Training Report On BSNL

Training Report On Telecom Networks
A Practical Training Report
ON
Telecom Networks
Taken at
(Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited,Ajmer)
Submitted to the Rajasthan Technical University, Kota

in Partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
(Session-2010-11)
Submitted to Submitted by
Mr. Gaurav Bharadwaj Parul Pareek
HOD, (ECE) ECE :
07EEMEC050.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
DEPT.OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGG.
GOVT.MAHILA ENGINEERING COLLEGE AJMER
Nasirabad Road, Makhupura, Ajmer - 305002
GWEC, Ajmer 1
I would like to add a few heartfelt words for the people who were part of this training
report in numerous ways, People who gave unending support right from the stage the
training report idea were conceived. In particular I am extremely grateful to BHARAT
SANCHAR NIGAM LIMITED for providing me with an excellent opportunity of
undergoing summer training for the duration of four weeks.
I express my effusive thanks to Mr. S. K. Sharma (S.D.E.) and the other
technical staff members. With their expert guidance and kind help this training would
have been a distant dream.
I express my sincere gratitude to Ms. Kumud (J.T.O.) for providing me the
required information for completion my job.
Parul Pareek
7th Sem. (ECE)
GWEC, Ajmer
PREFACE
Industrial training is must for every student perusing professional degree because
the ultimate goal of every student is to get the information the industrial training
helps us to get an idea of things.
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We should known in order to get a good job i.e. have a good professional
carrier. Industrial training teaches us a lot of things. It helps us to know the kind of
environment we would be getting in an industry and help us to get with the kind of
environment. Industrial training helps us to know what kind of grade an engineer of
specific branch plays in an industry. It help us to get used to working in groups of
known people in it teach us team work because my work in industrial is
accomplished by a group and not an individual.
In totality the industrial teaches us industrial ethics. Some advance technical
knowledge how and help us to acquired with industrial working style.
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INDEX
About BSNL 5
An Overview Of Telecommunication Networks 6
PCM Principle 19
Advanced Optical Networks: DWDM 23
CDMA Technology 28
MLLN 36
Overview Of Intranet 43
Wi-Max 46
Wi-Fi 52
Conclusion 59
Bibliography 60
1. ABOUT BSNL
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Bharat Sanchar Nigam Ltd. Formed in oct. 2000, is world’s 7th largest
telecommunications company providing comprehensive range of telecom services in
India: wire line, CDMA mobile, GSM mobile, internet, broadband, carrier services.
Within a span it has become the one of the largest public sector unit in India.
BSNL is the only service provider, making focused efforts and planned initiatives to
bridge the rural –urban digital divide ICT sector. In fact there is no telecom operator in
the country to beat it reach with its wide network giving services I every nook & corner of
country and operates across India except Delhi & Mumbai.
BSNL cellular service cellone, has more than 20.7 million cellular customers, garnering
24 % of all mobile users as its subscribers. That means that almost every fourth mobile
user in the country has a BSNL connection. In basic services, BSNL is miles ahead of its
rivals, with 35.1 million Basic Phone Subscribers i.e. 85 % share of the subscribers and
92 % share in revenue terms.
BSNL has set up a world class multi-gigabit, multi-protocol convergent IP infrastructure

