Professional Documents
Culture Documents
INDIA 1992.
INDEX
CONTENTS PAGE NO
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7 ANALYSIS
8 CONCLUSION/ SUGGESTIONS
9 BIBLIOGRAPHY
amendment :it is the statement that is added to revise or improves a proposal or document .
The fact the constitution of india, though the longest written constitution in the world had not
elucidated the role of local self-governing bodies.
• Deterioration of infrastructure and basic services in urban areas is taken place due to
migration from adjoining region.
• Ulbs hold the key to achieve national objective of social and economic development.
• The govt's aim should be such that small and medium towns are developed to offload
burden on bigger cities as also to create intervening opportunity.
2 HISTORUCAL BACKGROUND
The process to amend the constitution was initiated by the then prime minister rajiv
gandhi during 1989.Finally passed during December' 1992 and effective with effect from
April '1993. Since the urban development is the state subject, all the state was to enforce
the provision of above amendment through amendment of respective bye-laws of states
within a year.
74th con. Amendment provides political empowerment through wider representation from public,
planning adopting bottom-up approach, attention to local priorities and formation of ward
committee.
74th con. Amendment directs creation of state finance commission (SFC) once in 5 year to
examine financial position of ULBs and to submit reports. SFC would suggest improvement in
municipal financial management, sharing of revenues and further generation.
2.4 AIM
Majority of state govt, constituted and classified towns without considering the above population
criteria and overlooked the other factors. As example Rajasthan considered population of 5 lacs
for creation of City Corporation and Maharastra considered 25,000 for municipal council.
3. 4. RESERVATION OF SEATS-SC/ST/WOMEN
The 74th amendment provides for equal representation in decision making in proportion to total
population. While one third of the total seats would be reserved for woman elected
representatives there will be adequate representation from SC and ST category of people.All the
states have followed this provision.
3.5 DURATION OF ULBs & ELECTION
Each elected board of municipalities would be in operation for 5 YEARS. However in case of
dissolution election would be held within 6 months. This has prevented prolonged suppression of
ULBs. The election would be conducted in every 5 years under direction and control of State
Election Commission. Selection of mayors and Chairman would be made by State from
councilors.
There is no mention of standard or qualification of candidates.
Only 10 states and 2 UTs have constituted the DPC. West Bengal, Tamilnadu, Kerala,
Karnataka, Sikkim are example. In Madhya Pradesh power of administration and financial
sanction is vested with DPC.
The proportionate proportion of Public representatives as prescribed in the act may create
disparity in urban and rural areas as urban areas require greater attention. It is necessary to have
relationship between DPC and State planning board to make long term perspective plan of the
state. With the constitution of DPC, restructuring of state department and agencies is needed for
better planning and development under DPC. However it is necessary to ensure that DPCs are
properly equipped with professionals from various disciplines and other resources. There must
be a proper relationship and coordination between DPCs and ULBs with respect to resource
mobilisation and implementation.
As per the UDPFI guidelines formulated Govt, of India following responsibities are made in
addition to above:
•Formulate development goals , objective sand policies
•Perspective plan within 5 years
•Development plan within 2 years
•Metropolitan area annual plan
•Consult professional organizations like CII.FCCI for monitoring and resolve conflict.
STATE AUTHORITY
WARD COMMITTEE
BOTTOM- UP APPROACH
Number of Urban Local Bodies in each State Table given below provides state-wise information
on the number of urban local bodies (ULBs) according to their civic status as on October 2004.
The data show that there are a total of 2850 ULBs in the 27 states and one UT of India. Uttar
Pradesh has the highest number of ULBs, i.e., 628, which is followed by Maharashtra (247),
Karnataka (222), etc. The total number of Municipal Corporations, Municipal Councils and
Nagar Panchayats is 117, 1513 and 1220 respectively. Maharashtra has the highest number of
corporations, i.e., 22, which is followed by Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh. Data on
municipal councils show that their numbers are high in Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, 4
Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, Karnataka, West Bengal and Andhra Pradesh. The number of nagar
panchayats is high in Uttar Pradesh and Rajasthan.
The 74th Amendment Act provisions have not been applied to certain Scheduled Areas and the
Tribal Areas of India.
It is obvious that the number of councillors, women councillors, and councillors belonging to
SC, ST, and BC category in the three types of ULBs is high in the larger states of the country.
The data confirm the fact that the weaker sections of the society have been associated with the
ULBs.
It may be mentioned that such data are available for only 9 states of the country. The data show
that their numbers are high in the southern states of Tamil Nadu and Karnataka. It is also noted
that in all states, the number of SC chairpersons is high as compared to the ST chairpersons.
Elections to Municipalities
State-wise data on elections to municipalities are given in Table . It is noted that except the states
of Chhatisgarh and Jharkhand, elections to municipalities in the other states are being held
regularly. In the case of some large states (such as Gujarat, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh,
Maharashtra, Rajasthan, etc.), it is observed that the elections are held in stages due to a large
number of ULBs.
• WARD COMITEE.
• PLANNING COMMITTEES.
ADMINITRATIVE STRUCTURE
• MUNICIPAL CORPORATIONS 6
• MUNICIPALITIES 112
TRADITIONS:
CAMPOSITION
• Preference being given to the teachers, engineers, sportspersons, doctors and actors
FUNCTIONS.
