Test Questions Geochemistry Sedimentology

Geochemistry
Time: 3hr Max. Mark 50
Section A
(Answer all questions; all questions carry equal marks)
(1x10)
1. If two compounds show same or nearly similar crystal fiorm, ions of same size and show solid
solution, then the compounds are said to be showing
a. isomorphism 2. diadochy 3. pseudomorphism d. replacement
2. Ionic and covalent bonds are the rule in geological compounds. Which among the following are
illustrative of covalent bond.
a. NaCl and AgCl b. ZnS and SiO4 c. Cl2 and SO4 d. HCl and CaS
3. Structure of compounds resembles that of NaCl, only when the radius ratio of ions fall in the range of
a. 0.41 and 0.73 b. 0.73 and 1.0 c. 0.22 and 0.41 d. all of the above
4. During chemical weathering, the feldspars show variable response. In fact, the most stable among
feldspars is
a. Labradorite b. andesine c. oligoclase d. orthoclase
5. Ocean is a complex solution with six major ions. They are,

a. Na, Cl, SO4 , Mg, K and Ca b. Ca, K, Na , P, Cl and SO4
c. Na, Ca, K, and P d. K, Ca, Mg and Cl
6. pH value of sea water usually lies between

a. 2 and 5.3 b. 5 and 7 c.8 and 8.83 d. 8 and 10
7. Elements Ga and Rb occur in association with minerals of other elements because

a. of their very low primordial abundance b. they are similar in size and chemical properties to
major ones c. they have lower abundance and lower chemical potential d. none of the
above.
8. The variations in sedimentary processes like solubility, adsorption and activity of organisms are
a.very effective separating the major from minor elements
b. insufficient to differentiate the major from the minor elements.
c.moderately efficient separators of major elements from minor elements.
d.None of the above.
9.During magmatic crystallization the elements that separate first are

a. siderophile elements b. lihthophile ements. C. both chalcophile and lihtophile elements
d. Calcophile elements
10. Among the following colloidal origin can be inferred for

a. limonite b. siderite c. calcite d. all of the above
Section B
(Answer any six questions in not exceeding 300 words each)
(All questions carry equal marks)
(4x6)
II. Composition of Lunar crust
III. Minor elements
IV. Electronegativity
V. Pore water chemistry
VI. Geochemical classification of elements
VII. Measures of average
VIII. Ionic potential
IX. Goldich’s stability series
Section C
(Answer all questions but not exceeding 1200 words each)
(8x2)
XA. List the various schemes of estimation of geochemical mass balance. Explain a scheme of your choice
giving reasons
OR
B. Write an essay on the importance of meteorite research in the understanding of earth system.
XIA. Justify the application of geochemical studies of marine sediments.

OR
B. Chart the behaviour of major elements during magmatic crystallization
-------------------------
Section A
(1x10)
1. Some polymorhs have no true stability rage. Instead are unstable at all pressure and temperature ranges.
The best known example is:
a. Rutile and brookite b. Marcasite andf pyrite c. Calcte and aragonite
d. Quartz and tridymite
2 Distribution of electropositive elements among metal sulfides and silicate phases is controlled by:
a. Free energy of formation
b. pH and Eh of reaction environment
c. Oxidation – reduction potential
d. All of the above
3. Due to large influx of fresh water during the monsoon or snow melt, the pH of sea water
a. does not change b. falls due to dilution c. rises due to the addition of
a new load of dissolved ions d. only affects the Eh.
4.Ground water in a limestone aquifer ia :

a. neutral b. acidic c. alkaline d. none of the above
5. A sedimentologist collected two samples (one very close to the top and the other near the bottom). Which of
the following minerals will be common in the sample that came from the bottom?
a. zircon, hornblende, garnet, olivine, biotite, labrodorite, augite, tourmaline, magnetite and apatite
b..zircon, garnet, tourmaline, magnetite
c. hornblende, augite, zircon, magnetite, apatite and rutile
d. rutile, magnetite, zircon, hornblende, labradorite and apatite.
6. One of the most illustrative examples of diadochy between two ions of similar charge is a pair of
a. Fe2+ and Mg2+ b. Si4+ and Al3 c. Mg2+ and Al3+ d. Na2+ and K+
7. Ionic and covalent bonds are the rule in geological compounds. Which among the following are illustrative of
covalent bond.
e. NaCl and AgCl b. ZnS and SiO4 c. Cl2 and SO4 d. HCl and CaS
8. pH value of sea water usually lies between

a. 2 and 5.3 b. 5 and 7 c.8 and 8.83 d. 8 and 10
9. Probability is an arbitrary number ranging from

a. 0 -1 b. 0 -10 c. 0-100d. all of the above
10.Among the following colloidal origin is attributed to

a. limonite b. siderite c. calcite d. all of the above
Section B
(Answer any six questions in 300 words each)
(4x6)
II. Composition of Earth’s core
III. Stony meteorites
IV. Rare-earth elements
V. Pore water chemistry
VI. Organic matter in black sediments
VII. Measurement of pH in soft sediments
VIII. Goldschimdt’s geochemical classification of elements
IX. Goldich’s stability series
Section C
(Answer all questions but not exceeding 1200 words each)
(8x2
X A. Describe the principles, sampling procedures and data interpretation in Geochemical prospecting with
two suitable examples.
OR
B. List the major dissolved components in the sea water and river water. Explain the reasons for the
variations between the two.
XIA. Define the graphic measures in the Folk and Ward scheme and compare these with the moment
measures of grain size. Evaluate the relative merits and demerits of these two schemes.
OR
Discuss the composition and origin of biogenic deposits
----------------------
Geophysics
I. Choose the most appropriate answer (1x10)
1. Midoceanic ridges mark the sites of :

a. intense volcanic activity
b. consumtion of oceanic crust
c. ocean demarcation boundaries
d. exclusive economic zone
2. Abyssal plain starts off from the foot of

a. continenetal shelf
b. beaches
c. submarine canyons
d. continental slope
3. Fringing reefs generally indicate

a. reef mass bordering land
b. dead reef mass
c. scattered reef mass
d. tropical climate
4. Changes in sealevel are often indicated by

a. an increase in sea water
b. transgressive and regressive coasts
c. colour of seawater
d. turbidity of seawater
5.Fluvio-marien sedimentation relates to

a. unsorted sediments
b. inland sedimentation
c. mixed sediments
d. estuarine sedimentation
6. Void ratio and porosity of a sediment relate to

a. clay percentage
b. grain density
c. pore space
d. sediment colour
7. Heavy mineral assemblages generally form

a. near shore and beach pla cers
b. abyssal deposits
c. beach sand dunes
d. heavy deposits
8. Grab samplers are used to sample the

a. seabed sediments
b. beach sediments
c. sub-sea bed sediments
d. coral reefs
9. Vibro corers are generally used in

a. sandy sediments
b. coral reefs
c. clayey sedimenst
d. rocky terraqins
10. Mining of ocean bed by a country is restricted by

a. Shallow sea laws
b. Deep sea laws
c. EEZ
d. Geographical boundaries
Section B
(In about 300 words differentiate any six among the following)
(4x6)
II. Continental drift and continental shelf
III. Atolls and fringing refs
IV. Constructive plate margins and destructive plate margins
V. Pacific ocean and atlantic ocean
VI. Emergent and submergent coasts
VII. Agitation dredging and bucket dredging
VIII. Cobalt rich crusts and polymetallic nodules
IX. Bulk density and specific gravity of sediments
X. Turbidity and density currents
SECTION C
(Answer any two questions in about 1000 words each)
(8x2)
XI. Describe the evolutionary geologic history of the Atlantic ocean.
XII. Review the chief offshore occurrences of marine phosphate along with their geographic distribution,
geological setting and controls.
XIII. Make a critical assessment of the structural and geologic controls and sedimentation history of
Bombay high offshore field.
XIV. Describe the evolutions of the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian oceans.
………..
MCQs and others
1. Sediments of the deep sea, characteristically made of allocthonous and autochthonous, are
transported to their site by:
a. contour currents b. density currents
c. rip currents d. tidal currents
2. Mid-Atlantic ridge, very conspicuous feature of the Atlantic ocean, marks the loci of
a. subduction of the oceanic crust b. intense sub-sea volcanism
c. a zone that demarcates continental rise and abyssal plain
d. a zone of active mineralization
3. Rate of sedimentation in the ocean basins is:

a. 100 cm/kilo yr. b. 10 cm/kilo yr. c. 2-3 cm / Kilo yr. d.5-10 cm./Kilo yr.
4. Chief clay mineral of shelf sediments of the Arabian sea is dominantly

a. Smectite b. Kaolinite c. Chlorite d. illite
5. In the open sea, deposition of clay minerals depends mostly on their

a. concentration b. settling velocity
c. bed shear stress d. ability to flocculate
6. Heavy mineral placer deposits are associated with

a. near shore and beach sediment b. shelf sediment
c. relict sediment of modern continental shelf d. deep sea gravels
7. Free fall corers are very handy and efficient for use in
a. shallow water b. in continental shelf c. deep waters
d. calm shallow water
8. Piston corers are proverbial for efficient coring in the realm of

a. sandy sediments b. mildly indurated seafloor c. clayey sediment d. rocky seafloor
9. Marine Geologists first reported the occurrence of high grade poly-metallic nodules from
a. Atlantic ocean b. Indian ocean c. Pacific ocean d. Red sea
10. Boomerang corer works on the principle of:

a. gravity b. buoyancy c. gravity & buoyancy d. none of the above
Section B
(In about 300 words differentiate any six of the following)
(4x6)
II. Continental slope and continental shelf
III. Benioff zone and Wilson fault
IV. Constructive plate margins and destructive plate margins
V. Atlantic Ocean and Red Sea
VI. Emergent and submergent coasts
VII. Agitation dredging and bucket dredging
VIII. Chemogenous and terrigenous sediments
IX. Chamosite and glauconite
X. Contour currents and density currents
SECTION C
(8x2)
XI. Examine prospects of mining of seabed sand, briefly describing important steps, if the sand were to be
used as fine aggregate by construction industry.
XII. Discuss the mineral wealth of the Northern Indian Ocean and examine India’s stake.
XIII. Describe the evolutionary geologic history of the Pacific Ocean.
XIV. Review the chief offshore occurrences of marine phosphate deposits along with their geographic
distribution, geological setting and controls.
………..
MCQs and others
1 The first geological map of the seabed was compiled and published by:
a. Siddique, M.Tharp, and Srivastava.
b. Bruce Heezen and Marie Tharp
c. Banerjee, Dietz, Karunakaran & Nair
d. Nair, Shepard & Hashimi.
2. Half life of C14 is:

a. 5134 yr. b. 1.14 million yr.
c. 5770 kyr d.5401 kyr.
3. Oceanic trenches are zones of

a. subduction b. intense sub-sea volcanism c. frequent deep focus earthquakes d. all of the above.
4. Mudbanks of Kerala chiefly occur between

a. Thirkunnappuzha and Kochi b. Thirkunnappuzha and Kozhikod
c. Kozhikod and Alappuzha d. Alappuzha and Kozhikkod.
5. Chief clay mineral of Mudbank sediment is.

