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  • Baigiang20 - Phuong Trinh Va Bat Phuong Trinh Sieu Viet

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    Baigiang20_Phuong Trinh Va Bat Phuong Trinh Sieu Viet

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    27 views15 pages

    Baigiang20 - Phuong Trinh Va Bat Phuong Trinh Sieu Viet

    Uploaded by

    sakhet

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    Bai giang s6 20 PHUONG TRINH VA BAT PHUONG TRINH SIEU VIET - ng niy dé cp dén cée phuomg phap co ban giai phuong trinh va bat phuong trinh sigu vigt (tén goi chung eta phurong trinh bat phuong trinh m logarit). Cae dang bai toan nay luén lun c6 mat trong cae dé thi tuyén sinh vao Bai hoc, Cao dang tron; chon cho trong chron; inh nang cao, §1. PHUONG TRINH MU VA PHUONG TRINH LOGARIT é gidi phuong trinh mi va phuong trinh légaritta lien nur sa = Dit digu kign dé phuong trinh 66 nghia, Chi ¥ ring ngodi thong thudmg, edi nhs dén diéu kign saw Dé logyss2(x) 66 ngha ta can cé: £(x)>0,f(x)41 a(x)>0 _~ Bing cde phép bién dbi co ban vé him sé md hote Hogart, hofe ding phép ‘431 an phy. phép lgarit hoa ta quy phurong trinh 43 cho vé ede phuong trinh mi, phuong trinh logarit eo ban sau: ic digu kign a= b,a>0 Fognaig(%) = logaih(x) Cac dang todn co ban: Logi 1: Phuong phap dt én phy dé gidi phurong trinh siéu viet: Bing cach dt an phy ta quy phuong tinh mi, phuong trinh logarit ban dau vé phuong trinh dai s6 théng thong (phuong trinh chira hofe khong chia cin thie). Giai cdc phuong trinh trung gian nay, sau 46 s€ quy vé gidi cde phuong trinh imi, logarit eo bain dé tim ra nghigm ofa phurong trinh ban div Thi due 1: (Dé thi tuyén sink Dai hoc khdi A — 2008) Gidi phuong tinh: log,,., (2x° + x~1) + log... (2x~1 ign dé (1) c6 nghigm li {2x-1>0, 2x-lel 1 xel>0, x+lel o4*?2 Q). 2x? +x-150 xel 358 Ap dung céng thite adi co 86, ta 06: Wog.ai(2x?+x-1 (yo Beil? x-) Voges (2x~!) eo WB aut (2% =1) + lope (X+1) +2logy)(2x-1)=4 +2log,,,(2x-I)=4 Gacy tet An-D=4 OD Dat t= log..i(2x ~ 1), Khi d6 (3) €6 dang aet3-0 e234 1-0 6 x=2 loge (28-=t orgy, a © |fxetxet oo logy.a(2x-1)= | veri =20- 2 | [at —sx=0 Thi du 2: (Dé thi tayén sinh khéi A ~ 2006) Gidi phuong trinh: 3.8°+ 4. 12"— 18"-2.27"= 0(1). Giai Vi27"> 0 nén taco Se zie (alse me (z) GG) Gye oe ee (3) +42) -(2) -2=0(). 3. 3 GB par (2) >0, khi dé (2) 66 dang 30 44P-1-2=0 + (dot> 0). 