•

MOT SO BAI ToAN .

•

H lNH HOC PHANG

. . .

t Boi duonq hoc sinh chuyen toan THPT

t On thi Olympic toan trong nuoc va quae teo t On thi d9i hoc va cao dang .

MUC LUC

• •

Chu'd!!&.!: cAc BAI loAN HiNH HQC PHANG

GIAIBANG PHUONG PHApVECTO 7

(:hl!ory_gJI: cAc BAI loAN TRONG TAM GIAc ........•............•........ 37 - Cac bai toan co ban

- Cac bai toan nang cao

Chu<mg__!tl: cAe BAI ToAN CHQN LQC KHAc 128

, " ~

f!:!_!! LVC 1: CAC BAI lOAN D~I so 154

(Phuong trlnh, h~ phuong trlnh, bat phuong trlnh,

h~ bat phuong trlnh va b~t d~ng thud

f1!Y LUC 2:

- D~ thi Olympic 30-4 (kh6i 10) narn hoc 2004-2005 _ 194

- f)~ thi chon hoc sinh gioi TPHCM narn hoc 2004-2005 196

- D~thi chon hoc sinh gioi TPHCM nam hoc 2005-2006 198

· Chuang I:

cAc aAI loAN HINH HOC Pili. Glil aANG PHtI_ PllAP,· --

Cho ~ABC c6 a = BC, b = CA, c = AB. Tfnh:

L =a.IA2 + b.IB2+ c.IC2 thea a, b, c (vdi I la tam d\Jong tron nQi tiep ~ABC)

(f)~ thi Olympic Tolin Qudc t~)

GIAI

A

Ta c6:

DB c

-=-

DC b

BD c

::::} -+1=-+1 DC b

BC b-i-c

::::} - =--

DC b

::::} DC=~ b+c

::::} DB = a - DC = ~ b+c

7

8

Han nfia: '

';:y>~ 1~:i'<;ID _!_J IB+ BD: ==.IC +CD

~ 1::~~::~~;O:::DOIC +{CDoW+BDoCfi]

=> a.ID = CD.IB + BD.IC 0,

- b-' c-

=> ID=--IB+--IC

b+c b+c

ViBI lA phan giac trong ~ABD nen: -' ID- BD-'

ID::::: --IA = --IA

IA C

a - =---IA

b+c

a - b - c=> ---IA=--IB+--IC

b+c b-t c b r c

=> a.IA + b.IB + c.IC = 0

=> (a.IA + b.IB + c.I~r = 0

=> a2 .IA2 + b2 .IB2 + c2 .IC2 + 2ab.IA.IB +2bc.IB.IC +2ca.IC.IA = 0 => a2.IA2 + b2.IB2 + c2.IC2 + ab(IA2 + IB2 _ c2)

+ bc(IB2 + IC2_ a2) + ca(IC2 + IA2 - b2) = 0

=> (a -+ b + c)(a.IA2 + b.IB2 + c.IC2) - abc (a + b +c) = 0

Chu y: Theo ke't qua tren ta c6:

L=abc

=? abc ~ ~abc(IA.IB.IC)2

=? (abc)3 ~ 27 (abc) (IA. lB. IC)2 =? abc ~ :N3.IA.IB.IC

D!u "="<=> a.IA2 = b.IB2 = IC2 = abc 3

IA2 = be 3

#- IB2 = ca <=> MBC d~u 3

IC2 = ab

3

Day chinh IA d~ thi Olympic TOlin Quoc te (du'gc giCti thieu trong euon sach "Tuy~n t~p 200 bai toan thi Vo dieh Toan (Tq,p 2 - Htnli h9C) cua cdc tac gia Biro Tam, Nguy~n Quy Dy, Luu Xuan. Tinh, nha xutit ban Giao ~1:lC ndm. 2001".

Cho luc giac d~u At AzAaA4A5A6 tam I, hinh tron (0, R) bAt ky chua 1. Cac tia IAj cAt (0, R) tai B, (i =1,0). Tinh theo R Wng sau:

L= IB~ + IB~ + IB~ + IB! + IB~ + IB~

(F)~ thi d~ nght Olympic 30-4)

GIAI

'I'nrcc tien ta chang minh b6 d~ sau:

Bd d~: Cho AABC d~u nQi tie'p du'ang tron (01' R1). Khi d6 moi di~m M ( • (01)' t6ng MA 2 + MB2 + Mc2 khong d6i.

9

Quay Iai bai toan:

G9i H, J, K lful bigt la hmhchieu vuong g6c eua 0 xuong B1B4, B2B5, B3B6' ~ thB:y rang cac di~m 0, I, J, H, K nam tren dlt<mg tron dlt<mg kinh 01. Do do !My ngay 6HJK d~. Khi d6:

IH2 + IJ2 + IK2 = OH2 + OJ2 + OK2 (Do bd d~ tren)

Qua v~y: .

MA2 + MB2 + MC2 = (MOl + OlAt + (MOl + OlBt + (MOl + OlCt

= 3MO: + 2MO, [o;A + b? + o;c] + O,A' + O,B' + o.c' = 6R:

M~t khac:

IB~ + IB~ = (HBl - iIl)2.+ (HB4 - HI)2

= HBi + HB; - 2HI[HBI: lIB.] + 2HI'

= OB~ - OH2 + OB~ - OH2 + 2IH2

Chung minh tli<1Ilg ttl:

IB~ + IB~ = 2R2 - 20J2 + 2IJ2

IB~ + IB~ = 2R2 - 20K2 + 2IK2

=> E= 6R2 -2(OH2 +OJ2 +OK2)+2(IJ2 +IK2 +IH2)

= 6R2

A "'. 2

V~y. L..J= 6R

10

(f)~ thi d~ nght Olympic $0-4)

Cho du'dng tron (0.) vci hai day AB va CD c4t nhau tai M. Qua trung di~m S cua BD ke SM cAt AC tai K. Chang minh rang:

AM2 AK CM2 = CK

A

GIAI AK

-=X

CK

D~t:

Ta co: jMK = MC +CK

D MK=MA+AK

=} jAK.MK = AK.MC+AK.CK CK.MK = CK.MA +CK.AK

=> AC.MK = AK.MC + CK.MA + [AK.CK; CK.AK]

=} MK = AK MC + CK MA

AC AC

1 -- 1 ~

- --C-K-MC + AKMA

1+-· 1+-

AK CK

x - 1-=-MC+-MA' (1)

l+x l+x

Do: MK II MS nen MK = IMS(l E lR) =! (MB + MD) Han nfia: MA.MB =.MC.MD = a

=} 1MB = - ~2 MA. - MD=-_a-MC MC2

11

(B(J d~ Tuyin sinh)

Tli (1) va (2) suy ra:

11 al

1 +x = - 2MA 2 =?

X al

l+x = - 2MC2

MA2

X = MC2 =? (Dpcm)

Cho hai trung tuye'n AA' va BB' cua L\ABC vuong goc nhau. Chang minh rAng: cotgC = 2(cotgA + cotgB)

GI.AI

C.

Ta co: j2AA' = AC + AB 2BB' = BA +BC

Khi do: AA' 1. BB' {::} AA'.BB' =0

{::} (AC + AB)(BC - AB) = 0

{::} AC.BC -AC.AB+AB.BC-AB2 = 0

<=> 2CA.CB - 2AC.AB - 2BA.BC - 2AB2 = 0

{::} a 2 + b2 - c2 +a 2 - b2 - c2 + b2 _ c2 _ a 2 - 2c2 = 0 {::} a2 + b2 = 5c2

<=> 2ab. cos C = 4c2

{::} sinA. sinB . cosC = 2sin (A + B f sin C

{::} 2s.in (A ~ B) = cotgC

smA.smB ..

{::} 2 (cotgA + cotgB) = cotgC

12

(f)q,i. h9C Cdnh sat Nhan dan)

Cho ~ABC c6 IG 1. IC (vdi 11a tam dtlC1ng tron nQi tie'p va G la trong tam ~ABC). Chung minh r~ng:

a + b + c : 2ab

--- = -- (vdi BC = a, CA = b, AB = c)

3 a+b

C

GIAI:

Ta c6: leG = ! (CA +CB)

a.IA + b.IB + c.IC = 0 (fJii chung mink 0 bai 1)

'* a(IC + CA) + b(IC + CB) + c. IC = 0

'* CI = 1 (a.CA + b.CB)

a+b+c

1 (- -) 1 (_. . -. )

= b a.CA + b.CB - --'- CA + CB

a+ +c 3

(a 1)- (b 1)-

= -- CA+ -- CB

a-j- b-t-c 3 a+b+c 3

Khi d6: GI 1. CI # GI.CI = 0

{:} [(2a - b - c)CA + (2b - a - c)CB](a.CA+ b.CB) = 0

~ a(2a - b - c)b2 + b(2a - b - c)CA .CB

+ a(2b- a -.c)CB.CA + b(2b - a - c)a2 = 0

13

<=> ab[b(2a':' b - c) + a(2b - a - c)]

+[b(2a- b-e)+a(2b-a-c)]CB.CA = 0

{:} (ab + CB.CA)[b(2a _ b _ c) + a(2b _ a _ c)] = 0

{:} b (2a _ b _ c) + a (2b _ a _ c) == 0

(vi ab +CB.CA = ab + abcosC == ab(1 + cosC) > 0) {:} b (3a _ a _ b _ c) + a (3b _ a _ b _ c) = -0

{:} 6ab = (a + b) (a + b + c)

a+b+e

{:} -

3 a+b

2ab

Cho ~ABC, goi 0, I 1&n htgt lit cac tam du'dng tron ngoai tiep vit nQi tiep cua ~ABC. R, r 1&n htgt lit dQ dai cac ban kinh dlidng tron ngoai tiep va nQi tiep eua ~ABC. Chung minh rang:

012 = R2 _ 2Rr (Cong thuc Euler)

GIAI:

Theo bai 1, ta co:

a.IA + b.IB + e.IC = 6

::::} a(IO+OA)+ b(IO+OB)+e(IO+OC).= 6 ::::} 01 = a.OX + b.OB + e.5C.

a+b+e

::::} 012 = (a2 + b2 + e2)R2 + ab(2R2 _ e2) + be (2R2 _ a2) +ea(2R2 _ b2)

. (a + b + e)2

(a + b + et R2._ abc (a + b + c)

-

(a + b + e)2

14

= R2 _ abc

a+b+c

= R2 - 2Rr

abc 2Rr __ abc)

(vi S = pr = - =}

4R 2p

V~y: 012 = R2 - 2Rr

Chu y: Theo bai 6, ta co: R2 - 2Rr = 012 ~ 0 =} R2 ~ 2Rr

<=> ~ < .!.

R - 2

(Day la ke't qua quen thuoc trong bQ d~ tuy~n sinh dai hoc va nhieu tai lieu tham khao khac).

Bsi 7 ~------------------------------------~

Cho ~ ABC co dQ dai cac trung tuyen va ban kinh dltCtng tron ngoai tie'p IAn Ilt<;1t la m- a' mb, me va R.

Chung minh rang:

(f)q,i h9C Y - Duoc TPHCM)

GIAI:

Goi 0 la tam dltCtng tron ngoai tie'p ~ABC, ta co:

(OA + OB + oct .~ 0

<=> OA 2 + OB2 + OC2 + 2( OA.OB + OB.OC + OC.OA) ~ 0 <=> 3R2 + 2R2 (cos 2A + cos 2B + cos 2C) ~ 0

<=> 3R2 + 2R2 (3 - 2sin2 A - 2sin2B - 2sin2C) ~ 0 <=> sin2A +sin2B + sin2G < 9

-4

15

16

Do do, theo b6t dAng thuc Bunhiacopski:

Va.y: m +m +m < 9R

abc -2

Dau "=" ee MBC d~u

Chu y: Trong moi L\ABC, ta co ket qua "chat han" .. m,.' -t- mb + me ~ 4R + r

(voi r la ban kinh duang tron n9i tUp L\ABC)

Chungminh:

Xet hai truong' hop:

* Truong hap 1,' L\ ABC nhon

GQi 0, I IAn lli<Jt la tam dliang tron ngoai tiep va nQi tiep L\ABC.

Ap dung dinh ly Ptoleme vao trong cac tu gia cAPON, BMOP, CNOM (vdi M, N, P

'- ~-=-'-----,~C l§n lli<Jt Ia trung di~m cac

B canh BC, CA, AB).

A

17

Ta c6:

IAP.ON +AN.OP = AO.PN BM.OP +BP.OM = BO.MP CN.OM + CM.ON = CO.MN

ic.ON + b.OP = a.R (.1) a.OP + c.OM = b.R (2)

b.OM + a.ON = c.R (3)

M(it khac: S MBC = S ~OBC + S ~OCA + S ~OAB

{:} a.OM 1- b.ON + c.OP = (a + b + c)r (4) CQng (1), (2), (3), va (4) v€ vdi v€. Ta dLi<;1C:

(a + b + c)(OM+ ON + OP) = (a + b + c)(R + r) :~ OM + ON + OP = R + r (5)

Hdn nfia: lma = AM s AO + .OM = R + OM m, = BN ::; R + ON

m = CN < R+OP

e -

:::} rna + mb + me ::; 3R + OM + ON + OP (6) Tit (5) va (6) :::} rna + mb + me ::; 4R + r

DB:u "=" .~ 0 = G (v6'i G to, trong tam ~ABC) <=> MBCd~u

* Truong hap 2: ~ABC khong nhon (0 day xem A ~ 90°)

Ta c6:

1 a m =AM<-BC=-

a - 2 2

c a mb = BN < BP + PN= - + - 2 2

b a me = CP < CN + NP = - + - 2 2

Mit: • a:S 2R (8)

• Ke JJj_ AB tai I

Xet ~ AIJ, co £\1 2:450 2: JiA =} JJ 2: AJ

=} r 2: p - a (vai p = ~ (a + b + c))

=} ~(b+e+-a)~r (9)

Tli (7), (8) vit (9) =} ma + mb + me < 4R + r Tom lai, trong moi ~ABC, ta luon co:

m, + m, +im, :S4R + r

Dau "=" ¢:> ~ABC deu

Cho ~ABC, BC = 'a, CA = b, AB = e. GQi R' lit ban kinh dirong tron ngoai tiep tam giac vai ba canh lit ba trung tuyen cua ~ABC.Chung minh rAng:

'a2 + b2 + e2

R'> (1)

- 2(a + b + c)

(Tap chi "Tolin hoc va Tu6i tre")

GI.AI:

GQi M, N, P 1l1n lu'gt lit trung diem cua BC, CA, AB

Dung MQ = BN

GQi m', mb" me' Mn lu'gt lit ba trung tuyen xWlt phat tir Q, A, M cua ~AMQ.