6. Various opaque and non-opaque heavy minerals are seen in the Travancore Blacksand deposit. From
choices given below, choose the correct one listing the minerals in the order of decreasing abundance.
a. Magnetite-ilmenite-sillimanite-garnet-zircon-monazite
b. Magnetite- sillimanite-ilmenite- garnet-zircon-monazite
c. Ilmenite-Magnetite-sillimanite-garnet- monazite-zircon
d. Magnetite-ilmenite-monazite-zircon-sillimanite-garnet
6. Heavy mineral placer deposits are associated with

a. near shore and beach sediment b. shelf sediment
c. relict sediment of modern continental shelf d. deep sea gravels
7. Free fall corers are very handy and efficient for use in
a. shallow water b. in continental shelf c. deep waters
d. calm shallow water
8. Generally sediment grabs work reasonably well in bottom sediments rich in

a. sand fraction b. clay and mud c. clayey sediment d. mud content
9. First report on occurrence of Mn nodules came from by Marine Geologists working in the
a. Atlantic ocean b. Indian ocean c. Pacific ocean d. Red sea
10. Boomerang corer works on the principle of:

a. gravity b. buoyancy c. gravity & buoyancy d. none of the above
10. Sediments in the deep sea are primarily transported to their depositional site by
a. Tidal currents b. density currents c. contour currents d. rip currents
Section B
(In about 300 words differentiate any six of the following)
(4x6)
II. Continental slope and continental shelf
III. Sub-duction zone and MOR
IV. Deltas and deep sea fans
V. Atlantic Ocean and Red Sea
VI. Manganese crust and hydrothermal sulphides
VII. Bucket dredging and vacuum suction
VIII. Terrigenous and biogenous sediments
IX. Chamosite and marine phosphate
X. Longshore current and rip current
SECTION C
(8x2)
XI. Give an account of mineral composition and origin of Black sand placer deposits of SW coast India.
XII. Examine prospects of mining of seabed sand, briefly describing important steps, if the sand were to
be used as fine aggregate by construction industry.
XIII. Describe the geology and structure of Cauvery basin oil and gas field.
XIV. Describe the morphology and composition of polymetallic nodules, along with comments on their
origin. Add a note on India’s Mn- nodule program.
--------
MCQs and others
I.1 Most continental shelves are covered by:

a. coral reefs b. relict sands c.brown clays
d. green sand.

a. 100 cm/kilo yr. b. 10 cm/kilo yr.
c. 2-3 cm / Kilo yr. d.5-10 cm./Kilo yr.
3. Sediments are transported to the deep sea by:

a. rip currents b. density currents
c. tidal currents d. storm waves.
4. Shelf sediments of the Arabian sea are dominantly made of:

a. Smectite b. Kaolinite c. Chlorite
d. illite
5. Characteristic sediment of the narrow eastern shelf of India is:
a. terrigenous sand b. ribbon of mud
c. Terrigenous mud and black sand
d. carbonate rich silicic clastic sediment.
6. The coherent structure of turbulence is best understood from:

a. boundary layer flows b. boundary shear stress
c. eddy current d. kinetic energy.
7. deposition of fine sediment is dependent on:

a. its concentration b. sttling velocity
c. bed shear stress d. all of the above
8. Deep sea clastics undergo depositional process of:

a. resedimentation b.normal bottom currents
c. resedimentation, normal bottom currents and pelagic settling
d. none of the above.
9. C14 dating techniques are widely used for sediments of age:

a. one million yr. b. 1.4 million yr.
c. 70 kyr d.40 kyr.
10. Geotecnical properties of marine sediments are controlled by:

a. particle size b. mineralogy c. size and mineralogy
d. grain size, organic matter and mineralogy.
SECTION B
(Write notes on any six of the following under 500 words each)
(4x6)
II. Fluid mechanics in sedimentary process.
III. Deep sea clastics
IV. Contourites and turbidites
V. Dating techniques
VI. Gas hydrates
VII .Sedimentation in the northern Indian Ocean
VIII. Carbonate sediments
IX. Magnetic properties of sediments
SECTION C
(Answer all questions, limiting answers to 1200 words)
(8x2)
Xa. Marine sediments are good hosts of hydrocarbon deposits
OR
b. Discuss the nature of sedimentary deposits under various sedimentary environments
XIa. Discuss the application of clay minerals in the paleoclimatic and paleoenvironmnetal studies.
OR
b. Describe the geochemical finger prints used in deciphering the transport water-ways of marine
sediments.
MCQs and others

I.1. The most abundant mineral in the beach placers of Chavara is:
a. Ilmenite b. Magnetite c. Monazite
d. Zircon
2. Pitti island in the Lakshdweep is known for its:
a. Guano deposits b. Glass sands c. placer deposits
d. manganese nodules
3. Colloform texture is typically developed by:

a. manganese ores, b. bauxite c. coal
d. copper ores
4. The high grade polymetalic nodules are reported from:

a. Atlantic ocean b. Indian ocean c. Pacific ocean
d. Red sea
5. Todorokite is a mineral of element:

a. Mn b. Fe c. Cr d. P
6. Site of origin of hydrothermal deposits are normally:

a. MOR b. continental slope c. continental rise
d. EPR
7. Boomerang grab works on the principle of:

a. grvity b. buoyancy c. gravity & buoyancy
d. none of the above
8. Average rate of growth of Mn-nodule is estimated as:

a. less than 10 mm/10 6 yr. b. less than 100 mm/10 6 yr
c. more than 200 mm/10 6 yr. d. 200 mm / 10 6 yr.
9. Placer minerals are of:

a. terrigenous origin b. biogenous parentage
c. chemogenous parentage d. bio-chemogenous origin
10. Ratnagiri beach placers are different from others in that it contains:
a. chiefly magnetite b. considerable proportion of gold
c. moderate quantities of chromite d. abundant zircon.
SECTION B
(4x6)
II. Mc Kelvy’s classification of marine minerals deposits
III. Origin of marine manganese nodules
IV. Manganese crust
V. Hydrothermal sulphides
VI. Biogenic deposits
VII. Sources of elements in Mn-nodules
VIII. Pioneer investor
IX. Bombay high
X. Origin off shore phosphorites
SECTION C
(Answer all questions limiting answers under 1200 words)
(8x2)
XIa. Give an account of mineral composition and origin of Black sand placer deposits of SW coast India.
OR
b. Describe the geology and structure of the oil fields of east coast of India
XIa. Describe the morphology and composition of polymetallic nodules. Add a note on India’s Mn- nodule
program.
OR
b. Comment on the environmental impacts of:
1. near shore sand mining
2. Polymetallic nodules in the deep sea.
-----
1. Write notes on any f
1. fining upw
2. upperflow
3. chemogeno
4. tectonic ark
5. geochemic
SEDIMENTOLOGY
1. Write notes on any four of the following:-

1. fining upward sequence
2. upperflow regime
3. chemogenous sediments
4. tectonic arkose
5. geochemical evironment
6. textural maturity
7. derived properties of sediments
(1) Cementation patterns in sand stones.

(2) Origin of chert.
(3) Heavy minerals groups.
(4) Mineral maturity.
(5) Classification of lime stones.
(6) Evaporates.
1. Evaporates.
2. Mineral and chemical composition of mud rocks.
3. Origin of chert.
4. Primary and secondary dolomites.
5. Fundamentals of fluid flow.
6. Heavy mineral groups.
1. Give a concise account of the biogenic sedimentary structures.

2. Explain the mineral stability.
3. Write notes on the origin of Chert.
4. Enumerate the various sedimentary environments.
5. Describe the textures of the sedimentary rocks.
6. Write notes on the provenance.
1. Describe the importance of the study of shape of fragments to decipher the history of deposit.
2. Explain the term "Mineral maturity".
3. Define lithification and Diagenesis. Briefly analyze their role in sedimentation.
4. Give an account of the fresh water carbonate deposits.
5. Briefly describe the mineralogy and origin of phosphates.
6. Give an account of the cementation patterns in sandstones.
1. What are evaporates ? State how they are formed.

2. What is meant by mineral stability ? Explain the mineral stability series.
3. Describe the biogenic sedimentary structures.
4. Give a brief account of the methods of separation of heavy minerals, bringing out their significance.
5. Define Porosity and Permeability. State their importance during sedimentation.
6. Give a brief account of the non-classic textures.
1. Define the terms "lithification and diagenesis". Explain briefly the diagenetic process in lime stones.
2. Give an account of sedimentary facies and environment.
3. Write a note on the origin of chert.
4. Describe the distinguish between Arkose and Graywacke.
5. Define the "mineralogical maturity".
6. Describe the mechanism of dolomitisation. Add a note on the detrital dolomite and dedolomitisation.
a. Sediment movement by fluid flow.

b. Biogenic sedimentary structures.
c. Heavy mineral groups.
d. Cyclic sediments.
e. Primary and secondary dolomites.
f. Cementation patterns in sandstones.
i) The origin of the Chert.

(ii) Shape and roundness.
(iii) Distinguish between cross bedding and graded bedding.
(iv) Distinguish between suspension load and traction load.
(v) Evaporates and their formation.
(vi) Primary and secondary dolomite
10. Answer any five of the following
a. Origin and uses of graded bedding

b. Formation and Manganese nodules and their importance.
c. Walther's law of succession of facies
d. Flow regime concept.
e. Bouma sequence.
f. Stylolites.
a. Biogenic sedimentary structures

b. Diagenetic processes in limestones
c. Compaction of mud rocks and porosity
d. Skewness and kurtosis
e. Fresh-water carbonates
a. Intrastratl solution
b. Heavy mineral separation
d. Cross stratification.
e. Lebespuren
f. Provenance.
a. Pelagic deposits
b. Primary dolomite
c. Goldich's stability series
d. ZTR index
e. Intrastratal solution
f. Shape of clastic grains
a. Plaeocurrent analysis
b. Biogenic sedimentary structures
c. Permeability analysis
d. Sorting coefficient
e. Turbidity currents
f. Lr. Flow regime
2. a. Diagenetic minerals
b. Turbidites and Bouma sequence
c. Grade scale
d. Stokes law
e. Mn- nodules
f. Residual deposits
g. Flow regime concept.
f. Economic sedimentology
a. Fining upward sequence

b. Upper flow regime
c. Chemogenous sediments
d. Tectonic arkose
e. Geochemical environment
f. Textural maturity
g. Derived properties of sediments
f. Skewness
a. What are evaporites? State how they are formed

b. What is mineral stability? Explain the mineral stability series
c. Describe biogenic sedimentary structures
d. Methods of separation of heavy minerals
e. Define Porosity and permeability. State their importance during sedimentation.
f. Give an account of non-clastic textures.
a. What are evaporites ? State how they are formed.

b. What is meant by mineral stability ? Explain the mineral stability series.
c. Describe the biogenic sedimentary structures
d. Give a brief account of the methods of separation of heavy minerals,bringing out their significance.
e. Define porosity and permeability. State their importance during sedimentation.
f. Give a brief account of the non-clastic textures.
Write explanatory notes on the following
a. Wentworth Grade Scale

b. Oolitic texture
c. Size analysis and
d. Intrastratal solution.
a. Dune and antidune

b. Mud rocks.
c. Evaporite
d. Chemical cement
e. Environmental parameters.
f. Orogenic sediments.
g. Carbonaceous sediments.
write notes on:

a. Heavy mineral study.
b. Size and shape of grains.
c. Sedimentary facies.
11. Give an account of the sedimentary structures.
Write an essay on the mechanical analysis of detrital sediments.
Write an essay on sedimentary structures.
Give the recent classification of limestones and add a note on fresh water carbonate deposits.
Write an essay on the classification of limestones.
Define the terms Lithification and Diagenesis. Analyze their role in sedimentation.
Give an account of the sedimentary structures.
Write an essay on the sedimentary facies and environments.
Describe the textures and impurities found in cherts. Discuss their origin
In the light of recent researches, give the classification of sandstones.
Give the mechanical analysis of detrital sediments and explain how they are graphically represented.
Give critical analysis of sedimentary structures.
Define the terms Porosity and Permeability. How do these properties affect fluid migration in sandstone and
limestones?
Give a brief account of the classification of sandstones.
Give an account of the sedimentary facies and environments.
Give the recent classification of Limestones and add a note on fresh - water carbonate deposits.
Give an essential depositional difference between a meandering river set up and a braided river set up.
Enumerate the different directional sedimentary structures and their importance in palaeocurrent studies.
Describe the characteristic of deposits made in a fluvial environment.
Enumerate and describe the structures that throw light on the direction of sediment transport.
Give an account of the classification of either conglomerates or limestones.
Describe the origin and occurrence of phosphatic sediments, with suitable examples from India.
Write an essay on the limestone diagenesis.
Discuss the tectonic classification of sedimentary basins.
Write an essay on the origin of evaporite sediments.
Describe the architecture of the lithological facies of clastic environments.