that provides convergent services like voice, data and video through the same Backbone
and broadband access network. At present there are 0.6 million Data one broadband
customers.
The company has vast experience in Planning, Installation, network integration and
Maintenance of Switching & Transmission Networks and also has a world class ISO 9000
certified Telecom Training Institute. BSNL plans to expand its customer base from
present 73 millions lines to 125 million lines and infrastructure investment plan to the
tune of Rs. 733 crores (US$ 16.67 million) in the next three years. Today, BSNL is India's
largest Telco and one of the largest Public Sector Undertaking with estimated market
value of $ 100 Billion. The company is planning an IPO with in 6 months to offload 10%
to public in the Rs 300-400 range valuing the company at over $100 billion.
The turnover, nationwide coverage, reach, comprehensive range of the telecom services
and the desire to excel has made BSNL the no. 1 telecom company of India.
2. AN OVERVIEW OF TELECOMMUNICATION
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NETWORK
Institutional Mechanism and Role
Introduction: All industries operate in a specific environment which keeps changing and
the firms in the business need to understand it to dynamically adjust their actions for best
results. Like minded firms get together to form associations in order to protect their
common interests. Other stake holders also develop a system to take care of their issues.
Governments also need to intervene for ensuring fair competition and the best value for
money for its citizens. This handout gives exposure on the Telecom Environment in India
and also dwells on the role of international bodies in standardizing and promoting
Telecom Growth in the world.
Institutional Framework: It is defined as the systems of formal laws, regulations, and
procedures, and informal conventions, customs, and norms, that broaden, mold, and
restrain socio-economic activity and behaviour. In India, The Indian telegraph act of 1885
amended from time to time governs the telecommunications sector. Under this act, the
government is in-charge of policymaking and was responsible for provisioning of services
till the opening of telecom sector to private participation. The country has been divided
into units called Circles, Metro Districts, Secondary Switching Areas (SSA), and Long
Distance Charging Area (LDCA) and Short Distance Charging Area (SDCA). Major
changes in telecommunications in India began in the 1980s. The initial phase of telecom
reforms began in 1984 with the creation of
Center for Department of Telematics (C-DOT) for developing indigenous technologies
and private manufacturing of customer premise equipment. Soon after, the Mahanagar
Telephone Nigam Limited (MTNL) and Videsh Sanchar Nigam Limited (VSNL) were set
up in 1986. The Telecom Commission was established in 1989. A crucial aspect of the
institutional reform of the Indian telecom sector was setting up of an independent
regulatory body in 1997 - the Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI), to assure
investors that the sector would be regulated in a balanced and fair manner. In 2000, DoT
corporatized its services wing and created Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited. Further
changes in the regulatory system took place with the TRAI Act of 2000 that aimed at
restoring functional clarity and improving regulatory quality and a separate disputes
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settlement body was set up called Telecom Disputes Settlement and Appellate Tribunal
(TDSAT) to fairly adjudicate any dispute between licensor and licensee, between service
provider, between service provider and a group of consumers. In October 2003, Unified
Access Service Licenses regime for basic and cellular services was introduced. This
regime enabled services providers to offer fixed and mobile services under one license.
Since then, Indian telecom has seen unprecedented customer growth crossing 600 million
connections. India is the fourth largest telecom market in Asia after China, Japan and
South Korea. The Indian telecom network is the eighth largest in the world and the second
largest among emerging economies. A brief on telecom echo system and various key
elements in institutional framework is given below:
Department of Telecommunications: In India, DoT is the nodal agency for taking care
of telecom sector on behalf of government. Its basic functions are:
• Policy Formulation
• Review of performance
• Licensing
• Wireless spectrum management
• Administrative monitoring of PSUs
• Research & Development
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• Standardization/Validation of Equipment
• International Relations
Main wings within DoT:

• Telecom Engineering Center (TEC)
• USO Fund
• Wireless Planning & Coordination Wing (WPC)
• Telecom Enforcement, Resource and Monitoring (TERM) Cell
• Telecom Centers of Excellence (TCOE)
Public Sector Units:

• Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited(BSNL)
• Indian Telephone Industries Limited (ITI)
• Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited(MTNL)
• Telecommunications Consultants India Limited(TCIL)
R & D Unit:
• Center for development of Telematics (C-DoT)
The other key governmental institutional units are TRAI & TDSAT. Important units are
briefed below:
Telecom Engineering Center (TEC): It is a technical body representing the interest of