18

Ta co:

. 3 .

m' =-a a 4

m~ =~b 4

m' = 3 e C 4

4m'

a= __ a

3 .

b = 4m~ 3

4m'

e= __ C

3

Su ra (1) ¢:> R' ~~' (m~2 + m~ + m~2) (2)

y , 3 m' + m' + m'

abc

Th\:fe ehB:t cua BBT (2) la cluing minh rAng vdi moi ~ABC va trongtam ~ABC, ta co:

R (rna + mb + m.] ~ : (m! + m~ + mn

GQi 0, G Mn h.t<;1t la tam du'Ctng tron ngoai tiep va trong tam ~ABC, ta co:

. 3

Rm, = OA.-GA

2

> ~OA.GA -2

~,~(OG +~)GA

~ : (OG.GA + GA2) > 30G.GA + 2m2 - 2 3 a

Chung minh tu'dng t\:f:

3--- 2 2 Rmb' >, -OG.GB+-mb

- 2 3

Rm, > ~OG.GC + 2 me2

- 2 3

=> R(m. +mb +mJ 2: ~OG[GA +~+ oeJ+ ~(m: + m; +mn

R( ) 2(,2 -2. 2)

~ ma + m, + me ~"3 ma + mb + me

Da'u "=" ee MBC deu ~ (Dpcm)

19

Cho M nam trong ilABC. f)~t a = BMC, (3 = <SMA, "I = AMB Chung minh rAng:

NA.sina + NB.sin{3 + NC.siI1"1 ~ MA.sina +MB.sin{3 + MC.sin,), 'v'N E mp(ABC) (iJ~ thi d~ nght Olympic 30-4)

B

C

lMD = MB+BD

MD=MC+CD

::} !CD.MD = CD.MB + CD.BD BD.MD = BD.MC + BD.CD

=> (DC + DB)MD = [CD.lin: BD.cn] + CD.MB + BD.MC

A

Ta co:

::} BC.MD = CD.MB + BD.MC . ::} MD= CDMB+BDMC

BC BC

f)~t: {SA =,' S~BMC SB = S~CMA

s, = S~AMB

. GQi {D} = AM n BC

- 1 1 '_ 1 _ 1

::} MD = --=D='""B MB + DC MC = S M;B + ' S MC

1+- 1+-- 1+_Q_ l+.....!!.

DC DB SB s,

20

(1)

•

21

Hon nfia:

MA = AD _ 1 = ~ _ 1 = SB + Sc

MD MD SA SA

=} MD = - SA MA (2)

s, +Sc

Ttl (1) va ('2) =} SA .MA + SB .MB + s, .MC = 0 Khi d6:

NA.sino + NB.sin{3 + NC.sin,,·

NA.MA. NB.MB . {3 NC.MC.

= MA sine + MB sin + MC sm-y

> NA.MA. NB.MB . /3 . Ne.Me .

- MA sma+ MB sm + MC sm-v

(NM+MA)_ (NM+MB)_

> . MA.sina + MB.sin,8

- MA MB

(NM+MC)_

+ . MC.sin,

MC

> NM(MA.sina MB.sin/3' Me.Sin,]

- MA + MB + MC

+ (MA.sina + MB.sin,8 + MC.sin,)

2NM [- - - 1

> 'c MA,SA + MB,SB + MC. .s,

- MA.MB.MC

6

+ (MA.sina + MB.sin,8 + MC.sin,,) V~y: NA.sina + NB.sin{3 + NC.sin" ~ MA.sina + MB.sin/3 + MC.sin,

Da'u "=" {::} M == N

Bsi 10~----------------------------~-----, Cho ~ABC. Chung minh rang:

f3r [a2 b2 c2]

aMA2 +,BMB2 +,MC2 ~ a _+_+_

·a + ,B +, 0 ,B ,

{a,,B,, > 0

'V ME mp(ABC)

GIAI:

Dung di~m IE mp(ABC): alA + ,BIB + ,IC = 0

Khi d6: a(IM + MA) + ,B(IM + MB) + ,(1M + Me) = 0

<=> (0 +!3 + ,)IM = -(oMA + ,BMB + ,MC)

=? IM·2 = x2MA 2 + y2MB2 + z2MC2 + 2xy MA. MB

+ 2yzMB. MC + 2zxMC. MA

( ,. x (.? y

oat a = , fJ = ,

x +y + z· x + y + z .

z

'i= )

x.+y+z

= x2MA 2 + y2MB2 + z2MC2 + xy (MA 2 + MB2 _ AB2)

+ yz(MB2 + MC2 _ BC2) + zX(MC2 + MA2_ CA2)

= xMA 2 + yMB2 + zMC2 _ (xyAB2 + yzBC2 + zxCA 2)

Do 1M2 ~ 0 nen:

xMA2 + yMB2 + zMC2 ~ xyAB2 + yzBC2 + zxCA2

<=> aMA2 + ,BMB2 + ,MC2 ~. 0,B, [a2 + b2 +~]

0+,B+, 0 j3 ,

Da'u "=" <=> M == I

cs« y: Theo bai 9, ta c6

NA.S~NBO + NB,S~NCA + NC,S~NAB = 0

. .

(v{Ji N la dilm bdt ky ndm trong ~ABC)

22

V'M E mp(ABC) **' a.MA2 + b.MB2 + c.MC2 2 abc, V'M E mp(ABC)

DB:u "=" <=> M IA tam dltCJng tron nQi'tie'p &ABC

• Ne'u H IA true tam &ABC nhon thi:

HA.86HBC + HB.8~HCA + HC.86HAB = 0

(:::) HA(2RsinA.cosB. cosC) + HB(2RsinB . cosC . cosA) + HC(2RsinC . cosA . cos B) = 0

**' tgA.HA + tgB.HB + tgC.HC= 0

Theo bai 10, ta c6:

tgA.MA2 + tgB .. MB2 + tgC.MC2

> tgA . tgB . tgC [a 2 b2 c2)

- tgA + tgB + tgC tgA + tgB + tgC '

V'M E mp(ABC)

Do do:

• Ne'u I IA tam dltCJng tron nQi tiep &ABC thl;:

IA.8A1BC + IB,861CA + fC.861CA =0

**' fA.!'ra +I:B.!.rb + IC.!.rc = 0 222

**' a.IA + b.IB + c.le = 0

Theo bai 10, ta c6:

a.~2 + b.MB2 + c.MC2 2 abc .[~2 +b2 + c2], a+b+c abc

**' tgA.MA2 + tgB.MB2 + tgC.MC2

2 a2cotgA + b2cotgB + c2cotgC, V'M E mp(ABC) (vi tgA. tgB. tgC = tgA + tgB + tgC)

**' tgA.MA2. +tgB.M:B2 + tgC.MC2 248, 'v'M E mp(ABC)

23

(f)~ thi d~ nght Olympic 30-4)

(vi a2 cotg A + b2 cotg B + c2 cotg C = 2R2 (sin2A+sin2B + sin2C)

= 8R2 sin A . sinB . sinC = 48 )

V~y: tgA.MA2 + tgB.MB2 + tgC.MC2 248, 'tM E mp(ABC)

DAu "=" {:} M 18. true tam L1 ABC

Trong L1 ABC c6 trung tuyen CM vuong' g6c vci dU<rng phan giac AL v~i CM = ~~5 - 2/5. Tfnh g6c A

AL 2

C

GIAI:

CM = ~ (CA +CB)

= ~ (CA + CA + AB)

A ~ __ ---=:::""____l___'_ ~ B .

M

H<1n ntra: jAL = AB + BL => {CL. AL ~ CL . AB + CL . BL.

AL = AC + CL BL . AL = BL . AC + BL . CL

1- - = -AB-AC 2

=> BL. AL = CL . AB + BL . AC => AL = CL AB + BL AC

BC BC'

1 - 1 - 1 1

= -=-BL==-AB + CL AC = --AB + --AC

1 + CL 1 + BL . 1 + ~ 1 + ~

b·-. c - .. = --. AB + --AC

b+c b e c

24

¢:::} 1 - cos A = (5 _ 2J5)
1 + cosA
¢:::} 2 = 6 - 2J5
1 + cosA
1 + cosA = 1 3+J5
¢:::} 3-J5 =
4
cosA = J5 -1 ee A= 72°
. ¢:::} 4
25 rna: AL 1- CM ¢:::} AL. CM = 0

¢} (e.AC + b.AB)(AB - 2AC) = 0

¢:} c.AC .AB - 2a,b2 + be" - 2b . AB.AC = 0 ¢:} (c - 2b)AC.AB + bc(c - 2b) = 0

¢} (e -" 2b)(AC .AB + be)· 0

¢:::} C = 2b

(vi AC.AB = bccosA > -_. be :::} AC.AB + bc > 0)

=> AL = ~ AB + ~ AC = ~ (AM + AC)

=> AV = ! (AM2 + AC2 + 2AM . AC)

4

= 9 (2AC2 + 2AC2 cos A]

8

= gAC2 (1 + cosA)

va CM2 = b2 + b2 - 2b2 cosA = 2b2 (l-eosA)

Theo ghi thiet thi:

CM2 9

_.. _. = - (5 - 2J5)

Aa 4

¢:::} 9. 1- cps A = 9 (5 _ 2../5) 4 1 + cosA 4

Cho 6ABC. Chirngminh rang:

ma . MA + mb . MB + me. MC ~ ! (a2 + b2 + c2),

'v'M E mp(ABC)

GIAI:

A

GQi G 18. trong tam 6ABC.

Ta co: GA. MA 2:: GA .MA

= GA(MG+GA) = GA. MG+GA2 Chang minh tuong tV:

GB.MB ~ GB. MG + GB2 GC . MC ~ GC . MG + GC2 => GA.MA+GB.MB+GC.MC

2: (GA + c:s + GC JMG + GA' + GB'+GC'

=> %(mH .MA + m, .MB + m, .MC) ~ : (m: + m] + m~)

=> ma· MA + mil . MB + m,,". 1\1 C; ~" i ( a ~ + b2 + c2) " Dau "=" -¢:? M ;r G

26

Cho ~ABC, 0 lA tam dUC1ng tron ngoai tie'p tam giac, M lA di~m nam trong ~ABC vAN, P, Q Mn Itlc;tt lA cac hinh chieu vuong g6c cua MIen cac canh BC, CA, AB. ChUng minh rAng:

8' _ 'I. (. d2);

---1--

8 4· R2

Trong d6: {8 = 8MBC' 8' = 86NPQ

d = OM, ~ = OA (C6ng thrZc Euler)

GIAI:

Tru~c he't chung ta chUng minh b6 de sau:

"Trong tam giac ABC luon c6:

(a) sin2A+ sin2B + sin2C = 4sinA.sinB. sinC (b) S == 2R 2 sin A. sin B. sin C

(c) OA. sin2A+OB.sin2B+OC .sin2G=O

Ch~gminh: (a)Ta c6:

sin2A + sin2B + sin2C =2sin(A + B).cos(A - B) + 2sinC.;' = 2sinC[cos(A- B)-cos(A ' ntj

= 4sinC.sinB. sinA

(b) Ta c6:

. 1

S =- ab. sinC 2

= !(2RsinA)(2RsinB) sin C 2

= 2R2 sin A. sin B. sin C

27

= OB. sin 2C + OC. sin 2C = ( OB :OC ) sin 2C = 0

(c) Xet 3 truCsng hop:

• Nlu I1ABC vuong (chdng han vuong tqi A):

A

o

Ta c6: OA. sin 2A +OB. sin 2B + OC. sin 2C = OB. sin (7t - 2C) + 0<3. sin 2C

• Nlu I1ABC nhon:

GQi D la giao di~m eua AO va BC

Ta c6: {OD = ~B + ~~

OD =OC + CD

=> {CD.OD = C. D.OB + CD.BD BD.OD = BD.OC+BD.CD

=> (CD:CBD) OD = CD.OB+ BD.OC + [CD.iID;BD.cn J

- CD- BD- 1 - 1 -

=> OD = - OB + -- OC = . BD OB + CD OC

BC BC 1+- 1+-

CD BD

1 OB+ 1 OC
=
1 + S60AB_ 1 + S60CA
S60CA SilOAB
1 (S,WCA .O'B + S~OAB .Oc) (1)
=
S - S60BC 28

Han nfta:

OA = AD _ 1 = _8 __ 1 = 8 - 8.10BC

OD OD 8.10BC 860BC

Tit (1) vEl(2) - 8.10BC .OA = 860CA .OB + 860AB .OC

~ .!.R2 sin2A.OA + .!.R2 sin 2B.OB + .!.R2 sin2C.OC = 0

2 2 2

~ OA. sin 2A + OB. sin 2B + OC. sin 2C = 0

• Niu ~ABC til, (chdng han tqi A):

GC?i 0 la giao di~m cua AO va BC. Chung minh tliang tt,t nhu tntC1ng hop ~ABC nhon, ta cling co:

~ __ ~:....__ __ --:::~ C

OD = CD OB+ BD OC

BC BC

1 - 1 -

= -="BD=- OB + CD OC

1+- 1+--

CD BD

1 OB + 1 OC

1 + 860AB 1 + 8AOCA

8.1OCA 860AB

=

=

__ 1 __ (8.10CA OB + 860AB OC) 8 + 860BC

Han nua: OA =. AD + 1 = _8_ + 1 = 8 + 8.10BC

OD OD SWBC S60BC

29

(3)

Quay lai bai toan:

A

MAB = aI' MAC = a2 D~t: MBA. = (31' MBC = (32 McB = 'h, MCA = /2

Tit (3) va (4) => SAOBC .OA = SAOCA OB + SAOAB .OC

=> !R2 sin 2A.OA =! R2 sin 2B.OB+!R2sin2C.OC

2 2 2

=> OA. sin 2A + OB. sin 2B + OC.sin2C =0

Ta c6: S' = S,wPQ + S,wNQ + S,wNP

= ! (MA2 sinA. sinal' sin a2 + MB2 sinB.sin(3I' sin (32 +MC2sinC. sinyl· sinY2) . 1 .