"The framework mineralogy of clastic rocks have an indelible signature of the provenance like relief, climate
and source rocks.
Write an essay on the Mud rocks
Describe the various diagenetic processes in the making of carbonate rocks from sediments.
Describe the various depositional framework, tectonic evolution and economic potential of
continental sedimentary basins.
What are the important evaporite minerals? Discuss their

origin.
Write an essay on the classification and origin of common
clay minerals.
Write an essay on the industrial and economic applications of study of sediments.
Describe the depositional environment of a meandering river deltaic deposit.
Discuss the statistical parameters as applied to the study of sediments.
Give an account of the widely used classification of sandstones.
Discuss the economic potentials of the marine sedimentary basins.
Describe the textures and impurities found in cherts. Discuss their origin.
Briefly describe the various sedimentary structures. Discuss their role in determining (a) the top and
bottom in sedimentary sequence and (b) Paleo-current direction.
Explain the term "Provenanace" in Sedimentology. State how the maturity of sediments is determined.
Classify and describe various types of limestones. Add a note on their diagenesis.
Describe the mode of formation and characters of turbidites.
Discuss the relation between sedimentary facies and environments.
examine the different views on the origin of phosphate deposits.
Explain the concept of size in detrital rocks. Describe the grain size distribution with respect to grade scales and
frequency distribution.
Classify and describe Conglomerates, gravels and breccias. Give the diagenesis of Conglomerates.
Define Provenance. Describe mineral stability, mineralogical maturity and source rocks of the sediments. Add
a note on heavy mineral groups.
Give the classification of sandstone. Add a note on cementation pattern in ancient rocks.
Classify and describe various types of limestones. Add a note on their diagenesis.
Give an account of structures in sedimentary rocks.

-------------------
1. Define the terms Lithification and Diagenesis. (10)

Analyze their role in sedimentation.
OR
Describe the textures and impurities found in cherts. Discuss their origin.
2. Writes notes on any four of the following. (4x5)
a. Dune and antidune

b. Evaporite
c. Chemical cement
d. Environmental parameters.
e. Orogenic sediments.
Section - B (Paleontology)
3. Describe the classification, general history and (10)

application of conodonts.
or
Describe the evolutionary trends in reptiles.
4. Write notes on any five of the following:- (5x5)
i . Use of foraminifera in petroleum industry

ii . Irregular echinoids
iii. Archaeopteryx
iv . Evolution of glabella in trilobites
v . Dentition in pelecypodes
vi . major evolutionary trends in brachiopods
1. Discuss the statistical parameters as applied to (10)

the study of sediments.
OR
Give an account of the widely used classification of sandstones.
2. Write notes on any four of the following (4x5)

b. Chemogenous sediments
c. Tectonic arkose
d. Geochemical environment
3. Enumerate, giving examples, the evolutionary trends (10)

noticed in trilobites.
OR
Describe the evolutionary trends in reptiles.
i . Morphology of conodonts
ii . Suture patterns in ammonoids
iii. External morphological features of foraminiferal tests
iv . Dentition in pelecypodes
v . Modes of preservation of fossils
vi . Homoemorphy
Section - A (Sedimentology)
1. Define Provenance. Describe mineral stability, (10)

mineralogical maturity and source rocks of the sediments. Add a note on heavy mineral groups.
OR
Discuss the relation between sedimentary facies and environments.
2. Write notes only any four of the following. (4x5)
a. Grade scale
b. Q-F-R diagram
c. Mean size
d. Climatic arkose
e. Role of carbon dioxise in carbonate formation
3. Describe the evolutionary trends noticed in ammonoidea. (10)
OR
Trace the evolution of horses with appropriate examples.
i . Modes of preservation of fossils

ii . Classification of spores and pollens
iii. Palaeoecology of foraminifers
iv . Lower cambrian trilobites
v . Facial suture in trilobites
vi . Patterns of evolution
1. Describe the characters and mode of formation (10)

turbidites.
OR
a. Aragonite in modern environments

b. Manganese nodules
c. Diagenetic texture of limestones
d. Heavy mineral analysis
e. Upper flow regime
-------------------
3. Describe the evolutionary trends noticed in brachiopoda. (10)
OR
Give an account of the Paleoecology of foraminifera. Discuss the use of foraminifers in petroleum industry.
4. Write notes on any FIVE of the following:- (5x5)
i . Evolution of horses
ii . Middle cambrian trilobites
iii. Devonian fishes
iv . Morphology of spores and pollens
v . Siwalik vertebrates
vi . Morphology of conodonts
1. Classify and describe various types of limestones. (10)

Add a note on their diagenesis.
OR
Explain the concept of size in detrital rocks. Describe the grain size distribution with respect to grade
scales and frequency distribution.
1. Inrastatal solution
2. Mud rocks
3. Evaporeites
4. Chert
5. Protodolomite
--------------------
3. What are spores and pollens ? Give an account of the (10) morphology of spores and pollens.
OR
Describe the evolutionary trends noticed in brachiopoda.
4. Write notes on any FIVE of the following:- (5x5)
i . Homeomorphy
ii . Adaptive radiation
iii. Mesozoic reptiles
iv . Devonian fishes
v . Distinguish between Nevadia and Paradoxides
vi . Palaeoecology of foraminifera
1. Extensive deposits of polymetallic nodules are found in :

a. pacific ocean b. Atlantic ocean
c. Indian ocean d. In all the three oceans
2. A guyot is a morphological feature produced by:

a. Wave action b. current action
c. Volcanic action d. none of the above
3. In coral reef development:

a. Blue green algae play an important role
b. Diatoms play an important role
c. Algae and diatoms play important roles
d. None of the above
4. Rate of sedimentation
a. is higher in the Arabian sea than bay of Bengal
b. Is higher in bay of Bengal than in Arabian sea
c. is equal in Arabian sea and bay of Bengal
d. changes seasonally in both oceans, but always higher in
bay of Bengal
5. Two main groups of pelagic sediments are:

a. brown clay and silt b. clays and sand
c. clays and oozes d. none of the above.
ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS IN ONE OR TWO SENTENCES EACH
6. Submarine canyons 7. Tombolo

8. Chemogenous sediments 9. Carlsberg ridge
10. Sediment trap
Section-B
11. Offshore oil fields of India

12. Continental margin
13. Shoreline of west coast of India
14. Beach profile
15. Origin of sea water
16. Bengal fan
17. Phosphorites
18. Oozes
Section-C
19. Give an account of methods of exploring the sea floor.
OR
Describe the ocean floor topography of Arabian sea
20. Write an essay on the classification of marine sediments

OR
Write an essay on the distribution and genesis of polymetallic nodules.
-----------------
(1x10=10)
1. Rate of sedimentation in the ocean basins is
a. 100 cm./Kilo yr b. 10 cm./Kilo yr

c. 2-3 cm./Kilo yr d. 5-10 mm./Kilo yr
2. The Aleutian arc is in the:
a. north Atlantic b. south Atlantic

c. norhtern Indian d. northern Pacific
3. The Murray fracture zone lies off the coast of
a. Brazil b. Chile
c. New York d. California
4. Iceland is very special for the occurrence of
a. large sheep farms b. hot springs

c. Mid atlantic ridge d. all of the above.
5. Mindanao trench and Honshu ridge encloses the
a. Philippine basin b. Japanese basin

c. Java basin d. Arabian basin
6. The carlsberg ridge continues northward to
a. Owen fracture zone b. Austral seamount chain

c. Marutias ridge c. Java trench
7. Characteristic sediment of the narrow eastern shelf of the

Indian Peninsula is:
a. terrigenous sand with black sand concentrates turning into mud at 30 fathoms
b. Ribbon of mud bordering below 5 fathom depth followed by

siliciclastic sediment
c. Cabonate-silici calstic sediments followed by mud in the deeper wters
d. terrigenous mud with black sand concentrates.
8. Transform fault, a special category of fault was identified by:
a. Tulso wilson b. W.D. West

c. K. Naha d. A. Holmes
9. The limit of the continental shelf is marked by the shelf break, which occurs at:
a. a depth of 100 m. b. not at any fixed depth

c. a depth of 100 fath. d. a depth of 50 fath.
10. The Glomar explorer is a research ship engaged in:
a. Mapping the Mn nodule fields

b. recovering the drowned submarines
c. laying underwater pipe lines
d. detecting underwater nuclear tests.
Section B
Answer any six questions; limit answer to 300 words each
(5x6=30)
11. Glacial eustasy
12. Chemogeneous sediments
13. Guyots
14. Red clays
15. 90 east ridge
16. Pillow lava
17. Mn-nodules
18. Mid-oceanic ridge
Section C
Answer any two; limit answer to 1200 words each
(10x2=20)
19. Write an essay on the methods of exploration of sea bed for the Black mineral sand deposits.
OR
Write an essay on the Bengal deep sea fan.
20. Critically examine the origin and distribution of Phosphatic nodules.
OR
Review the causes and implications of sea level changes in the geologic past.
(10)
2. Micrite is a term applied to:
a. clastic mud b. carbonate mud

c. lunar mud d. altered volcanic ash
3. Marl is a sedimentary rock:
a. forming below the peritidal limit

b. accounts for the oil recovery potential of a producing
formation
c. composed of low rank graywacke and lime mud
d. made of carbonate and clay minerals
4. Loess is a clastic rock:
a. 60% of which is essentially made of material of 0.063 to 0.003 mm. size.

b. that adds strength to the foundations in the filled up lagoons or lakes
c. characterized by a high content of K2O (>20%).
d. generally sought after by alluvial gold prospectors.
5. Magnesian limestones have an MgO content of:
a. 1.0 - 2.0 % b. 10.0 - 18.0 %

c. 3.0 - 5.0 % d. 5.0 - 10.0 %
6. Bioherms have been defined as:
a. a dome like growth of clastic sediment in a strata of dissimilar composition.

