Title: Slider Crank

Objective;

To obtain the velocity and acceleration of the slider crank.

Apparatus;

Slider crank

Theory;

The slider crank chain is one of the two basic mechanisms which from the basic for many
more complicated motions. (The others are the four Bar Chain, Scoth Yoke or Chebyshev
linkage of which over 800 forms are known). It transforms linear motion to circular motion or
vice versa. r is radius of crank, l is length of connecting rod.

When ,

Therefore for any position

In order to find x, r and l need to be found.

r can be derived from the reading of q at

l can be derived from the reading of q at

Experiment Principle:

The output x varies with the input angle . In other word, x is a function of ; or

where constant (i)

 is the gradient of the graph of against

(ii)

is the gradient of the graph of against

Hence the velocity and acceleration can be obtained just by plotting two graph. These values
of and can be compared to the theoretical values obtained from the equations shown
below.

Theoretical Principle

Using cosine rule:

With and are constants, differentiating with respect to time will yield:

where = 1 rad/s constant. (iii)

Differentiating again will yield:

(iv)

From (iii):

From (iv):

Experimental Procedure;

1. All of equipments for experiment of slider crank are set in good condition.
2. The angles of the circle and the piston are fixed at 00
3. The angle of the circle, is twisted at 300 and a resulting distance that the piston
moves, q is measured.
4. The position of sliding block/slider, x is calculated.
5. The procedures number 3 and number 4 are repeated with an increasing angle of 300
until the angle of circle reaches 360°.
6. The graph of the position of slider, againts angles of cirle, is plotted.
7. The slopes, from the graph are determined by using the computational method.

8. The graph of versus is plotted.

9. The results from both graphs are compared to the theoretical values.
Experimental Results;

and

When cm

Therefore for any position : [ x = ( r + l ) – q ]

( cm ) (cm) (cm) (cm) (cm)

0 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 27.450
30 1.490 1.362 1.362 1.404 26.046
60 5.272 5.090 5.090 5.151 22.299
90 9.636 9.636 9.544 9.605 17.845
120 13.218 13.162 13.144 13.175 14.275
150 15.254 15.254 15.254 15.254 12.196
180 15.908 15.890 15.890 15.896 11.554
210 15.244 15.254 15.254 15.251 12.199
240 13.144 13.218 13.236 13.199 14.251
270 9.618 9.690 9.708 9.672 17.778
300 5.126 5.290 5.290 5.235 22.215
330 1.362 1.490 1.508 1.453 25.997
360 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 27.450

Sample calculation;

a. Theoretical Calculations:

when the corresponding value of is 1.404 cm

then, cm

from the theoretical principles:

cm/s

cm/s²
b. Experimental Calculations:

The graph of the position of slider versus the angle of the circle is plotted:

The graph x (cm) versus θ(°)

30
The position of slider, x(cm)

25

20

15

10

0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400

Angle of the circle Ɵ (°)

From above graph, the slop of every angle, is calculated by using the computational
method. The obtaining slops are included in the table below.

(cm) (cm) (cm)

0 0.000 27.450 -0.027
30 1.404 26.046 -0.089
60 5.151 22.299 -0.142
90 9.605 17.845 -0.131
120 13.175 14.275 -0.113
150 15.254 12.196 -0.013
180 15.896 11.554 0.00
210 15.251 12.199 0.053
240 13.199 14.251 0.136
270 9.672 17.778 0.141
300 5.235 22.215 0.138
330 1.453 25.997 0.087
360 0.000 27.450 0.032
Then the graph of versus is plotted

dx/dθ versus θ
0.2

0.15

0.1

0.05

0 θ
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
-0.05

-0.1

-0.15

-0.2

From above graph, the slop of every angle, is calculated by using the computational
method. The obtaining slops are included in the table below.

