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PROJECT REPORT ON
STUDY OF AC TO DC CONVERTER USING MATLAB SIMULINK
SUBMITTED IN THE PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE AWARD OF DEGREE OF
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF:-
MR. ASIF JAMIL ANSARI
SENIOR PROFESSOR
EEED, INTEGRAL UNIVERSITY
LUCKNOW

SUBMITTED BY:-
1. PRANAV TRIPATHI
2. ZAINAB
3. TEJASVINI
4. PREETI SINGH
5. ABHISHEK NIGAM

INTEGRAL UNIVERSITY, LUCKNOW


Kursi Road, Lucknow-226026, Uttar Pradesh (INDIA)
Phone: 022 2890812, 2890730, 3296117, 6451039
Fax No.: 0522-2890809
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Web: www.integraluniversity.ac.in

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project work entitled ‘Study of AC to


DC Converters using MATLAB’, which is being submitted by
Pranav Tripathi, Zainab, Abhishek Nigam, Preeti Singh and
Tejasvini Gupta in partial fulfillment of award of degree of
Bachelor of Technology in Electrical and Electronics Engineering
from integral university, is carried out under my supervision and
guidance.

Under the guidance of: - Head of


Department
Mr. Asif Jamil Ansari Mr. M.A.
Mallick
Senior Professor
EEED, Integral University
Lucknow
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Department of Electrical and
Electronics
Integral University, Lucknow

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would first of all thanks Mr.Asif Jamil Ansari who helped me


to select such an important topic for my project work in which I
received nice exposure of my field and a innovation to do something
in this field. It was very exciting along with interesting and amazing
facts.

I wish to express our sincere thanks to Mr. M A Mallick, Head


of Department. I also express sincere thanks to the Integral
University, Lucknow for providing us with all the necessary
facilities for completing the project work.

I would also like to thank all the faculty and staff members of
CAD lab who extended their full cooperation for completion of this
work. Lastly and most importantly, we wish to thank all our friends
for being the surrogate family during the years we stayed here and
for their moral support.
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INDEX
Chapter NAME OF CHAPTER Pg. No.
No.
1. Introduction 5-7
2. Half Wave Controlled Rectifiers 8-
2.(i) Single Phase Half Wave Thyristor Circuit with
R-load
2.(ii) 1-Φ Half Wave Thyristor Circuit with RL load
2.(iii) 1-Φ Half Wave Thyristor Circuit with RL-load
& Freewheeling Diode
2.(iv) Single Phase Half Wave Circuit with RLE-
load
3. Full Wave Controlled Converters
3.(i) Single Phase Full Wave Mid Point Converters
(M-2 Connection)
3.(ii) Single phase full wave bridge converter
(B-2 Connection)
3.(iv) Line-Commutated Inverter
3.(iv) Single-phase semiconverter
3.(v) Single-phase Full Converter Drives
4. Three Phase Converters
5. Simulation Design and Analysis
5

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION
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INTRODUCTION

Many Industrial applications need controllable DC power.


Examples of such applications are:-

1. Steel rolling mills, paper mills, printing presses and textile


mills employing DC motor drives.
2. Traction systems working on DC.
3. Electromechanical and Electrometallurgical processes.
4. Magnet Power supplies
5. Portable hand tool drives
6. High Voltage DC transmission

Earlier, dc power was obtained from motor-generator (MG)


sets or ac power was converted to dc by means of mercury-arc
rectifiers or thyratrons. The advent of thyristors has changed the
art of ac to dc conversion. Presently, phase controlled ac to dc
converters employing thyristors are extensively used for changing
constant ac input to controlled dc output voltage. In an industry
where there is a provision for modernization, mercury arc
rectifiers and thyratrons are being replaced by thyristors.

In phase controlled rectifiers, a thyristor is turned off as ac


supply reverse biases it, provided anide current has fallen to a
level below the holding current. The turning-off, or commutation,
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of a thyristor by supply voltage itself is called as natural
or line commutation. In industrial applications, rectifier circuits
make user of more than one SCR. In such circuits, when an
incoming SCR is turned on by triggering, it immediately reverse
biases the outgoing SCR and turns it off. As phase controlled
rectifiers need no commutation circuitry, these are simple, less
expensive and are therefore widely used in industries where
controlled dc power is required.

In the study of thyristor systems, SCRs and Diodes are assumed


to be ideal switches which means that

(i) there is no voltage drop across them.