b. a mound or lens built mainly by sedentary organisms in
a rock of dissimilar composition.
c. an intrusion like growth of a salt bed into an adjacent strata of dissimilar composition.
d. a replacement of a carbonate strata by another carbonate strata
7. Novaculite is a sedimentary rock composed of:
a. very dense, cryptocrystalline silicious, bedded rock

b. high Mg-calcite in association with cold water fauna
c. monocrystalline quartz, k-feldspar and rock fragments in
equal proportions
d. poly crystalline quartz, equal amounts of potash feldspar plagioclase and rock fragments.
8. Most rigorous weathering is characteristic of environment:
a. distinguished by high temperature and high moisture content.

b. the hallmark of which is average high temperatures through the year
c. where production of humic acid is very much scarce
d. which is generally non-existent to day.
9. A sandstone with a signature of high quartz to feldspar and high alumina to soda ratios is the product of:
a. a region of low relief

b. a region of low relief and warm humid climate
c. a region of warm humid climate
d. a region of low relief but moderately cooler temperatures.
10. In the direction of transport, the clastic sedimentary particles show:
a. a fall in grain size along with a decrease in sphericity

b. a fall in grain size along with an increase in sphericity
c. a fall in grain size along with a increase in silt content
d. a fall in grain size only
SECTION - B
Answer any six question. Limit answers to 300 words each

(30)
11. Cementation patterns in sand stones.
12. Origin of chert.
13. Heavy minerals.
14. Mineral maturity.
15. Folk's Classification of lime stones.
16. Evaporites.
17. Stokes law
18. Upper flow regime
SECTION - C
Answer all questions. Limit answers to 1200 words
19. Critically examine the origin and distribution of Phosphatic nodules.
OR
Explain the concept of size in detrital rocks. Describe the grain size distribution with respect to grade
scales and frequency distribution.
20. Give an account of the classification of sandstones.
OR
Describe the various depositional framework, tectonic evolution and economic potential of continental
sedimentary basins.
1. Answer all questions choosing the most appropriate
answer from the list.
a. The first International Geological Congress was held in:
a. 1878, Paris b. 1875, Washington DC

c. 1925, Beijing d. 1935, New Delhi.
b. A Zone is defined as the basic unit of:
a. Lithostratigraphy b. Biostratigraphy
c. Chronostratigraphy b. Pedostratigraphy
c. In stratigraphy, the boundary between Devonian and Carboniferous is placed at:
a. 300 ma. b. 360 ma.

c. 350 ma. d. 280 ma.
d. Although over 40 different strata have been identified by

William Smith, it was:
a. C.H. Holland b. L.Dollo

c. W. Buckland d. H.G.Schenk
who categorised the strata into a hierarchy.
e. The important criterion for system boundaries is:
a. faunal change b. lithological boundaries

c. diastrophism d. all of the above.
f. A geologic-climatic unit is used along with:
a. classification of Quaternary
b. categorization of the Pennsylvanian
c. grouping of the Proterozoic
d. organization of chronostratigraphic units
g. The three principles of stratigraphy were devised by:
a. Nicolaus Steno b. William Smith

c. John Playfair c. W. Sedgwick
h. The fundamental rock unit of stratigraphy is:
a. formation b. series
c. facies d. zone
i. The term Jurassic, describing the strata of Jura mountains

was coined by:
a. Von Humbolt b. L. Agassiz

c. C.Lyell d. R.I.Murchison
j. FAD's and LAD's are used in:
a. biostratigraphy b. lithostratigraphy
c. correlation of strata c. magnetostratigraphy
Section B
Answer any six; limit in about 300 words each

(5*6)
2. Thermoluminescence (TL) dating
3. Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) dating
4. Fission track dating
5. Radiocarbon dating
6. Aminoacid dating
7. Geologic history of Kerala
8. Indian shield: a crustal mosaic
9. Indian Code of Stratigraphic Nomenclature (ICSN)
Section C
(10*2)
Limit answers to 1200 words each
10. "The boundary between the Archaean and the Proterozoic is one of the most profound and spectacular
breaks in earth's history." Elucidate.
OR
Write an essay on the code of stratigraphic nomenclature adopted and used in India.
11. "The Himalayan saga is a unique event in the history of fold mountains." Elaborate.
OR
Dating of Deccan Traps calls for evidences of a varied nature. Demonstrate.
1. Reynolds number, a dimensionless parameter, is

a. used to calculate the rate of diagenesis in limestones
b. the ratio of inertial forces to viscous forces
c. applied in the classification of mud rocks
d. the ratio of the inertial and gravitational forces
2. Secchi disc is a device used:

a. in the calibration of gravimeters
b. to determine the depth of light penetration
c. to estimate the depth of nepheloid layer
d. to determine the depth of sediment water interface.
3. Grade scale used by sedimentologists was proposed by:

a. Udden b. Wentworth c. Bureau of Indian Standards
d. American Society for Testing Materials
4. Lithification of sediments involves processes like:

a. compaction, solution & reprecipitation
b. compaction, intrastratal solution & rheomorphism
c. overgrowth, outgrowth and solution
d. reprecipitation, neomorphism & stylolitisation
5. As the depth of flow increases:

a. straight crested ripples transform to linguoid ripples
b. linguoid ripples transform to straight crested ripples
c. linguoid ripples change to lunate ripples
d. straight crested ripples change to dunes.
6. X-radiography is used by sedimentologists for:
a. imaging the dinasour eggs in sex determination
b. imaging the porosity distribution of cores
c. screening cores to identify bioturbation
d. identification of glauconite content
7. Most rigorous weathering is characteristic of environment:

a. distinguished by high temperature and high moisture content.
b. the hallmark of which is average high temperatures through the year
c. where production of humic acid is very much scarce
d. which is generally non-existent to day.
8. Sand ribbons are those sandstone bodies with a length to width ratio of
a. 3 or more
b. 2 or less
c. between 2.5 and 2.9
d. approximately 1.
9. Novaculite is a sedimentary rock composed of:

a. very dense, cryptocrystalline silicious, bedded rock
b. high Mg-calcite in association with cold water fauna
c. monocrystalline quartz, k-feldspar and rock fragments in
equal proportions
d. poly crystalline quartz, equal amounts of potash feldspar plagioclase and rock fragments.
10. According to Middleton (1960) the different types of sandstones occur in the following order.
a. quartz arenite, graywacke, lithic arenite and arkose

b. Graywacke, quartz arenite, graywacke and arkose
c. lithic arenite, graywacke, arkose and quartz arenite
d. arkose, quartz arenite and graywacke
SECTION - B
Answer any six questions in about 300 words each. (6x5)
11. Biogenic sedimentary structures.

12. Mineral stability.
13. Origin of Chert.
14. Deltaic environment.
15. Mean size.
16. Provenance.
17. Fundamental properties of sediments
18. Stokes law
SECTION - C
Answer following questions in about 1200 words each. (20)
19. What is permeability of sediment or rock? List the methods used in its determination. Describe one of the methods
used in determination of permeability.
Or
Most of the time the mineralogy of clastic sediments are

a "chip of the source rocks". Elaborate.
20. List the most important occurrence of Mn-nodules in the seabed. Critically examine the origin as well as
their occurrences. Comment on India's place in the matter of this
resource.
Or
Describe the Bouma sequence along with the hydrodynamic
implications. Critically assess the important theories of Turbidite formation.
1. Define Froude number. Comment on the limiting values characterizing the flow conditions
2. Define Reynolds number. Describe the behavior of flow types under different Reynolds numbers.
3. Define shear stress. Comment on the relation ship between shear stress one the one hand and slope and depth on the
other.
4. Flow velocity is not a suitable parameter in the study of sediment motion. Explain?
5. Briefly describe the concept of flow regime in sediment transport. Identify the hierarchy of bedforms associated
with the flow regimes.
6. Comment on the relations between the bedforms and current structures.
7. Derive the Stoke's law of settling velocity. How does it differ from the Rubey's equation.
8. Describe hydraulic equivalence and its application to the task of environmental discrimination.
9. Briefly describe the materials and facilities needed for sieve analysis.
10. Define the Chezy equation of river flow. Describe how it differs from the Manning formula.
11. Sketch the Bouma sequence and comment on the energy distribution.
12. Describe the parameters used in characterizing the shape of

clastic grains.
-----------------------------
1. Sketch the triangular classification of sedimentary rocks
proposed by Folk.
2. List the important and well understood modern carbonate environments.
3. List the chief aspects of the subtidal environmrnt.
4. What are the important carbonate minerals.
5. The carbonate rock record abounds in shallow water carbonates. Explain.
6. What are the chief roles of Thallasia grass in a modern carbonate environment?
7. Describe the role of alga Chara in a carbonate environment.
8. List the important types of allochemical constituents of a

carbonate rock. Explain the mode of formation of each of these.
9. Describe the mode/s formation of micrite or calcium carbonate mud.
10. What is an alagal biscuit? Explain the "moral" of its mode of formation vis-a-vis the carbonate sediment.
11. How would you estimate the depth to the photic zone?
12. Describe the cardinal principles of Folk's classification of

limestones. List the important categories.
Dec. 17, 1996
1. List the essential minerals of a rock of granitic composition. Comment on the relative stability of each.
2. Explain the geomorphic controls of lateritisation.
3. Define the grain size parameters in the scheme of Folk.
4. List the various types of detrital quartz. Comment on the special features of each.
5. Silt grade quartz is always angular. Explain?
6. What is geologic cycle? why is it relevant to study of sedimentary rocks.
7. Comment on the roles of climate, relief and source rock on the nature of primary detritus.
8. List the different categories of stream load. Comment on the relative importance of each in a tropical
climate.
9. Describe the Folk's classification of limestones.
10. Describe the shape measures of clastic particles.
11. What are the factors that control the grain size. Comment on the modification of grain due to transport.
12. Classify the clastic rocks in the scheme of Dott Jr.
1. Define aerosols. What are commonest natuaral constituent of aerosols and how is it derived?
2. Define molarity, molality, activity, mole fraction and partial pressure.

