II

2

Tinh tich phan: I = f (x + I) sin 2xdx . o

Dtip s6: 2.

D' : 2 3 1

apso: -e +-.

9 9

D' : 1( 1 apso: -+ .

4

241

D' : 16 (d ) ap so: -7t vtt).

15

Beii 20:

2fln(I+X)

Tinh tich phan: I = 2 dx ,

X

I

Dap so: 3In2-~ln3, 2

Sir dung cac phep th~ d?c biet tinh cac tich phan sau:

B(li 21:

2

Tinh tich phan: I = f~' 04+x

D' : 7t apso: -,

8

Biii 22:

.fj~

Tinh tich phiin: I = f 1+2 X dx .

I X

, ( h)( t; ) 3J2 -?J3

Dap so: In 2+\/3 \/2-1 + ~ 3 - ,

Bl,i 23:

I

T' I 'I I" I f xdx

tnh ticn pnan: = 4 2 '

OX +x +1

Btli 24:

D' : 7t.J3 apso: ---,

18

12

T' I 'I I" I 2J x2dx 1111 tlc 1 plan: = c-2 '

o -vl-x-

Bt;; 25:

D' : 7t I apso: ---,

8 4

5

Tinh tich phan: I = f (I X + 21-1 X - 21)dx , -3

Dap so: 8,

Btii 26:

Tim dien tich hinh phang gioi han boi parabol (P): y = x2 + 4x + 5 va hai ti~p

tuyen cua (P) tai di~m A (I; 2); B( 4;5) nam tren (P)

Dap s6: ~ (dvdt). 4

B(;; 27:

Tinh dien tich hinh phang gioi han boi cac duong y = sinlx] va y = Ixl- 7t Dap ... 6: 4+ 7t 2 (dvdt).

Bai 28:

Cho hinh phang tao boi hai dirong y = 2X_X2 va y = 0, Tim th~ tich vat th~ khi dem hinh phang quay quanh true Ox,

242