2 vaytacé: (2| =2 © x=1, iw (3) ae Thi dy 3: (Dé thi tuyén sinh khdi B- 2007) Gidi phuong trinh: (Vx ~1)* +(v2 +1)" -2v2=0 (1). Do (V2 ~1)(V2#1)=1 nénnéu dat t= (V2 -1)* >0, thi Me tet afi=veot?-2Wite=0 359 360 veer [Bi 2 t=V2+1 Thi dy 4: (Dé thi tuyén sinh khdi D - 2007) Git phuong ein: fg (8° +152 +2) ows Gi Dibu hig 48 (1) 6 nga 4.2" -3> 0602" 53 Q). Ki 46 (1) © loga($* +152" +27)-20g,(42° -3)=0 2 log, (4* +15.2° +27) =tog,(4.2* 3) ° 48 415.28 427=(4.2" -3) Dat 2"=t>0 16 ta c6: (3) P+ 15t-27=(4t-3) 5 © t=3(dot>0) : 23 x= logs. Thi dy 5: (Dé thi tuyén sinh khéi D - 2003) 2 Giai phuong trinh: 2°°-* -2°" =3 (1) G Dat t= 2"> 0, khi d6 ti (1) ta 6: @) Oot? -3t-4=0.t=4 (do PO) 2% hea -x=2 xel vi Thi dy 6: (Dé thi tuyén sinh Bgi hoc khdi D — 2002) 2 =5y? -4y (I) Giai hg phuong trinh: Tac Q)e y= Pee Thay (3) vao (1) ta c6: y' =Sy? —4y eo y(y?-Sy+4)=0 ey’ -Sy+4-=0 (do y>0) [ a1 oo [ates]? he =a aoa ‘Vay (051) va (2:4) fa hai nghigm cia hé (1) (2). Thi dy 7: (Dé thi tuyén sinh Dai hoc khdi A — 2002) Cho phuong trinh: log} x + Vlog} x +1 -2m—1=0 (1). V/Gidi (1) khi m =2, 2/ Tim m 4é (1) 06 it nhdt mat nghigm thude doan [i Gia 1/ Khi m=2 thi (1) 66 dang : log} x + log} x +1 -5 = Dieu kign dé (2) c6 nghia la: x>0. att = Vlog} x +121 khi d6 (2) c6 dang P+t-6=2 et=2(dot> I) @ log} x +1 =2 > log? x =3.¢9 log, x =4V3 <> x=39 va x=3 wpRt= ogix +1 kine [43%] mit sto £(t)=1? +1-2=2m (3) Ists2 @ Ta cd: f(t) = 2t + 1, nén c6 bang bién thién sau: @ Bai toan tro than: Tim m dé | c6 nghiém. Tir dé suy ra hg (3) 4) c6 nghigm khi va chi khi 0 <2m<4 ¢> OSms<2. Thi du 8: Giai cae phurong trinh sau: v (26418Vi)* +2(7+4V5)' -2(2-Vi)"=1 2 (5+2V6)(5~2V6)=10 @ steott+20 pat (2+ V3)" => 0, khi do (1) eo P+ 2 (t+ 2Mt= 1)=0 & t= 1 dot> Neo (2+V3)' =1ox=0 21 Do (5+2V8)(s-2¥6)=1 nén aan = (5-426) > 0 thi (o3) ty s10eot? 1041 -Oe0t=542V6. 361 ban (+206)? =5+246 ° (s+246)} ~s-2v6-(s+2v6)' Thi dy 9: ° Gisi cc phuong trinh sau: 1 tog, (4**" +4),log, (4° +1)=3 w 2/ log, 3+ logs x = log 3+ logs Ve +4 ©). Gi WTacé (1) [tog, 4+ tog, (4* +1) Jog, (4* +1 DAL t= logs(4"+ 1). Khi dd i log, (4* +1 log, (4° +1)= Ha: 00, x # 1, Ut t= logsx #0. (oe G+2R=36 (2 2/ Digu kign dé (2) 66 ny Khid6 (1) 62 Leta 24 betes t-2=0 eas oy 2 2] NT es t=2 “| logyx=2 x=9, Logi 2: Phuong phap dua vé cing mot co sé gidi phuong trinh va hé phuomg tinh siu viet Bing céch sir dung cée cng thite co ban cia ham ma, ham légarit ta quy phuong trinh, hé phuong trinh d3 cho vé phuong trinh, hé phuong trinh sig viét co a trinh bay & phan md . Di nhién day 1a phuong phap thong dung, co ban nhung cing Khong hé kém higu qua, ° 362 Xét cde thi du sau day: Thi dy I: (Dé thi tuyén sinh Dai pe khéi A ~ 2009) log, (x? +y?)