Bai giang sé 16 HAM 56 8A THUC Ham s6 la mt trong nhiing ngi dung cha yéu cia mén Toan duge giang day trong nha trudng phé théng, cha dé ham sé lun lun 1a cau sé 1 trong moi dé thi vé mén Toan vao cac trudng Dai hoc va Cao dang. Ham sé da thie va ham sé phan thie ld hai cdu thanh chinh eda chuyén mye ham s6, Bai ging nay dé cp dén céc bai ton lién quan dén ham sé da thi, trong bai giing s6 17 sé trinh bay cc bai todn tuong tyr nhung déi véi Iép ham sé phan thitc. 1. BAI TOAN TIEP TUYEN VOI HAM DA THUC Cac kién thite co ban sau day luén fuén duge sir dung dén trong qua trinh giai ton. Cho dudng cong y = f(x) va diém M nim trén dung cong ¢6 hoanh d6 la x0. Goi ay 1a hé sé goc cua tiép tuyén voi dudng cong tai M. Khi dé ta cé: I/ ay = ¥"(Xo) = F(X). 2/ Phuong trinh tiép tuyén voi dudng cong tai M lay —yo=y'(xo).(X— x0) (1) Cha y rang (1) 1a phuong trinh tiép tuyén vi dudng cong y = f(x) tai diém M cho truéc trén duéng cong, con cdc truong hop khac dé giai cac bai toan vé tiép tuyén ngudi ta sir dung két qua sau: Cho hai dug y = f(x) va y= g(x). Hai dung tiép xtc voi nhau tai diém M ¢6 hoanh 49 xo néu nhur hé sau day théa man: royce, £'(xo)=8'(X0) véi dung cong, sau dé sé sir dung cng thirc (1) ndi trong phan mé dau. Xét cde thi dy sau: Thi du 1: (Dé thi tayén sinh Dai hoc khéi A -2009) Cho dung cong: y Viét phuong trinh tiép tuyén voi (C) biét ring tiép tuyén cat true hoanh tai A, truc tung tai B sao cho OAB Li tam gidc vudng cn tai O, & day O 1a géc toa 46. 286-1 Ta c6: y’ = ———,. Vi tip tuyén tao voi hai truc toa dé mét tam gic (2x +3) vudng cén nén hé sé géc cia tiép tuyén Ia + 1. : : -1 Xq =-2 . Khi dé ay = + 1 > — zat] 7 (2x9 +3) Xp aol. Khi x = -2, thi yo = -4, lite d6 tiép tuyén c6 dang y = -x-2. Khi xp =-1, thi yo = 1, luc dé tiép tuyén c6 dang y = —x (trudng hop nay loai vi y =-x di qua géc toa d6, nén khdng tao thanh tam gidc OAB). Vay co duy nhat X—2 la tiép tuyén can tim. Thi du 2: (Dé thi tuyén sinh Dai hoc khdi B- 2004) 1 Cho ham sé y = —x*~ 2x?+ 3x (C). Viét phuong trinh tiép tuyén A ctia (C) tai 3 diém uén va chimg minh A la tiép tuyén cla (C) co hé s6 géc nho nhat. Ta cé y= x?— 4x +3 vay” = 2x — 4. Tir dé suy raM (23) 1a diém udn cita (C). Tiép tuyén véi (C) tai M cd dang: y 3 -(x-2)>y Tiép tuyén nay co hé s6 goc a = —1. Mat khac tiép tuyén vai (C) tai diém bat ki trén (C) c6 hoanh 46 x c6: ay = x°—4x +3 =(x—-2P -12 -1=a= dpem. Nhéin xét: Dé thay ta c6 két qua téng quat nhu sau (v6i ching minh hoan toan tuong ty): V6i duong cong y = ax’ + bx’ + cx + d voi a>0 thi tigp tuyén tai diém udn c6 