= 4 [MA2sinA. cos (al -(2)+MB2sinB. COS((31 -(32)

+ Mc2 sin C. COS(YI - 12)J

- ! (MA2sin2A + MB2 sin2B + MC2 sin2C) (5) 8

S = S AQMP + SBNMQ + SCNMP

= !. [MA 2 (sin 2al + sin 2(2) + MB2 (sin 2(31 + sin 2(32)

+ MC2 (sin 2YI + sin 2Y2)J = ! [MA2sinA. cos (al - (2) + MB2 sinB. cos ((31 - (32)

+ MC2 sinC.cos(YI + Y2)J (6)

Tit (5) va (6)

=> S' = !S-_!_(MA2sin 2A~MB2sin 2B+MC2sin 2C)(7) 28

30

(Tap chi "Totu; hoc va Tudi tre")

Hen mra: MA 2 sin 2A + MB2 sin 2B + MC2 sin 2C

= (MO + OA r sin 2A + (MO + ORr sin 2B + (MO + OCr sin 2C = M02(sin 2A + sin 2B + sin 2C) t R~(sin 2A + sin 2B + sin 2C)

+2MO [(O1\. sin 2A+OO. :in 2B+OC. sin 2C)]

.= 4M02 sinA. sinB.sin C + 4R2 sin A. sin B. sinC

= 4M02. 2~2 + 28 (Do bd d~ tren)

. 2 8

= 2. d . R 2 + 28 (8).

Tit (7) vEt(8) => S' = ! S - ..!.(2 .d2 • ~ + 28)

2 8 R2

Yay: ~ = ! (1 - ~)

.. 8' 4 R2

Cho ~ABC nQi tiep trong du'ang tron tam O. Tim quy tfch nhfrng di~m M nam trong du'ang tron sao cho day cung di qua M 18. AA', BB', CC' thea man h~ thirc:

MA + MB + MC = 3 MA' MB' MC'

G<;>i G la trong tam ~ABC Ta co: GA + GB + GC = 0 ~ MA 2 + MB2 + MC2

31

MA MA2

=> -- = = ---::----::-

MA' MA.MA' R2 - OM2

MA2

= 3MG' + GA' + GB' + GC' + 2 MG ( GA + c:s + GC J = 3MG2 + GA2 + GB2 + GC2

= 3MG2 + 4 (m2 + m2 + m2)

9 abc

43

= 3MG2 +9' 4 (a2 + b2 +c2)

1

= 3MG2 + 3 (a2 + b2 + c2)

. => MA2 + MB2 +.MC2 = 3MG2 + ~ (a2 + b2 + c2)

=> OA2 + OB2 + OC2 =30G2 + ~ (a~ + b2 + c2) (M == 0) => OG2 = R 2 - ~ (a 2 + b2 + c2)

Han nfta: MA. MA' = MB. MB' = MC. MC' = R2 - OM2

Chang minh tl1<1ng tv:

MB MB2

-- = ---.,..--~

MB' R2 -OM2

MC . MC2

--=

MA MB Me MA2 + MB2 + MC2

=> --+--+-- = = 3

MA' MB' MC' R2 - OM2

(Do gid thiet) => 3MG2 + ~ (a2 + b2 + c2) = 3R2 - 30M2

=> 3MG2 + S (R2 - OG2) = 3R2 - 30M2

=> GM2 + M02= OG2

=> M thuQc dl1Ctng trim, 'dliCtng kinh OG

32

Ngiroc lai, tren dltong trcm dltong .kinh OG ta lay di~m M tuy y.

Vi OG == ~R2_!.. (a2 + b2 + c2) < R

. 9

Nen duong tron nay hoan toan chua trong duong tron tam 0

=> M namtrong ducng tron O.

Vi M thuoc dirong tron duong kinh OG nen OM2 + MG2 = OG2. Do do theo each chirng minh i1 chieu thuan ta co:

OM2 MA2+MB2+MC2 (a2+b2+c2) ~R2 1( 2 b2 2)

+ - - --a + +c

399

<=> MA2 + MB2 + MC2 ::: 3 (R"~· OMZ)

GQi A', B', C' hin lirot la giao dic%m cua MA, MB, MC vdi dltong tron tam O. Tir do suy ra:

MA + MB + MC = MA 2 + MB2 + Mc2 = 3

MA' MB' MC' R2 -OM2

Ta de thay rang, khi ~ABC deu thi 0 == G suy ra M == 0 == G. Con khi ~ABC kh6ng d~u thi 0,£ G nen t6n tai dltong tron dltong kinh OG.

V~y: • 'Khi ~ABC d~uthi M == 0 == G

• Khi ~ ABC kh6ng deu thi quy tich cua M la dltCtng tron duong kinh OG

Cho ~ABC, tim quy tieh diem M trong cac truong hop sau: (a) 3MA 2 = 2MB2 + Mc2

ili) MA2_MB2+CA2-CB2=O

?

GIAI:

(a) GQi 0 la tam duong tron ngoai tiep ~ABC

MA2 = (MO + OAf ~ M02 +OA2 + 2MO.OA

33

C

MB2 = (MO + 5Br = M02 + OB2 + 2 MO . OB MC2 = (MO + ocr = M02 + OC2 + 2MO.OC Suy ra: 3MA2 = 2MB2 + MC2

<:) 2MO (30A - 20B - 06) = 0 {:} MO(2AB+AC) = 0

(Vi 30A - 20B - OC = -2 (AO + OB) - (AO + OC)J = -(2AB + AC)

V~y quy tich cac di~mM la dUClng thAng qua 0 vuong g6e vdi vecto I = 2AB+ AC

(b) Ta e6: MA2 - MB2 + CA2 .; CB2 = 0

<:) (MA + MB) (MA - MB) + (CA - CB) (CA + CB) = 0 <:) 2 MI. BA + 2 CI. BA = 0 (vdi I trung di~m AB) <:) BA (MI + CI) = 0

<:) BA (MI + IJ) = 0

Quy tich di~m M lit dUClng thAng qua I va vuong g6e vdi AB.

A

<:) BA.MJ = 0

D

(d)

(b)

J

34

cAc sAl ToAN TLJ GI.41

1. Cho ~ABC x, y, z > o. Chung minh ding:

1 1 1.. x2 + s" + Z2

(a) - cos A + - cos B + - cos C $ _ __;_ __ 2xyz

x

y

z

(f)~ thi d~ nghi. Olympic 30-4)

1 1 1 . x2 + y2 + Z2

(b) - cos 2A + - cos 2B + - cos 2C ~ - _ __::._-

x y z 2xyz

2. Cho di€m M nam tren du?1ng tron ngoai tiep tam giac d~u ABC. Chung minh rling gia tri cua I ::: MA 4 + MB4 + MC4

khong phu thuoc vao vi tri cua M.

(f)~ thi Olympic toan Qu6c gia)

3. Ooi AI' BJ' C1 Ian luqt la cacdiern doi xung cua A, B, C cua !\ABC qua cac canh BC, CA, AB tuong ung. Chung minh rang AI' B1, C1 thang hang.

3 <=:> cos A. cos B. cos C = -- 8

(Tap chi "Toan h9C va Tu6?i tre")

•

4. Cho tu giac 16i ABCD. Goi GI' G2, G3, G4 Ian hrot la cac trong tam cua ~ABC, ~13CD, ~CDA va ~DAB va tu giac ABCD. Chung minh rling G la trong tam tu giac G1G2G3G4· '

5. Cho ~ ABC can tai A, D la trung diern canh AB, I la tam dirong tron ngoai tiep ~ACD. Chung minh .rang IE l_ CD.

(f)~ thi Olympic Toan Anh)

35

.6. Cho ~ABC nhon nQitie'p trong dtiang tron ban kinh bang 1 va BC = a, CA = b, AB = c. Chung minh ding vdi moi di€m M nam trong ~ABC, ta luon co:

a2(b2 + c!- + a2)MA + b2(& + a2 -b2)MB + c2(a2 + b2 + c2)MC ~ (abe)"

7. Cho ~ABC d~u canh 2006. Tim quy tich nhtrng di€m M theaman:

(a) MB2 + 2MC2 = 1001

(b) 2MA 2 - MB2 + MC2 = 2007 (c) MA2 + MB2 + MC2 = 2008

•

36

A. Cac bai toan can ban

Cho ~ABC. Chung minh rang:

() r . A . B . C

a - = SIn - . SIn - . SIn - R 2 2 2

(b) cosA + cosB + cosC = 1 + _E._

R

ABC r+4R

(c) tg - + tg - + tg - = --

2 2 2 p

(Dq,i h9C NgoCfi nga Ha Noi)

(Dai h9C N6ng Lam TPHCM)

GIAI

(a)

A

. (B . C)

Ta c6: a = BM + MC = r cotg"2 + cotg"2

= r

. B+C SIn~·--

2

A cos -

= r _--=_=2_=

. B . C

SIn - . SIn -

2 2

B . C

sin·· . sm-

2 2

A

Arcos -

4R . A 2

~ SIn - . COS - = ---=--=---=:-

2 2 . B . C

SIn - .. SIn -

2 2

r . A . B . C

~ - = SIn - SIn - . SIn -

4R 2 2 2

38

r+4R p

4R (1 + sin A . 1 sin B . sin C) = _~ __ ...... 2 __ __:.2_.:... _...::2:..:::..

R(sinA + sinB +sinC)

3 + cosA + cosB + cosC

(do cau a)

(b) Ta c6:

. A+B A-B - C

cosA + cosB + cosC = 2cos . cos + 1- 2sin2 -

2 2 2

•

= 2 sin C[cos A - B _, cos A + B] + 1

2 2. 2

4· C .·B . A 1 = SIn - . SIn - . SIn - +

222

r

= - + 1

R

(c) Cach 1:

Ta c6: sin A + sinB + sine

2. A+B A-B 2" C C

= SIn ' . cos ' + SIn - . COS -

2 2 2 2

= 2 cos ~ [cos A ; B + cos A.; B]

C B A

= 4 cos - . cos - . cos - (*) 222

=

sin A + sinB + sinC

= (1 + cosA) + (1 + cosB) + (1 + cosC) 4 cos A . cos B . cos C

2 .2 2

2 ( cos2 ~ • cos2 ~ • cos2 ~)

=

ABC

4 cos - . cos - . cos -

2 22

[ . B+G . C+A . A+B ]

1 sm -,-. SIn -- sm

2 2 . 2

= 2 -___'B=--~-C=- + C A + A B

cos - . cos- cOS-. cos~ cOS-. cos- 2 2 2 2 2 2

39

ABC = tg - + tg - + tg- 222

•

1 (B C C AA B)

= - tg _: + tg - + tg - + tg - + tg - + tg -

22 2 2 2 2 2

Cach 2:

VT = r + 4R = pr + 4R

P p2 P

S abc

= -')+-

p·p.S

p .abc + 82 p2.8

p.abc + p(p - a)(p - b)(p - c)

=

p2.8

=

abc + [p - a)(p - b)(p - c)

=

p.8

= abc + p3 - p2 (a + b + c) + p(ab + be + ca)_- abc p.S

ab + be + ca _ p2

=

S

ABC li1 1 1)

Vp = tg-+tg-+tg- == r --+--+-_ ..

2 2 2 p-a p-b p-c

pr[(p - a)(p - b) + (p - b)(p - c) + (p - c)(p - a)] p(p - a)(p b)(p - c)

S[3p~ - 2(a + b + cj p + ab + be +caJ

=

82

ab + be + ca _ p2

=

S

Ttl do suy ra dit~u phai cluing minh

40

Cho ~ABC. Chung minh rling:

(a) 8 = ~ (a2 sin2B + b2 sin 2A) = ~ra .rb .re·r 1111111

(b) - + - + - =- + - + - = -

h, h, he ra' rl, rc r

(c) ra + rb + rc = 4R + r

(d) -ra + rb + rc + r= 4RcosA

'I

GIAI

(a) Ta co:

• .!. ( a 2 sin 2B + b2 sin 2A) 4

= 2R:l sin A . sin B (sin A . cos B + sin B . cos A)

= 2R2 (sin~ A .sin B. cosB-I- sin" B .sin A. cos A] = 2R2 sin A .sin B .sin(A + B)

= 2R2 sin Avsin Bvsin C

= .!.(2RsinA)(2Rsin B)sinC 2

= .!. ab . sin C = 8 2

• 8 = pr = [p - aj r, = (p - b)rb = (p - c)re

=> 84 = p(p - a)(p - b)(p - c)r.ra.rb.re = 82 .r-r; .rb .re

(b) Ta co: 1 1 1

8 = -ah = -bh, - -ch

2 a 2 '-2 c

= (p - a) fa = [p - b) fb = [p - c) rc

= pr

41

42

1 a 1 b 1 c ha = 28' hb = 28' he = 28

1 p-a 1 p-b'l p-c

- = --, - = --, - =--

~ 8 ~ 8 ~ 8

111111 p 1

~ -+-+-=-+-+-=-=-

ha hb he ra rb re 8 r

(c) Cach 1:

Ta co:

ra + rb + re = p (tg A + tg B + tg C)

2,2 2

=r + 4R (do bai Ic)

Cach 2:

Ta c6: ra = p. tg A = R (sin A + sin B + sin C) tg A

2 2

A B. C A

= R4cos-.cos-.cos-.tg-

2 2 2 2

(' 'A'B'C 4 A B C)

m sm + SIn + SIn = cOS-.coS-.cos- .

