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a sin u + b cos u = c ( * ) . ( a, b ∈ R \ 0 )
⎛2 π 6 π ⎞
Baø i 1 : Tìmx ∈ ⎜ , ⎟ thoû a phöông trình : cos 7x − 3 sin 7x = − 2 ( *)
⎝ 5 7 ⎠
Chia hai veá cuû a (*) cho 2 ta ñöôï c :
1 3 2
( *) ⇔ cos 7x − sin 7x = −
2 2 2
π π 2
⇔ − sin cos 7x + cos sin 7x =
6 6 2
⎛ π⎞ π
⇔ sin ⎜ 7x − ⎟ = sin
⎝ 6⎠ 4
π π π 3π
⇔ 7x − = + k2π hay 7x − = + h2π , ( k, h ∈ Z )
6 4 6 4
5π k2π 11π h2π
⇔x= + hay x = + , k,h ∈
84 7 84 7
⎛ 2π 6π ⎞
Do x ∈ ⎜ , ⎟ neâ n ta phaû i coù :
⎝ 5 7 ⎠
2π 5π k2π 6π 2π 11π h2π 6π
< + < hay < + < ( k, h ∈ )
5 84 7 7 5 84 7 7
2 5 k2 6 2 11 h2 6
⇔ < + < hay < + < ( k, h ∈ )
5 84 7 7 5 84 7 7
Suy ra k = 2, h = 1, 2
5π 4π 53 11π 2π 35
Vaäy x = + = π∨ x = + = π
84 7 84 84 7 84
11π 4π 59
∨x= + = π
84 7 84
( )
Ta coù : ( * ) ⇔ 3sin 3x − 4 sin 3 3x − 3 cos 9x = 1
⇔ sin 9x − 3 cos 9x = 1
1 3 1
⇔ sin 9x − cos 9x =
2 2 2
⎛ π⎞ 1 π
⇔ sin ⎜ 9x − ⎟ = = sin
⎝ 3⎠ 2 6
π π π 5π
⇔ 9x − = + k2π hay 9x − = + k2π, k ∈
3 6 3 6
π k2π 7π k2π
⇔x= + hay x = + ,k ∈
18 9 54 9
(
Ta coù : (*) ⇔ 9 sin x + 6 cos x − 6 sin x cos x + 1 − 2 sin 2 x = 8)
⇔ 6 cos x − 6 sin x cos x − 2 sin2 x + 9 sin x − 7 = 0
⎛ 7⎞
⇔ 6 cos x (1 − sin x ) − 2 ( sin x − 1) ⎜ sin x − ⎟ = 0
⎝ 2⎠
⎛ 7⎞
⇔ 1 − sin x = 0 hay 6 cos x + 2 ⎜ sin x − ⎟ = 0
⎝ 2⎠
⎡sin x = 1
⇔⎢
( 2
⎢⎣ 6 cos x + 2 sin x = 7 voâ nghieäm do 6 + 2 < 7
2 2
)
π
⇔ x = + k2π , k ∈
2
Baø i 6 : Giaûi phöông trình: sin 2x + 2 cos 2x = 1 + sin x − 4 cos x ( * )
( )
Ta coù : (*) ⇔ 2 sin x cos x + 2 2 cos2 x − 1 = 1 + sin x − 4 cos x
⇔ 2 sin x cos x − sin x + 4 cos2 x + 4 cos x − 3 = 0
⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 1⎞⎛ 3⎞
⇔ 2 sin x ⎜ cos x − ⎟ + 4 ⎜ cos x − ⎟ ⎜ cos x + ⎟ = 0
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2⎠⎝ 2⎠
1
(
⇔ cos x − = 0 hay 2 sin x + 4 cos x + 6 = 0 voâ nghieäm do 22 + 42 < 62
2
)
π
⇔x=± + k 2π
3
( )
Ta coù : (*) ⇔ 4 sin x cos x − 1 − 2 sin 2 x = 7 sin x + 2 cos x − 4
