Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1) Water vessel
2) Detent
3) Slinder
4) Stop pin
5) Water level scale
6) Rider
7) Weights
8) Handles
Theory On The Centre Pressure
The hydrostatic pressure of liquids is the “gravitational pressure” Phyd. It rises due to the
intrinsic weight as the depth t increase, and is calculated from :
Phyd = p.g.t
p = Density of water
g = Acceleration due to gravity (g = 9.81 m/s²)
t = Distance from liquid surface
To calculated forces acting on masonry dams or ships, hull, for example, from the hydrostatic
pressure, two steps are
Reduce the pressure load on an active surfac down to a resultant force Fp, which is
applied at a point of application of force, the “centre of pressure”, ventrical to the
active surface.
Determine the position of the centre of pressure by determining a planer centre of
force on the actice surface.
It is first demonstrated how the centre of pressure can be determined. The resultant force Fp is
then calculated.
Determining the Centre of Pressure
A linear pressure profile is acting on the active surface shown, because the hydrostatic
pressure rises proportional to the depth t.
The resultant force Fp is therefore not applied at the centre of force C of the active surface,
but always slightly below it, at the so-called centre of pressure D! To determine the distance e
of the centre of pressure from the plannar centre of force, the following model demonstration
is used :
Imagine an area A in front of the active surface, formed by the height h and the pressure
profile of the hydrostatic pressure p1-p2. This area is in the form of a trapezium.
The centre of pressure D lies on the extension of the planarcentre of force of this area A. A
can be broken down into partial areas A1 and A2. The respective planar centres of force are
identified by black dots.
A balance of moments between the areas is then established around the point O1 in arder to
find the common planar centre of force (dynamic effect in direction Fp) :
/
e is the distance of the centre of pressure from the planner
centre
of force of the active surface which we are looking for.
Pc = p.g.tc (10)
Pc = Hydrostatic pressure at the planar centre of force
of the active surface.
Tc = Vertical distance of the planar centre of force
from the surface of the liquid.
The units water vessel is designed as a ring segment with constant cross-section. The force
due to weight G of the water always produces the same moment of momentum referred to the
centre of motion O as the resultant force Fp, of the active surface running through the centre
of pressure D, Consequently, this apparatus can be used to determine the force of pressure Fp
and the centre of pressure.
To illustrate the point, image the ring segment completely filled. The force due to weight Gg
applied top the centre of volume of the water can be broken down into two component.
A radially applied component Gr running precisely through the centre of motion and
A tangential component G1 with a lever arm r acting on the centre of motion O.
The radial component Gr exerts no momentum on centre O, because its lever arm is zero.
Now regardless of the water level.
That is to say the force due to weight G of the water volume always exerts the same moment
of momentum as the force Fp at the centre of pressure D.
The derivation of (13) leads via determination of the centre of force of a ring segment and its
volume.
Determine The Centre Of Pressure
e = 1/6.s (1)
ID = 200 mm – 1/3.s (2)
e = 1.(100mm)²
12s – 50mm (3)
ID = 10mm = e
Determining The Resultant Force
Meaning :
Aact = superficial content of active surface
b = 75 mm – width of liquid vessel
pc = Hidrostatic pressure at planar centre of force
Calculated variables :
FG = appended weight
I = lever arm appended weight referred to centre of
motion O checkh the theory, a balance of moment aroung
the of motion O can be establish and checked
£Mº = 0 ; FG.I = Fp. Id
PROSEDURE
The different between evaluation of the tilted vessel and that of the vertical lies in the
translation of the water levels onto the tilted active surface : A factor cos α must be taken into
account here.
Meaning :
St – water level of lowest point of vessel
Sh – water level of active surface at rim
e – position
h – height of active surface
ID – distance between centre of pressure/centre of motion.
For a water level s < Sh a triangular profile as follows applies.
h= S-St/ cos α
e = 200mm-1/3.h
For water level S>Sh a trapezoidal profile as follows applies
E = 1/12. (100mm)²/(S-St cos α -50mm)
Iᴅ =150mm + e
Meaning :
A act – superficial content of active surface
b – 75 mm – width of liquid vessel
pc = hydrostatic pressure at palanar centre of force of active
surface
The angle α =90° represents a special case. The resultant pressure profile has form of
atriangle, because the hydrostatic pressure is equal at every point on the active surface.
For this reason, the centre of pressure C lies precisely at the planar centre of force D of the
active surface.
e =0
and has the lever arm
Iᴅ = 150mm
The resultant force is produce as
Fp = ρ.g.(S-St).(100mm.b)
The result can be checked with the balance of moments
PROPERTIES O F FLUIDS & HYDROSTATICS BENCH
0° 0 100
Lever arm I Appended Water Level Calculated lever Resultant force
(mm) weight FG (N) reading s (mm) arm ID(mm) Fp (N)
50 73 136
Lever arm I Appended Water Level Calculated lever Resultant force
(mm) weight FG (N) reading s (mm) arm ID(mm) Fp (N)
250 1 66 203 0.026
250 2 129 171 1.792
250 3 153 161 3.521
250 5 199 156 6.906
250 7.5 255 154 11.026
90 200 200
Lever arm I Appended Water Level Calculated lever Resultant force
(mm) weight FG (N) reading s (mm) arm ID(mm) Fp (N)
250 1 220 150 1.472
250 2 240 150 2.943
250 3 264 150 4.709
Calculation centre of pressure
Example :
0˚
(S <100mm)
I d = 0.2m- 1/3(S)
= 0.2 – 1/3 ( 0.061 )
= 0.180m @ 180mm
(S >100mm)
I d = 0.15m + e where:
e = (1/12) x (100mm)²/(S-50mm)
e = (1/12) x (0.1m)²/ (0.116m-0.05m)
e = 0.013m
I d = 0.15m + 0.013
=0.163m @ 163mm
Fp = Pc x Aact
(S < 100mm)
Pc = ρg x S/2 where: Aact = S .b
= 0.061 x 0.075= 4.575x 10ˉ³m
= (10³ x 9.81) x (0.061/2)
= 299.21
Fp = (299.91) x (4.575x10ˉ³m)
= 1.369 N
Fp = Pc x Aact
(S > 100mm)
Pc = ρg (S – 50mm) where: Aact = 100mm x b
= 0.1m x 0.075m = 7.5 x 10ˉ³m
= (10³ x 9.81)x (0.116- 0.05m)
= 647.46
(S > Sh)
Id = 150mm + e where:
e = (1/12) x ((100mm)²/((S- St)/ (cos α )-50mm))
= 0.15m + 0.011 = (1/12) x ((0.1m)²/((0.153-0.073)/(cos 50°)-0.05))
= 0.161m @ 161mm = 0.011
(S> Sh)
Pc = ρg (S-St- 50mm. cos α) Aact = 100mm.b
= 10³x9.81(0.153m-0.073m-0.05m cos 50) = 0.1m x 0.075m
= 469.51 = 7.5 x10ˉ³
Fp = Pc x Aact
= 469.51 x7.5 x 10ˉ³
= 3.521 N
90˚
Centre of pressure
F p= p.g (S-St) x (0.1mxb) , b= 0.075 m
= 1000x9.81 (0.220m- 0.2m ) (0.1m x 0.075m )
= 1.472 N
There are some problem that cause during the experiment is conduct:
I. The differences between the true answer with our calculation (erratum) is huge.
II. Erratum is caerratum use when up loading the load without addition.
III. The accessories and the apparatus seem old, not up to date and not functioning very
well.
IV. Error due to human factor such as careless.
The experiment is done and succeeds but not in perfect match with the real data due to
erratum.