3. What are ideal soluitions?
4. Briefly describe the basis of design of Periodic table.
5. What are the major elements of the lithosphere? How do they differ from the minor elements.
6. Why is it that element sulphur is considered very special by the geochemists?
7. Describe the Raleigh fractionation and its implication to geochemistry.
8. Erosion and deposition of carbonate, among others, is dependent on the CO2 content of the solution.
Part-B
8
9. Briefly decribe the cycle of carbon. What are the important isotopes of carbon. Mention the isotopic
standard of carbo.
Or
What is an isotopic standard? List the standards for the stable isotopes of Oxygen, carbon and sulphur.
Part-C
12
11. What are isotopes? Defend the application of isotope studies
of geological materials.
Or
Enumerate the reasons in support of geochemical study of

geological materials.
1. Define Froude number. Comment on the limiting values characterizing the flow conditions
2. Define Reynolds number. Describe the behavior of flow types under different Reynolds numbers.
3. Define shear stress. Comment on the relation ship between shear stress one the one hand and slope and depth on the
other.
4. Flow velocity is not a suitable parameter in the study of sediment motion. Explain?
5. Briefly describe the concept of flow regime in sediment transport. Identify the hierarchy of bedforms associated
with the flow regimes.
6. Comment on the relations between the bedforms and current structures.
7. Derive the Stoke's law of settling velocity. How does it differ from the Rubey's equation.
1 Biogenic sedimentary structures.
2. Reflux hypothesis.
3. Mean size.
4. Provenance.
6. Stoke's law
7. Cementation.
8. Chert.
9. Heavy minerals.
10. Mineral Maturity
Part-B
(Answers not to exceed 3000 words) (20x1)
OR
Desribe the weathering process and products of a rock of granitic composition under a tropical climate.
--------------------------
1. Intrastratal solution
2. Heavy minerals.
4. Micrite.
5. Skewness
6. QFR diagram
7. Upper flow regime bedforms
8. Protodolomite
9. Clay minerals
10. Common Evaporite minerals
Part-B
11. List the different types of Deltas. Discuss the origin of the Mississippi delta.
OR
Describe the Folk's classification of carbonate rocks.
1. Q-F-R diagram.
2. Heavy liquid seperation
3. Mean size.
4. Provenance.
5. Microspar
6. Climbing ripples
7. Primary dolomite
8. Bioturbation
9. Kaolinite.
10. Fall velocity
Part-B
11. Discuss the processes of conversion of lime sediment into

a sediment rock.
OR
Comment on the tropical weathering products of granitic rocks and the origin of arenites.
1. Heavy separation.
2. Geological cycles.
3. Textural maturity
4. Particle shape
5. Trace fossils
6. Lower flow regime
8. Bragg's equation and clays
9. Lithofacies
10. Aragonite.
Part-B
11. Write an essay on the Folk's classification of limestones.
OR
--------------------------
1. Q-F-R diagram.
2. Gypsum
3. Mean size.
4. Provenance.
5. Manning equation
6. Stoke's law
7. Primary dolomite
8. Chert.
9. Heavy minerals.
10. Ortho-chemical constituents
Part-B
OR
--------------------------
GOL.514 GENERAL SEDIMENTOLOGY
FINAL TEST
Time: 3 Hr.
Part-A
Answer any 8 questions
4. Particle shape
5. Stokes law
9. Evaporite minerals
10. Aragonite.
Part-B
11. Write an essay on Dunham's classification of limestones and point out the cardinal points of difference with
the Folk's scheme of classification.
OR
Flow regimes, bed forms and current structures.
5x8
1. Describe the Geologic cycle
2. Examine the roles of relief and climate in the chemical weathering process.
3. Describe the mineral stability series.
4. What are the fundamental properties of sediments?
5. What is the geological significance of average size?
Describe the various measures used to estimate the average grain size.
6. What are the implications of standard deviation?
Describe the derivation of this measure under Folk and Ward scheme.
7. What are heavy minerals? List the common heavy mineral species noticed in the beach placers of Kerala.
8. What is a heavy liquid and what is its use? Furnish the important properties you expect in a heavy liquid.
9. Describe the textural maturity. What are its hydrodynamic implications.
10. What is mineralogical maturity? Discuss the geological implications?
11. Examine how shape of clastic particles are assessed by the
sedimentologist. Discuss the sedimentological significance of grain shape.
12. What is a hydrograph? Sketch a hydrograph and examine its
implications.
Part-B
10
13. Sediment load is a very important factor of a fluvial system. Elucidate.
Or
Imagine, you took a hike from the city of Trivandrum eastward upto the Ibex Hill in Ponmudi, making notes on
the type of soil, sediments and rocks under his feet. Now offer scientific explanation for the variety you came across.
Illustrate the answer with sketches and cross-sections

12. Mean size.
13. Provenance.
8. Stokes law
11. Heavy minerals.
112.
Biogenic sedimentary structures.

2. Mineral stability.
3. Mean size.
4. Provenance.
6. Stoke's law
7. Cementation in sand stones.
8. Chert.
9. Heavy minerals.
10. Mineral Maturity

12. Mean size.
13. Provenance.
8. Stokes law
11. Heavy minerals.
13. Folk's Classification of lime stones.
14. Evaporites.
15. Stokes law
16. Upper flow regime
1. Inrastatal solution
2. Mud rocks
3. Evaporeites
4. Chert
5. Protodolomite
a. Grade scale
b. Q-F-R diagram
c. Mean size
d. Climatic arkose
e. Role of carbon dioxise in carbonate formation
a. Aragonite in modern environments
b. Manganese nodules
c. Diagenetic texture of limestones
d. Heavy mineral analysis
e. Upper flow regime
b. Chemogenous sediments
c. Tectonic arkose
d. Geochemical environment
a. Intrastratl solution
b. Heavy mineral separation
d. Cross stratification.
e. Lebespuren
f. Provenance.
Write an essay on the mechanical analysis of detrital sediments.
Write an essay on sedimentary stuctures
Give the recent classification of limestones and add a note on fresh water carbonate deposits.
Write an essay on the classification of limestones.

Give the mechanical analysis of detrital sediments and explain how they are graphically represented.
1. Extensive depositis of poly metallic nodules are found in:

a. Pacfic ocean b. Atlantic ocean
c. volcanic action d. None of the above
2. A guyot is a morpholocgical feature produced by:

a. wave action b. current action
c. volcanic action d. none of the above
3. In coral reef development:

a. blue green algae play an important part
b. Diatoms play an important role
c. Algae and diatoms play major roles
d. None of the above
4. Rate of sedimentation is:

a. higher in the arabian sea than the bay of bengal
b. higher in the bay bay of bengal than the arabian sea
c. is equal in the arabian sea and the bay of bengal
d. changes seasonally in both the seas
5. Two main groups of pelagic sediemnts are:

a. brown clay and silt b. clays and sand
c. clays and oozes d. none of the above
1. The rate of sedimnetation in the deep ocean is

about:

2.
SECTION B
(answer any six questions in about 300 words)
(5x6)
II. Heavy mineral analysis
III. Upper flow regime
IV. Fining upward sequence
V. Chemogenous sediments
VI. Tectonic arkose
VII. Geochemical environment
VIII. Textural maturity
IX. Intra-stratal solution
SECTION C
(Answer all ques SECTION Btions in about 1200 words each)
(10x2 = 20)
1. Charles Darwin was on board the research vessel:
a. SV. ALVIN b. H.M.S.Beagle

c. USS Roosevelt c. SV Sagar Kanya
2. The first Indian Antartic expedition was led by:
a. H.K.Gupta b. C.Karunakaran
b. S.Z.Quasim d. La Fond
3. The Mahadeva canyon is off:
a. Southern California b. the east coast of

Australia
c. the Malabar coast d. the east coast of Andhra
4. All actively swimming animals belong to:
a. the Planktons b. the Benthos

b. the Nektons d. the oozes

about:

2. The Chagos Murray fracture zone lies off the coast of
a. Brazil b. Chile

4. Charles Darwin participated in a scientific expedition

in the research ship called:
a. HMS Challenger b. USS Magellan

c. INS Virad d. HMS Beagle
5. According to Darwin an Atoll originated by the following steps:

a. Drowning of a volcanic cone, growth of fringing reefs and
growth of barrier reefs
b. Growth of barrier reefs, tectonic activity, growth of
fringing reefs
c. Growth of barrier reefs, volcanic subsidence, growth of
barrier reefs
d. volcanic cone formation, growth of barrier reefs and formation of atoll.
(Answer all questions in 1 or 2 sentences each)
5x1
6. Alvin
7. Wave refraction
8. Pelagic sediments
9. Blue green algae
10. Barrier reefs
(OVER)
Section - B
(Answer any six questions. Limit to 300 words each)
6x5
11. Density current
12. Classification of shorelines
13. Beach cycles
14. Sediment Texture
15. Brown clays
16. Sparker
17. Low tide terrace
18. SCUBA
Section - C
2x10
19. Discuss the origin of phosphatic nodules
OR
Describe the important topographic aspects of the
Northern Indian Ocean.
20. Review the origin of sea water
OR
Comment on the different types of marine sediments.
-------------------
10 marks

2. The first Indian Antarctic expedition was led by:

Australia

5. The rate of sedimentation in the deep ocean is

about:

6. The Carlsberg ridge continues northward to

7. In a carbonate forming environment, addition of carbon dioxide to the sea water will lead to:
a. dissolution of already formed carbonate

b. acceleration of photosynthesis
c. precipitation of carbonate sediment
d. asphyxiation of green alga
8. The salinity of coastal waters is largely controlled by:
a. influx of fresh water input from adjacent land mass
b. fresh water supplies from snow/ice melt from glaciers

in the adjacent land mass
c. scarcity of terrestrial clastic sediment supply
d. all of the above
9. Below the carbonate compensation depth in the oceans there is:
a. a sharp increase in the carbonate bio-clastics

b. a marginal decline in the content of carbonate particles different types.
c. a sharp rise in the carbonate ooze content
d. a sharp fall in all sorts of carbonate particles
10. Transform faults are a type of:

a. gravity faults b. reverse faults with large
displacements
c. strike slip faults with displacement but no movement along the fault plane
Section - B
30 marks
11. Continental rise
12. Deep sea fan
13. Pipette analysis
14. Beach cycles
15. Brown clays
16. Free fall corer
17. Eustatic changes
18. SCUBA
Section - C
20 marks
19. Write an essay on the distribution and origin of barrier reefs.

OR
Describe the important submarine topographic features of the
Arabian sea.
20. What are turbidity currents? Comment on their origin and their geological role.
OR
-------------------
1. The first deep sea bathymetric chart was published by:
a. Charles Darwin b. M.F. Murray

c. Haary Hess c. Sir John Murray
2. The terrigenous sediments are derived from:

a). Sea b). Land c). rivers
d). estuary
3. Shallow water benthonic microfossils are transported by:

a. Turbidity currents b. Debris flows
b. Grain flows d. Fluidized sediment flows
4. Sbmarine topography of central Indian ocean east of 70E is dominated by:

a). Bay of Bengal b). 90E ridge
c).Laccadeive-Chagos ridge
d0>Abysal plain
5. The level at which carbonate disappears from surface sediments at depth is known as:
a).Snow line b). Benthic zone
b). Hemipelagic level d). critical depth
a).Plankton b). Benthos

c). Nektons d). the oozes
7. The aggregate of processes that turn sediments into rock is:

a). authigenesis B). Digenesis
c). sediment genesis d). lithogenesis
8. The horizontal shifting of enormous masses of water is termed:

a. Currents b). tides
c). waves d). convection
9. Salinituy of sea towards the coast near the mouth of the large rivers is:
a. higher than that of midocean

b. No difference at all
c. relati9vely lower
d. equal to that of open ocean
10. Trenches arew areas of of:

a. convergence of two oceanic plates
b. divergence of two plates
c. transverse fractures
d. sea floor spreading
Section - B
30 marks
11. abyssal plain
12. Developments in marine geology in the last two decades

13. salinity of oceans
14. Biological aspects of marine pollution
15. Beach ridges
16. Eustatic changes in sealevel
17. Turbidity currents
18. Marine sampling devices
Section - C
20 marks
19. Write an essay on the origin of attolls, showing the different types schematically. Cite some classic
examples.
OR
Discuss the geomorphology of the ocean floor.
20. Describe briefly the main types of marine seiments and their locales of accumulation
OR
Comment on the different types of coastal landforms with

suitable sketches.
1. The marine manganese nodules were discovered during the
a. Challenger expedition b. Leg 212 of DSDP

c. cruise 82/95 of R/V Sagar Kanya
d. cruise 25/89 of Gaveshini
2. Extensive deposits of poly metallic nodules are found in:
a. Pacific ocean b. Atlantic ocean

c. volcanic action d. None of the above
3. In the down current side of a groin experiences
a. erosion b. deposition
c. relatively stable d. none of the above