hé sd géc bé nhat; (con khi a <0 thi hé sé géc lai Ion nhat). Thi du 3: (Dé thi tuyén sink Dai hoc khéi D - 2005) Goi (Cy) 1a 44 thj cia ham sé y = a ~ox + t . Goi M 1a diém thudc (Cn) cé hoanh dé bang —1. Tim m dé tiép tuyén véi (Cn) tai M song song voi dudng thing 5x -y=0. Duong thing 5x — y = 0 co hé sd géc bang 5, nén dé tiép tuyén tai M song song véi A trudc hét ta can cd: y"(-1)=5 & m+1=5 om =4. Khi m = 4 thi tiép tuyén c6 dang: y — (-2) = $(x + 1) > y = 5x +3. RO rang dudng nay song song voi A, vay m= 4 a gid tri duy nhat can tim. Thi du 4: Cho y = x°+ 1 ~m(x + 1) (Cy). Tim m dé tiép tuyén voi (C,) tai giao diém ciia né v6i truc tung, tao véi hai true toa d6 mét tam gide cé dign tich bang 8. Dé thay M(O; 1 - m) Ia giao diém cua (C,,) voi truc tung, nén cing dé thay y=-mx + 1 —m la tiép tuyén v6i (Cy) tai M. 287Goi A, B tong img la giao diém ciia tiép tuyén nay voi truc hoanh va truc tung, ta cé ngay: A= (SS *) va B=(0; 1 —m). (cha y khi m = 0, thi tiép tuyén song song véi Ox nén foai kha nang nay). Tir do: | Vl-m (1-my Song =82 ZOAOB=862 3]! -mj-8e> = 7) a6 2 2) m |m| m=9+4V5 m=-7+4y3. Dé 1a 4 gid tri can tim ciia tham so m. Thi dy 5: Cho duémg cong (C): y = x? -2x? + 8x + 5, Chung minh khéng co bat ki hai tiép tuyén nao ctla dung cong lai vudng géc voi nhau. Giai Gia sir trai lai od hai dung tiép tuyén cia (C) vuéng B60 voi nhau. Goi x1, x2 tong iing la cdc hodnh d@ cita hai tiép diém ciia hai tiép tuyén ay. Goi ai, ap Kin luot 1a cdc hé sé gc ctia hai tiép tuyén tai cdc diém trén (C) c6 hoanh dé x), x2. Khi do tir ayay=-1 => y'(x).y( 1 => (3X; — 2x) + 7)3Xz— 2x2 + 7) =-1 (1). Tam thite f(t) = 3? - 2t + 7 cd A’<0 nén f(t) > 0 Vt eR. Tir dé va tir (1) suy ra mau thudn. Vay gia thiét phan chitng la sai > dpem. Thi du Cho y = 33x +1(C). V/ Viét phuong trinh tiép tuyén vii (C) tai diém co hoanh d6 x = 2 2/ Tiép tuyén 6 cau 1/ cit lai dudng cong (C) tai diém M’. Tim toa 46 cia M’. 1/ Tiép tuyén tai M c6 phuong trinh: 9(x—2) a y=9x- 15. 6 cau I/ cit (C) tai M’. Xét phuong trinh: x'-3x +1 =9x—15 <> x 12x+16 (2) Chi y rang (2) chde chin co nghiém x = 2, vi thé (2) ¢>.x°- 8 - 12x +24=0 <> (x—2)(x?+ 2x - 8) =0 2 (x-2)'(x+4)=0 of? 4. Vay M’(—4; —51) la giao diém thir hai cua tiép tuyén tai M vdi (C). Thi dy 7: Cho durong cong y = x’ — 3x” +1 (C). Ching minh ring trén (C) ton tai vo s6 cap diém ma hai tiép tuyén tai ting cp diém song song voi nhau. 288 ‘Taco y’ = 3x°- 6x. Bai toan da cho c6 dang tuong duong sau: Chimg minh rang ton tai vo sé k sao cho cdc phuong trinh: 3x°- 6x =k ay déu cé hai nghiém phan