⇔ 2 cos x ( 2 sin x − 1) + 2 sin2 x − 7 sin x + 3 = 0
⎛ 1⎞
⇔ 2 cos x ( 2 sin x − 1) + 2 ⎜ sin x − ⎟ ( sin x − 3)
⎝ 2⎠
⇔ 2 cos x ( 2 sin x − 1) + ( 2 sin x − 1) ( sin x − 3) = 0
(
⇔ 2 sin x − 1 = 0 hay 2 cos x + sin x − 3 = 0 voâ nghieäm vì 12 + 22 < 32 )
π 5π
⇔x= + k2π ∨ x = + k2π , k ∈
6 6
( )
Ta coù (*) ⇔ 2 sin x cos x − 1 − 2 sin 2 x = 3sin x + cos x − 2
⇔ cos x ( 2 sin x − 1) + 2 sin2 x − 3 sin x + 1 = 0
⇔ cos x ( 2 sin x − 1) + ( sin x − 1) ( 2 sin x − 1) = 0
⇔ 2 sin x − 1 = 0 hay cos x + sin x − 1 = 0
1 ⎛ π⎞
⇔ sin x = hay 2 cos x ⎜ x − ⎟ = 1
2 ⎝ 4⎠
π 5π π π
⇔ x = + k2π ∨ x = + k2π hay x − = ± + k2π, k ∈
6 6 4 4
π 5π π
⇔ x = + k2π ∨ x = + k2π hay x = + k2π ∨ x = k2π, k ∈
6 6 2
Baø i 9 : Giaûi phöông trình
π⎞
( )
2 ⎛
sin 2x + 3 cos 2x − 5 = cos ⎜ 2x − ⎟ ( *)
⎝ 6⎠
Ñaët t = sin 2x + 3 cos 2x , Điều kiện − a 2 + b 2 = −2 ≤ t ≤ 2 = a 2 + b 2
⎛1 3 ⎞ ⎛ π⎞
Thì t = 2 ⎜ sin 2x + cos 2x ⎟ = 2 cos ⎜ 2x − ⎟
⎝2 2 ⎠ ⎝ 6⎠
Vaä y (*) thaø n h:
t 5
t 2 − 5 = ⇔ 2t 2 − t − 10 = 0 ⇔ t = ( loaïi ) ∨ t = −2
2 2
⎛ π⎞
Do ñoù ( * ) ⇔ cos ⎜ 2x − ⎟ = −1
⎝ 6⎠
π 7π
⇔ 2x − = π + k2π ⇔ x = + kπ
6 12
Baø i 10 : Giaûi phöông trình 2 cos3 x + cos2x + sin x = 0 ( *)
Ta coù (*) ⇔ 2 cos3 x + 2 cos2 x − 1 + sin x = 0
⇔ 2 cos2 x ( cos x + 1) − 1 + sin x = 0
⇔ 2 (1 − sin 2 x ) (1 + cos x ) − (1 − sin x ) = 0
⇔ 1 − sin x = 0 hay 2 (1 + sin x )(1 + cos x ) − 1 = 0
⇔ 1 − sin x = 0 hay 1 + 2 sin x cos x + 2(sin x + cos x) = 0
⇔ 1 − sin x = 0 hay (sin x + cos x )2 + 2(sin x + cos x) = 0
⇔ sin x = 1 hay sin x + cos x = 0 hay sin x + cos x + 2 = 0 ( voâ nghieäm do: 12 + 12 < 2 2 )
π π
⇔ sin x = 1 hay tgx = −1 ⇔ x = + k2π hay x = − + k2 π, k ∈ ¢
2 4
1 − cos 2x
Baø i 11 : Giaû i phöông trình 1 + cot g2x = ( *)
sin 2 2x
Ñieà u kieä n : sin 2x ≠ 0 ⇔ cos 2x ≠ ±1
Ta coù (*)
1 − cos 2x 1
⇔ 1 + cot g2x = =
1 − cos 2x 1 + cos 2x
2
1
⇔ cot g2x = −1
1 + cos 2x
cos 2x − cos 2x
⇔ =
sin 2x 1 + cos 2x
⎡ cos 2x = 0 ( nhaän do ≠ ±1)
⇔⎢ 1 −1
⎢ =
⎢⎣ sin 2x 1 + cos 2x