(ii) no reverse current exists under reverse voltage
conditions.
(iii) holding current is zero.
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CHAPTER 2
HALF WAVE CONTROLLED
RECTIFIERS
9
HALF WAVE CONTROLLED
RECTIFIERS

PRINCIPLE OF PHASE CONTROL

2.(i). Single Phase Half Wave Thyristor Circuit with

R-load

The simplest form of controlled rectifier circuits consists of a


single thyristor feeding dc power to a resistive load R as shown in
fig. 2.(i). The source voltage is vs=Vm sin ω t, Fig.2.(i). An SCR can
conduct only when anode voltage is positive and a gating signal is
applied. As such, a thyristor blocks the flow of load current io until it
is triggered. At some delay angle α , a positive gate signal applied
between gate and cathode turns on the SCR. Immediately, full
supply voltage is applied to the load as vo, as in Fig. 2.(i). At the
instant of delay angle α , vo rises from zero to Vm sin α as shown.
For resistive load, current io is in phase with vo. Firing angle of a
thyristor is measured from the instant it would start conducting if it
were replaced by a diode. In Fig. 2.(i), if thyristor is replaced by
diode, it would begin conduction at ω t = 0, 2π , 4π etc ; firing
angle is therefore measured from these instants. A firing angle may
thus be defined as the angle between the instant thyristor would
conduct if it were a diode and the instant it is triggered.
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A firing angle may thus be defined as follows: A firing angle


is measured from the angle that gives the largest average output
voltage, or the highest load voltage. If thyristor in Fig. 2.(i) is fired
at ω t = 0, 2π , 4π etc, the average load voltage is the highest; the
firing angle should thus be measured from these instants. A firing
angle may thus be defined as the angle measured from the instant
that gives the largest average output voltage to the instant it is
triggered.

A firing angle may also be defined as the angle measured from


the instant SCR gets forward biased to the instant it is triggered.

Once the SCR is on, load current flows, until it is turned-off by


reversal of voltage at ω t = 0, π , 3π , 5π etc. At these angles of π ,
3π , 5π etc., load current falls to zero and soon after the supply
voltage reverse biases the SCR, the device is therefore turned-off. It
isc seen from Fig.2.(i) that by varying the firing angleα , the phase
relationship between the start of the load current and the supply
voltage can be controlled, hence term phase control is used for these
methods of controlling the load currents.

A single phase half wave circuit is one which produces only


one pulse of load current during one cycle of source voltage. As the
circuit shown in Fig. 2.1 produces only one load current pulse for
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one cycle of sinusoidal source voltage, this circuit represents a


single-phase half-wave thyristor circuit.

In Fig.2.(i), thyristor conducts from ω t = α to π , (2π +α )


to 3π and so on. Over the firing angle delay α , load voltage vo = 0
but during conduction angle (π -α ), vo = vs. . As firing angle is
increased from zero to π , the average load voltage decreases from
the largest value to zero.

The variation of voltage across thyristor is also shown as vT in


Fig. 2.(i). Thyristor remains on from ω t = α toπ , (2π +α ) to 3π
and so on. During these intervals vT = 0 (strictly speaking 1 to 1.5V).
It is off from ω t = π to (π +α ) , 3π to (4π + α ) etc. During
these off intervals vT has the waveshape of supply voltage vs. It may
be observed that vs = vo + vT.

As the thyristor is reverse biased for π radians, the circuit turn


off time is given by-

tc = (π /ω ) sec

where ω = 2π f and f is the supply frequency in Hz.


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Fig.2.(i).

The circuit turn off time tc must be more than the SCR turn off
time tq as specified by the manufacturers.

Average voltage Vo across load R in Fig. 6.1 for the single –


phase half wave circuit in terms of firing angle α is given by-

π
Vo = (1/2π ) α ∫ Vm sin ω t d (ω t) = (Vm/2π ) (1+ cos α )

The maximum value of average output voltage Vo occurs at α = 0o.


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Vom = (Vm/2π ) (1+ cos 0o)

⇒ Vom = (Vm/2π ) .2

⇒ Vom = (Vm/π )

Also, Vo = (Vom /2) (1+ cos α )

Average load current, Io = Vo/R = (Vm/ 2π R) (1+ cos α )

In some types of loads, one may be interested in RMS value of


load voltage Vor. Examples of such loads are electric heating and
incandescent lamps. Rms voltage Vor in such cases is given by-

π
Vor = [(1/2π )α ∫ V2m sin2 ω t d (ω t) ]1/2

⇒ Vor = (Vm/2√ π )[(π -α )+ ((sin 2α )/2)]1/2

The value of rms current Ior is

Ior = (Vor/R)

Power delivered to resistive load = (rms load voltage) (rms load


current) = Vor Ior = (V2or/R) = I2or R

Input voltamperes = (rms source voltage) (total rms line current)


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= Vs Ior = ((√2 V2s )/( 2R√ π )) [(π -α )+ ((sin
2α )/2)]1/2

Input power factor = (Power delivered to load)/ (input VA)

= ( Vor Ior)/( Vs Ior) = (Vor)/( Vs)

Input pf = (1/√2 π ) [(π -α )+ ((sin 2α )/2)]1/2

____________________________________________________________________________

2.(ii). 1-Φ Half Wave Thyristor Circuit with RL load

A single-phase half-wave thyristor circuit with RL load is


shown in Fig. 2.(ii). At wt=α, thyristor is turned on by gating signal
(not shown). The load voltage Vo at once becomes equal to source
voltage Vs as shown. But the inductance L forces the load, or output,
current io to rise gradually. After some time, io reaches maximum
value and then begins to decrease. At wt=α, Vo is zero but io is not
because of the load inductance L. After wt=π, SCR is subjected to
regverse anode voltage but is will not be turned off as load current io
is not less than the holding current. At some angle β>π, io reduces to
zero and SCR is turned off as it is already reverse biased. After
wt=β, Vo =0 and io =0 and io =0. At wt=2π+α. SCR is triggered
again. Vo is applied to the load and load current develops as before.
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turned off as it is already reverse biased. After wt=β, Vo =0and io =
o. At wt=2π+α, SCR is triggered again Vo is applied to the load and
load current develops as before. Angle β is called the extinction
angle and (β-α)=γ is called the conduction angle.