5. Coastal lagoons are commonest along the coastal lands of

continents as a result of:
a. Holocene transgression b. early Holocene regression

c. melting of continental ice sheets.
d. the little ice age
6. In the oceans CCD is a unique depth below which:

a. carbonate oozes are abundant
b. water has high redox potential
c. only diagenetic glauconite occurs
d. water is undersaturated with respect to carbonate
7. The most continental shelves are covered with:
a. manganese nodules b. relict sediments

c. coralgal reefs d. barrier islands
8. In the direction of down drift, the beach sediments show:
a. a fall in grain size along with a decrease in sphericity

b. a fall in grain size along with an increase in sphericity
c. a fall in grain size along with a decrease in heavies
d. a fall in grain size only
9. The pelagic sediments generally range in color from:
a. white to dark reddish brown

b. white to pale grayish to greenish
c. dark brown to pale brown
d. pale green to dark brownish green
10. More than 75% of the ocean floor is less than
a. 5000 m. in depth b. 6000 m. in depth

c. 1500 m in depth d. between 500-1500 m. in
depth.
Section-B (30)
(Answer any six questions, within 300 words each)
11. Classify the waves and comment on the characteristics of each type.
12. Define longshore current. Discuss its role in the transport of sediment. Point out the reasons for the shift of
directions.
13. Briefly comment on the sources and types of beach sediments.
14. Origin of glauconite in marine sediments.
15. With the help neat diagrams describe the diurnal tides
16. Draw an appropriately labelled profile of beach and near shore zones.
17. D.W. Johnson's Coastal classification
18. Estimation of rates of marine sedimentation.
Section - C (20)
(Limit answers to 1200 words)
19. List the several causes of beach erosion. Examine the role of each in the erosion of Kerala beaches in order to
electe the most important mechanism/s of erosion. Illustrate the erosion-repair cycle of the beach with neatly illustrated
profiles.
OR
Examine the response of beaches to various beach protection structures like seawalls, groynes and breakwaters.
Asses the efficacy of each to hydrography and wave climate.
20. Review the geologic history of the Bombay High Oil Field.
OR
It has been claimed that before long, the human kind may turn to the marine realm for its food needs. Discuss
the scenario regarding the non-living resources of the ocean.
1. Sediments are transported to the deep sea:
a. by rip currents b. density currents

c. pelagic deposition d. storm waves
2. Most continental shelves are covered by:
a. coralgal reefs b. relict sediments

c. red clays d. green clays
3. Among the grain size parameters only:
a. mean b. mean and kurtosis

c. mean and standard deviation
d. mean and skewness
possess a unit.

c. 82/95 of R/V Sagar Kanya
d. 25/89 of Gaveshini

depth.
6. Calcareous oozes cover about:
a. 128 million Km2 b. 12.8 million Km2

c. 1280 million Km2 d. 1.28 million Km2
of the modern ocean floor
7. The marine maganese nodules form at the rate of:
a. 0.1 mm/1000 yr. b. 1.0 mm/1000 yr

c. 1.0 cm/1000 yr. d. 2.8 -3.7 mm/1000yr.
8. Trenches arew areas of:
a. convergence of oceanic plates b. divergence of plates

c. transverse fractures d. sea floor spreading
9. The Carlsberg ridge continues northward to


Section-B (30)
(Answer any six, limit answers to 300 words each)
11. Bucket-ladder dredges

12. Legal problems in ocean mining
13. Indian ocean Manganese nodules
14. Seawalls
15. Wave refraction
16. Deep sea wave
17. Estimation of Sedimentation rate
18. Glauconite
Section - C (20)
(Limit answers to 1200 words)
19. What is beach nourishment? Examine the relative merit of this mechanism vis-a-vis the others in
protecting the beaches from wave erosion.
OR
Write a review on the placer mineral deposits of Kerala. Critically examine the role of placer mining in
respect of beach erosion.
20. Examine the distribution, chemical composition and origin of marine phosphorite deposits by taking a
suitable example.
OR
What are the important locales of sediment accumulation in the near shore region? Briefly describe the
sediment characteristics of any two of these.


c. 82/95 of S/V Sagar Kanya
d. 25/89 of S/V Sagar Sampada

depth.

a. 0.1 mm/1000 yr. b. 1.0 mm/1000 yr
c. 1.0 cm/1000 yr. d. 2.8 -3.7 mm/1000yr.
6. Trenches are areas of:




Australia

SECTION-B
Answer any six with in 300 words each. 5x6

11. Bengal Deep sea fan
13. Indian ocean Manganese noduels
14. Biogenous sediments of ocean floor
15. Piston corer
16. Western continental shelf of India
17. Back-arc basins
18. Black sand placers
SECTION-C
Answer any two within 1200 words each 10x2
19. Write an essay on the Turbidity currents in the sea.
OR
Examine in detail the bottom topography of the Atlantic Ocean. Point out the aspects by which it
differs from that of the Pacific ocean.
20. Discuss the sedimentation history and tectonic evolution of the Bobmay high oil field.
OR
Review the mineralogy, occurrence, distribution and origin of the marine Phosphatic nodules.
)
1x10 marks
2. The submarine canyons of have beeen the result of:

a. fluvial action b. Turbididty currents
c. Oceanic currents d. contour currents.
3. The concept of spreading sea floors has been attributed to:

a. Dietz b. Harry Hess
c. T.Wilson c. T.Atwater


depth.
6. Black smokers are the contributors for the formation of:

a. Polymetallic nodules b. Massive sulphide deposits
c. Phosphatic nodules d. Glauconite


a. 0.1 mm/1000 yr. b. 1.0 mm/1000 yr
c. 1.0 cm/1000 yr. d. 2.8 -3.7 mm/1000yr.

SECTION-B
Answer any six with in 300 words each. 5x6

11. The Indus fan
13. Red clays
14. Biogenous sediments
15. Phleger corer
16. Eastern continental shelf of India
17. Fore arc basin
18. Atlantic Bottom water
SECTION-C
Answer any two within 1200 words each 10x2
19. Write an essay on the distribution and origin of Marine Manganese nodules.
OR
Examine in detail the bottom topography of the Pacific Ocean. Point out the aspects by which it differs from
that of the Northern Indian ocean.
20. Discuss the sedimentation history and tectonic evolution of the Bobmay high oil field.
OR
Review the current status of ocean bed mining technology.
1. More often than not, the Geomorphologic features of a terrain is a mirror of its tectonic fabric. Substantiate this
statement with reference of to Kerala.
OR
Write an essay on the Inman and Nordstrom (1971) scheme of tectonic and morphologic classification of
coasts. Examine the position of the Kerala coast in this scheme.
2. Discuss the principles involved, procedures in collection and preparation of samples and the methodology of
TL dating. What are the limitations of this technique? List the Indian centers where the facilities currently exist.
OR
Explain the basis of fission track dating technique, pointing out the steps involved (both in collection and
pretreatment of samples as well as step by step procedure in data capture) in obtaining a fission track date of glauconite.
3. Describe the methods of separation and concentration of pollen from sediments and sedimentary rocks. Portray
the role of
sediment geochemistry vis-a-vis preservation of pollen grains. Cite the contributions of the French Institute at
Pondicherry in pollen studies and environmental and climatic changes.
OR
Comment on the relationships between sediment texture and sedimentary environments, as exemplified by the
bivariate plots of Passega, Friedman and Folk and Ward.
Section B
Answer any six; limit answers to 300 words.

6*6
4. Dendrochronology
5. Radio-isotopes
6. C14 clock
7. Isochron
8. Whole rock dating
9. Application of Del O18 to paleo-temperature
10. Isostatic and Eustatic sealevel changes
11. Karewas
12. Evolution of Thar desert and climatic implications
1.Average size
2.Textural maturity
3.Stoke's law
5. Reflux hypothesis.
6. Geological cycles
7.Diagenetic processes
8.Chert.
9.Zingg diagram
10. Bouma sequence
Part-B
(Limit answers to 1500 words) (20x1)
11. Desribe the process of weathering of a rock of granitic composition under a tropical climate. What are the
important products yielded under this weathering scheme
OR
Briefly describe the materials and facilities needed for Heavy mineral seperation.
2. Carbonate sand
3. Chemical weathering of feldspar.
4. Textural maturity.
5. Skewness
6. QFR diagram
8. Protodolomite
9. Litharenite
10. Lagoon barrier Complex
Part-B
11. List the different types of Deltas. Discuss the origin of the Mississippi delta.
OR
Describe the classification of clastic rocks by Pettijohn.
1. Q-F-R diagram.
2. Heavy liquid seperation
3. Sorting measure
4. Provenance.
5. Microspar
7. Missippi delta
8. Bioturbation
9. Grain roundness
10. Fall velocity
Part-B
11. Discuss the processes of lithification of lime sediment into a sediment rock.
OR
With suitable examples, examine how tectonics and climate influence weathering process of rocks of
granitic composition.
4. Particle shape
5. Trace fossils
8. Bragg's equation
9. Lithofacies
10. Aragonite.
Part-B
OR
1. Q-F-R diagram.
2. Gypsum
3. Mean size.
4. Provenance.
5. Manning equation
6. Stoke's law
7. Primary dolomite
8. Chert.
9. Heavy minerals.
10. Ortho-chemical constituents
Part-B
11. Write an essay on the Dunham's classification of limestones.

Point out the salient differences between this scheme and Folks scheme.
OR
-
4. Particle shape
5. Stokes law
9. Evaporite minerals
10. Aragonite.
Part-B

11. Write an essay on Dunham's classification of limestones and point out its cardinal difference with the Folk's
scheme of classification.
OR
Flow regimes, bed forms and current structures.

(S1/Dec., 97)
Marks:100
1. Suggest as many reasons as you can in support of the dynamic nature of Planet earth.
2. You have been told about at least three different shells of the earth. Name them, cite their unique aspects.
3. Common sense has it that a cup of unfiltered coffee has a liquid phase and a solid phase in it, viz., the coffee
extract in the water and the solid residue. Taking this analogy to river load, list the important types of sediment load
carried by river water.
4. Define a mineral. Make a list of important minerals that are noticed in: 1). a sandstone 2). a gneiss and 3) a
granite.
5. What is soil? How important is it to the humanity? Briefly comment on the process of formation of soil.
6. What are the fundamental concepts of Environmental geology?
7. Geologic processes and humans operate on different time scales leading to management problems. Explain.
8. These days Humans have assumed a role very much similar to that of geologic agents. Demonstrate.
9. Define cleavage in minerals.
10. You have been told that sinuosity is a measure of the degree of curvature of a river channel. It is assessed from aerial
photos and topographic maps. Illustrate the different categories of sinuosity by suitable sketches.
11. Answer the following.

a) Approximate age of the Earth, b). Material used for
estimating the age of the Earth, c). Isotope dating method used by archaeologist and d). approximate age of the universe.
12. Answer the following.