⇔ cos 2x = 0 ∨ 1 + cos 2x = − sin 2x
⇔ cos 2x = 0 ∨ sin 2x + cos 2x = −1
⎛ π⎞ 1 ⎛ π⎞
⇔ cos 2x = 0 ∨ sin ⎜ 2x + ⎟ = − = sin ⎜ − ⎟
⎝ 4⎠ 2 ⎝ 4⎠
π π π π 5π
⇔ 2x = + kπ ∨ 2x + = − + k2 π ∨ 2x + = + k2 π, k ∈ ¢
2 4 4 4 4
π kπ π
⇔x= + ∨ x == − + kπ ∨ 2x = π + k2 π ( loaïi ) , k ∈ ¢
4 2 4
π kπ
⇔x= + , k ∈¢
4 2
Ta coù : (*)
⇔ 4 ⎡⎢( sin 2 x + cos2 x ) − 2 sin 2 x cos2 x ⎤⎥ + 3 sin 4x = 2
2
⎣ ⎦
⎡ 1 ⎤
⇔ 4 ⎢1 − sin 2 2x ⎥ + 3 sin 4x = 2
⎣ 2 ⎦
⇔ cos 4x + 3 sin 4x = −1
1 3 1
⇔ cos 4x + sin 4x = −
2 2 2
⎛ π⎞ 2π
⇔ cos ⎜ 4x − ⎟ = cos
⎝ 3⎠ 3
π 2π
⇔ 4x − = ± + k2π
3 3
π
⇔ 4x = π + k2 π hay 4x = − + k2 π , k ∈ ¢
3
π π π π
⇔ x = + k hay x = − + k , k ∈ ¢
4 2 12 2
Caù c h khaù c :
(*) ⇔ 2 (1 − sin 2 2x ) + 3 sin 4x = 0
⇔ 2 cos2 2x + 2 3 sin 2x cos 2x = 0
⇔ cos 2x = 0 ∨ cos 2x + 3 sin 2x = 0
⇔ cos 2x = 0 ∨ cot g2x = − 3
π π
⇔ 2x = + kπ ∨ 2x = − + kπ, k ∈ ¢
2 6
π kπ π kπ
⇔x= + ∨x=− + , k ∈¢
4 2 12 2
1
Baø i 13 : Giaûi phöông trình 1 + sin 3 2x + cos3 2x = sin 4x ( *)
2
1
Ta coù (*) ⇔ 1 + ( sin 2x + cos 2x )(1 − sin 2x cos 2x ) = sin 4x
2
1 ⎛ 1 ⎞
⇔ 1 − sin 4x + ( sin 2x + cos 2x ) ⎜ 1 − sin 4x ⎟ = 0
2 ⎝ 2 ⎠
1
⇔ 1 − sin 4x = 0 hay 1 + sin 2x + cos 2x = 0
2
⎡sin 4x = 2 ( loaïi )
⇔⎢
⎣sin 2x + cos 2x = −1
π
⇔ 2 sin( 2x + ) = −1
4
⎛ π⎞ π
⇔ sin ⎜ 2x + ⎟ = sin(− )
⎝ 4⎠ 4
⎡ π π
⎢2x + 4 = − 4 + k2 π
⇔⎢ ( k ∈ Z)
⎢2x + π = 5π + k2 π
⎢⎣ 4 4
π π
⇔ x = − + kπ ∨ x = + kπ, k ∈ ¢
4 2
⎛ π⎞ 1
Baø i 16 : Giaû i phöông trình cos4 x + sin 4 ⎜ x + ⎟ = ( *)
⎝ 4⎠ 4
2
1 1⎡ ⎛ π ⎞⎤ 1
Ta coù : (*) ⇔ (1 + cos 2x ) + ⎢1 − cos ⎜ 2x + ⎟ ⎥
2
=
4 4⎣ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎦ 4
⇔ (1 + cos 2x ) + (1 + sin 2x ) = 1
2 2
⇔ cos 2x + sin 2x = −1
⎛ π⎞ 1 3π
⇔ cos ⎜ 2x − ⎟ = − = cos
⎝ 4⎠ 2 4
π 3π
⇔ 2x − = ± + k2π
4 4
π π
⇔ x = + kπ ∨ x = − + kπ, k ∈ Z
2 4
⇔ 4m 2 − 4m − 9 ≤ 0
1 − 10 1 + 10
⇔ ≤m≤
2 2
b/ Khi m = -1 ta ñöôï c phöông trình
sin 2x + 3 cos 2x = 3 (1)
π
• Neáu x = ( 2k + 1) thì sin 2x = 0 vaø cos 2x = −1 neân phöông trình (1) khoâng
2
thoûa.