Department of Telecom, Government of India. Its main functions are:
• Specification of common standards with regard to Telecom network equipment,
services and interoperability.
• Generic Requirements (GRs), Interface Requirements (IRs).
• Issuing Interface Approvals and Service Approvals.
• Formulation of Standards and Fundamental Technical Plans.
• Interact with multilateral agencies like APT, ETSI and ITU etc. for
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standardization.
• Develop expertise to imbibe the latest technologies and results of R&D.
• Provide technical support to DOT and technical advice to TRAI & TDSAT.
• Coordinate with C-DOT on the technological developments in the Telecom Sector
for policy planning by DOT.
Universal Service Obligation Fund (USO): This fund was created in 2002. This fund is
managed by USO administrator. All telecom operators contribute to this fund as per
government policy. The objective of this fund is to bridge the digital divide i.e. ensure
equitable growth of telecom facilities in rural areas. Funds are allocated to operators who
bid lowest for providing telecom facilities in the areas identified by USO administrator.
Wireless Planning & Coordination (Wpc): This unit was created in 1952 and is the
National Radio Regulatory Authority responsible for Frequency Spectrum Management,
including licensing and caters for the needs of all wireless users (Government and
Private) in the country. It exercises the statutory functions of the Central Government and
issues licenses to establish, maintain and operate wireless stations. WPC is divided into
major sections like Licensing and Regulation (LR), New Technology Group (NTG) and
Standing Advisory Committee on Radio Frequency Allocation (SACFA). SACFA makes
the recommendations on major frequency allocation issues, formulation of the frequency
allocation plan, making recommendations on the various issues related to International
Telecom Union (ITU), to sort out problems referred to the committee by various wireless
users, Sitting clearance of all wireless installations in the country etc.
Telecom Enforcement, Resource and Monitoring (TERM) Cell: In order to ensure that
service providers adhere to the license conditions and for taking care of telecom network
security issues, DoT opened these cells in 2004 and at present 34 cells are operating in
various Circles and big districts in the country. Key functions of these units are Inspection
of premises of Telecom and Internet Service Providers, Curbing illegal activities in
telecom services, Control over clandestine / illegal operation of telecom networks by
vested interests having no license, To file FIR against culprits, pursue the cases, issue
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notices indicating violation of conditions of various Acts in force from time to time,
Analysis of call/subscription/traffic data of various licensees, arrangement for lawful
interception / monitoring of all communications passing through the licensee's network,
disaster management, network performance monitoring, Registration of OSPs and
Telemarketers in License Service Areas etc..
Telecom Centers of Excellence (TCOE): (www.tcoe.in) The growth of Indian

Telecommunications sector has been astounding, particularly in the last decade. This
growth has been catalyzed by telecommunications sector liberalization and reforms. Some
of the areas needing immediate attention to consolidate and maintain the growth are:
• Capacity building for industry talent pool
• Continuous adaptation of the regulatory environment to facilitate
induction/adaptation of high potential new technologies and business models
• Bridging of high rural - urban teledensity /digital divide
• Faster deployment of broadband infrastructure across the country
Centers of Excellence have been created to work on:
(i) Enhancing talent pool,
(ii) Technological innovation,
(iii) Secure information infrastructure and
(iv) Bridging of digital divide.
These COEs are also expected to cater to requirements of South Asia as regional leaders.
The main sponsor (one of the telecom operators), the academic institute where the Centers
are located and the tentative field of excellence are enumerated in the table below:
Field of Excellence in Associated Sponsor
Telecom
Institute
Next Generation Network & Network IIT, Kharagpur Vodafone Essar
Technology
Telecom Technology & Management IIT, Delhi Bharti Airtel
Technology Integration, Multimedia & IIT, Kanpur BSNL
Computational Math
Telecom Policy, Regulation, Governance, IIM, Ahmadabad IDEA Cellular
Customer Care & Marketing
Telecom Infrastructure & Energy IIT, Chennai Reliance
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Disaster Management of Info systems & IISc, Bangalore Aircel