biét. Taco (1) <> 3x°-6x-k=0 2) Dé thay A’>0 <> 9+3k>0 ok >-3 (3). Tir (3) suy ra dpem. Nhén xét: 1/ Két qua trén van dang cho moi duéng cong bac ba tay y. 2/ Ce ban hay ty chimg minh nhan xét sau: Moi dudng thing néi timg cp — Hole 1a quy vé bai toan loai | (tie la quy vé tim tiép diém cia tiép tuyén v6i dung cong da cho). — Hoac 1a str dung ménh dé vé diéu kién hai dudng tiép xtic v6i nhau da trinh bay trong phan mé dau. Phuong phap t thir hai !4 phuong phap hay duge sir dung hon, Thi dy 1: (Dé thi tuyén sinh Dai hoe Cao diing khdi B - 2008) Cho dudng cong y = 4x" - 6x" + 1 (C). Viét phuong trinh tiép tuyén voi (C) biét ring tiép tuyén di qua digém M(-1; -9 Di qua diém M(-1; -9) thi x = -1 chdc chan khéng phai la tiép tuyén v6i (C) nén moi tiép tuyén ctia (C) di qua M phai c6 dang: y = k(x + 1) -9 Goi Xo 1 hoanh d6 tiép diém, ta c6 hé phurong trinh sau: 4x} - 6x2 +1=k(xy +1)-9 (1) 12x} - 12x =k (2). Thay (2) vao (1) rdi rit gon ta cé: Xo Ax) + 3X5 —6%y —5=0 <> (Xp +1)(4x9 -Nq ~5)=0 S 7 Xo= + Khi xo=—1, thi k = 24. Lute nay tiép tuyén la y = 24x + 15. I 7 5 15 ‘ ce 1 +Khix=— thik= —. Lic nay tiep tuyen lay = — 4 4 ae ‘ 4 Nhdn xét: Trong thi du trén diém M(-1; ~9) € (C). Vi thé néu ta cho ring M é (C), nén tiép tuyén co dang: Y= 9) = VEN (x + 1) = 24(x + 1) => y = 24x + 15 2 Giai nu vay s& thigu dap sé: y = Bx 4 :Tir 6 ta c6 bai hoc sau: Phai phan biét xem dau bai yéu cau viét phuong trinh tiép tuyén véi (C) tai diém M, hay qua M (diém M nim trén (C) hay khong nim trén (C) khéng déng vai trd gi day ca). Thi du 2: Cho dudng cong y = 3x" -3x? 4 (C). Viét phuong trinh tiép tuyén voi (C) biét tiép tuyén di qua diém M(0; 3 y Gi Lap ludn nhur thi dy 1 tiép tuyén ¢ dang: y = kx #4 i Goi x9 la hoanh 46 tiép diém. Khi d6 c6 hé phuong trinh sau: grb oS = boy 43 ) 2x} —3x9 =k Q) xp =0 Thay (2) vao (1) rdi rat gon ta e6: x5 (x5 -2)=0-< Oo Tir dé suy ra c6 ba tigp tuyén: y = : =-Wix+dsy= Wine, Thi du 3: C6 bao nhieu tiép tuyén di qua diém M(-2; 5) voi dong cong (C): y= x= 9x7 + 17x +2, Moi tiép tuyén voi (C) qua M 6 dan tiép diém. Khi do ta c6 hé: [xb -9xG 417K +2=k(xo+2)+5 (1) = k(x + 2) + 5. Goi Xo 1a hoanh do [x5 + 18x 417 =. (2) Thay (2) vio (1) ri iit gon, ta 06: (Xo~ 1)(2x0"— Xo+ 17) = 0 (3) Déi voi duong cong bac ba sé tiép tuyén bang sé tiép diém (vi mdi tiép tuyén voi y = ax + bx’ + cx + d=0, a #0, chi tiép xtc voi dung cong tai mot tiép diém duy nhat). Vi thé s6 nghigm cua (3) bing sé tiép tuyén véi (C) tai M. Do phuong trinh 2xo?