a). Name one hypothesis for the origin of the Earth b). who proposed it? c). the three basic requirements for existence of
life on any planet, and d). what is half life?.
13. You may recall that while examining the river processes, there was a discussion on river metamorphosis. Explain it
in 4 or 5 sentences.
14. With the brief exposure you had on river processes, now will you vote (give reasons) for or against the use of
river bed sand as a construction material. Which ever side you may choose, the reasoning must be scientific.
15. What are glaciers and how do they propel themselves? Where are they seen now a days? Why don't we have
them in the Deccan plateau?
16. List some of the important depositional landforms resulting from glacier action.
17. Sand dunes characterize only certain areas of the globe. What are the requisite conditions for their formation?
17. An assignment you did for the class, exposed you to the Geologic time table. Now comment on the basis of its
design.
18. You were taken on a tour to the museum of the Dept. of Geology, to have a feel of the different tools of
geological trade. List them out along with your comments limited to 2 or 3 sentences each.
19. a). If you have a cube of rock of 1.0 m. long edges, what would be the total surface area exposed to chemical
weathering agents?
b). In the next step, using a magical crusher, this cube of 1.0 m sides are broken down to smaller cubes of 1.0
cm edges. What then is the total surface area (of all these "baby" cubes) exposed to the weathering agents?
c). If you cushed the entire crop of 1.0 cm. edged cubes to 1.0 mm. edged ones what would be the total surface
area exposed to chemical weathering process.
d). And finally, according to you, on which size would the chemical weathering be most effective?
20. You konw that rocks are divided into igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary types. Can you list the logic
behind this grouping.
1.Micrite characteristically forms in environments

a. of high energy b. below wave base
c. where salt water wedge occurs d. none of the above
2. River sediments generally show:

a. positive skewness b. negative skewness
c. positive skewness and very high sorting
d. coarse tail
3. Coarsening upward sequence is characteristic of:

a. fluvial sedidments b. Dune sediments
c. toe of the slip face of dune sediments
d. sedimentation by sediment avalanching
4. Kaolinite is characterized by:

a.one tetrahedral and one octahedral layer
b.one octahedral layer sandwiched between 2 tetrahedral layers.
c. with OH layer between two tetrahedral layers
d. a random arrangement of octahedral and tetrahedral layers.
5. Brown colour of sediment is a signature of environments:

a. rich in oxygen b. devoid of oxygen
c. with scarce oxygen onlyd. with ammonia only


c. 82/95 of S/V Sagar Kanya d. 25/89 of S/V Sagar Sampada
8.In the oceans CCD is a unique depth below which:

a. carbonate oozes are abundant b. water has high redox potential
c. only diagenetic glauconite occurs
d. water is undersaturated with respect to carbonate
9. Aggregate of processes that turn sediments into rock is:
a). authigenesis B). Digenesis
c). sediment genesis d). lithogenesis
10. Due to transport ratio of monocrystalline to polycrystalline quartz

a. will increase b. will not change at all
c. will decrease d. will increase only in fluvial system
Section –B
(Answer any six questions; Answer not to exceed 300 words. All questions carry equal marks)
(5x6)
II. Heavy mineral analysis.
III. Intrastratal solution
IV. ZTR index
V. Folk & Ward size parameters
VI. Settling velocity
VII.Glauconite
VIII. XRDA of clay minerals
IX. Lithofacies and biofacies.
Section-C
(All questions carry equal marks. Answer not to exceed 1200 words)
(10x2)
X. Write an essay on the classification of Arenites
OR
Describe the role climate, source rock and relief on the nature of primary detritus.
XI. Write an essay on the diagenesis of limestones. What is the fate of primary porosity due to diagenesis..
OR
Discriminate between primary dolomite and dolomite. Examine the processes of formation of Dolomites.
I. Choose the best answer from the list

1. The term micrite is used to describe
a. carbonate sediment of muddy nature b. relict carbonate sediment
c. red clays having good deal of calcite d. red clays with aragonite
2. The mineral stability series was proposed by:

a. N.L.Bowen b. F.J.Pettijohn
c. M.S. Krishnan d. S.S.Goldich.


5. The Sundarbans delta is a good example of

a. tide dominated delta b. wave dominated delta
c. fluvial dominated delta d. Gilbert’s delta
6. Illite is a clay mineral

a. and is expandable b. with a OH layer between tetrahedra
c. of detrital nature d. of Glauconite composition
7. CO2 of sea water is very critical in carbonate deposition. With fall in

atmospheric pressure
a. CO2 becomes more and more soluble
b. CO2 becomes less and less soluble
c. in fact CO2 content goes unaffected
d. CO2 is absorbed by marine life

a. 0.1 mm/1000 yr. b. 1.0 mm/1000 yr
c. 1.0 cm/1000 yr. d. 2.8 -3.7 mm/1000yr.
9. Mudbanks of Kerala inshore and that too between

a. Marthandan thura and Manjeshwar
b. Thirkunnapuzzha and Kozhikode
c. Varkala and Ponnani
d. Ambalappuzha and Ponnani
10.Quartz is a sedimentary rock characteristic of a provenance of

a. dominant aridity b. tectonic stability
c. tropicality c. tropicality and stability
SECTION B
(Answer any six questions; answers not to exceed 300 words each
all questions carry equal marks) (5x6)
II. Evaporites.
III. Stokes law
IV. Upper flow regime
V. Inrastatal solution
VI. Mud rocks
VII. Evaporeites
VIII. Chert
IX. Protodolomite
SECTION C
(Answer all questions; answers not to exceed 1200 words)
X. Desribe the process of weathering of a rock of granitic composition under a tropical climate. What are the important
products yielded under this weathering scheme
OR
Discribe the procedures used in heavy mineral separation. Discuss the application of heavy minerals in sedimentological
studies.
XI. Discuss the processes of conversion of lime sediment into a sediment rock.
OR
What are evaporites ? State how they are formed.

2. The first Indian Antartic expedition was led by:

Australia


about:

2. The Chagos Murray fracture zone lies off the coast of
a. Brazil b. Chile



5. According to Darwin an Atoll originated by the following steps:

a. Drowning of a volcanic cone, growth of fringing reefs and
growth of barrier reefs
b. Growth of barrier reefs, tectonic activity, growth of
fringing reefs
c. Growth of barrier reefs, volcanic subsidence, growth of
barrier reefs
d. volcanic cone formation, growth of barrier reefs and formation of atoll.
(Answer all questions in 1 or 2 sentences each)
5x1
6. Alvin
7. Wave refraction
8. Pelagic sediments
9. Blue green algae
10. Barrier reefs
(OVER)
Section - B
6x5
11. Density current
12. Classification of shorelines
13. Beach cycles
14. Sediment Texture
15. Brown clays
16. Sparker
17. Low tide terrace
18. SCUBA
Section - C
2x10
19. Discuss the origin of phosphatic nodules
OR
Describe the important topographic aspects of the
Northern Indian Ocean.
20. Review the origin of sea water
OR
I.1 The first geological map of the Indian continental shelf was compiled by team consisting of :
a. Siddique, Mallik and Srivastava.
b. Poornachandra Rao, Mallik and Karunakaran
c. Banerjee, Karunakaran & Nair
d. Nair, Poornachandra Rao & Hashimi.


a. Giant vortices b. density currents
c. contour currents d. turbulent currents
4. The chief clay mineral in the shelf sediment of the Arabian sea is made of:
d. illite

6. The discipline of Marine Geology in university education was organized India by:
a. La Fond b. Krishnan
c. Mahadevan d. Jhingran
7. Deposition of fine sediment is dependent on:

a. its concentration b. settling velocity


c. 5770 kyr d.5401 kyr.

SECTION B
(6x4)
II. Shields diagram
VI. Marine Mn nodules
VII .Bengal Deep Sea Fan
VIII. Factors in charge of Carbonate precipitation
SECTION C
(8x2)
OR
OR
b. Describe the geochemical finger prints used in deciphering the transport water-ways of marine sediments.
d. Zircon


d. copper ores

d. Red sea


d. EPR


c. more than 200 mm/10 6 yr. d. 200 mm / 10 6 yr.

SECTION B
(4x6)
IV. Manganese crust
IX. Bombay high
SECTION C
(8x2)
OR
program.
OR
I.1 The first geological map of the seabed was complied and published by:
a. Siddique, M.Tharp, and Srivastava.
b. Bruce Heezen and Marie Tharp
c. Banerjee, Dietz, Karunakaran & Nair
d. Nair, Shepard & Hashimi.


c. Tornados d. Submarine earthquakes
4. The chief clay mineral in the shelf sediment of the Arabian sea is:

7. Deposition clay minerals in ocean chiefly take place by:

a. particle by particle b. by flocculation
c. accumulation as fecal pellets d.. resedimentation
8. Deep sea gravels are deposited by a process of:


c. 5770 kyr d.5401 kyr.

SECTION B
(6x4)
II. Hjulstroms diagram
III. Reynolds number
IV. Relict sediments
V. Dating of glauconite
VII. The Indus fan
VIII. Factors in charge of Mn nodule formation
IX. Carbonate sediment production by algae
SECTION C
(8x2)
Xa. Examine the geochemical controls of principles guiding the precipitation of marine carbonates.
OR
b. Briefly discuss the formational conditions of non-calcareous chemogenous sediments.
XIa. Clay minerals carry very important clues relating to the paleoclimatic and paleoenvironmnetal conditions of
ancient sediments’
OR
b. Examine the evolution of lagoon-barrier system, an important and intensely studied coastal environment.
I.1 The first geological map of the Indian continental shelf was compiled by team consisting of:
a. Siddique, Mallik and Srivastava.
b. Poornachandra Rao, Mallik and Karunakaran
c. Banerjee, Karunakaran & Nair
d. Nair, Poornachandra Rao & Hashimi.


c. contour currents d. turbulent currents
4. The chief clay mineral in the shelf sediment of the Arabian sea is made of:
d. illite

7. Deposition of fine sediment is dependent on:

a. its concentration b. settling velocity


c. 5770 kyr d.5401 kyr.

SECTION B
(6x4)
II. Shields diagram
VII .Bengal Deep Sea Fan
VIII. Factors in charge of Carbonate precipitation
SECTION C
(Answer all questions; limit answers to 1200 words)
(8x2)
OR
b. Classify the deltas. Examine the deposition and growth of the Mississippi delta.
XIa. Generally speaking clay minerals provide very significant clues regarding the paleoclimatic and paleo-
environmental conditions. Elucidate.
OR
b. Examine the relations if any in the formational conditions of green sand and brown clays.
I.
1 Most continental shelves are covered by:
a. coral reefs b. relict sands c.brown clays
d. green sand.


a. rip currents b. density currents
c. tidal currents d. storm waves.
4. Shelf sediments of the Arabian sea are dominantly made of:

d. illite

6. The coherent structure of turbulence is best understood from:

a. boundary layer flows b. boundary shear stress
c. eddy current d. kinetic energy.
7. deposition of fine sediment is dependent on:

a. its concentration b. sttling velocity

9. C14 dating techniques are widely used for sediments of age:

a. one million yr. b. 1.4 million yr.
c. 70 kyr d.40 kyr.

SECTION B
(4x6)
II. Fluid mechanics in sedimentary process.
VI. Gas hydrates
VII .Sedimentation in the northern Indian Ocean
VIII. Carbonate sediments
SECTION C
(8x2)
OR
OR
b. Describe the geochemical finger prints used in deciphering the transport water-ways of marine
sediments.
d. Zircon


d. copper ores

d. Red sea


d. EPR


c. more than 200 mm/10 yr.
6
d. 200 mm / 10 6 yr.