Information Security
Rural Application IIT Mumbai Tata Telecom
Spectrum Management (Proposed) WPC, Chennai Govt with Industry
consortium
Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI): TRAI was established under TRAI
Act 1997 enacted on 28.03.1997. The act was amended in 2000. Its Organization setup
consists of One Chairperson, Two full-time members & Two part-time members. Its
primary role is to deals with regulatory aspects in Telecom Sector & Broadcasting and
Cable services. TRAI has two types of functions as mentioned below:
• Mandatory Functions :
o Tariff policies
o Interconnection policies
o Quality of Service
o Ensure implementation of terms and conditions of license
• Recommendatory Functions
 New license policies
 Spectrum policies
 Opening of sector
Telecom Dispute Settlement Appellate Tribunal (TDSAT): TDSAT was established in
year 2000 by an amendment in TRAI act by transferring the functions of dispute handling
to new entity i.e. TDSAT. The organization setup consists of one Chairperson & two full-
time members. Its functions are:
1. Adjudicate any dispute between
• licensor and licensee
• two or more licensees
• group of consumers
2. Hear & dispose off appeal against any direction, decision or order of the Authority
under TRAI Act
Key International Standardization Bodies for Telecom sector:
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ITU: It is the leading United Nations agency for information and communication
technology issues, and the global focal point for governments and the private sector in
developing networks and services. For nearly 145 years, ITU has coordinated the shared
global use of the radio spectrum, promoted international cooperation in assigning satellite
orbits, worked to improve telecommunication infrastructure in the developing world,
established the worldwide standards that foster seamless interconnection of a vast range
of communications systems and addressed the global challenges of our times, such as
mitigating climate change and strengthening cyber security. Vast spectrum of its work
area includes broadband Internet to latest-generation wireless technologies, from
aeronautical and maritime navigation to radio astronomy and satellite-based meteorology,
from convergence in fixed-mobile phone, Internet access, data, voice and TV
broadcasting to next-generation networks. ITU also organizes worldwide and regional
exhibitions and forums, such as ITU TELECOM WORLD, bringing together the most
influential representatives of government and the telecommunications and ICT industry to
exchange ideas, knowledge and technology for the benefit of the global community, and
in particular the developing world. ITU is based in Geneva, Switzerland, and its
membership includes 191 Member States and more than 700 Sector Members and
Associates. On 1 January 2009, ITU employed 702 people from 83 different countries.
The staff members are distributed between the Union's Headquarters in Geneva,
Switzerland and eleven field offices located around the world. Www.itu.int
Asia Pacific Telecommunity: Headquartered at Bangkok, the APT is a unique

organization of Governments, telecom service providers, manufactures of
communication equipment, research & development organizations and other stake holders
active in the field of communication and information technology. APT serves as the focal
organization for communication and information technology in the Asia Pacific region.
The APT has 34 Members, 4 Associate Members and 121 Affiliate Members. The
objective of the Telecommunity is to foster the development of telecommunication
services and information infrastructure throughout the region with a particular focus on
the expansion thereof in less developed areas. APT has been conducting HRD Program
for developing the skills of APT Members to meet the objectives of APT. The topics
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include Information Communication Technologies (ICT), Network and Information

Security, Finance and Budget, Telecommunication Management, Mobile
communications, Multimedia, Satellite Communication, Telecommunications and ICT
Policy and Regulation, Broadband Technologies, e-Applications, Rural
Telecommunications Technologies, IP Networks and Services, Customer Relations, etc.
Www.aptsec.org
The European Telecommunications Standards Institute: (ETSI) produces globally-

applicable standards for Information and Communications Technologies (ICT), including
fixed, mobile, radio, converged, broadcast and internet technologies. It is officially
recognized by the European Union as a European Standards Organization. ETSI is a not-
for- profit organization with more than 700 ETSI member organizations drawn from 62
countries across 5 continents world-wide. ETSI unites Manufacturers, Network operators,
National Administrations, Service providers, Research bodies, User groups,
Consultancies. This cooperation has resulted in a steady stream of highly successful ICT
standards in mobile, fixed, and radio communications and a range of other standards that
cross these boundaries, including Security, Satellite, Broadcast, Human Factors, Testing
& Protocols, Intelligent transport, Power-line telecoms, e-Health, Smart Cards,
Emergency communications, GRID & Clouds, Aeronautical etc. ETSI is consensus-based
and conducts its work through Technical Committees, which produce standards and
specifications, with the ETSI General Assembly and Board. Www.etsi.org
BSNL: Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited was formed in year 2000 and took over the
service providers role from dot. Today, BSNL has a customer base of over 9 crore and is
the fourth largest integrated telecom operator in the country. BSNL is the market leader in
Broadband, landline and national transmission network. BSNL is also the only operator
covering over 5 lakh village with telecom connectivity. Area of operation of BSNL is all
India except Delhi & Mumbai.
MTNL: Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited, formed in 1984 is the market leader in
landline and broadband in its area of operation. Www.mtnl.net.in
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TCIL: TCIL, a prime engineering and consultancy company, is a wholly owned