222

(bon d9C tu kilm tra)

. AB C

= 4Rsm-.cos~.cos-

2' 2 2

Chung minh tirong tV:

. B C A

rb = 4Rsm-.cos-.cos-

2 2 2

4R . CAB

r, = sm2".cos2".cos2"

8 abc

r=-=--

p 4Rp

H<1n mra:

BR3 sinA.sinB.sinC

=

4R2 (sin A + sinB + sin C)

2R sin A. sin B. sin C ABC 4 cos -. cos- . cos -

2 . 2 2

= 4Rsin A .sin B .sin C (c6 thl xem bai La) 222

=

4R C (. A B . B A)

= cos- stn-.cos- + Sln-.cos-

22222

4R . C ( A' B . A . B)

+ Sln- cos-.cos- - Sln-.Sln. 2 2 2 . 2 2

C . A+B . C A+B

= 4Rcos-.sm + 4Rsm-.cos--

2 . 2 2 2

= 4R( cos" ~ + Sin2~)

= 4R

(d) Ta c6: -ra + rb + rc + r

4R A (. B C . C B)

-. cos"2 sm"2.cos"2 + sm"2.cos"2

4-R . A (. B . C B C)

+ Sln- Sln-.Sln- - cos-.cos-

22222

_ 4R cos A sin B + C _ 4R sin A cos B + C

2 2 2 2

R( 2 A . 2 A)

= 4 cos "2 - sm "2 .

= 4RcosA

Cho .1ABC. Chung minh rfmg.:

(1 1)' (1 1) (1 1) (A B C)

- + - 1 + - +- 1 + - + - 1 -= 2 cos - + cos - + cos-

abe b c a cab 2, 2 2

43

GIAI

Ta co:

A 2bc.cos2

18 = --__,...;~

b+c

¢:) 1 (_h_+_C) = 2 cos A

8 be 2

¢:) 1. (.!. + 1)· = 2 cos A

8 b c 2

Chung minh tl1ctng ttl:

Ib (! +.!.) = 2cos B

c a 2

A (1 1) .(1 1) (1 1). (A B C)

V ~y: - + - 18 + - + - Ib + - + - Ie == 2 cos - + cos - + cos-:

b cc a a b 2 2 2

Bai4

Cho ~ABC, G lA trong tam. B~t GAB = a.,GBC = p,QcA = y Chung minh rang:

3(a2 + b2 + c2) cot ga. + cot gp + cot gy = 48

(Dai h9C Ngoai thuang)

GIAI

A

44

Ta co: BG2 = AB2 + AG2 - 2AB.AG.cosa

= C2 + AG2 - ~AB.AG. sin a. cot go.

= C2 + AG2 - 4SMBG·cotga 4

= C2 + AG2 -a8;cotga

=> cot go. = ~(C2 + GA2 - GB2) 48

Chung rninh tirong ty":

cot gf = 4~ (a2 + GB2 - GC2)

. cotgy = 438 (b2 + GC2 - GA2)

V~y: cot go. + cot g~ + cot gy = ~ (a 2 + b2 + c2) 48

Cho L\ABC, co a4 + b' = c". Chung rninh rang: (a) L\ABC co 3 gocnhon.

(b) 2 sin" C = tgA.tgB

?

GIAI

(a) Ta co:

4 4 b41c4 > a4 {c > a

.c=a+ =? =?

c4 > b' C > b

t: a

=? => A, B nhon

c> b

Han nua: c" = a2.a2 + b2.b2 > c2.a2 + c2.b2 => c2 < a.2 + b2 = c2 + 2ab. cos C

=> cosC > 0 => C nhon

V4y A, B, Cd~u nhon

45

(b) Ta co:

a2 = b2 + c2 - 2bc.cosA

= b2 + c2 - 2bc. sin A. cotgA _ b2 + c2 - 48. cotgA

b2 + c2 _ a2

=> cotgA = 48

Chang minh tarong ·tt!:

c2 + all _ b2

48

cotgB -

Nen cotgA.cotgB -

c4 _(a2 _ b2)2 1682

c4 _ (a4 + b4 _ 2a2b2)

=

1682

a2b2

-~~---;:- = -_-

(1 )2 2sin2 C

8 2absinC

V~y: tgA.tgB = 2sin2 C

1

=

Cho ~ABC, co B = 2C. Chang minh rAng: (a) 'b2 = ac + c2

(b) r = (b - c)sinC

GIAI

(a) Ta co: b2 _ c2 = 4R2 [sin" B -sin2 C)

= 4R2 [~(1- cos2B) - ~ (1- COS2C)]

= 2R2 (cos 2C - cos 2B)

= 2R2.2sin(C + B)sin(B - C)

== ac

~ b2 = ac + c2

46

(b) Ta co:

. S ab.sinC ab. sin C

r=-= = =

p a + b + c ac + c2 b

. +

c

= ac.sinC _ ac(b - c).sinC

b + c - b2 _c2

ac(b - c) .sinC

=

ab.sinC b2 -+b c

ac

= (b - c).sinC

Cho ~ABC co A = 2B = 4C. Chung minh rAng: 1 1 1

-+-=abc

GIAI

Cach 1:

Ta co:

=>

ABC A+B+C 1t

-=-=-= =-

42177

A = 41t

7

B = 21t

7

C=2:

7

Theo dinh Iy ham sin

11 1( 1 1)

a + b = 2R sin A + sin B

1 sin A + sinB = 2R· sinA.sinB

.. A+B A-B

= _!_ 2E!1ll 2 .cos. 2

2R sinA.sinB

47

(Dai hoc Y - Duac TPHCM)

Cach 2

C A-B

1 cos 2' cos ---2---

=

R sinA.sinB

37t 7t

1 cosT'cos;;

=

R' . 47t . 27t Slll-.Sln-

7 7

1 1

= =

2Rsin¥ C

{A = 2B Do B = 2C

Nen theo bai ta co:

{a2 = b2 +. be b2 = c2 + ca

1 a+b+cl b+c

:)-= =-+--

C a2 a a2

1 - b+ c 1 1

=-+ =-+-

a b2 + be ab

1 1 1 V4y - = -+cab

Cho 8ABC vuong tai A. G9i I la tam dlidng tron nQi tiep. ChUng minh rang:

(a)

. 13 . C Ib.1e

Sln-.Sln- =--

22 4a2

IB.IC = Ib .Ie

2.

(b)

48

GIAI

A

(a) Ta e6

B e eos- =-

2 Ib

C b

eos- =-

2 Ie

B..,,;._ _;;,_ __ --"""'C

. B . C be sin .sm =2

a

Han mra:

4 . B . C B C be

=> Sln-.Sln-.eOS-.eos- =-

. . 2 2 2 2 a2

4 . B . C be be => sm-.sm-.-- = 2

2 2 lb .i, a

. B . C lb.le

=> Sln-.sm- = -

2 2 4a2

(b) Ap dung dinh ly ham sin trong ~IBC:

IBC = ~ = ~= ~2 = aJ2

. . B sinBDC V"L.

Sln- Sln-

2 . 2 2

=> IB.IC = 2a2 sin B .sin C

2 2

= 2a2 Ible ..

4a2

= Ib1e

2

Cho ~ABC, MN E BC sao eho BH = MN = NC. f)~t BAM = x,~ = y,NAC = z

Chung minh:

(eotgx + eotgy)( eotgy +' eotgz) - 4 (1 + eotg2y)

49

GIAI

A

M

N

D~t 5MBM = SMMN = SMNC = a > 0 Ve'trai = sin(x + y) sin(y + z)

sin x. sin y sin y. sin z

= sin (x + y). sin (y + z)

sin 2 y. sin x. sin z

( 2 ) sin (x + y). sin (y + z)

= 1 + cotg 'y ..

sm x.sm z

2SMBN 2SMMC

= (1 + cotg" y) AB.AN . AM.AC

2SMBM 2SMNC

AB.AM AN.AC

= (1+ cotg" y) 20. . 20.

. a a

= 4(1 + cotg" y) = Ve' phai

Cho ~ABC thea p2 = hahb + h.h, + hcha (1) Chung minh ding ~ABC d~u.

50

GIAI

Ta co: S = ~ aha = ~p(p - a)(p - b)(p - c) . => h = 2~p(p - a)(p - b)(p - c)

a a

(1 1 1 ) => hahb + hbhc + h.h, = 4p(p - a)(p - b)(p - c)lab + be + ca

= 8p2 (p - a)(p - b)(p - c)

abc

Do do: (1) <=> 8(p - ~)(p - b)(p - c) = abc

<=> abc = (-a + b + c)( a - b + c)( a + b - c)

<=> a2b2c2 = [a2 _ (b - C)2][ b2 - (c - a)2][ c2 - (a - b)2]

<=> (b - C)2 = (c _ a)2 = (a _ b)2

<=> a = b = c <:::> MBC d~u

Cho ,/). ABC. Chung minh rang:

b 2A 2B

cos "2 + acos 2" = p

GIAI

A B 1, 1

Ta co: bcos" - + a cos" - = - b(l + cosA) + -a(l + cosB)

2 2 2 2

1, ( b2 + c2 - a 2 J 1 ( 'c2 + a 2 - b2 J

== -b 1+ +-a 1+----

2 2bc 2 2ca

51

Cho ~ ABC. Chung minh rling:

rna .nib.me ~ p.S

GIAI

2 2(b2 + C2) - a2 (b +C)2 _ a2

rna = 4 ~ 4 = P (p - a)

~ rna ~ ~p(p - a)

Chung minh tucng' tV:

mb ~ ~p(p - b)

Ta c6:

me ~ ~p(p - c)

Suy ra: ma.nib.me ~ p~p(p - a)(p - b)(p - c) = pS

Da'u "=" ~ ~ABC d~u

Cho ~ ABC. Chung minh rling:

2bc A

(a) 1 = --cos-

a b + c 2

1 1 1 1 1 1 (b) -+-+- < -+-+-

abc Ia i, Ie

(c) Ib + Ie + Ie + Ia + la + Ib s 3J3 abc

GIAI

(a)

Ta c6:

5MBC = SMDB + SMDC

52

53

A

~r .1 bc.sinA = .!.(b + e)la.sin A 222

~ bc.sinA = (b + e)la.sin A

2

2be A

~ l~ = --.cos-

b+c 2

(b) Ta c6:

2bc A 2bc

la = --.cos- <--

b+c 2' b e c

~ ! > .!.(.!. +!)

i, 2 b c

Chung minh tircng t\,l

1 1 1 1 1 1 ~_ +_ +_ >--1--+-

1. h i. abc

ABC A B. A+B

(c) Ta 'co: cos- + cos- + cos- = cos- + cos- + sm--

2 ·2 2 2 2 2

= ...!.(cos A . J3 + cos B J3] + J3[sin A (2_cos B)

J3 22 22 2J3 2

. B ( 1 A)]

+ 8m2 J3 cOS2

1 ( 2 A 3) 1 ( 2 B 3) J3 ( . 2 A 1 2 B .' 2 B 1 2 A)

:5: J3 cos 2' + '4 + J3 cos. "2 + '4 + 2 sin '2 + '3 cos "2 + sin "2 + '3 cos '2

Dau "=" xiiy ra khi nao?

MBsi 14~~-------------------------------------' Cho ~ABC co ha,hb,he E N; va r = 1

Chung minh rang ~ ABC· d~u.

GI.AI

Ta co 2p > 2a ee p > a

8 28

¢::> -- > -

r ha

ee h, > 2r = 2 Vi h, E N ~ h, ~3

Chung minh tuong tu;

hb ~3

h >3

e -

1 1 1 1 1 1

~ -+-+-~-+-+- = 1 ha hb he 3 3 3

Hon mra

_!_+_!_+~ =.!. = 1

ha hb he r

~ h = h, = h = 3

a e

~ a=b=c

. V~y ~ABC d~u

~Bsi 15~r-----~-------------------------------' Cho ~ABC. Chung minh rAng:

ha > {2r" 1 -f"R

a

54

H P

=1- cos(7t- B + C) 2

= 1 + cos (B - C) 2

(B -C)

= cos" ..!...--...£-

2

A

GIAI

Ta c6: h, = Ia·sinAnB

= la.sin( C + ~)

h2 1- cos(2C + A)

=> _a = __ ~ __ _:...

12 2

a

. 4R' A . B . C

r = Sln-.Sln-.Sln-

2' 2 2

2r 8' A . B . C ~ _ = Sln-.Sln-.Sln.,--

R 222

Do d6: ha;::: {2r

t, fR"

Han nua:

2B-C 8' A . B .. C .<=> cos --;::: Sln-.-.Sln-.Sln-

2 2 2 2

<=> cos" B - C ;::: 4 sin A [cos B - C _ cos B + C J

22' 2 2

2B-C . AB-C 2A .