The wave form of voltage VT across thyristor T in Fig. 2.(ii).


reveals that when wt=α, VT = Vm sin α; from wt=α to β, VT =0 and at
wt=β, VT = Vm sinβ. As β>π, VT is negative at wt=β. Thyristor is
therefore reverse biased from wt=β to 2π. Thus, circuit turn-off time
tc=2π-β/w sec. for satisfactory commutation, tc should be more than
tq the thyristor turn-off time.

Fig.2.(ii)
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The voltage equation for the circuit of Fig.2.(ii), when T is
on, is

Vm sin wt= Rio+ L dio/dt

The load current io consists of two components, one steady-


state component is and the other transient component it. Here is is
given by

is = Vm /(√R2+X2 sin (wt-φ ))

where φ = tan-1(X/R) and X=wL. Here φ is the angle by which


rms current Is lags Vs

The transient component is can be obtained from force-free


equation.

Rit+L dit/dt =0

Its solution gives, it=Ae-(R/L)t

io = is+ it = [Vm/(z sin (wt-φ ))]+A–(R/L)t ………………..(1)

where, Z=√ R2+X2

Constant A can be obtained from the boundary condition at wt=α.


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At this time t = α/w, io = 0. Thus, from Eq. (1),

0=Vm/Z sin (α-φ ) + Ae-Ra/Lw

A= (-Vm /Z) sin (α-φ ) eRα/wL

Substitution of A in Eq. (1) gives

io = Vm /Z sin (wt-φ ) – Vm /Z sin (α-φ ) exp. {-R/wL (wt-α)} …....


(2)

for

It is also seen from the waveform of io in fig. 2(ii) that when


wt=β, load current io =0 Substituting this in Eq. (2) gives

sin (β-φ )= sin(α-φ ). exp {-R/wL(β-α) }

This transcendental equation can be solved to obtain the value


of extinction angle β. In case β is known, average load voltage Vo is
given by

Vo = (1/2π) [α∫ sin wt d (wt)] = Vm /[2π (cosα-cosβ)]


β Vm

Average load current, Io= Vm /2πR (cosα-cosβ)

Rms load voltage, Vor = [1/2π α ∫ β V2 sin2 wt.d(wt)}1/2


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= Vm /2√π [(β-α)-1/2 {sin 2β-sin2α } ] 1/2

_______________________________________________________

2.(iii). 1-Φ Half WaveThyristor Circuit with RL-load &


Freewheeling Diode

A single-phase half wave thyristor circuit with RL-load and


freewheeling diode is shown in Fig. 2 (iii). Line voltage is shown at
the top of Fig. 2 (iii). At ω t = α , thyristor is turned on by the gating
signal ( not shown). The load voltage at once becomes equal to
source voltage vs as shown. But inductor L forces the load or output
current io to rise gradually. After some time, io reaches the maximum
value and begins to decrease. At ω t = π , vo is zero but io is not
because of the load inductance L. After ω t = π , SCR is subjected
to reverse anode voltage and it will turn off thyristor. At the same
time FD is forward biased through the conducting SCR. As a result,
load current io is immediately transferred from SCR to FD.

The waveform of load current io is improved by connecting a


freewheeling (or flywheeling) diode across load. A freewheeling
diode is also called as by-pass or commutating diode. Voltage drop
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across FD is taken almost zero. So load voltage vo is therefore
zero during freewheeling period. SCR is reverse biased from ω t =
π to ω t = 2π . Therefore circuit turn off time is-

tc = (π /ω ) sec

The source current is and thyristor currents iT have same


waveforms. Operation of circuit is divided in two modes. In first
mode, called conduction mode, SCR conducts from α to π , (2π +
α ) to 3π and so on and FD is reverse biased. The duration of this
mode is for [(π -α )/ω ] sec. Let the load current at the beginning of
mode 1 be Io. The expression for current io in mode 1 can be
obtained as follows:

Mode 1:- α ≤ ω t≤ π

Vm sin ω t = Rio + L(dio/dt)

Its solution is-

io = [(Vm/Z)(sin (ω t-φ )] + A e((-R/L)t)

At ω t = α , io = Io i.e. at t = (α /ω ), io = Io

α /Lω )
A = [Io – (Vm/Z)( sin (α -φ )) ] e(R
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io=(Vm/Z)(sin (ω t-φ )+[Io – (Vm/Z)( sin (α -φ )) ]exp{(-R/L)(t-


(α /ω )}

Fig.2.(iii).