π
• Neáu x ≠ ( 2k + 1) thì cos x ≠ 0 ,ñaët t = tgx
2
2t 3 (1 − t 2 )
(1) thaø n h + =3
1 + t2 1 + t2
⇔ 2t + 3 (1 − t 2 ) = 3 ( t 2 + 1)
⇔ 6t 2 − 2t = 0
⇔ t = 0∨t =3
Vaä y ( 1) ⇔ tgx = 0 hay tgx = 3 = tgϕ ⇔ x = kπ hay x = ϕ + kπ, k ∈ ¢
⎛ 3π ⎞
5 + 4 sin ⎜ − x ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠ = 6tgα *
Baø i 19 : Cho phöông trình ( )
sin x 1 + tg2 α
π
a/ Giaûi phöông trình khi α = −
4
b/ Tìm α ñeå phöông trình (*) coù nghieä m
⎛ 3π ⎞ ⎛π ⎞
Ta coù : sin ⎜ − x ⎟ = − sin ⎜ − x ⎟ = − cos x
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝2 ⎠
6tgα 6 sin α
= .cos2 α = 3sin 2α vôùi cos α ≠ 0
1 + tg α cos α
2
5 − 4 cos x
Vaä y : ( *) ⇔ = 3sin 2α ( ñieàu kieän sin x ≠ 0 vaø cos α ≠ 0 )
sin x
⇔ 3sin 2α sin x + 4 cos x = 5
π
a/ Khi α = − ta ñöôï c phöông trình
4
−3sin x + 4 cos x = 5 (1) ( Hieå n nhieâ n sin x = 0 khoâ n g laø nghieä m cuû a (1))
3 4
⇔ − sin x + cos x = 1
5 5
3 4
Ñaë t cos ϕ = − vaø sin ϕ = vôùi 0 < ϕ < 2π
5 5
Ta coù pt (1) thaøn h :
sin ( ϕ + x ) = 1
π
⇔ ϕ+x = + k2 π
2
π
⇔ x = −ϕ + + k 2 π
2
b/ (**) coù nghieä m ⇔ ( 3sin 2α ) + 16 ≥ 25 vaø cos α ≠ 0
2
BAØ I TAÄ P
1. Giaû i caù c phöông trình sau :
a/ 2 2 ( sin x + cos x ) cos x = 3 + cos 2x
b/ ( 2 cos x − 1) ( sin x + cos x ) = 1
c/ 2 cos 2x = 6 ( cos x − sin x )
d/ 3sin x = 3 − 3 cos x
e/ 2 cos3x + 3 sin x + cos x = 0
f/ cos x + 3 sin x = sin 2x + cos x + sin x
3
g/ cos x + 3 sin x =
cos x + 3 sin x + 1
h/ sin x + cos x = cos 2x
k/ 4 sin 3 x − 1 = 3sin x − 3 cos3x
6
i / 3 cos x + 4 sin x + =6
3 cos x + 4 sin x + 1
j/ cos 7x cos 5x − 3 sin 2x = 1 − sin 7x sin 5x
m/ 4 ( cos 4 x + sin 4 x ) + 3 sin 4x = 2
p/ cos2 x − 3 sin 2x = 1 + sin 2 x
q/ 4 sin 2x − 3 cos 2x = 3 ( 4 sin x − 1)
2
r/ tgx − sin 2x − cos 2x = −4 cos x +
cos x
s/ =1
2 cos x − 1
2. Cho phöông trình cosx + msinx = 2 (1)
a/ Giaû i phöông trình m = 3
b/ Tìm caù c giaù trò m ñeå (1) coù nghieä m (ÑS : m ≥ 3 )
3. Cho phöông trình :
m sin x − 2 m cos x − 2
= (1)
m − 2 cos x m − 2sin x
a/ Giaû i phöông trình (1) khi m = 1
b/ Khi m ≠ 0 vaø m ≠ 2 thì (1) coù bao nhieâ u nghieä m treâ n [ 20 π,30 π] ?
(ÑS : 10 nghieä m )
4. Cho phöông trình
2 sin x + cos x + 1
= a (1)
sin x − 2 cos x + 3
1
a/ Giaû i (1)khi a =
3
b/ Tìm a ñeå (1) coù nghieä m