<=> cos ---4sm-.coS--+4S -;::: 0

2 2 2 2

( B - C A)2

<=> cos -2- - 2 sin 2 ;:::.0 (luoti dung)

D""", " "

au =

B-C . A

<=> cos-- = 2sm-

2 2

2 B-C. B+C 4·.A A

~ eos-.--.Slll-- = Sln-.eos-

2 2 2 2

<=> sin B + sin C = 2 sin A

¢:} be = 2a

55

Cho ~ABC c6 ba duang tron bang tie'p cua cac g6c A, B, C tie'p xiic vci ba canh BC, CA, AB tai M, N, P.

Chung minh rAng: 8

8aMNP ~- 4

Bai16~----------------------------------~

A

GIA.I·

{8MNP = 81

B~t 8aBMP = 82 8acMN = 83

= 1- [(p - a)(p - b) + (p - b)(p - c) + (p - c)(p - a)]

ab be ca

Theo bat dAng thirc Cauchy, ta c6:

(p - a)(p - b) (p - b)(p - c) -,-=--(p_- ~c )~(p_- ~a)

_'___...:......>..._--,- + + _

ab be . ca

. 2A . 2B . 2C

= SIn - + SIn - + SIn -

2 2 2

= !(1- cosA) + !(1- COS B) + sin" C 222

= 1- !(cosA + COS B) + sin" C

2 2

1 . C A-B . 2C

= -SIn-cos + SIn -'

2' 2 2

•

3 (. 2C 1 A - B)2 1. 2 A - B 3

= - + SIn - - - COS -- + - sm > -

4 • 2 2 2 4 2-4

V~y:

8aMND <!

8 - 4

Dau "=" ~ .~ ABC d~u

56

Cho Il.ABC va di~m M b8:t ky nam trong Il.ABC. Chang minh rang:

A B . C

MA.cos- + MB.cos- + MC.cos- ~ P 222

A

GIAI

Ta c6:

{a = MB cos n, + MC. cos C2

b = MC.cosCl +M. Acos A,

a c = Ma cos A, + MBcosB2

B.:;.__:;_---------#--~C

=> a + b + c = MA(cosAl + cos Aj ] + MB(cosB1 + cos Bj )

+ MC(cosC1 + cos Cj]

= 2MA cos Al + A2 . cos Al - A2 + 2MB cos BI + B2 . cos Bl - B2

2 2 2 - 2

C +C C -C

+ 2MCcos I 2.COS I 2

2 2

s 2(MACOsA + MBcos B + MCcos C)

2 ·22

VA ABC

ay: MAcos- + MBcos- + MCcos- ~ P

.2 2 2

Datu "=" ~ M == Tam dudng tron nQi tie'p Il.ABC.

Cho Il.ABC. Chung minh rling:

p2 + r2 = 2R [h, + h, + he - 2r) (*)

57

58

GIAI

Ta co: (*) <=> p2 + r2 + 4Rr = 2R(ha + h, + he)

(28 28 28) <=> p2 + r2 + 4Rr = 2R _ + _ + _

abc

<=> p2 + r2 + 4Rr = 2R 2abe(! + ! + !) 4R abc

<=> p2 + r2 + 4R = ab + be + ea (* *)

H<1n nua:

. A a

Sln- =-

2 2R

A r tg~=--

2 p-a

A 2tg-

sinA = 2

1 + tg2 A 2

2r

a p - a 2r (p - a)

=> - = --=---~

2R (r)2 - r2 + (p _ a)2

1+ -

p-a

<=> a[ r2 + (p - at] == 4Rr(p - a)

<=> a(p2 + a2 - 2ap + r2) = 4Rr(p - a)

<=> a" - 2pa + (p2 + r2 + 4Rr}a - 4Rrp = 0 Chung minh tirong tV:

b" - 2pb + (p2 + r2 + 4Rr) b - 4Rrp = 0

e3 - 2pe + (p2 + r2 + 4Rr) e - 4Rrp = 0 => a, b, e lA ba nghiem cua phuong trinh x3 -2pX+(p2 +r2 +4Rr)x-4Rrp = 0

Theo dinh ly Viet, ta c6:

ab + be + ca = p2 + r2 + 4Rr ~ (**) dung ~ (dpcrn)

Cho tl ABC. Chung rninh rang:

GIAI

Ta nhan thay: b2 + c2

rna ~ 4R (1)

ee . 4rn! ~ (b. sin B + c. sin C)2

¢::> 2b2 + 2c2 - a2 ~ b2 sin'' B + c2.sin2 C + 2bc.sinBsinC

¢::> b2 + c2 + 2bc.cosA ~ b2 sin" B + c2.sin2 C + 2ab.sinBsinC ¢::> b2 cos" B + c2 • cos" C - 2bc. cos B. cos C ~ 0

<=> (bcosB - c.cos Cl" ;::: 0 (lu6n dung)

b2 + c2

VA > _

ay: rna - 4R

Chung rninh ttidng tl!:

. c2 + a2 mb ~--- 4R

a2 + b2 me ~ 4R

a2 + b2 + c2

'* rna + m, + me 2: 2R

{b. cos B = ,c. cos C DB:u "=" ¢:> c. cos C = a. cos A a.cosA = b.cosB

59

~ a.cosA = b.cosB = c.cosC

{o < A,B,C < 1t

~ sin2A = Sin2~ = sin2C A = B'~ C = 1t

<=> 3

<=> ~ABC d~u

Tom lai ta luon co:

Dau "=" <=> ~ABC d~u

cAc sAl ToAN TlJ GIAI

1. Cho ~ABC. Chang minh rang:

(p - a)2 sin A + (p - b)2 sinB + (p - cy.l sinC A . B C

=4r(2R - r)cos-.cos-.cos-

2 2 2

2. Cho ~ABC.

a) Hay tim mot digm M trong ~ABC sao cho:

MAE = MBC = MCA

b) Dl)t MAE = n Chang minh r~ng:

cot gD = cot gA + cot gB + cot gC

(B(J d~ Tuyin sinh)

3. Cho ~ABC. Chang minh r~ng: h, s ~p(p - a) s m,

4. Cho ~ABC. Chang minh r~ng:

3(a2 + b2 + c2)+ 4abc ~ 13

(DR Vinh, Kh6i A+B)

60

5. Cho ~ABC. Chung minh rang:

1 1 1 1 -+-+-<~ a2 b2 c2 - 4r2

(H9C vi~n Ky thuat Qudn 811)

6. Cho ~ ABC thea man h~ thirc:

Chung minh rang: ~ABC d~u.

7. Cho ~ABC co

abc

-=-=-

.A a

Sln-=--

2 2&

. B b

Sln- =--

2 2.Jca

rna mb me

Chung minh r~ng: ~ABC d~u

8. Cho ~ABC. Chung minh r~ng:

a) hb + ~ + ha > 1:. h2 h2 h2 - r

abe

b) a + b + c s a.J3R

.

(Cao ddng 811 pham Ky thuq,.t)

(DH Van hoa n« N¢i)

(H9C oien. Ngdn hang)

. (DHDL Van Lang)

•

61

B. Cac bai taan nang cao

Bsi 1

Cho AABG c6

(1)

sin A + sin B sin 2A + sin 2B

=

sinC sin2C

Tinh cosA + cosB

(D~ thi d~ nghi. Olympic 30-4)

,?

GIAI

(1) <=> sin A + sin B + sin C sin 2A + sin 2B + sin 2C
=
sinC sin2C
ABC
4 cos - . cos - . cos - 4sinA.sinRsinC
2 2 2
<=> =
sinC sin2C 4·A.B.C C

<=> Sln-.Sln-.Sln- = cos

2 2 2

<=> cos A + cos B + cos C - 1 = cos C {::> cos A + cos B = 1

1 1 1 1 1 1

Cho AABC c6 --+--+-- = +--+--

cos A cos B cos C . A . B . C

sm- Sln- Sln-

2 2 2

Chung minh rang: AABC d~u.

(D~ thi d~ nghi. Olympic 30-4)

?,

GIAI

* Ne'u AABC ttl:

1t, 1t

A>->B~C>O~O<C<-

2' 4

62

1 1 --+---~ cosB cosC

,2 .A

SIn-

2

Dsu "="<::> B = C

~ {tgC < 1 cosC < 0

. C . C C

~ SIn_;. < SIn < COS

2

1 1 ~ --<--

cosC sinC 2

Han nua:

1 1 cosA + cosB

-- + -- = -----

cos A cos B cos A. cos B

A+B A-B

2cos .cos--

2 2

=

cosA.cosB

'. C A-B

2sm-.cos---

2 2 < 0

cosA.cosB

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

~ --+--+--<--<--< . +--+--

cosA cosB cosC cosC sin C sin A sin B . sin C

2 2 2 2

=

* Ne'u L\ABC nhon:

Ta co:

1

o < cosA.cosB ="2[ cos(A - B) + cos(A + B)]

~ !.(l- cosC) = sin'' C

2 2

1 1 2 2

~ --+--> >--

cosA cosB - .JcosA.cosB - in C SI -

2

Dau "=" <=> A = B Chung minh tirong tu:

63

2

. B Sln-

2

1 1 1 1 1 1

Suy ra: -- + -- + -- ~ ~ + -n +---c

cos A .cos B cos C sin _ sin - sin _

2 2 2

1 1

--+-- ~ cosC cosA

D~u "=" ¢:> C = A

D~u "=" ¢:> ~ ABC d~u

Bai3 ~------------------------~----------~

Cho ~ABC. Chung minh rAng:

b 2A 2B b 2C 1 1 1

c. cos - + ca. cos - + a . cos - ~ ra a + rb b + rc c'

222

Khi naoxay ra dau dAng thirc?

(l)~ thi h9C sinh gioi TPHCM)

GIAI

Ta co:

• be. cos" A + ca. cos" B + abo cos" C

222

1 1 1

= 2 bC(l + cosA) + ""2ca(l + cosB) + 2 ab(l + cosC)

1 . 1 1 1

= -(ab + be + ca) + - be. cos A + -ca.cosB +-ab.cosC

2 222

1· 1

= -(ab + be + ca) + _(b2 + c2 - a2)

2 4

•

S 2 ,----

raja = --~bc.p(p - a)

p-ab+c .

64

p(p - b)(p- c) 2. fb ( )

= -_. " c.p p - a

p-a b+c

2~ I = -.P\l(p - b)(p - c)

b+c

p-b+p-c

s l.p 2

~ ap

2

1 . 1 1 < a+b+c _ 2

=> ra a + r, b + rc c - 2 P - P

(2)

Tli (1) va (2)

DB:u "=" <::> Il ABC d~u

Cho Il ABC va di~m I thuoc mien trong cua tam giac. Cac dliong thAng ~I, BI, CI llin hrot cAt cac canh d6i tai A', B', C'.

Chung minh rang: AI.BI.CI < ~

AA'.BB'.CC' - 27

(D~ thi d~ nghi. Olympic 30-4)

GIAI

A

1St-IBC = X

B~t St-JCA= y

St.IAB = Z

Ta co:

lA' St.IBC X

-=--=

AA' 5MBC X+Y+Z

65

Chung minh tUdng tI,t:

IB'

y

- == _..;:__-

BB'

x+y+z

8

IC'

z

27

= ---'---

cet x + y + z

Tli do· suy ra:

AI.Bi.CI _ (y + z)(z + x)(x + y)

AA'.BB'.CC' - (x + y + Z)3

.( )3

1 y +z . -z + x x + y

:5 - . + + =-

~ x+y+z x+y+z x+y+z

Da'u"=" ~ I lit trong tam ~ ABC

Sal 5 1-----"---...,..---------------------.

Cho ~ABC. Chung minh rAng:

ha +~b + he ~ 3a{2; la i, Ie Vlf

. Tap chi "Toan h9C va Tu6i tre"

. GIA.I

Ta co:

h = 28 = 2~p(p-a)(p- b)(p - c)

a

a

a

i, = ~~bc.p(p·~ a)

. b+c

h, (b+ c}~(p - ~)(p - c)

::;;> 1:;- = a Jbc

ha hb he

::;;> -+-+-

la Ib Ie

(~(p- b.)(P - c) . ~(p - c)(p - a) ~(p - a)(p - b)]

~ 2 .. + + .....!....:....-_.:......;~__:_

a b· c

2~(p - b)(p - c) ~

a

66.

Han mra:

;?: 6f) (p.,.. a)(p - b)(p - c)

v abc

(p - a)(p - b)(p - c) = p(p - a)(p - b)(p. - c)

abc pabc

82 p(4RS)

(vi S = abc = Jp(p - a)(p - b)(p - c) 4R

=

S r

= - = - (vi S = pr ) 4Rp 4R

12r

=

8R

A h h h fir

Yay: __l!_ + _b + _c ;?: 33 _

. I, r, r, R

Dau "=" <=> .1ABC d~u

-( Bsi 6 .__---------------------, Cho .1ABC. Chung minh rang:

a) a2 + b2 + c2 ;?: 4S~ + (a - bt + (b - ct + (c - a)2

b) _P_a2 + _P_b2 + _r_c2 ;?: 2~S, 'ip,q, r > 0

p+ r r+p p+q

(Tap chi "I'oan h9C va Tudi tre")

GIAI

a)

B~t:

{p - a = x > 0 p-b=y>O p-c=z>O

Ta c6: a2+ b2 + c2 ;?: 4S.J3. + (a - b)2 + (b - c t + (c - a)2

¢::> [a2 - (b - C)2] + [b2 -(c - a)2J + [c2 - (a - btJ ;?: 4S~

67

68

~ 4(p - b)(p - c) + 4(p - c)(p - a) + 4(p - a)(p - b) ~ 4SJ3 ~ xy + yz + zx ~ ~3xyz (x + y + z)

~ (xy + yz 4- zx y ~ 3xyz (x + y + z)

~ (xy - YZ)2 + (yz - ZX)2 + (zx - xy)2 ~ ° (dung)

D",,, " " au =

¢:> xy = yz = zx ~ x=y=z

~ a=b=c

b) Theo BBT Cauchy:

(a+b+c)2 =(JCf+r~q+r+ k-Jr+p+ Ji+q-Jp+qJ2

~ q+r r+p p+q

( a2 b2 c2 J2

~ 2 2 + 2 + . 2 [p + q + r)

(q+r) [r s- p] (p+q) .

s 2(a2 + b2 + c2) + 2(-P-a2 +_q_b2 + _r_c2)

q r r r s p p+q

p 2 q 2 r 2 (a + b + C)2 - 2 (a 2 + b2 + c2)

=> --a + -- b + --. c ~ -------'------=-

q+r r+p p+q 2

a2 + b2 +c2 -(a- b)2 -(b-ct-(c-a)2 t:

~ ~ 2S'\I3

2

tdocau a)

V~y: _P_a2 + __ q_b2 +_r_c2 ~ 2SJ3

q+r r-tp p+q

{a = b = c Da'u "=" <=> p=q=r

Chu y:

• Lay p = q = r > 0, ta co bai toan quen thuoc: a 2 + b2 + c2 ~ 4SJ3

• La'y a = b = c = lTaco BBT Nesbit: _p_+_q_+_r_ ~ 3 q+r r s-p p+q 2

D'" " " °

au = <=> P = q = r >

Bai7~------------------------------------~ Cho ~ABC. Chung minh rAng:

r2 + r:2 + r2 > m2 + m2 + m2 (1)

a b c- abc

DAng thirc xiiy ra khi nao?