Mode 2:- π ≤ ω t≤ (2π +α )


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This mode is called freewheeling mode, extends from π to 2π ,
3π to 4π …. As shown by voltage waveform vT in Fig. 6.3 (b). As
the load current is assumed continuous, FD conducts from π to
(2π +α ), 3π to (4π +α )… Let the current at the beginning of
mode 2 be Io1 as shown. As load current is passing through FD, the
voltage equation for mode 2 is

0 = Rio + L(dio/dt)

Its solution is – io = A e((-R/L)t)

At ω t = π , io = Io1

π /ω L))
It gives A = Io1 e((-R

Io = Io1 exp [(-R/L) (t-(π /ω ))]

π
Average load voltage Vo = (1/2π ) α ∫ Vm sin ω t d (ω t)

⇒Vo = (Vm/2π ) (1+ cos α )

Average load current, Io = Vo/R = (Vm/ 2π R) (1+ cos α )

Load current is contributed by SCR from α to π , (2π + α )


to 3π and so on and by FD conducts from 0 to α , π to (2π +α ),
3π to (4π +α ) and so on. Thus the wave shape of iT is identical to
io for ω t = α to π , (2π + α ) to 3π and so on. Similarly, the
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wave shape of FD current ifd is identical with io for ω t = 0 to α ,
π to (2π +α ), 3π to (4π +α ) and so on.

Load consumes power p1from source for α to π (both vo and


io are positive) whereas energy stored in inductance L is returned to
the source as power p2 for π to β (vo is negative and io is positive).
As a result, net power consumed bythe load is difference of these
two powers p1 and p2. Load absorbs power for α to π , but for π to
(2π +α ), energy stored in L is delivered to load resistance R
through

the FD. As a consequence, power delivered to load, for the same


firing angle, is more when FD is used. As volt-ampere input is
almost the same in both fig. , the input pf = (power delivered to load/
input volt-ampere) with the use of FD is improved.

Thus the advantages of using freewheeling diode are-

(i) input pf is improved


(ii) load current waveform is improved
(iii) load performance is better
(iv) as energy stored in inductor L is transferred to R during
the freewheeling period, overall converter efficiency
improves.
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Supply current is taken from the source is unidirectional
and is in the form of dc pulses. Single phase half wave
converter thus introduces a dc component into the line. This is
undesirable as it leads to saturation of the supply transformer
and difficulties (harmonics etc...).

__________________________________________________

2.(iv). Single Phase Half Wave Circuit with RLE-load

A single phase half controlled converter with RLE load is


shown in Fig. 2(iv). The counter emf E in the load may be due to a
battery or a dc motor. The minimum value of firing angle is obtained
from the relation Vm sin ω t = E. This is shown to occur at an angle
θ 1 in Fig. 2. (iv) where

θ 1 = sin-1(E/Vm)

In case thyristor T is fired at an angle α <θ 1, then E > Vs, SCR is


reverse biased and therefore it will not turn on. Similarly, maximum
value of firing angle is θ 2 = (π -θ 1), Fig.2.(iv). During the interval
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load current io is zero, load voltage vo = E and during the
time io is not zero, vo follows vs curve. For the circuit of Fig. 6.4(a)
and with SCR T on, KVL gives the voltage differential equation as-

Vm sin ω t = Rio + L(dio/dt)+ E

Fig. 2.(iv).
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The solution of this equation is made up of two
components:- steady state current component is and the transient
current component it. Let, is= is1 + is2 where is1 is the steady state
current due to ac source voltage acting alone and is2 is that due to
counter emf E acting alone.

is1 = (Vm /Z) sin (ω t-φ )

If only E were present, then steady state current is2 would be given
by-

is2 = - (E/R)

The transient current it = A e-(R/L)t

Thus total current io = is1 + is2 + it

⇒ io = (Vm /Z) sin (ω t-φ ) - (E/R) + A e-(R/L)t

At ω t =α , io= 0, i.e. at t = (α /ω ), io = 0.

α /Lω )
This gives A = [(E/R)-(Vm/Z) ( sin (α -φ ))] e(R

io = (Vm /Z) = [ (sin (ω t-φ ))-( sin (α -φ ))exp{(-R/ω L) (ω t-α )}]-


(E/R) [ 1- exp{(-R/ω L) (ω t-α )}]

This equation is applicable for α ≤ ω t≤ β . The extinction angle β


depends upon load emf E, firing angle α and the load impedance
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angleφ . Average voltage across inductance L is zero. Average
load current can be given as-

β
Io= (1/2π R) α ∫ [(Vm sin ω t) – E] d (ω t)

⇒ Io= (1/2π R) [(Vm (cos α -cos β ) – E(β -α )]

Here conduction angle γ =β -α . Putting β = γ +α gives

Io= (1/2π R) [(Vm (cos α -cos γ +α ) – E(γ )]

Vo = E + IoR

β
⇒Vo = (1/2π )[ α ∫ (Vm sin ω t) d (ω t)+ E(2π +α -β )]

⇒Vo = (1/2π )[ (Vm(cos α - cos β ) + E(2π +α -β )]

CHAPTER 3
27

FULL WAVE CONTROLLED RECTIFIERS

Full Wave Controlled Converters

There is large variety of SCR controlled converters (or


rectifiers). They can be classified in different ways.