=1+ log, (xy) (1) Poxysy? gy (2) Giai hg phuong trinh: Taco (1) (2) I x? +y?) = log, (2x) xe loss(s? +9") tons (29) fx? ey sl pew? 34 aayty a4 Ro ring (4) thoa man (3) nén 1a nghigm cia (1) (2), Thi du 2: (Dé thi tuyén sinh khéi B- 2005) Ja=1+ f2-y=t (0) Giai hg phuong tin: bane hanes Didu kign dé hé (1)(2) €6 nghia la: x > 1;0 3(1+ logy x?)—3log, y=3 2 1 + logsx —logiy = 1 €> logix = logiy <> x=y. (Chi ¥ dox> 1x0 logsx’= logsx) vay mana) @ P= ©) ¥ | eci+ Vien =1 (4) Dé thay Vx=1 + V2=5 of: Vay hé (1)(2).66 hai nghigm (1; 1) va (232). _ Thi du 3: (Dé thi tayén sinh Dai hoc, Cao ding khdi A ~ 2004) 1 log, (y-x)-log;=1 (1) hg phuongtrinh:| y vay? Tacd hi: (1)2) €2 {logy y x? +y? =25 sey’ y-x>Qy>0 y-x>Oy>0 4 ejysdy-dx 93% ° - 5 116 yee aa age? =25 Thi dy 4: Gidi phuong trinh: Slows (6 +3) + Plog, (x 1* = tog, (4x).(1) x+350 Bidu kign dé (1) 66 nghia la fr wool) @ Jaco AI Voi diéu kign (2) thi log 5 (x +3)=log, (x +3)? =2log, (x +3): 363 364 logy(4x) = 2 + logyx; log,(x — 1)*= loga(x - 1)*= 4logy|x — I]. Khi d6: (1) €> log, (x +3) + log, |x~ I] logy x > log, 213) 8 a9 5 (x 43)]x—t]= 4x x {er few x+3)(x+1)=4x 2x-3=0 (s+ 3)(n+ tax 89 Oo cede 3425 O 0 y> 0. x> 0, khi dd 2 2y2)=2 logy x? +logyy+logyz2=2 — {ons(x?yz)=2 (123) © flogay? +logy2+los9x=2 <2 flogs(ay22 (louig2? + fotigs-+logiey =2 Hig (x Thi du 6: [2 +2¥ 23 @ Didu kign dé (1) (2) c6 nghia la x> 0, y> 0. #1 vay #1. Khi dd ta 66 (1) H(log, +1) =1ox, y @), Dit logy =t,ta vot(!s i)=teoat- =0 (suy tte@3)) 1 = Néu x>1 thi 2° >2 va 248 >0 = VT (4) >3: V6 nghigm. i —Néu O2 va 20 VT (4)>3: V6 nghiém. Tom Ini: x=y = log nghigm duy nhit eta hg (1)2). Logi 3: Phuong phap légarit héa giai phuong trinh sigu viet: Thi du 1 log xs Giai phuong trinh: x 3 =Ig10*** (1) : G Diéu kign dé (1) c6 nghia la x>0. Khi dd. lenss ae of. 3 Jee Igx=5+lgx (2) 2t-15=0 Dat t= Igx, khi dd tir 2) ta c6: [ 3 Thi dy 2: Giai phuong trinh 58° = 50x'85 (1), G Diéu kign dé (1) c6 nghia la x>0. Ap dung edng thie a! (1) @ SB = 50-51 o> SHS 25? > x =100 Logi 4: Mét s6 phuong phap dic bigt giai phurong trinh si Nguoi ta hay sir dung hai phurong php dae bigt sau diy: + Phuong php chigu bién thign him sé. + Phuong phip dnh gid hai vé dé wii mot lop pong trinh sigu vist Thi dy 1: (Dé thi tuyén sinh Dai hoc khai D ~ 2006) In(lex)-In(I+y) (I) a @) nghigm duy nbd. P80E ba eG: vigt ee Cho hg phuong tein: yox ‘Ching minh rang voi moi a, he duy yexta @) ee + In(I + x)~In(leaes)=0 (4) Nhu vay hé (1)(2) c6 nghigm duy nhat khi va chi khi phwong trinh, sone = { £(x) =e -e8 + In(I+x)-In(l4a +x cé nghiém duy nhat trén khoang (-1: +29). Taco F(x) ie el al Tex Teatx Doa> 0 nén P(x)>0 V x>—1 => fhx) li him dong bién khi x > 1 Tad Tim (x)= fim eS (e*—1)+ fim tn edn tim, f(x) =—00 et Nhu vay do tinh Tign tue eta y = fx) suy’ ra phuong trinh f(x)=0 66 nghigm nat trén khang (-1; +2° ) = dpem. Thi du 2: Gidi phuong trinh: 2%* =-x7 48x14 (1) Didu kign dé (1) c6 nghia la x <3, Dat fx) = 2 = F(x) = Vay g(x) =—x7 +8x ~ 14 f(3) la him nghich bign khi x <3, Mit khae 3) = (3) Nhdin xét Ta sir dyng Két qua quen biét sau day Xét phuong trinh f(x) = g(x), x € D. ‘Néu trén mién D, f(x) [a him déng bin, cOn g(x) la ham nghich bién. Hon nén (1) c6 nghigm duy nhat nia phuong trinh ¢6 nghigm trén D. Khi dé phuomg trinh ¢6 nghiém duy nb trén D. 366 Thi dy 3: Gia phuromg trinh: Shedd 43h 42° ob aayt 45x? -7N417 UD, e Tacd (1) eo Sha 4h 42 Ts +17 (2). hay f(x) ka higu ciia ham dong, + + 3°42* va ham nghich bién trén R. Lai 06 (1 elle PRS Mat khae, g'(x nén né li ham dng bién tren R 6x" + 10x — 7 < OWxe RK, nén g(x) la ham nghjch bién (1) = 13. Tird6 (1) 66 nghigm duy nhat x = 1 Thi dy 4: Giai phuong trinh: log, (14 Vx) = log, x (). . Gia Digu kign dé (1) c6 nghta la x>0. Dat t= logyx. Khi dé Oe bee) -teot (5) =21ee(4) «(8 @. Vi ft) = () (4) 14 ham nghich bién trén R . Lai e6 f(2) =1. Vay (2) cd nghigm duy nhat t= 2, tée li x = 9 1d nghigm duy nhét cia (1). luén luén Nid xét Ta da diing két qua quen biét sau: Xét phuong trinh f(x) = m, x € D. Néu trén mién D, f(x) la him sé hode la ing bien (hoa Iudn ludn nghich bién) vi pherong trinh e6 nghigm trén D. Khi dé phuong trinh e6 nghigm duy nat ten D. Thi du: Giai phurong trinh: 4(x 2)[ log. (x ~3)+ log (x ~2) 6 15(x+1) (0). Didu kign 48 (1) 6 nghia la x > 3. Tac (1) <> logy(x ~3) + logs(x ~2)= 15 a(x-2) Dé thay f(x) = logs(x — 3) + logs(x ~ 2) la ham dng bign khi x>3. a(x)-2* "Ja ham nghieh bién khi x>3 (do g'(x)=——45_, <0) a(x Lai c6 A(11) = g(11)= 5. Vay x= 11 1a nghi Thi dy 6: Giai phurong trinh: x oa9 V6i didu kign x > 0, ta 66: (1) o> 9HEDN = 2 GHD _3IOE2* Cy hea 1 (2) do 330), (3 fy Dat logsx =1, khi dé (2) <2 3'=4'-1 > y= [2] (4 }=1@) (a) Ga) n R va f(1) = 1, nén (3) 6 nghigm duy nhat Vi f(t) la ham nghich bién t= Lytige la x = 2 la