(Tq,p chi "Toan h9C va Tufli trr)

GIAI

Ta co:

{s = ~p (p - a)(p - b)(p - c) = (p - a) ra m! = ~[2(b2 + c2) - a2]

~p(p - b)(p - c)

:::) ra = [p .:.. a) .

m2 + m2 + m2 = 3 (a2 + b2 + c2) abc 4

Dod6:

(1) ~ [(P - b)(p - c) (p - c)(p - a) (p - a)(p - b)]

p (p - a) + (p - b) + (p - c)

3

~ 4 (a 2 + b2 + c2 )

~ (~+ y +z)(YZ + zx + xy) ~ ~[(y + Z)2 + (z + X)2 + [x + y)2] (2)

. x y z 4

jx = P - a> 0 (trong d6: y = p - b > 0 ) z=p-c>O

D~ Y rAng: (x + y + z)(YZ + zx + xy) x y z

= xy + yz + zx + x2 (~ + ; ) + y2 (: + :) + Z2 (; + ~)

~ xy + yz + zx + 2X2 +- 2y2 + 2Z2

69

~ ~ (X2 + s' + Z2 + xy + yz + ZX)

~ ![(X+yt+(Y+Z)2+(Z+X)2] =} (2) dung

Dati "=" c1 (1) <=) x = Y :::;: Z <=) a=b=e (:) 6ABC d~u

IhlC1ng tron nQi tiep 6ABC tiep xuc vdi cac canh BC, CA, AB tirong ung tai D, E, F. Chung minh rAng:

DE EF FD 3

--;.JB=C=.=CA= + .JCA.AB + . .J AB.BC s "2

(Tap chi "Toan. h9C va Tu6i tre")

A

GIAI

Ta eo:

EF = 2FK = 2(p - a)sina

= 2(p-a) !(p-b)(p-e)

Vi be

EF 2(p-a)J(p-b)(p-e)

=} - = ___;,,;_-_;_:....:.......-...;_;_-~

~ . be

2J(p - a)(p - b)J(p - a)(p - e)

be

2~ ~ .

2' 2 1

= -

be 2

70

Chung rninh tl1dng. ti!:

DE 1·

-.-<~

Jab - 2

FD 1

_<-

.JCa - 2

. DE EF FD 3 V~y: .-+-. -+--.:::;-

Jab .Jbc JCa 2

D«u "=" (:) 11 ABC d~u

Bal9 ...__,..-----------,_,,;,_---- ......

Cho I1ABC. Chang mirth rAng:

Fa

rna +lb +hc s 2(a+b+c)

(Bat ddng thuc Jack Garfulkel)

GIAI

{x=p-a>o {y+z=a

D~t: y == p - b > 0 => z + x = b

z=p~c>o x+y=c

Khi d6: rna = ~ J2{b2 +c2) - a2

= !J2(Z+X)2 +2(X+y)2 _(Y+Z)2 2

= ~ ~4X2 + 4x(y +z)+ s'> 2yz + Z2

~ (X + Y ; z J - yz

71

1 3(X+Y;Z.-~J(x+Y;Z+Fz)

s

Fa 2

s ]a (2x + Y + z -~) Ta dA biet:

Ib = 2& Jp(p - b) S; Jp(p - b) = JY(x+ Y + z)

a +c

Ie = !~ Jp(p - c) S; Jp(p ~ c) = Jz(x + Y + z)

~ rna + r, + t, S; 2x + Y j; ~ ~ + ~x + Y +z (.JY + .Ji")

S; 2x + Y j; - ~ + 2 ~x + Y + z. Fa (.JY + .Ji") 332

S; ]a [ 2x + Y + z- ~ + X + Y + z + : (.JY + JZ)2]

s;]a [ :3 (x + Y + z) - (.JY - JZfJ

1 . J3

S; J33(x+y+z)S;"2(a+b+c)

~ rna + l, + l, S; J3 (a + b + c)(1)

2 .

. J3 ) ( )

~ rna + Ib + he S; - (a + b + c . he --< l,

2

D8:u ":" ~ ~ABC d~u

Chu y: '

D~ Y rAng: I, S; rna' nsn tit (1) ta .co ngay b8:t dAng thirc sau:

72

Cho llABC. ChUng minh rAng:

- Fa . la - bl+ [b - el + Ie - al

m + m + m ~ -(a + b + c) + .

a ~ c 2 4

GIAI

Khong mdt tfnh t8ng quat, ta gill sa a ~ b ~ e.

GQi:

• AD, CE I§n ht<1t la cac dltong phan giac trong xudt

BL.--__;_--:!::~~---=~c phat tu A va C .

• AM, CN I§n Ilt<1t la cac dltong .trung tuyen xudt phat tu A va C .

A

. D~ thdy rAng:

MD = MB-BD = a _~ = a(b-~)s b-e

2 b+e2(b+c) 2

NE = NA _ AE = ~ _ ~ == (; (a - b) s a - b

_. 2 a + b 2(a + b) 2

. =>

1m. = AM sAD + MD s I. +ab_;bC me = CN s AE + NE s 1(' + -- 2

a-b b-e => rna +mb +me s la +mb +lc +-2-+-2-

< J3 ( b ) la - ~ + Ib - ~ + Ie - ~

- 2" a+ +e +. 2

(Do. (1) eua bai 9)

VA.y:. ~ Fa la- bl+lb-el+le-al

rna + mb + me - 2"" + 2

73

Chang minh rang:

ma" + nb" + pe2 ~. 4~mn + np + pm.S . (*)

(Tq,p chi "Toan h9C va Tudi tre")

B~11~~------------------~~------~

Cho A ABC va

m j- n o O n+p>O p+m>O

mn +np+pm > 0

GIll

Gili sli C nhon

(*) <=> ma" + nb" + p(a2 + b2 - 2abeosC) ~ 2~mn + np + pm.ab sin C

<=* (m+p): +(n+p):;::: 2(peosC+~mn+np+pmsinC)(**)

Theo ba't dAng thirc Cosi va Bunhiaeopski, ta co: (in+p)~+(n+p): ~ 2~(m+p)(n+p)

va (peosC + ~mn + np+pmsinCr s p2 + (mn +np+ pm) s (m+p)(n+p)

:;::> (*) dung va e6 da'u "=" xily ra khi va chi khi

a b

(n+p)b =(n+p)a

cos C sinC

-- = -;:::=====

~mn+np+pm

p

a b

(n + p) = ~p + m

eos2 C sin" C 1

- - ..,..--~..,..-----:-

p2 mn j-np j- pm (n+p)(n+p)

74

a2 . b2 C2 ab+ bc + ca ~ 4 -+-+-.s be ca ab

~ 4Ja.S

. • V 6'i a = b = c = 1 , ta c6:

m + n + p ~ ~3 (mn + np + pm)

<=> (m+n+p)2 ~ 3(mn+np+pm)

abc

<=> ~n + p = ~p + m = .Jm + n

(vi c2 = a2 + b2 - 2ab cos C

= a' + p + m a' _ 2aJP + m . P

n+p. . n+p ~(m+p)(n+p)

{::? (~r = n + P +nP ++p m - 2p = :::

a c

{::?

~n+p - .Jm +n

Chuy:

Tli ba:t dAng thirc (*) ta suy ra mQt so ba:t dAng thirc C\1 th~ ma cac ban c6 g~p trong mQt so sach tham khao hay d~ thi tuy~n sinh dai hoc .

• V 6'i m = n = p = 1 , ta e6: a 2 + b2 + e2 ~ 4SJa

• V6'i

. be

m = -, ta e6: a2

ea

n=-

b2

ab

p=~

75

Bai12~--------------------------------~

Cho ~ABC 00 2 cotgB - cotgA + cotgC. ~ G]a ~ tam ~ABC. ChUng minh r~g:

GIAI

A

Ta c6: cotgA + cotgC = 2 cotgB

b2 + c2 _ a2 a2 + b2 _ c2 'c2 + a2 _ b2

~ + =2--------

48 48 48

~ 2b2 = 2 (c2 + a 2 - b2)

~ 2b2 = c2 +a2

~ 3b2 = 2(c2 + a2),.. b2 = 4m~

~ (~J = ~b mb

~ NA2 = NG.NB

NA NB

~ -=-

NG NA

ee ~NAGoo ~NBA ~'GAC=GBA

76

(Tap chi "Toan h9C va Tu6i tre")

Cho 6ABC, B > C. Chung minh rAng:

A = 2 (B - C) ¢:> (b - c)(b + C)2 :::: a 2b

GIAI

GQi AD lA phan giac trong 6ABC. Ta cc:

AD2 = 1: = 4 2be.p.(p - a)

(b + e)

B~----~--------~c be

= 2 (a + b + e )(b + e .; a)

(b + e)

A

Do do:

A = 2(B - C)

¢:> A+C=B ·2

¢:} AnB = Aiili ¢:> AB = AD

2 be

¢:} e =--,-,(a+b+e)(b+e-a)

b+e

¢:> e(b + e)2 = b[(b + e)2 - a2]

¢:> (b - e)(b + e)2 = a2b

Cho 6ABC, trong tam G nam trong dlidng tron nQi tie'p (I). ChUng minh rang:

Max {a2, b2,e2}< 4Min {be, ea,ab} (1)

(Tq,p chi "Toan h9C va Tudi tre")

77

A

GIAI

B

Khong giam tinh tang quat ta gia sa a ~ b ~ c .

Ta phai chirng rninh a2 < 4bc. G<;>i M la trung digrn BC va G la trong tarn 6ABC. AM cAt (D tai P, N «1 hinh ve) va T la tiep digrn cua (1) vdi BC.

Ta c6: MT2 = MN.MP

va MN.MP < MG.MA (vi G ndm trong (1) =* MT2 < MG.MA

=* MT2 < .!MA2

3

!MA'= ma' = ~{2b' + 2C: _ a:)_ C

MT = CT-CM = p-c-- =--

2 2

(b - C)2 1 .

=:) < -(2b2 + 2c2 - a2)

4 12 . .

Hem nfia:

~ 3(b-ct<2b2+2c2-a2 ~ a2 < 2b2 + 2c2 - 3 (b _ C)2 ee a2 < 4bc -(b _ C)2

~ a2 < 4bc => (dpcm)

Cho 6ABC. ChUng rninh r~ng:

abc <1

a'+)(a+b)(a+c) + b+)(b+c)(b+a) + c+)(c+a)(c+b)-

(Tq,p chi "Tolin h9C va 'Tuifi trr)

78

GIAI

Theo BBT Bunhiaeopski:

& +.Jba :s .,fa + bJC+a

=> ..fa: (.Jb +~) :sJ(a + b)(a + e)

=> a. < a

a+J(a+b)(a+e) - a+..fa:(Jb+~)

=> a . <Fa

a + J(a + b)(a + e) - fa +.Jb + ~

Chung minh tuong tu:

b <.Jb

b+J(b+eHb+a) - Ji.+.Jb+~

e < ~

c + J( e + a)( e + b) - Fa + .Jb + ~

abc

=> +. +<1

a+J(a+b)(a+e) b+J(b+c)(b+a)· e+J(e+a)(c+b)-

D8:u "=" ~ a = b = e > 0

Cho ~ABC. Chung minh rang:

h2 h2 h2 9r2 _R +_b +_c >_

be ea ab - R2

GIAI

Ta co:

• (h, + h, + he)(l... +..!..+..!..] ~ 9 '* (h, + h, + he) ~ 9

hahb .hc

1

r

79

•

ab + be + ea ~ a2 + b2 + e2

s 4R2 (sin2 A + sin" B + sin" C)

s ·4R29 = 9R2

4

Theo BDT bunhiaeopski:

( h h·· h .)2

(9r)2 s ~ Jbc + ,.!!- JC8. + r± Jiib

"be "ea "ab

[h2 h2 h2]

$; .. _a + _b +;-lL (ab + be + ea)

be ea ab

s 9R2(h! + h~ + h~) be ea ab

h2 h2 h2 9r2

=> _a +_b +_c >_

be ea ab - R2

Cho .1ABC nhon. GQi AAI• BBI, CCI lA ba dttetng eao vdi H la true tam.1ABC. Chung minh r~ng:

a + b + e ~ 2../3 (HAl + HBI + HCI)

(lJ~ thi d~ nght Olympic 30-4)

A

OI!I

Khong gidm tinh t8ng quat, ta xem: a~b~e

ee A~B~C

~ eosA ~ eosB ~ eosC

,

Hon mra, ta c6: HAl = AICeotgB = AGeosC.eotgB

.. eosB

= 2RsmBeosC-· - = 2ReosB.eosC sinB

80

ChUng minh tUdng t.,t:

HBI = 2R cos C.cos A HCI = 2RcosA.cosB Do d6: HAl::; RBI::; HCI

Theo BElT Trebusep: '

(a + b + c)(HA, + HB, + HC,) 5 3( aliA, + b.~B, ,....HC, J

=> HAl + HBI + HCI < 68

a + b + c - 4p2

3~p(p - a)(p - b)(p - c) s

(}3fJT Cauchy)

1 s 2./3

V~y: 2./3 (HAl + HBI + HCI) ::; a + b + c

•

Dau "=" ~ ~ABC d~u

Cho. ~ ABC nhon co AB, BC, CA "~ 1. Chung minh rAng:

sin A(3 - cosA) + sin B (3 - cos B) + sin C (3 - cos C) ~ 7./3 r + 2

2 2 2 2

Dau "=" xliy ra khi nao?