• The wcs to prepare plans and priorities schemes annual and half yearly plans to be
integrated into the district plan document.
• Wide range of supervisory and monitoring functions within the ward, such as, detection
of violation of the various provisions of the act, unlawful construction, public nuisance.
• Wcs with the co-operation of the citizens being involved in solid waste management.
FINDINGS.
• The use of the office: the office timings in the mornings and in the evenings senior
citizens do it.
• In some ulbs the wcs get some money from the fund placed at the disposal of the
concerned councilors.
The meetings of the wcs held regularly. meetings are usually attended by the three-fourths
of the issues discussed relate primarily to the services and developmental activities in the
wards.
PROBLEMS
• Many of them are yet to realise the constitutional – legal status of the body.
• Lack of training of a large majority of the members.
The 74th constitution amendment act, 1992, has given constitutional status to urban local
bodies (ulbs) in india. the act provides for
Reservation of one-third elected seats for women in ulbs and envisages an active role for
women in local governance.
Women with no experience of participating in political life before is now playing a major
role.
FINDINGS
• The field study conducted indicates that nearly 87 percent of women Representatives
got elected to ulbs for the first time
• About two-thirds of the wers were housewives before they entered the political arena.
EDUCATION
AGE GROUP.
• More than 50 percent the wers were in the age group of 36-50 years
• Almost 95 percent of the wers were married and so had family responsibilities.
• Most of the newly elected women councillors need training to orient them to their roles
and responsibilities.
• The main reason behind is majority of women are not economically independent.
• West Bengal enacted the West Bengal Metropolitan Planning Committee Act, 1994.
CAMPOSITION
• 100 Chairpersons of the village councils in the Kolkata Metropolitan Area (KMA).
FORMATION
• Around 2001-2, Kolkata Metropolitan Planning Committee was formed and started
deliberating. In this exercise KMDA has been made the technical secretariat.
FUNCTION
• Draft development plan for the metropolitan area as a whole by consolidating the
development plans for its constituent municipalities and gram panchayats (village
councils).
5. Metro core
6. CBD
Primary Sector
• There is a good demand in KMA for fruits grown like guava, mango, litchi, melon.
• Floriculture.
Secondary Sector .
IT & ITES ,foodprocessing ,jute ,garment apparel, Metal based and Engineering , Leather
Processing and Leather Products , Chemicals, Plastic and Toy Manufacturing .etc
Tertiary Sector
Unlike secondary sector, the tertiary sector activities keep on growing where there is a planned
development.
under provisions of the west bengal town and country (planning & development) act, 1979.
it is the agency of
• city planning,
• besides these, kmda is also the technical secretariat to kolkata metropolitan planning
committee
Under the jawaharlal nehru national urban renewal mission the kmda has become the nodal
agency for,
• Water supply .
critics:
states hesitancy to allow the constituent local bodies to elect at the chairperson of the mpc
in west-bengal, the state chief minister is the ex-officio chairperson of the kolkata mpc
in the light of the provisions of articles 243zd of the constitution of india, there shall be
constituted in every district a district planning committee
COMPOSITION
• sabhapati of z.p.
• district magistrate.
To take up integrated planning for urban and rural areas in the district preparing plans with
regard to
• spatial planning
horticulture, soil & water conservation, animal husbandry, .fishery, agricultural research, storage,
rural development , agriculture marketing, subsidy etc. (jute ,paddy)
RURAL DEVOLOPEMENT :
employments ,land reforms, and others like energy ,roads, social services.
(a) hill areas development programame (b) other special areas like
1.village and small enterprises i) small scale industries ii)handlooms/power looms iii)handicrafts
iv)sericulture/coir/wool v)food processing industries.
TRANSPORT .
1Minor ports 2. civil aviation 3. roads and bridges a) rural roads ( pmgsy ) 4. Road transport. 5
inland water transport
SCIENCE,TECHNOLOGY & ENVIRONMENT .
Secretariat economic services 2. tourism 3. census, surveys & statistics 4. civil supplies
SOCIAL SERVICES.
1991 64%
2001 59%
URBAN POPULATION IN
7 .0 ANALYSIS.
Conducting regular elections and formations of finance commissions to review financial status
of these local bodies.
The act is significant for the planning of new towns and the cities.
Urban planning including town planning appears to be the top of the list.
• construction of buildings
Hence planned development of city and town becomes major function of local bodies which
earlier were involved in maintenance of services and facilities.
Urban planning as field was not listed in any list of constitution it has now found a place under
the provision of this amendment and should be regarded as achievement for field.
Local bodies are the peoples bodies and hence planning and development will be according to
wishes of the people.
Provisions for planned development are not restricted to cities and towns only .the DPC are set
to for planning at district level.
By creating DPC the hierarchy has been created in the process of making development plans.
The 74th amendment of the constitution of india introduces many enabling features to bring about
effective local governance. but as things have turned out, several important parts of the
constitutional amendment are not being implemented in spirit. e.g. formation of MPC
e.g. in case of MPC insecurity from the state, that the MPC may acquire its own political identity
and become a counterpoint to the state government.
The urban population is unaware of the importance of their vote and has weak participation in
the political process.
8.0 CONCLUSION.
10.1JOURNALS