According to number of supply phases on input side, ac to dc


converters can be-

1. Single phase converters


2. Three phase converters
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According to number of load current pulses per cycle of source
voltage, ac to dc converters can be-

1. A Half controlled converters produces only one pulse so called


as single pulse rectifier.
2. A Full controlled converter produces two pulses so called as
two-pulse rectifier.

There are two basic configurations of two pulse rectifier. One


configuration uses an input transformer with two windings for
each input phase winding. This is called as mid-point converter.

Second configuration uses SCRs in the form of a bridge


circuit. Single phase two pule bridge converter using 4 SCRs and a
three phase six-pulse bridge converter is shown in figure.

(1-φ fully-controlled rectifier) (3-φ fully-controlled rectifier)


29

(1-φ 2-pulse mid point converter) (3-φ 6-pulse mid point


converter)

(1-φ 2-pulse bridge converter) (3-φ 6-pulse bridge


converter)

Single Phase Full Wave Converters


30
In single phase two-pulse (or full wave) converters, voltage
at the output terminals can be controlled by adjusting firing angle
delay of the thyristors. Mid-point or Bridge type circuits may be
used for ac to dc conversion.

3.(i). Single Phase Full Wave Mid Point Converters

(M-2 Connection)

The circuit diagram of a single phase full wave converter using


a centre-tapped transformer is shown in Fig. 3.8 (a). When terminal
a is positive with respect to n, terminal is positive with respect to b.
Therefore, van =vnb or van =-vbn as n is the mid-point of secondary
winding. Assume that load current is continuous and turns ratio from
primary to each secondary is unity.

Thyristors T! and T2 are forward biased during positive and


negative half cycles respectably ; these are therefore triggered
accordingly. Suppose T2 is already conducting. After WT=0, van is
positive, T! is therefore forward biased and when triggered at delay
angle α, T1 gets turned on. At this firing angle α, supply voltage 2Vn
sin α reverse biases T2, this SCR is therefore turned off. Here T1 is
called the incoming thyristor and T2 the out going thyristor.

As the incoming SCR is triggered, Ac supply voltage applies


reverse bias across the outgoing thyistors and turns it off. Load
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current is also transfer from outgoing SCR to incoming SCR.
This process of SCR turned off by natural reversal of AV supply
voltage is called natural or line commutation.

Fig. 3.(i).

From the equivalent circuit of figure 6.8 (b) it is seen that if


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van = Vm sin wt
then vbn = -vnb = -Vm sin wt
and vab = van + vnb = 2Vm sin wt

when wt=α, T1 is triggered. SCR T2 is subjected to a reverse


voltage vab = 2Vm sin α as stated before, current is transferred from
T2 to T1 and as a result T2 is turned off. The magnitude of reverse
voltage across T2 can also be obtained by applying KBL to the loop
efghe of the equivalent circuit of fig.3.(i) at the instant T1 is
triggered. Thus

vt2-vbn + van –vt1 = 0


vt2 = vbn-van+vt1
with T1 conducting, vt1=0. therefore the voltage across T2, at the
instant wt=α is given by
vt2 =-Vm sin α – Vm sin α = -2 Vm sin α
this shows that SCR T2 is reverse biased by voltage 2Vm sin α and it
is therefore turned off at wt = α . thyristor T1 conducts from α to π +
α. After wt = π T1 is reversed biased but it will continue conducting
as the forward biased SCR T2 is not get gated. At wt = π + α , T2 is

triggered, T1 is reversed biased by voltage of magnitude 2vm sin α,


current is transferred from T1 to T2, T1 is therefore turned off.
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At wt = α , T2 is turned off and it remain reverse biased from wt =α


to π, this can be seen from fig.3.(i). the turned of time provided by
this circuit to SCR T2 is there fore given by
tc = [(π-α)/ ω ] sec…………………….(3.1)
Thyristor T1 is turned off at wt = π + α and fig.3.(i). reveals that T1
is subjected to a reverse voltage from wt = π +α to wt= 2π.
Therefore this circuit provides a turn of time to thyristor T1 as
tc = [2π-(π+α)/ω ] = [(π-α)/ω ]

which is the the same provided to thyristor T2 ; Eq(1)

It is seen from voltage waveform v0, Fig.3.(i), that average value of


output voltage is given by
Vo= 1/π ∫αα+π Vm sin wt . d (wt) = [(2Vm/π) . cos α]