= =
0 -0.027 -0.00175
30 -0.089 -0.00300
60 -0.142 0.0000
90 -0.131 0.0010
120 -0.113 -0.0070
150 -0.013 0.0019
180 0.00 0.0011
210 0.053 0.0025
240 0.136 0.0017
270 0.141 0.0000
300 0.138 -0.0009
330 0.087 -0.0018
360 0.032 -0.0019

is equal to according to equation (i) since = 1 rad/s constant.

is equal to according to equation (ii) since = 1 rad/s constant.

To compare from theoretical values for all angles of , the table is prepared below.

(cm) (cm) Experimental Theoretical

(cm/s) (cm/s²) (cm/s) (cm/s²)
0 0.000 27.450 -0.027 -0.00175 0.000 -11.91
30 1.404 26.046 -0.089 -0.00300 -5.403 -8.641
60 5.151 22.299 -0.142 0.0000 -8.378 -2.372
90 9.605 17.845 -0.131 0.0010 -7.950 3.542
120 13.175 14.275 -0.113 -0.0070 -5.385 5.583
150 15.254 12.196 -0.013 0.0019 -2.541 5.121
180 15.896 11.554 0.00 0.0011 0.000 4.710
210 15.251 12.199 0.053 0.0025 2.541 5.118
240 13.199 14.251 0.136 0.0017 5.383 5.585
270 9.672 17.778 0.141 0.0000 7.950 3.555
300 5.235 22.215 0.138 -0.0009 8.385 -5.910
330 1.453 25.997 0.087 -0.0018 5.407 -8.646
360 0.000 27.450 0.032 -0.0019 0.000 -11.19

Discussion;

Both results of velocities and accelerations in respectives angles from experiment differed
greatly with the theoretical calculations. So the percentage of average error (Appendix) was
very large.

This was happen because the instruments could not measure precisely, the sample was not
pure or was contaminated, or calculated values from theoretical results did not take account of
friction.

This was also because the angular velocity taken during experiment was not exactly measued
in 1 rad/s. Thus it would produce very significant results.

Conclusion;

In conclusion, when the positions of slider, are plotted against the angles of the
circle, on the graph, the sinusoidal form will be obtained. will decrease until reaches
180° then it will turn to increasing values until reaches 360°. From the similar graph, the
slopes in every point of are equal to the velocities of or slider. The velocity starts from
negative value and decrease uniformly until reaches 60 .Then it increase steadily and turn
positive values when reaches 180. It continues to increase until reaches 300 then turn to
decreasing values until the position of slider are complete in cycle.

The accelerations can be concluded from the graph of vesus where the
accelerations are equal to the slope of every point of the angle, . The acceleration decreases
and increases harmoniously along the axis of angle, .
References:

1. Engineering Mechanics Dynamics, R.C. Hibbeler, Prantice Hall, 2007

2. http://www.ecf.toronto.edu/~writing/handbook-lab.html#Discussion
3. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crank_%28mechanism%29
4. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotch_yoke
5. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chebyshev_linkage

Appendix:

Experimental Theoretical Percentage of error(%)

(cm/s) (cm/s²) (cm/s) (cm/s²)
-0.027 -0.00175 0.000 -11.91 100 100
-0.089 -0.00300 -5.403 -8.641 98.35 99.97
-0.142 0.0000 -8.378 -2.372 98.31 100
-0.131 0.0010 -7.950 3.542 98.35 99.97
-0.113 0.0070 -5.385 5.583 97.90 99.87
-0.013 0.0019 -2.541 5.121 98.49 99.96
0.00 0.0011 0.000 4.710 100 99.98
0.053 0.0025 2.541 5.118 97.91 99.95
0.136 0.0017 5.383 5.585 97.47 99.97
0.141 0.0000 7.950 3.555 98.23 100
0.138 -0.0009 8.385 -5.910 98.35 99.98
0.087 -0.0018 5.407 -8.646 98.39 99.97
0.032 -0.0019 0.000 -11.19 100 99.98
Percentage of average error 98.60 99.97