— xo— 37 = 0 (4n xp) c6 hai nghiém phan biét khde 1, nén (3) c6 ba nghiém phan biét, vi thé qua diém M vé duge ba tiép tuyén dén (C). Thi dy 4: Cho dung cong y = x'~ 3x +2 (C). Tim cde diém M (C) sao cho qua M chi cé thé vé duge duy nhat mét tiép tuyén dén (C). Gi: ém thudc © cn tim. Tiép tuyén qua M 6 dang: (xa) + a 3042. Goi Xo 1a hoanh 46 tiép didn, tacé hé: Gia sit M (a; 3042) : 290x) ~3x9 +2=k(xp-a)+a>—3a+2 (I) 3x§ -3=k (2). Thay (2) vao (1) rdi rat gon, ta c6: 2x} ~3ax} +03 =0 <> (xy -a)" (2x9 +a) =0 @). - Tir gid thiét suy ra (3) (An xo) phai cé nghiém duy nhdt. Digu nay xay ra khi va chi khi a = Vay M(0;2) la diém duy nhat trén (C) can tim. Nhén xét: Diém M (0; 2) chinh ta diém udn ctia (C). Ta c6 két qua sau (chimg minh hoan toan twong ty va xin dank cho ban doe). Két qua ctia thi du trén hoan toan ding voi moi dudng bac ba y = ax’ + bx? + ex +d, a#0. Thi du $: Tim cac diém fren trye hoanh sao cho tr 46 vé duge ba tiép tuyén dén dé thi ctia (C): y =x? + 3x”, trong dé cé hai tig tuyén vudng géc voi nhau. Giai Goi M(a;0) la diém can tim. Tiép tuyén vai (C) qua M co dang: y=k(x-a). Goi Xo la hoanh dé tiép diém, thi ta cé hé: x} +3x9 =k (x9 —) () 3x) + 6x9 =k (2). Thay (2) vao (1) rdi rit gon ta cé két qua: Xo =0 (3) F(xp)=2x§ +3(I-a)xp-6a=0 (4) Dé (3) va (4) 66 ba nghigm phan biét thi (4) can cé hai nghiém phan biét khdc 0. | a<-3 = A Didu dé xdy ra khi : * ee {oreo aot va aso 2x) +3(1- 0) x2 —6axy <> Tai diém M, cé hoanh d9 0 thi theo (2) suy ra tiép tuyén voi (C), tai M song song v6i Ox. Vi moi dudng thang song song voi Oy khong phai la tiép tuyén cla (C), nén dé théa man digu kién dau bai thi cdc tiép tuyén vi (C) tai diém My, Mp phai vuéng géc voi nhau. Hoanh d6 Mi, M; tuong img 1a cac nghiém ty, t cla phuong trinh: 2e +3(1-ajt-6a=0 (5) Hé sé géc cia wep tuyén nay theo (2) tyong Ging 1: =3P 7 Otis kas 3 + 6p. Tir d6 ky.ky= 1 = Gt? + 6t). Gt? + 62) = -1 <2 tity)? + 18t,t(t) + 2) + 36tit,= =I (6).< 3 Ap dung dinh li Viet ta cé tity = D seta =—3a nén tir (6) sau khi rat 1 ntacd:-27a+ 1=0 a a=— gon ta cé: -27a | a Vay M( ¥ :0) la diém duy nhat trén C edn tim. §2. BAI TOAN VE CUC TRI VOI HAM DA THUC Ngoai vige sir dung thanh thao cde quy tic 1, quy tic 2 tim eye dai vi eye tidu ciia him sé (da trinh bay trong sich gido khoa), ta luén diing dén céc két qua sau: = Duong cong y = ax’ + bx’+ cx + d= 0 (a ¢ 0) c6 eye dai, ewe tiéu khi va chi khi phuong trinh y* = 3ax” +# 2bx + ¢ = 0 c6 hai nghigm phan bigt. = During cong y = ax! + bx? + cx? + dx + e = 0 (a # 0) c6 ba cue trj khi va chi khi phuong trinh y’ = 4ax'+ 3bx? + 2cx + d = 0 c6 ba nghiém phan biét. — Gia str y = ax’ + bx? + ex + d dat cyte trj tai hai diém cé hoanh d6 x), x2. Khi 46 dé tinh gid tri cue trj ta con cé thé lam nhu sau: Goi y=Ax+Bla phan du trong phép chia cla f= ax* + bx’ + ex + d cho dao ham y’ = 3ax? + 2bx + ciia nd. Khi dé: y(x1) = Ax) + B; y(x2) =Ax2 + B. Khi sir dung nhan xét nay, phai chimg minh lai nhu sau: Ta co: y = ax’ + bx’ + cx +d = (3ax” + 2bx + c)(Cx + D) + Ax + B, 6 day Cx +D Ia thuong trong phép chia ndi trén. Vi y"(x1) = y"(%2) = 0 dpem. Cac d Lép bai toan nay thuéng cé dang sau: Tim tham s6 dé cdc ham sé cé cute tri va cue tri nay théa man nhing diéu kign nao dé cho truée. Luge dé chung dé gidi cée bai todn nay sé la sir dung digu kign tn tai eye tri véi cdc da thife bac ba, bac bén, két hop vdi viée str dung cdc két qua vé da thite bac hai, dinh li Viet, li thuyét vé phuong trinh va bat phuong trinh. Thi dy 1: (Dé thi tuyén sinh Dai hoe khdi B- 2007) Cho ham sé y =x? + 3x?+ 3(m?= Ix -3m?= 1 Tim m dé ham sé c6 cue dai, cuc tigu va cdc diém eye tri cdch déu géc toa do. Gi Truéc hét ham sé c6 cue trj khi phurong trinh y’ = 0 cé hai nghiém phan biét. Tacé y’ = 0 <> 3x’+ 6x +3m"-1=0 ox 2x— mt l=o (WD (1) c6 hai nghigm phan bigt <> A’ = m’>0 <> m #0 2) Khi théa man (2) ham sé c6 cye tri tai A(I-m; -2— 2m’) va B(+m; ~2+2m’). Theo bai ra ta 6: OA = OB ¢9 (1 - mj’ + (-2 - 2m’)?= (1 +m)? + (2 + 2m’) 292eo 4m'=m eo m= 1 (dom#0)<9 mass. Vay m= la hai gia trj can tim coa m. Thi du 2: (Dé thi tuyén sinh Dail ge | kh6i B - 2002) : Cho dudng cong y = mx! +. (mo — 9)x? + 10 (Cun). Tim m dé dudng cong (C,,) 6 ba cye tri. Dudng cong (C,,) ¢6 ba cye trj khi va chi khi phuong trinh y’ = 0 cé ba nghiém phan biét. Taco y’ =0 <> 4mx’+(m-—9)x=0 (dy) x=0 2 ope @) 2mx? =9~m?. (3) Nhu vay (1) c6 ba nghigm phan biét khi va chi khi (3) c6 hai nghiém phan ae Ome m<-3 bigt khdc 0 tifc la khi va chi khi ~~ > 0. (4) 2m 0 3x? + 4(m-— 1)x + (m?—4m + 1) =0. () (1) e6 hai nghigm phan bigt khi va chi khi 2-3 oie 2 Q) m>-2+V3 Khi thoa min (2) dung cong dat cuc tri tai hai diém phan biét x = x), x = x2 1a hai nghigm ctia (1). Theo dinh li Viet, ta cd: 4(1- 2 ( oT _m? 4m +h Xp +X) = oe nal a x) +X, Tir d6 ta c6: — +— == (x +x) 9 “1 *2 = (x, +x) ono X|Xp I-m=0 m Xp +X) =0 5 = \ | mame m= XjXy =2 iar eae ats 3 = m=5. Béi chiéu véi diéu kign (2) suy ra.