The circuit turn off time tc eq.(1), as provided by this circuit of


Fig.3(i), a must be greater than SCR turn off time tq as given in the
specification sheet. In case tc < tq , commutation failure will occur
and the whole secondary winding will be short circuited. During
commutation failure, if the rate of rise of fault current is high, the
incoming SCR may be damaged in case protective elements do not

clear the fault. Figure. 3.(i) reveals that each SCR is subjected to a
peak voltage of 2Vm.
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The following observations can be made from the above studies
I. When commutation of an SCR is desired, is it must be reverse
baised and the incoming SCR must be forward biased.
II. When incoming SCR is gated on, current is transferd from
outgoing SCR to incoming SCR.
III. The circuit turn off time must be greater than SCR turn off
time.
It is seen from above that thyrister commutation achieved by means
of natural reversal of line voltage, called line or natural
commutation, is simple, it is therefore employed in all phase-
controlled rectifiers, Ac voltage controllers and cycloconverters.
_______________________________________________________

3.(ii). Single phase full wave bridge converter


(B-2 Connection)
A single phase full converter bridge using four SCRs is shown in
fig.3.(ii).The load is assumed to be of RLE type, where e is the load
circuit emf. Voltage E may be due to a battery in the load circuit or
may be generated emf of a dc motor. Thyristor pair T1,T2is
simultaneously triggered & π radians later ,pair T3,T4 is gated
together.When a is positive with respect to b, supply voltage
waveform is shown as vab in fig.3.(ii). When b is positive with
respect to a, supply voltage waveform is shown dotted as vba.
Obviously, vab=-vba. The current directions & voltage polarities
shown in fig.3.(ii), are treated as positive.
35
Load current or output current io is assumed continous over the
working range; this means that load is always connected to the ac
voltage sources through the thyristors .Between wt=0 & wt=π;
T1,T2 are forward baised through already conduting SCRs T3 & T4
and block the forward voltage. For continuous current thyristors
T3 ,T4 conduct aftr wt=0 even though these are reverse biased.
When forward biased SCRs T1,T2 are triggered at wt=π, they get
turned on. As a result supply voltage Vm sin α immediately appears
across thyristors T3,T4 as a reveres bias , these are therefore turned
off by natural, or line , commutation. At the same time, load current
io flowing through T3,T4 is transferred to T1,T2 at wt=α. Note that
when T1,T2 are gated at wt=α, these SCRs will get turned on only if
Vm sin α> E. Thyristors T1,T2 conduct from wt=α to π+α. In other
words, T1,T2 conduct for π radian. Likewise, waveform of current it1
through T1 (or it2 through T2) is shown to flow π radians in fig.3.
(ii). At wt=π+α, forward biased SCRs T3,T4 are triggered. The
supply voltage turns off T1,T2 by natural commutation & the load
current is transferred from T3,T4 .
Voltage across thyristors T1, T2 is shown as uT1=uT2 and that
across T3, T4 as uT3=uT4. Maximum reverse voltage across, T1,
T2, T3 or T4 is Vm, and at the instant of triggering with firing angle
α, each SCR is subjected to a reverse voltage of Vm sin α. Source
current is treated as positive in the arrow direction . Under this
assumption, source current is shown positive when T1, T2 are
conducting and negative when T3, T4 are conducting, Fig.3.(ii).
36

Fig.3.(ii)

During α to π, both vs and is are positive, power therefore flows


from ac source to load During the interval π to (π + α), is negative
37
but is positive, the load therefore returns some of its energy to the
supply system, But the net power flow is from ac source to dc load
because (π – α)>α om Fig. 6.10 (b.

The load terminal voltage, or full-converter output voltage, vo


is shown in Fig.3.(ii).

The average value of output voltage Vo is given by

Vo = (1/π)α ∫ π+α
Vmsin(wt).d(wt)

= [(2Vm/π ) cos α] …(3.2)

rms value of output voltage for single-phase M-2, or B-2,


controlled converter can also be obtained as under.

Vor = √[(1/π) α ∫ π+α


Vm2 sin(2wt) d (wt)

= (Vm2/2π ) [wt-{1/2 sin (2 wt)|} π+αα] = Vm2/2 =V2s

Vor = Vs

_______________________________________________________

3.(iii). Line-Commutated Inverter


38
o
Eq. (3.2) shows that if α > 90 , vo is negative. This is illustrated
in Fig.3. (iii)., where α is shown greater than 90o. In this figure,
average terminal voltage Vo is negative, If the load circuit emf E is
reversed, this source E will feed power back to ac supply. This
operation of full converter is known as inverter operation of the
converter. The full converter with firing angle delay greater than
90o is called line-commutated inverter. Such an operation is used
in the regenerative braking mode of a dc motor in which case then E
is counter emf of the de motor.

During 0 to α, ac source voltage vs is positive but ac source


current is is negative, power therefore flows from dc source to ac
source. From α to π, both Vs and is are positive, power therefore,
flows from ac source to dc source. But the net power flow is from dc
source to ac source, because (π – α) < α in Fig.3. (iii).