Government of India Public Sector Enterprise. TCIL was set up in 1978 for providing
Indian telecom expertise in all fields of telecom, Civil and IT to developing countries
around the world. It has its presence in over 70 countries. Www.tcil-india.com
ITI: Indian telephone Industries is the oldest manufacturing unit for telephone
instruments. To keep pace with changing times, it has started taking up manufacturing of
new technology equipment such as GSM, OFC equipment, Invertors, Power plants,
Defense equipments, Currency counting machines etc. Www.itiltd-india.com
Centre for Development of Telematics (cdot): This is the R & D unit under dot setup in
1984. The biggest contribution of this centre to Indian telecom sector is the development
of low capacity (128 port) Rural automatic Exchange (RAX) which enabled provisioning
of telephone in even the smallest village. This was specially designed to suit Indian
environment, capable of withstanding natural temperature and dusty conditions.
Prominent Licenses provided by DoT:

o Access Service (CMTS & Unified Access Service): The Country is divided into
23 Service Areas consisting of 19 Telecom Circle Service Areas and 4 Metro
Service Areas for providing Cellular Mobile Telephone Service (CMTS).
Consequent upon announcement of guidelines for Unified Access (Basic&
Cellular) Services licenses on 11.11.2003, some of the CMTS operators have been
permitted to migrate from CMTS License to Unified Access Service License
(UASL). No new CMTS and Basic service Licenses are being awarded after
issuing the guidelines for Unified access Service License (UASL). As on 31
March 2008, 39 CMTS and 240 UASL licenses operated.
o 3G & BWA (Broadband Wireless Access): Department of Telecom started the
auction process for sale of spectrum for 3G and BWA (WiMax) in April 2010 for
22 services areas in the country. BSNL & MTNL have already been given
spectrum for 3G and BWA and they need to pay the highest bid amount as per
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auction results. BSNL & MTNL both are providing 3G services. BSNL has rolled
out its BWA service by using WiMax technology.
o Mobile Number Portability (MNP) Service: Licenses have been awarded to two
operators to provide MNP in India. DoT is ensuring the readiness of all mobile
operators and expects to start this service any time after June 2010.
o Infrastructure Provider: There are two categories IP-I and IP-II. For IP-I the
applicant company is required to be registered only. No license is issued for IP-I.
Companies registered as IP-I can provide assets such as Dark Fiber, Right of Way,
Duct space and Tower. This was opened to private sector with effect from
13.08.2000. An IP-II license can lease / rent out /sell end to end bandwidth i.e.
digital transmission capacity capable to carry a message. This was opened to
private sector with effect from 13.08.2000. Issuance of IP-II License has been
discontinued w.e.f. 14.12.05
o INMARSAT: INMARSAT (International Maritime Satellite Organization)
operates a constellation of geo-stationary satellites designed to extend phone, fax
and data communications all over the world. Videsh Sanchar Nigam Ltd (VSNL)
is permitted to provide Inmarsat services in India under their International
Long Distance(ILD) license granted by Department of
Telecommunications(dot). VSNL has commissioned their new Land Earth
Station (LES) at Delhi, Pune compatible with 4th generation INMARSAT
Satellites (I-4) and INMARSAT-B, M, Mini-M & M-4 services are now
being provided through this new LES after No Objection Certificate (NOC) is
issued by dot on case by case basis.
o National Long Distance: There is no limit on number of operators for this service
and license is for 20 years.
o International Long Distance: This was opened to private sector on 1st April 2002
with no limit on number of operators. The license period is 20 years.
o Resale of IPLC: For promoting competition and affordability in
International Private Leased Circuits (IPLC) Segment, Government permitted
the "Resale of IPLC" by introducing a new category of License called as -
"Resale of IPLC" Service License with effect from 24th September 2008. The
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Reseller can provide end-to-end IPLC between India and country of destination
for any capacity denomination. For providing the IPLC service, the Reseller has to
take the IPLC from International Long Distance (ILD) Service Providers licensed
and permitted to enter into an arrangement for leased line with Access Providers,
National Long Distance Service Providers and International Long Distance
Service Providers for provision of IPLC to end customers.
o Sale of International Roaming SIM cards /Global Calling Cards in India: The
cards being offered to Indian Customers will be for use only outside India.
However, if it is essential to activate the card for making test calls/emergent calls
before the departure of customer and /or after the arrival of the customer, the same
shall be permitted for forty eight (48) hours only prior to departure from India and
twenty four (24) hours after arrival in India.
o Internet without Telephony: The Internet Service Provider (ISP) Policy was
announced in November, 98. ISP Licenses, which prohibit telephony on
Internet ,are being issued starting from 6.11.98 on non-exclusive basis. Three
category of license exist namely A,B and C. A is all India, B is telecom Circles,
Metro Districts and major districts where as C is SSA wide.
o Internet with Telephony: Only ISP licensees are permitted, within their service
area, to offer Internet Telephony service. The calls allowed are PC to PC in
India, PC in India to PC/Telephone outside India, IP based calls from India to
other countries.
o VPN: Internet Service Providers (isps) can provide Virtual Private Network
(VPN) Services. VPN shall be configured as Closed User Group (CUG) only and
shall carry only the traffic meant for the internal use of CUG and no third party
traffic shall be carried on the VPN. VPN shall not have any connectivity with
PSTN / ISDN / PLMN except when the VPN has been set up using Internet access
dial-up facility to the ISP node. Outward dialing facility from ISP node is not
permitted.
o VSAT & Satellite Communication: There are two types of CUG VSAT
licenses : (i) Commercial CUG VSAT license and (ii) Captive CUG VSAT
license. The commercial VSAT service provider can offer the service on
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commercial basis to the subscribers by setting up a number of Closed User