¢6 hai gid tri cd tim cita m la m = 1 vam =5 Nhén xét: Thi dy trén 1a mét minh hoa cho tinh can thiét tim digu kién 48 cho ham sé trude hét phai o6 eye tri. 293Thi du 4: Cho yap? 3, Tim m dé dung cong chi c6 cuc tiéu ma khong co cyc dai. Giai 3 Ta cé y’ = x°— 2mx = x(x’~ 2m). Khi m <0 thi x’- 2m 2 0. Khi dé ta co bang bién thién sau: 9 * = 0 + a Ham sé chi c6 cyte tiéu ma khdng c6 cure dai. Khi m>0, ta co bang bién thién sau: x v2m 0 -V2m Vale 0 fe One 0 + Tir 46 suy ra loai truéng hop nay vi ham sé c6 cyte dai va cue tiéu. Vay m <0 1a gid trj can tim. Thi du 5: Cho ham sé y = Exit (m2) Sm + 4)x-+3m+ 1 Tim m dé ham sé dat cy trj tai x1, xz sao cho x1<2 0m <0 hoe m>9 (2). Khi théa man (2) dung cong dat eye tri tai x1, x2 1a hai nghigm cia (1). Dé théa man diéu kién x) <2 0. 2(x + X2) — 2x1X.—4 > 0 (3) Tir dinh li Viet voi a a suy ra: 4(2 — m)- (5m + 4)-4> 0 > m<0(4) 5 +d dat cye tri tai 2 diém M,(x1; y1), MaGa yo). Khi dé dé viét phuong trinh dudng thang di qua M;, M2 c6 hai cach nhur sau: ~ Sit dung céng thite quen biét ciia hinh hoe gidi tich viét phuong trinh dudng thing di qua hai diém Mi, Mo. —Néu go y = Ax + B la phan du trong phép chia cia Ye ax* + bx? + ex +d cho y’= 3ax’ + 2bx +c, thi y = Ax + B chinh la dudng thang cén tim. Thi dy 1: (D8 thi tuyén sink Dai hoc khdi A— 2002) Cho dudng cong y = =x) + 3mx? + 3(1 — m’)x + m’ — m? (C). Viét phuong trinh duong thang di qua hai diém cyc tri ctia (C). 294Ta cé y’=—3x" + 6mx + 3(1 —m’), Vi thé y’ = 0 x°— 2mx + m>- 1 =0(1). Do A’=1>0 voi moi m, nén (1) ludn c6 hai nghigm phan biét, tire 1a dung cong luén cé cyre dai va cyce voi moi m. Dé thay A = (m-1;-m ? + 3m — 2) va B(m + 1; -m? + 3m + 2) 1a hai diém cye trj cla (C). Dudng thing ndi A, Bcd dang: y-(-m? +3m-2 ~(m=1 tnt amaz) ee =m? +3m+2-(-m +3m~2) m+1-(m-1) Thi dy 2: Cho duting cong bac ba y = 5x° + 7x*—9x + 1 (C) : Viét phuong trinh dudng thing di qua cye dai, eye tigu cia (C) Ta c6 y= 0 ¢> 15x°+ 14x-9 = 0(1) Do (1) chéc chin c6 hai nghiém phan biét (do &= -3< 0), nén (C) 06 eye a dai, cure tidu. Ap dung phép chia da thite y = 5x"+ 7x?- 9x + I cho y’= 15x2+ 14x~9 ta c6: Sx°+ 7x2 9x + 1 = (15x? +14x - 9) geos (e+) cosas. Vay y= 2 a la dudng thang can tim! -74V, Nhdn xét: Trong thi dy trén, (1) 06 hai nghiém: x ae Vigc tim yi, y2 la qua phife tap, do dé phuong phap sit dung céng thire cua hinh hoe giai tich dé viét phuong trinh dudng thing qua A, B 6 day s& qua phtic tap (vé mat tinh toan) Thi du 3: Cho him s6 y ; x'— mx? x + m+ 1 (C,). Tim m dé khoang céch gitta cée diém cye trj ctia ham sé 1a nhé nhat. G Tacoy 2mx - 1 Vi thé y’ = 0. x’- 2mx- 1 =0(1) Tir (1) suy ra né c6 hai nghiém phan bigt voi moi m, tire 1a Voi moi m thi (Cy) luén c6 cyte tri. Thye hign phép chia y cho y’ ta c6: gx-meoxt m+#1=(x?—2mx - of mm) -2(n? +i)x+ 2m. m+ I)x +m +11a dudng thing ndi hai cyc tri A, B clia (Cy), 295