In converter operation, the average value of output voltage Vo


must be greater than load circuit emf E. During inverter operation,
load circuit emf when inverted to ac must be more than ac supply
voltage. In other words, de source voltage E must be more than
inverter voltage Vo, only then power would flow from de source to
ac supply system. But in both converter and inverter modes,
thyristors must be forward biased and current through SCRs must
flows in the same in the same direction as these are unidirectional
devices. This is the reason output current io is shown positive in
39
Fig.3. (iii). As before, source current is is positive when T1,
T2 are conducting.

Fig.3. (iii).
40
The variation of voltage across thyristors T1, T2 T3 or T4
reveals that circuit turn-off time for both converter and inverter
operations is given by

tc = [(π-α)/ω ] sec

As both the types of phase-controlled converter have been


studied, the advantages of single-phase bridge converter over single-
phase mid-point converter can now be stated:

(i) SCRs are subjected to a peak inverse voltage of 2


Vm in mid-point converter an Vm in full converter.
Thus for the same voltage and current ratings of
SCRs, Power handled by mid-point configuration is
about half of that handled by bridge configuration.
(ii) In mid-point converter, each secondary should be
able to supply the load power. As such the
transformer rating in mid-point converter is double
the load rating. This, however, is not the case in
single-phase bridge converter.
41
(iv). Single-phase semiconverter
A single-phase semiconverter bridge with two thyristors and
three diodes is shown in fig.3. (iv). The semiconverter are T1, T2;
the two diodes are D1, D2; the third diode connected across load is
freewheeling diode FD. The load is of RLE Type as for the full
converter bridge. Various voltage and current waveforms for this
converter are shown in Fig.3. (iv), where load current is assumed
continuous over the working range.
After wt = 0, thyristor T1 is forward biased only when source
voltage Vm sinα > E. With T1 on, load gets connected to source
through T1 and d1. For the period wt = α to π, load current io flows
through RLE, D1, source and T1 and the load terminal voltage vo is
the same wave shape as the ac source vs. Soon after wt = π, load
voltage vo tends to reverse as the ac source voltage changes polarity.
Just as vo tends to reverse (at wt = π+), FD gets forward biased and
starts conducting. The load, or output, current io, is transferred from
T1, D1 to FD. As SCR T1 is reverse biased at wt = π+ through FD,
T1 is turned off at wt = π+. The waveform of current iT1 through
thyristor T1 is shown in Fig.3. (iv). It flows α to π, (2π+α) to 3π and
so on for an interval of (π-α) radians. The load terminals are short
circuited through FD, therefore load, or output, voltage vo is zero
during π<wt>(π+a). After wt=π, during the negative half cycle, T2
will be forward biased only when source voltage more than E.
42
At wt = (π+α), source voltage exceeds E, T2 is
therefore triggered. Soon after (π+α), FD is reverse biased and is
therefore turned off; load current now shift form FD to T2, D2. At
wt = 2π, FD is again forward biased and output current io is
transferred from T2, D2 to FD as explained before. The source
current is in positive from α to π when T1, D1 conduct and is
negative from (π + α) to 2π when T2, D2 conduct, see Fig.3.(iv).
During the interval α to π, T1 and D1 conduct and ac source
delivers energy to the load circuit. This energy is partially stored in
inductance L, partially stored as electric energy in load-circuit emf E
and Partially dissipated as heat in r. During the freewheeling period
π to (π + α), energy stored in inductance is recovered and is partially
dissipated in R and partially added to the energy stored in load emf
E. No energy is fed back to the source during freewheeling period.
For semiconverter, the average output voltage Vo, from Fig.3.
(iv), is given by -
Vo = (1/π) α∫ π Vm sin wt. d(wt)
= (Vm/π) (1+cos α) ….(3.3)
and rms value of output voltage is
Vor = √[(1/π) α∫ π Vm2 sin(2wt) d (wt)
= (Vm2/2π ) [ wt-{sin2wt/2} π α] = (Vs/π) [(π-α)+(sin2α)/2]
= Vs [(1/π) {(π-α) + (sin 2α)/2}]1/2
43

Fig.3. (iv)

The variation of voltage across across T1 and T2 is also


depicted in Fig.3. (iv). It is seen from these waveforms that circuit-
turn off time for the semiconverter is

tc=π-α/w sec

_______________________________________________________
44
3.(v). Single-phase Full Converter Drives

Two full converters, one feeding the armature circuit and other
feeding the field circuit of a separately-excited de motor, are shown
in Fig.3.(v). This scheme offers two-quadrant drive, Fig.3.(v) and its
use is limited to about 15 kW. For regenerative braking of the motor,
the power must flow from motor to the ac source and this is feasible
only if motor counter emf is reversed because then eaia would be
negative. Note that direction of current cannot be reversed as SCRs
are unidirectional devices. So, for regenerative breaking, the polarity
of ea must be reversed which is possible by reversing the direction of
motor field current by making delay angle of full converter 2 more
than 90o . In order that current in field winding can be reversed, the
field winding must be energised through single-phase full converter
as in Fig.3.(v).
45

Fig.3.(v).