Groups (cugs) whereas in the captive VSAT service only one CUG can be set up
for the captive use of the licensee. The scope of the service is to provide data
connectivity between various sites scattered within territorial boundary of India
via INSAT Satellite System using Very Small Aperture Terminals (VSATs).
However, these sites should form part of a Closed User Group (CUG). PSTN
connectivity is not permitted.
o Radio Paging: The bids for the Radio Paging Service in 27 cities were invited in
1992, the licenses were signed in 1994 and the service was commissioned in 1995.
There was a provision for a fixed license fee for first 3 years and review of the
license fee afterwards. The license was for 10 years and in 2004 Govt offered a
extended 10 years license with certain license fee waivers but with the wide
spread use of mobile phones, this service has lost its utility.
o PMRTS: Public Mobile Radio Trunking service allows city wide connectivity
through wireless means. This service is widely used by Radio Taxi operators and
companies whose workforce is on the move and there is need to locate the present
position of employee for best results. PSTN connectivity is permitted.
o INSAT MSS: INSAT Mobile Satellite System Reporting Service (INSAT MSS
Reporting Service) is a one way satellite based messaging service available
through INSAT. The basic nature of this service is to provide a reporting channel
via satellite to the group of people, who by virtue of their nature of work are
operating from remote locations without any telecom facilities and need to send
short textual message or short data occasionally to a central station.
o Voice Mail/ Audiotex/ UMS (Unified Messaging Service): Initially a seprate
license was issued for these services. For Unified Messaging Service, transport of
Voice Mail Messages to other locations and subsequent retrieval by the subscriber
must be on a non- real time basis. For providing UMS under the license, in
addition to the license for Voice Mail/Audiotex/UMS, the licensee must also have
an ISP license. The ISP license as well as Voice Mail/Audiotex/ UMS license
should be for the areas proposed to be covered by UMS service. Since start of
NTP-99, all access provider i.e. CMTS, UASL, Fixed service providers are also
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allowed to provide these services as Value Added Service (VAS) under their
license conditions.
o Telemarketing: Companies intending to operate as Telemarketes need to obtain
this license from DoT.
o Other Service Provider (including BPO): As per New Telecom Policy (NTP)
1999, Other Service Providers (OSP), such as tele-banking, tele-medicine, tele-
trading, e- commerce, Network Operation Centers and Vehicle Tracking Systems
etc are allowed to operate by using infrastructure provided by various access
providers for non-telecom services.
3. PCM PRINCIPLE
Introduction
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A long distance or local telephone conversation between two persons could be