SECTION B
(4x6)
IV. Manganese crust
IX. Bombay high
SECTION C
(8x2)
OR
program.
OR
-----
. Most continental shelves are covered by:

2. The submarine canyons of have been the result of:

a. fluvial action b. Turbididty currents
c. Oceanic currents d. contour currents.



c. 1500 m in depth d. 500 to1500 m. in depth

7. In the modern ocean floor about

is covered by calcareous oozes
8. Mineral stability series was proposed by

a. NL Bowen, b. FJ Pettijohn c. MS Krishnan d.SS.Goldich

c. Harry Hess c. Sir John Murray
SECTION B
(Answer any six questions in about 300 words each)
(4x6)
II. Sokes law
III. Intrastatal solution
IV. Clay minerals
V. Preparation of clay samples for XRDA
VI. Sandwaves
VII. Protodolomite
VIII. Bouma sequence
IX. Deffly’s reflux model of dolomite formation
X. Bengal deepsea fan
SECTON C
(Limit your answers to 1200 words each)
(8x2)
XIA. Define the Folk and Ward size parameters. Comment on their significance in sedimentological
studies.
B. Describe the construction of historams, frequency curves and cumulative curves.
XIIA. Enumerate the application of primary current structures in paleocurrent analysis.

B. Write an essay on the environments of sedimentation, citing an example each.
………..
1. Oolites are chiefly associated with

a. sectors below the wave base b. sectors of high energy
c. the near offshore sector d. resedimented sediments
2. Most of the continenetal shelves have sediment cover comprising


a. NL Bowen b. FJ Pettijohn c. MS Krishnan d.SS.Goldich
4. Protodolomite is characteristic of
a. lacustrine deposits b. ancient lake sediments
c. Supratidal environments d. subtidal ebnvironments
5. Climbing ripples are special bedforms associated with

a. glacial deposits b. very heavy sediment load
c. upper flow regime d. plunge step
6. Cross beds are the result of migration of a bedform called

a. dunes b. climbing ripples c. antidunes d. plainbeds
7. Tuffaceous sandstones are

a. products of volcanism b. associated with pillow lavas
c. result of mixing of glacial varves and moraines
d. a combination of products of volcanism and glacal lake sedimentation
8. Microspar is a mineral characteristic of

a. high energy b. below wave base c. where salt water wedge exists d. none
of the above
9. River sediments generally show

a. positive skewness b. gative skewness c. coarse tail
d. positive skewness with high sorting
10 The current structure hierarchy forming due to falling shear stress during an event of discharge is
a. graded gravel, trough cross beds, climibing ripples, lower flow regime plane beds and a drape of mud.
b. drape of mud, graded gravel, trough cross beds, climbing ripples and lower flow regime plane beds
c. lower flow regime plane beds, drape of mud, graded gravel, trough cross beds and climbing ripples
d. graded gravel followed by a drape of mud and trough cross beds.
SECTION B
(4x6)
II. Goldich’s Mineral Stability series
IV. Folk’s Inclusive Graphic Skewness and its implication
V. Bragg’s equation and identification of minerals
VI. Intraclasts
VII. Upper flow regime
VIII. Bouma sequence and hydrodynamic interpretation
IX. Tectonic arkose
X. Transitional environments
SECTON C
(8x2)
XIA. Describe the evolution of the grade scale used by sedimentologists and explain its relationship to the
phi scale.
OR
B. Examine the processes of lithification of carbonate sediment to carbonate rocks. Illustrate your answer
with sketches of resulting typical textures.
XIIA. Examine schemes of classification of arenaceous rocks introduced by Pettijohn and Folk. Evaluate
relative merits of these schemes.
OR
1. Tropical weathering is the engine driving the process of

a. physical weathering b. halmyrolisis
c. chemical weathering d. cementation and diagenesis.


4. Negative skewness is a characteristic of

a. fluvial sediments b. Aeolian sediment
c. Turbidite sandstone d. Glacial outwash


a. NL Bowen b. FJ Pettijohn c..MSKrishnan d.SS.Goldich

8. Among the common clay minerals, only illite is a product of

a. chemical weathering of gneissic rocks
b. a process of diagenesis c. weathering of labradorite feldspar.
d. dedolomitisation
9. According to Roger Walker, sediments acquire their red colour

a. during the process of diagensis
b. from the climate of the provenance
c. due to presence of limonite as grain coatings
d. due to coating of grains by haematite
10. The current structure hierarchy forming due to falling shear stress during an event of discharge is
SECTION B
(4x6)
II. Heavy mineral separation
III. Geological cycles
IV. Textural maturity
V. Matrix of clastic rocks.
VI. Climatic arkose
VII. Evaporite minerals
VIII. Hydrodynamic meaning of Bouma sequence
IX. High Mg-calcite
X. Intrastratal solution
SECTON C
(8x2)
XIA. Review and bring up to date our knowledge on the formation of dolomite rocks, highlighting the
environment and geochemical controls of formation.
OR
B. Examine concept, basis, significance, classification and sedimentological importance of particle shape
of clastic sedimentary particles.
XIIA. Review the schemes of classification of arenaceous rocks introduced Pettijohn and Folk. Evaluate
OR
B. Examine the processes, environment and control/s of formation of Phosphorites.
1. Oolites are chiefly associated with

a. sectors below the wave base b. sectors of high energy
c. the near offshore sector d. resedimented sediments
2. Most of the modern continental shelves have sediment cover comprising


a. NL Bowen b. FJ Pettijohn c. MS Krishnan d.SS.Goldich
4. Protodolomite is characteristically associated with

a. modern lacustrine deposits in carbonate terrains
b. ancient lake sediments in carbonate terrains
c. Supratidal environments in hot climate
d. Supratidal environments in hot climate
5. Climbing ripples are special bedforms associated with

a. flood deposits of glacial dam bursts b. deposit from heavily sediment laden flow c.
upper flow regime plane beds
d. flows of Froude number exceeding unity.
6. Tabular cross beds are the result of migration of a bedform called
a. straight crested dunes b. climbing ripples c. antidunes
d. plainbeds
7. Tuffaceous sandstones are

a. products of volcanism b. associated with pillow lavas
c. result of mixing of glacial varves and moraines
d. a combination of products of volcanism and glacal lake sedimentation
8. Microspar is a mineral characteristic of

a. high energy marine environment b. below wave base in a transitional environmnet
c. environment with salt water wedges d. none of the above
9. River sediments generally show

a. positive skewness b. negative skewness c. coarse tail
d. positive skewness with high sorting
10 The current structure hierarchy forming due to falling shear stress during an event of discharge is
SECTION B
(4x6)
II. Goldich’s Mineral Stability series
IV. Folk’s Inclusive Graphic Skewness and its implication
V. Bragg’s equation and identification of minerals
VI. Intraclasts
VII. Upper flow regime
VIII. Bouma sequence and hydrodynamic interpretation
IX. Tectonic arkose
X. Transitional environments
SECTON C
(8x2)
XIA. Describe the evolution of the grade scale used by sedimentologists and explain its relationship to the
phi scale.
OR
B. Examine the processes of lithification of carbonate sediment to carbonate rocks. Illustrate your answer
with sketches of resulting typical textures.
XIIA. Examine schemes of classification of arenaceous rocks introduced by Pettijohn and Folk. Evaluate
OR
1. Tropical weathering is the engine driving the process of

a. physical weathering b. halmyrolisis
c. chemical weathering d. cementation and diagenesis.

4. Negative skewness is a characteristic of

a. fluvial sediments b. Aeolian sediment
c. Turbidite sandstone d. Glacial outwash


a. NL Bowen b. FJ Pettijohn c..MSKrishnan d.SS.Goldich

8. Among the common clay minerals, only illite is a product of

a. chemical weathering of gneissic rocks
b. a process of diagenesis c. weathering of labradorite feldspar.
d. dedolomitisation
9. According to Roger Walker, sediments acquire their red colour

a. during the process of diagensis
b. from the climate of the provenance
c. due to presence of limonite as grain coatings
d. due to coating of grains by haematite
10. The current structure hierarchy forming due to falling shear stress during an event of discharge is
SECTION B
(4x6)
II. Heavy mineral separation
III. Geological cycles
IV. Textural maturity
V. Matrix of clastic rocks.
VI. Climatic arkose
VII. Evaporite minerals
VIII. Hydrodynamic meaning of Bouma sequence
IX. High Mg-calcite
X. Intrastratal solution
SECTON C
(8x2)
XIA. Review and bring up to date our knowledge on the formation of dolomite rocks, highlighting the
environment and geochemical controls of formation.
OR
B. Examine concept, basis, significance, classification and sedimentological importance of particle shape
of clastic sedimentary particles.
XIIA. Review the schemes of classification of arenaceous rocks introduced Pettijohn and Folk. Evaluate
OR
B. Examine the processes, environment and control/s of formation of Phosphorites.
-------
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Test Questions Geochemistry Sedimentology

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Test Questions Geochemistry Sedimentology

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Geochemistry

Time: 3hr Max. Mark 50

5. Ocean is a complex solution with six major ions. They are,

6. pH value of sea water usually lies between

7. Elements Ga and Rb occur in association with minerals of other elements because

9.During magmatic crystallization the elements that separate first are

10. Among the following colloidal origin can be inferred for

XIA. Justify the application of geochemical studies of marine sediments.

4.Ground water in a limestone aquifer ia :

8. pH value of sea water usually lies between

9. Probability is an arbitrary number ranging from

10.Among the following colloidal origin is attributed to

1. Midoceanic ridges mark the sites of :

2. Abyssal plain starts off from the foot of

3. Fringing reefs generally indicate

4. Changes in sealevel are often indicated by

5.Fluvio-marien sedimentation relates to

6. Void ratio and porosity of a sediment relate to

7. Heavy mineral assemblages generally form

8. Grab samplers are used to sample the

9. Vibro corers are generally used in

10. Mining of ocean bed by a country is restricted by

3. Rate of sedimentation in the ocean basins is:

4. Chief clay mineral of shelf sediments of the Arabian sea is dominantly

5. In the open sea, deposition of clay minerals depends mostly on their

6. Heavy mineral placer deposits are associated with

8. Piston corers are proverbial for efficient coring in the realm of

10. Boomerang corer works on the principle of:

I. Choose the most appropriate answer (1x10)

2. Half life of C14 is:

3. Oceanic trenches are zones of

4. Mudbanks of Kerala chiefly occur between

5. Chief clay mineral of Mudbank sediment is.

6. Heavy mineral placer deposits are associated with

8. Generally sediment grabs work reasonably well in bottom sediments rich in

10. Boomerang corer works on the principle of:

MCQs and others

I.1 Most continental shelves are covered by:

2. Rate of sedimentation in the ocean basins is:

3. Sediments are transported to the deep sea by:

4. Shelf sediments of the Arabian sea are dominantly made of:

6. The coherent structure of turbulence is best understood from:

7. deposition of fine sediment is dependent on:

8. Deep sea clastics undergo depositional process of:

9. C14 dating techniques are widely used for sediments of age:

10. Geotecnical properties of marine sediments are controlled by:

MCQs and others

3. Colloform texture is typically developed by:

4. The high grade polymetalic nodules are reported from:

5. Todorokite is a mineral of element:

6. Site of origin of hydrothermal deposits are normally:

7. Boomerang grab works on the principle of:

8. Average rate of growth of Mn-nodule is estimated as:

9. Placer minerals are of:

1. Write notes on any four of the following:-

(1) Cementation patterns in sand stones.

1. Give a concise account of the biogenic sedimentary structures.

1. What are evaporates ? State how they are formed.

a. Sediment movement by fluid flow.

i) The origin of the Chert.

10. Answer any five of the following

a. Origin and uses of graded bedding

a. Biogenic sedimentary structures

a. Fining upward sequence