For the armature converter 1, Vo= Vt = 2 Vm /π cos α For 0<α>π


46
……(3.4)

For the field converter 2, Vf = (2 Vm /π) cos α1 for 0< α1>π

.. ...(3.5)

From the waveforms in Fig.3.(v), it is seen that

rms value of source current, Isr=√ Ia 2 . π/π = Iα

rms value of thyristor current, ITr = [Iα 2 . π/2π]1/2 = Iα/ √2 …..(3.6)

From Eq. (3.4), input supply pf= Vt . Iα / Vs . Isr= 2 Vm /π cosα. Iα . /2/ Vm . Ia

= 2√2/π cos α …..(3.7)

It is seen from Eq.3.7 that pf depends on the firing angle α


only under the assumptions of constants armature current.

_______________________________________________________
47

CHAPTER 4
THREE PHASE CONVERTERS
48

THREE PHASE CONVERTERS


If all the diodes of fig.3.39 are replaced by thyristors , a three
phase full converter bridges as shown in fig.4.(i) is obtained. The
three phase input supply is connected to terminals A,B,C & the load
RLE is connected across the output terminals of converter as shown.
As in a single phase converter full converter, thyristor power circuit
of fig.6.26 works as a three phase ac to dc converter for firing angle
delay 0o < α < 180o . A three phase full converter is therefore
preferred where regeneration of power is required. The numbering
of SCRs in Fig. 6.26 is 1, 3, 5 for the positive group and 4(=1+3),
6(=3+3), 2(=5+3-6) for the negative group. This numbering scheme
is adopted here as it agrees with the sequence of gating of the six
thyristors in a 3-phase full converter.
49

Fig. 4.(i).
50
o
For α=0 ; T1, T2,…..T6 behave like diodes. This is
shown in fig.4.(i). The sequence of conduction of SCRs T1 to T6 is
also indicated in this figure. Note that for α=0o, T1 is triggered at wt
= π/6, T2 at 90o, T3 at 150o and so on. The load voltage has,
therefore, the waveform as shown in Fig.4.(i). For α = 60o, the
conduction

sequence of thyristors T1 to T6 is shown in fig.4.(i). Here T1 is


triggered at wt=30o + 60o = 90o , T2 at 90 + 60= 150o and so on. If
the conduction interval of various thyristors T1, T2, …… T6 is
shown first, then it becomes easier to draw the voltage and current
waveforms. Note that each SCR conducts for 120o, when T1 is
triggered, reverse biased thyristor T5 is turned on. T6 is already
conducting. As T1 is connected to A and T6 to B, voltage Vab
appears across load. It varies form 1.4 Vm to zero as shown. Here Vmp
is the maximum value of phase voltage. When T2 is turned on,T6 is
commutated from the negative group. T1 is already conducting. As
T1 and T2 are connected to A and C respectively, voltage Vac appears
across load. Its value varies from 1.5 Vmp to zero as shown. This
sequence of triggering is continued for other SCRs.

Note that positive group of SCRs are fired at an interval of


120o. Similarly, negative group of SCRs are fired with an interval of
120o amongst them. But SCRs from both the groups are fired at an
interval of 60o. This means that commutation occurs every 60o
51
alternatively in upper and lower group of SCRs. Each SCR from
both groups conducts for 120o . At any time, two for SCRs, one from
the positive group and the other from negative group, must conduct
together for the source to energise the load. For ABC phase sequence
of the three-phase supply, thyristors conduct in pairs; T1 and T2, T2
and T3, T3 and T4 and so on.

CHAPTER 5

SIMULATION DESIGN AND ANALYSIS


52

2.(i). Single Phase Half Wave Thyristor Circuit with

R-load

Source voltage Vs = 100V

Load resistance R = 100 Ω

Firing angle α = 450


53
54

2.(ii). Single Phase Half Wave Thyristor Circuit with

RL-without FD

Source voltage Vs = 100V

Load resistance R = 100 Ω and inductance L = 0.01H

Firing angle α = 450


55
56

2.(iii). Single Phase Half Wave Thyristor Circuit with

RL- FD load

Source voltage Vs = 100V


57
Load resistance R = 100 Ω and inductance L = 0.01H

Firing angle α = 450


58

2.(iv). Single Phase Half Wave Thyristor Circuit with

RLE load

Source voltage Vs = 100V

Load resistance R = 100 Ω and inductance L = 0.01H

Back emf E = 50V

Firing angle α = 450


59
60

3.(i). Single Phase Full Wave Mid Point Converters

(M-2 Connection)

Source Vs1 = 100V Vs1 = 100V


61
Load resistance R = 100 Ω and inductance L = 0.01H

Back emf E = 50V

Firing angle α = 450


62

3.(ii). Single phase full wave bridge converter


(B-2 Connection)
63
64

3.(iii). Line-Commutated Inverter


65
66

(iv). Single-phase semiconverter


67
68

3.(v). Single-phase Full Converter Drives in


continuous mode of operation
69
70

3.(vi). Single-phase Full Converter Drives in


discontinuous mode of operation
71
72

4.(i).THREE PHASE CONVERTERS


73
74

REFERENCES
75

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