provided by using a pair of open wire lines or underground cable as early as early as
mid of 19th century. However, due to fast industrial development and increased
telephone awareness, demand for trunk and local traffic went on increasing at a rapid rate.
To cater to the increased demand of traffic between two stations or between two
subscribers at the same station we resorted to the use of an increased number of pairs on
either the open wire alignment, or in underground cable. This could solve the problem for
some time only as there is a limit to the number of open wire pairs that can be installed on
one alignment due to headway consideration and maintenance problems. Similarly
increasing the number of open wire pairs that can be installed on one alignment due to
headway consideration and maintenance problems. Similarly increasing the number of
pairs to the underground cable is uneconomical and leads to maintenance problems.
It, therefore, became imperative to think of new technical innovations which

could exploit the available bandwidth of transmission media such as open wire lines or
underground cables to provide more number of circuits on one pair. The technique used to
provide a number of circuits using a single transmission link is called Multiplexing.
Multiplexing Techniques
There are basically two types of multiplexing techniques
i. Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)
ii Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)
• Frequency Division Multiplexing Techniques (FDM)
The FDM technique is the process of translating individual speech circuits (300-
3400 Hz) into pre-assigned frequency slots within the bandwidth of the transmission
medium. The frequency translation is done by amplitude modulation of the audio
frequency with an appropriate carrier frequency. At the output of the modulator a filter
network is connected to select either a lower or an upper side band. Since the intelligence
is carried in either side band, single side band suppressed carrier mode of AM is used.
This results in substantial saving of bandwidth mid also permits the use of low power
amplifiers. Please refer Fig. 1.
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FDM techniques usually find their application in analogue transmission systems. An

analogue transmission system is one which is used for transmitting continuously varying
signals.
Fig. 1 FDM Principle
• Time Division Multiplexing
Basically, time division multiplexing involves nothing more than sharing

a transmission medium by a number of circuits in time domain by establishing a
sequence of time slots during which individual channels (circuits) can be transmitted. Thus
the entire bandwidth is periodically available to each channel. Normally all time slots1 are
equal in length. Each channel is assigned a time slot with a specific common repetition
period called a frame interval. This is illustrated in Fig. 2.
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Fig. 2 Time Division Multiplexing
Each channel is sampled at a specified rate and transmitted for a fixed duration. All
channels are sampled one by, the cycle is repeated again and again. The channels are
connected to individual gates which are opened one by one in a fixed sequence. At the
receiving end also similar gates are opened in unison with the gates at the transmitting
end.
The signal received at the receiving end will be in the form of discrete
samples and these are combined to reproduce the original signal. Thus, at a given instant
of time, only one channel is transmitted through the medium, and by sequential sampling a
number of channels can be staggered in time as opposed to transmitting all the channel at
the same time as in EDM systems. This staggering of channels in time sequence for
transmission over a common medium is called Time Division Multiplexing (TDM).
Pulse Code Modulation
It was only in 1938; Mr. A.M. Reaves (USA) developed a Pulse Code
Modulation (PCM) system to transmit the spoken word in digital form. Since then
digital speech transmission has become an alternative to the analogue systems.
PCM systems use TDM technique to provide a number of circuits on the same
transmission medium viz. open wire or underground cable pair or a channel provided by
carrier, coaxial, microwave or satellite system.
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Basic Requirements for PCM System
To develop a PCM signal from several analogue signals, the following