(fJ~ thi d~ nght Olympic 30-4)

81

82

GIAI

2(' A . B . C) 2(' sA. sB . a C)

= sm-+sm-+sm- + sm -+Sln -+sm -

2 2 2 2 2 2

ma

cosA + cosB = 2cos A + B .cos A - B = 2 sin C .ees A -B ~ 2sin C

2 . 2 2 2 2

ChUng minh tl1<1llg tl,i

cosB + cosC s 2$in ~

cosC + cosA·~ 2sin B

2

Do d6:

1 r ABC·A.B.C + - = cos + cos . + cos ~ sm - + sm - + sm-

R 222

M~t khac:

. sA . sB . sC 3 . sA . sB . sC

sm -+sm -+sm - ~ ssm -+sm -+sm -

222 222

3 . A . B. C 3r

~ Sln-.Sln-.Sln- = --.

2 2 2 4R

Do d6: VT ~ 2 (1 + r) + 2 _!_ = 2 + 7r

R 4R 2R

Do a, b,c ~ 1, IlABC nhon.

Giii sa Max{a,b,c} = a s 1 => ~ < A < 7r => .J3 s sinA < 1

3 - 2 2

=> 1 ~ a2 = 4R2 sin2 A ~ 3R2

R < 1

=> - Ta

7../3

=> VT ~ 2+--r 2'

DAu "=" <=> Il ABC d~u canh bAng 1

GQi I va 0 la tamdlletng tron nQi tie'p va ngoai tie'p ~ABC

khong d~u. Chirngminh r~ng: -

AID s 900 ~ 2BC s AB + AC

'(D~ thi d~ nght Olympic 30-4)

GIAI:

A

Ta c6: Fa s 900 <=> A02 s 102 + IA2

r2

<=> R2 s R2 - 2Rr + A (Do cong thuc Euler)

sin2-

<=> 2R s r 2

. • 2 A

Sln--

2

r S ee 1 - cos A ~ - = - R p.R

1 A < bc.sinA

<=> - cos _ ----

R(a+b+c)

{::} 1- cosA < 2bcsin2 A = 2bcsin2 A

- 2R sin A (a + b + c) a (a + b + c)

~ a(a + b + c) ~ 2bc(1 + cosA)

<=> a(a + b + c) s 2bc + b2 + c2 - a2 <=> a(a + b +c) ~ (b + C)2 - a2

<=> 2a::; b + c

83

Bai20~------------------------------~ Cho ~ABC,M nam trong ~ABC. f)~t MA = x, MB = y, MC =

z. GQi p, q, r lit khoang each tu M den cac canh BC, CA,. AB

tuong Un~. Chung minh rAng: '

a )'x ~ cq + br b) x + y + z ~ 2(p + q + r)

a .

c) q +r . + r+p + p+q S !(2-+_y_+_z_) q + 2x + r r + 2y + p p + 2z + q 3 p + r r + p p + q

d) ax + by + cz ~ 2 (ap + bq + cr)

e) x" + s: + za ~ 2a (pa + qa + ra), ~a. E [0,1]

. (BET Paul Edos)

GIAI

A

B~~-----P~--~----~~C

a ) Ta c6: x ~ cq + br

a

<=> xsinA ~ qsinC + r sin B

(Do dinh. ly ham sin)

Hon nila: (xsinA)2 = QR2 = r2 + q2 + 2rqcosA => x2 sin" A = r2 +q2 + 2rq cos A

Do d6:

(1) <=> r2 cos" B + q cos" C + 2rq (cosA - sinB.sin C) ~ 0

<=> r2 cos" B + q cos" C - 2rq cos B. cos C ~. 0

<=> [r cos B - q cosct ~ 0 => cau a dti<Jc chirng minh

(lusn dung)

84

85

b) ChUng minh tuong ttl nhir diu a, ta c6: > ar+cp

Y: - . b

> _aq.::... _+_b=-..p z _

c

Do d6: x + y + z ~ p (b +~) + q (~ + a)+ r (b + a)

. c b a c ,a b

~ 2(p+q+r)

c) {~ = a

E>~t:

MAC = J3

Ta c6:

r + q x ( sin a + sin J3)

--_:.__ =

q + 2x + q x (sin a + sin J3 + 2)

. A a':'" f3

Sln-.COS--

2 2

1 + sin A cos _a_- __ f3

2 2

1

-1----~---

. A a-f3

1 + sin2cos-2-

~

O 1 . A a-J3 1 . A < + sm-cos-- ~ + sm-

2 2 2

r+q < 1- 1 '

- A

r + 2x + q 1 + sin _

2

r+q + r+p + p+q

r + 2x + q r + 2y + p p + 2z + q

[1' 1 1]

~3- A+ B+ C

1·+ sin - 1 + sin - 1 + sin - . 2 2 2

Do:

~

3.A.B.C 1 1 1 9

+sm-+sm-+sm- A + B + C ~

2 2 2 1 + sin - 1 + sin - 1 + sin -

<~ 2 2 2

-2

Hdn mra:

(Do BET Cauchy)

9 1 1 • 1

'* + + ~9

2 A 1·B 1'C

1 + sini + smi + slni

1 1 1

'* A+ B+ C~2

1 + sin - 1 + sin - 1 + sin-

2·2 2

r+q + r+p + p+q <1 r + 2x + q r + 2y + p p + 2z + q -

(1)

Ta lai c6:

_x_= 1 _ 1 > 1

sin a + sin f3 2' A a - f3 - 2 . A

sm -. cos -.-- Sln-

222

q+r

'* .![_x_+_y_+_Z_».! _1_+_1_+_1_ ~1 .(2) 3 q + r r + p p + q - 6 sin A sin B sin C 222

Tu (1) va (2) '* c dugc chang minh

d) Trong ~AMP, ta c6:

AM + mp ~ Ap> ha ¢:} x + P ~ ha

¢:} ax + ap ~ aha Chang minh Wdng tt!:

by+ bq ~ bhb

• cz + cr ~ chc

86

::} ax + by + cz + ap + bq + cr ~ aha + bhb + chc

28

68

::} ax + by + cz ~ 2(ap + bq + cr)

e) Trttdc h6t ta chang minh bc5d~ sau:

(X + Y)" ~ 2°-1 (XQ + yo), 'V {X, Y > O. (3)

. 0<0$1

Qua vty: .

(3)<* (~+lr ~2.-1[(~r +1]

<=> (a +1)" ~2"-1 (an + 1) (vai a = ~ ~ 0 ) (4)

Xet: f(a) = (a + 1)" .,.- 2,,-1 (a" + 1) .a » 0

Ta chi cAn xet 0 < a < l(vi a = 1 thi (3) hi~n nhien dung) . f(:) = a (a + 1 ),,-1 - a . a 0-1 .2,,-1

. a[(a + 1),,-1 - (2a)"-11

=o<=> a=l Bang xet diu:

a 0 1 +00
fia) - 0 +
flo) ~O~
. 'IU'd6 suy ra f(a) ~ 0, 'Va > 0, nhu v~y b() d~ du'gc chUng minh xong.

87

Theo cau a, ta c6:

x> cq + br - a

> ar + cp

y - b

z ~ aq + bp c

Ap dung b8 d~ tren, ta c6:

x" ~ (Cq: brf ~ 2,,-1 (~f +(c;r]

ChUng minh tli<1ng tV:

s" ~ 2,,-1 [( ~f + ( c: f

z" ~ 2,,-tcqf +(b:r

~ 2" (pc> + qO + r"]

Cho 6ABC. 0 lA di~m tuy y trong tam giac.

D~t OA = x, OB-= y, OC = z. Gc;>i u, v, w tuong' Ung Ia dQ dai cac dlidng phan giac trong cua cac g6c BOC, CfoA, AOB trong cac tam giac BOC, COA, AOB. Chung minh rang:

OA = x, OB= y, OC = z·

(BDT Paul Edos ma r()ng)

88

89

GIAI

A

B~--------~------~~C

Tnt6'c he't ta chang minh b6 d~ sau:

Ne'u 0: + 13 + "Y = n thi

p2 + q 2 + r2 ~ 2 ( qr cos 0: + rp cos 13 + pq cos "Y), 'v'p, q, r E IR

Qua v~y: p2 + q2 + r2 - 2(qr coso: + rpcosf3 + pq cos-y) .,... (sin2f3 + cos" f3)p2 - (sin2 0: + cos" 0:)q2

+ r2 - 2qr cos 0: - 2rp cos 13 + 2pq cos (0: + 13) _ [r2 + (p cos f3t + (q coso:t - 2r (p cos 13) - 2r(q coso:) +2 (p cos 13)( q cos 0:)) + [(p sin 13)2 + (q sin 0:)2 + 2pq sin 0: sin 13) = (r - p cos 13 - q cos 0: t + (p sin 13 - q sin 0: t ~ 0

(loon dung)

:::} B6 d~ dUflc chang rninh

Trd' lai bai toano

E>~t SoC = 20:, OOA = 213, AOB = 2"Y (:::} o:+f3+"Y=n)

Theo cong tht1c tinh de.· dai dUCmg phan giac trong tam giac, ta co:

2yz cos 0: 2zx cos 13 2xy cos "Y

U= . ,v= ,w= ,

y+z z+x x+y

Ap dung b6 d~ tren, ta c6: ,

x + y + z = (:.r;.r + (JYr + ( .rzr

~ 2 ( .JYz cos 0: + & cos 13 + .JXY cos "Y)

C y+z r= z+x C x+y ::} x+y+z~"y"£.u.-.-+vzx.v.--+"xy.w. C

yz zx "xy

~2(u+v+w)

V~y: x + y + z ~ 2(u + v + w)

Cho ~ABC thda 2tgB = tgA + tgC. ChU'ng minh rAng: 3../2

cosA + cosC::s; _. -

4

(E)~ thi h9C sinh gidi TPHCM)

GIA.I

2tgB = tgA + tgC

= sin(A + C) = sinB

cosA.cosC . cosA .cosC

<=> cosB = 2cosA.cosC = cos(A+C)+cos(A - C) = -cosB+cos(A-C)

¢:} - 2cosB + cos(A ~ C) = 0

<=> 2cos(A+C) + cos(A-C) = 0

( 2 A+C ) 2 A-C 0

<=> 2 2cos -. -2--1 +2cos -2--1 =

::::>3 = 2 cos2 A + C + cos" A - C ~ 2J2 cos A + C . cos A - C

2 2 2 2· 2

3../2 A +C A-C

::::> - ~ 2 cos . cos = cos A + cos C

4 2 2'

Ta c6:

<=> cos A + cos C s 3../2 4

90

rl Sal 231~-----------------____'

Cho A, B, C la ba g{x! cUa met tam giac, Hay tim gia hi nhb nh8t ella:

T .6A .6B .6C = Sln - + Sln - + SIn -

222

(B~ thi Olympic 30·4)

GIAI

TheoBBT Cauchy, ta c6:

. A (1)6 (1)6 A (1)2 (1)2

sin62"+ 2 + 2 ~ 3sin22· 2 . 2

.6A 1 3. 2A ::) Sln - + - ~ - SIn -

2 32·16 2

T 3 3 ( ·2 A . 2 B . 2 C)

::) + - ~ - Sln - + sm - + sm -

32 16 2 2 2

~ 3[3 - (COS A + cosB + COS C)]

3 [ 3] 9 3

~ 32 3 - 2 = 64 (vi cos A + cos B + cos C s 2)

::) T ~ _!_

64

Dlu" =" ee MBC d~u

V~y: MinT = :4

M~241~-~----------------~

(B~ thi Olympic 30·4)

91

Ta co:

a1 = 2AC1 sin ~

= 2(p - a) sin A 2

GIA.I

A

2 (b )2 1 - cos A

=> a1 = + e - a

. . b~ + e2 - a2

1-----

= [b + e - a )2 2be

2

= (b + e - a)2 [a 2 - (b _ e )2] 4be

= (b + e - a)2 (a + b- c) (a - b + c) 4be

[b2_ (e - a)2][ e2 - (a - b)2] be

= <-

4bc - 4

1 4

=> ->-

a~ - be

ChU'ng minh tirong tV:

1 4 ->b2 - ea

1

1 1 1 (1 1 1) => a2 + b2 + e2 24 ab + be + ea

1 1 1

9

~ 4----

ab + be + ea

92

(l)~ thi 'd~ nght Olympic 30·4)

•

V~y:

D6u " =" ~ MBC d~u

Cac g6c cua 11 ABC phai thoa man di~u ki~n gi d~ dtibng phan giac g6c A, dtibng trung tuye'n va tli B vadtibng cao ha tli dinh C cAt nhau tai mQt di~m.