nghigm duy nhat eda (1), 367 §2. BAT PHUONG TRINH MU VA LOGARIT Ta ludn sir dung cae két qua co ban sau day trong vige sidu vigt +Néua> I thi 5 £0), get) > vf? >a ={ a(x) it phurong trinh xeD xeD 7 {is £(x)> logae(x) [f(x)>e(x)>0 xeD \xeD 6 day D la tp xe dinh cia bat phurong trinh. + Neu log, ¢ fo toss (x) -, {0< F(x) 2, cOm nghigm eita (3) La x { log, >004% *8 a1 > xed +4 le wex Sax <6* (3). log, a1 |X *¥ eg batt x4 xed HG (2) (3) d8 dang gidi duge (ban doc tu nghigm ly) va ta c6: [ : . Sa x> Thi du 3: (Dé thi tuyén sinh Dai hoc khéi A ~ 2007) Giai bat phurong trinh: 2log, (4x —3) + log, (2x +3) <2 (1). 3 Giai (,.3 [x23 xod 4 Tacs(I)eoy 4 ° tx 3? 2logs (4x -3) log; (2x+3) <2 tog, =) eS} 3 xo 4 (4x-3) <18x427 2x+3 3 xe 3 (do 5 2x4 3> 0) 1°" 4 © Sxs3. 8x? -21x-9<0 Thi du 4: Giai bat phuomg trinh: 5°10-NI2 _ 4 58-5 < stVIF (1), x2 x8 g3Va-d va -4 -5()< (02) 4549 5(9) <0 2 (S44 SMFA)(50-9 5 5M) <.e9 5t4 cs 9 x-S 4 4<2<16 @ 2 2 x s1-V5 hot 1+ V3. Logi 3: Sir dung digu kign cé nghia cia bat phuong trinh dé don gidn hoa é thi tuyén sink Dai hoc khdi B— 2002) Gia bt psn rn: tog, (1g (9* ~72)) <1 (1 370 Gist (x -72>0 Didu kign dé (1) 06 ngha fa {logs (9% ~72)>0<99* -72> 1229" >73 (2), [x>oxet . Tir (2) suy ra ndi rigng x > 1. Vithé [ov >73 o> 73 3° > V73 (yes i 2 top; (9" ~72) 5x7 |x -r2<9" 7 [(ar) 38-7220 €> VI3 3° £9.69 logy V73 1va01, nhs vay phép bat phuomg trinh: aes 5x4 Vox? + x9 —x" logy x >(x? ~x)log, x + 5V6 +x — Didu kign dé (1) 66 nghia li fore ° 06x53.) x>0 Dé dang bién dai bing céch nhém va dat thira sé chung, ta cd: (1) € (slog, s~8)(Veex= a? + -x}>0 6) Do diéu kign (2) nén ta : Nlogy x 5s 3log 3-5 = log, 27 A — 7 Vith8 3) <> Vorx—x? ¢1-x<009V64x-x7 Nha xe Nhis e6 digu kign (2) v6i nhin xét xlog:x-5<0 nén phép gia (3) don gin di qué nhigu! BAI TAP TY GIAI Bai I: Giai phuong trinh: log, 2+ 2loga, 4= log 5-8 Dap sé: x= Bai 2: Gidi phuong trinh: log, (3° log; (3**1 -3)=6. [x =log, 10 Dap sé. 371 an ‘Bai 3: Gia phuromg trinh: log yg V+ — log, (3~ x) ~logg (x ~1)° = Daip sé: xe Bais: ‘a inh: 9°72*-1 = 19.3522 Giai phuong trinh: 97! 10.3"? +10. Dip sé: X= 0.x = + bx = 2, Bai: Gidi hé phurong trinh: {| ~ lox =12 Daip sé: x= ey = logs? Bai 6: log, (x? +y?}=5 Giai hg phuong trinh: 82(x? +y") 2log, x +log, y=4, Dap sb: x= Bai 7: 4ly|+3=0 lea og, =0. Giai hé phurong trin! Dap sd: (1;1) va Bai 8 Giai bat phuong trinh: ,fiog, x + logy x? ~2>0. 3 Pa 1 Dip sb: —

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