GIA.I

A

( ~ ) f)i~u kien clin:

• GiA stl dtibng phan giac trong AD, trung tuye'n BE va dtibng cao CF cAt nhau tai di~m 1.

~ I nam trong I1ABC ..

Ta c6: DB c

-=-

DC b

EC =EA FA = bcosA FB = acosB

• Theo dinh ly xeva:

AD, BE, CF d6ngwquy ~. DB. EC .FA = 1 DC EAFB

93

(l)~ thi d~ nghj Olympic 30-4)

~ ~. bcosA = 1 b acosB

<=> ccosA = 1 acosB

ee sinCcosA = 1 sin A cos B

<=> t~ = sine cosB

( <=) Bi~ kien dii

t A sinC Gi! sli L\ABC co g =--

cosB

Vi sinC>O => tgA.cosB > 0 => A,B nhon

=> F nAm tren doan AB

=> {FA = bcosA

FB = acosB

Do do: tgA = sinC cosB

<=> DB. EG. FA = 1 DC EA FB

'Iheo dPth It xeva suy ra AD, BE, CF ~ong quy ho{Jc song song nhau . . Nhu'ng AD cAt BE nen suy ra AD, BE, .CF d6ng quy.

Cho L\ABC. Chung minh rang:

94

95

GIAI

Ta c6:

sin2 A + sin" B + sin2 C = 1- cos" A + 1- !(cos2B + cos2C)

2

= 2 - cos'' A + cosA.cos(B - C)

~ 2 - cos" A+ [cos A]

s : - ( (:OS2 A -Icos AI + !)

s 9 _ (lcasAI-'!)2 ~ 9

4 2 4

=> a2 + b2 + c2 = 4R2 (sin2 A + sin2 B + sin2 C) ~ 4R2! ~ 9R2

=> m2 + m2 + m2 = ~(a2 + b2 + c2) ~ 27R2

abe 4· 4

=> . m! + m~ + m! s ( m! + ~~ + m! J .,; (2:~2 r (Do BfJT Cauchy)

< 27 R3 => ma' m, . me - 8

1 IcasAI = 2 .

DS:u "=" ~ cosA .coatB - C) = IcosAI ~ MBC d~u

m2 = m2b = m2

a c

Chuy:

Trong ~ABC, ta co:

2(b2 + c2) _ a2

m 2 = ----'---___:.;_--

a 4

2 2 (C2 + a 2) - b2

mb= 4

m 2 = 2 ( a 2 + b2) - C2

e 4

Cho ~ABC c6 dien ttch S, de? dai cac canh la a, b, c va n ~ 2. ChUng Minh rAng:

a2n + b2n + c2n ~ 3( Js r .s- + la - bl2n + Ib - cl2n + Ic _ al2n

+ (b + c - a r Ib - cln + ( C + a - b r Ic - ar + (a + b - c r [a - bin

GIAI

Bg chUng' Minh bai toan, tnlac het ta chirng Minh cac b6 d~ sau:

Bd 411:

{X > Y ~ 0 m m ( )m

Cho m ~ 1 ' ta luon c6: X - Y ~ X - Y

Chling Minh:

Y x-y

Ta c6: 0 $ -, -_ s Lnen:

X X

+

(~)m $~

X X

=> xm - s" ~ (x - y t D~u "=" <=> [m = 1 y=O

96

••

a)

ss d~ 2:

{x,y, z > 0 1 '

Cho ,ta uon co:

m ~ 1

. ChUng minh:

a) Theo BBT Bernoulli:

(~~_)m = (1 + ~)m ~ 1 '+ m(x - y)

x + y x+y x+y

+

(.~)m = (1 + ~)m ~1 + m(y - x)

x+y x+y x+y

b) Theo BBT cau a, ta co:

97

b)

~2

ID

2

x+y+z

X+y z+ 3

--- + ------"~_

2 2

~ _X_ID_+--="Y3_ID_+_. _Z_ID ~ ( x + ; + Z ) ID Dau "=" <=> [m = 1

X=Y=Z

Bd d~ 3:

{x,y ~ 0

Cho m ~ 2 ,ta luon co:

a)

ID

(X2 + y2)2 ~ xID + yID

Chung minh:

a) • Neu [x = 0 thi BDT a) hign nhien dung y=O

, x2

• Neu X,y > 0, ta co: 0 < 2 2'

X +y

Do do:

m

( x2 : y2 r S X2: y'

98

m

~ xm + s" :5; (X2 + y2) 2

m

V~y: x" + s" :5; (X2 + y2)2

[m = 2

DA' " " . . 0

au = ¢::> x =

y=O

b) Theo BET a), ta c6:

(x;Yf +IX;Ylm ,;[(X;Y)' +Ix;;rr

(Do bd d~ ·2a)

V~y: xm ;ym ~(x;y)m +IX;ylm

Dau "=" ¢::> [m = 2 X=y

es d~ 4:

Trong ~ABC. Ta luon c6:

a2 + b2 + c2 ~ 4SJ3 + (a - b)2 + (b - C)2 + (c -'- a)2 hay

(p ~ a) (p - b) + (p ~ b) (p - c) + [p - c) [p - a) ~ sJ3

(vdi 2p = a + b + c )

99

ChUng minh:

Ta e6:

a2 + b2 + e2 ~ 4Sv'a + (a _ b)2 ,+ (b ~ e)2 + (e _ a)2

~ [a2 - (b - C)2] + [b2 - (e - a)2] + [e2 - (a - b)2] ~ 4sFa

~ 4 [p - b) (p - c) + 4 (p - c) (p - a) + 4 (p - a) (p - b) ~ 4SFa

{X = p ~ a> 0 ~ xy + yz + zx ~ sFa· vci y = P - b > 0 z=p-e>O

ee xy +yz + zx ~ J3xyz (x + y + z)

(vi S = Jp(p - a)(p - b)(p - c) = Jxyz(x + y + z] ) ~ (xy + yz + ZX)2 ~ 3xyz(x + y + z)

~ (xy - YZ)2 + [yz - ZX)2 + (zx - xy)2 ~ 0 BDT cudi luon dung

Vl}y: a2 + b2 + e2 ~ 4SFa + (a - b)2 + (b - e)2 + (e _ a)2

Dau "=" ee MBC d€u

Quay lai bai toan

Trong ~ABC, ta luon e6: b2 - (e - a)2 > 0 e2 -(a- b)2 > 0

Do d6, theo BDT1 thi:

a2n -Ib - el2n > [a2 -Ib - el2T = [4(p - b)(p - e)r

b2n -Ie - al2n > [b2 -Ie - aliT = [4(p - e)(p - a)r c2n_la - bl2n > [c2 -Ia'- ?12r = [4(p - a)(p - b)T

100

101

=> a2!1 + b2n + e2n -Ia _ bl2n -Ib- el2n -Ie _ al2n ~

[ 4 (p - b)(p - e) r + [ 4 (p - e)(p - a) r 2

[4(p-e)(p-a)r + [4(p - a)(p- b)r

+~--~~~~~~~~~

2

+ [4 (p -a)(p - b)r +[ 4(p- b)(p - e)r 2

[4 (p ~ b) (p - e) + 4 (p - <;) (p - a)]n ( b )n I bin

> + a+ -e a- .

- 2

+ [4(P - c)(p - a); 4(p - a)(p - b) J + (b + c - at Ib - cl"

[4(P -'- a)(p - b) + 4(p - b)(p - e)]n ( b')n I In

+ + e+a- e-a

2 "

(DoBDT3b)

~ [2{p - b)(p - e) + 2(p - e)(p - a)r

+ [2(p -e)(p - a) + 2(p - a)(p - b)r

+[2(p - a)(p - b) + 2(p - b)(p - e)r + (b + e - at [b - eln

+ (e + a - b t Ie - a]" + (a + b - e f la - bin .

~ 3[ 4(p - a)(p - b) + 4(p ~ b1(p ~ c) + 4 (p - c)(p ~ a) r

+ (b + e - at Ib - eln + (e + H - b t [c - a]" + (a + b - e t la - bin (Do BDT 2b)

~ 3( ~r + (b + e - at [b _.eln + (c + a - b]" Ie - aln + (a + b - c]" la - bin

. (Do BDT 4)

(FJ~ thi d~ nghi Olympic 30-4)

" 'J " ( 4 )111 1211 'b 121l I 121l

V~y: a",n + b'" + c"'11 ~ 3 13 SIl + a - b + I - e . + e - a

+ (b + e - at Ib - eln + (e + a - b]" Ie - aln + (a + b - c]" [a - bin Dau " =" <=> MBC d~u .

. Chu y: Trong ~ABC, taluonco nhirng BHT quen thuoc sau:

1) 2) 3)

4) 5)

a2 + b2 + e2 ~ 4S13 (FJ~ thi Olympic Toan Qu6c t~ ldn. 3)

ab + be + ea ~ 4813

a2 + b2 + e2 ~ 48J3 + (a - bf + (b - e)2 + (e - a)2

a" + b4 + e4 ~ 1682 (FJ~ thi DHDL Hung Yuong, nam 2000)

2n b2n. 2n 3( 4 )11 SIl ( b)21l (b )211 ( )211

a + +e ~J3 +a- + -e +e-a

(n E f';J *)

(Tap chi "Toan ho« va rua tre", s6 trong ndrn 1997) .

Cho L\ABC d~u, tu di~m M nam trong ~ABC ke MA, MB, MC eiit cac canh BC, CA, AB Mn hi<;1t tai X, Y, Z. G<;>i D, E, F theo thu tt! 18. hinh chieu cua M tren BC, CA, AB.

Chung minh rAng: 8 6DEF ~ 86XYZ

A

GIA.I

{X = S"'BC

B~t Y = SL\MCA Z = 8C,MAB

K

102

AZ.AY

=

(AZ + BZ)(AY + CY)

1 1

Khi do:

xMA + y MB + zMC = 0 (*)

GQi H, K la hinh chieu cua B, C xucng AM, ta eo:

BX . BH S,wAB z

-=-= =-

CX CK S,wCA y

Chung minh tuong ttl: CY = x

AY z

AZ y

-=-

Suy ra:

BZ X

S6AYZ AZ.AY

--=

S6ABC AB.AC

=--=---~

1 + BZ·1 + CY

AZ AY

yz

= --. -- = -----"::___-

(x+y)(x+z)

1 1

x x

1+- 1+-

Y z

Chung minh tirong ttl:

S~BZX = zx

S6ABC (y + z)(y + x)

S~CXY = xy

S6ABC (z + y)(z + v)

~ S ~YZ = 1 _ xy yz zx

S6ABC (z + x)(z + y) (x + y)(x + z) (y + z)(y + x)

== 1 _ xy (x + y) + yz (y + z) + zx ( z + x)

(x + y)(y + z)(z + x)

2xyz

= --,--,--___::_---

(x + y)(y + z)(z + x)

103

104

Han nua, tli (*) suy ra:

xOA + yOB + zOC =x(OM + MA) + y{OM +MB) + z(OM + MC)

= (x + y + z) OM (trong do 0 la tam !lABC) => (x + y+ Z)2 OM2 = (X2 + y2 + z2)R2 + 2xy .-oif.-OB

+ 2yz.OB,OC + 2zx.OC.OA .ttrong d6 OA = R) = (X2 +y2 +z2)R2 -xy.R2 -yz.R2 _ZX.R2

= (X2 + y2 + Z2_ xy - yz - zx) R2

Do d6, theo cong thuc Euler:

S;illEF = .!.(l- OM2 J

5MBC 4 R2

3(xy + yz + zx)

=

4(X+y+Z)2

Tli d6, suy ra: St,DEF ~ S~yZ

3 (xy + yz' + zx) 2xyz

<=> > __;;_ __ .

4(X+y+Z)2 - (x+y)(y+z)(z+x)

<=> 8xyz(x + y + Z)2 ~ 3(xy,: yz + zx)(x + y)(y + z)(z + x) Bat dang thirc cudi dung, vi:

(x + y )( y + z)( z + x) ~ 8xyz 9

<=> S(x + y){y + z)(z + x) ~ (x + y)(y + z)(z + x)+ xyz

~ (x + y + z)( xy + yz + zx)

9

=> -(x + y)(y + z)(z + x)(xy + yz + zx)

8 2

~ (x + y + z)( xy + yz + zx) ~ (x + y + z) 3xyz (x + y + z)

~ 3xyz(x + y + Z)2

=> 3(x + y)(y + z)(z + x){xy + yz + zx) ~ 8xyz(x + y + Z)2 => (Dpcm)

Xac dinh tinh chat cua ~ABC neu A, B, C thea: sin" A + sin A

---,--- -------- ----- .. --. = 2 (1 )

[ sin 2 (B + C) - sin (B + C) + 1 r

A 2B B 2C 2B+C ()

tg-.cos - - tg-.cos -- = 1- 2cos -- 2

2 2 2 2 2

(D~ thi d~ nght Olympic 30-4)

?

GIAI

Ta c6:

(1) ~ sin 3 A + sin A = 2 (sin 2 A - sin A + if ~ sin 3 A + sin A = 2 ( sin 4 A + sin 2 A + 1 _

- 2 sin 3 A + 2 sin 2 A - 2 sin A) ~ 2 sin 4 A - 5 sin 3 A + 6 sin 2 A - 5 sin A + 2 = 0

ee (sin A _1)2 (2sin2 A - sin~ + 2) = 0

~ sin A = 1 ~ A = 90°

(2)

C 2B B 2C

~ tg~cos - = tg_·cos

2 2 2 ·2

( B C)( 2 B 2 C B. C)

~ tg - - tg - 1 + tg -__ + tg - + tg -. tg - = 0

.2 2 2 2 22

B C

~ tg 2" = tg 2" ~ B = C

V~y AABC co cac goc thoa man cac he da eho la tam gi;-lc vuo ng din tai A.

105