processing steps are required
• Filtering
• Sampling
• Quantization
• Encoding
• Line Coding
Signaling In Telecommunications
The term signaling, when used in telephony, refers to the exchange of control
information associated with the establishment of a telephone call on a
telecommunications circuit. An example of this control information is the digits dialed by
the caller, the caller's billing number, and other call-related information.
When the signaling is performed on the same circuit that will ultimately carry the
conversation of the call, it is termed Channel Associated Signaling (CAS). This is the case
for earlier analogue trunks, MF and R2 digital trunks, and DSS1/DASS PBX trunks.
In contrast, SS7 signaling is termed Common Channel Signaling (CCS) in that the
path and facility used by the signaling is separate and distinct from the
telecommunications channels that will ultimately carry the telephone conversation. With
CCS, it becomes possible to exchange signaling without first seizing a facility, leading to
significant savings and performance increases in both signaling and facility usage.
4. ADVANCED OPTICAL NETWORKS: DWDM

Introduction
GWEC, Ajmer 22
The revolution in high bandwidth applications and the explosive growth of the Internet,
however, have created capacity demands that exceed traditional TDM limits. To meet
growing demands for bandwidth, a technology called Dense Wavelength Division
Multiplexing (DWDM) has been developed that multiplies the capacity of a single fiber.
DWDM systems being deployed today can increase a single fiber’s capacity sixteen fold,
to a throughput of 40 Gb/s. The emergence of DWDM is one of the most recent and
important phenomena in the development of fiber optic transmission technology. Dense
wavelength-division multiplexing (DWDM) revolutionized transmission technology by
increasing the capacity signal of embedded fiber. One of the major issues in the
networking industry today is tremendous demand for more and more bandwidth. Before
the introduction of optical networks, the reduced availability of fibers became a big
problem for the network providers. However, with the development of optical networks
and the use of Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM) technology, a new and
probably, a very crucial milestone is being reached in network evolution. The existing
SONET/SDH network architecture is best suited for voice traffic rather than today’s high-
speed data traffic. To upgrade the system to handle this kind of traffic is very expensive
and hence the need for the development of an intelligent all-optical network. Such a
network will bring intelligence and scalability to the optical domain by combining the
intelligence and functional capability of SONET/SDH, the tremendous bandwidth of
DWDM and innovative networking software to spawn a variety of optical transport,
switching and management related products.
In traditional optical fiber networks, information is transmitted through optical fiber by a

single light beam. In a wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) network, the vast optical
bandwidth of a fiber (approximately 30 THz corresponding to the low-loss region in a
single-mode optical fiber) is carved up into wavelength channels, each of which carries a
data stream individually. The multiple channels of information (each having a different
carrier wavelength) are transmitted simultaneously over a single fiber. The reason why
this can be done is that optical beams with different wavelengths propagate without
interfering with one another. When the number of wavelength channels is above 20 in a
WDM system, it is generally referred to as Dense WDM or DWDM.
GWEC, Ajmer 23
DWDM technology can be applied to different areas in the telecommunication networks,

which includes the backbone networks, the residential access networks, and also the Local
Area Networks (LANs). Among these three areas, developments in the DWDM-based
backbone network are leading the way, followed by the DWDM-based LANs. The
development on DWDM-based residential access networks seems to be lagging behind at
the current time.
Development Of DWDM Technology
Early WDM began in the late 1980s using the two widely spaced wavelengths in the 1310
nm and 1550 nm (or 850 nm and 1310 nm) regions, sometimes called wideband WDM.
The early 1990s saw a second generation of WDM, sometimes called narrowband WDM,
in which two to eight channels were used. These channels were now spaced at an interval
of about 400 GHz in the 1550-nm window. By the mid-1990s, dense WDM (DWDM)
systems were emerging with 16 to 40 channels and spacing from 100 to 200 GHz. By the
late 1990s DWDM systems had evolved to the point where they were capable of 64 to
160 parallel channels, densely packed at 50 or even 25 GHz intervals.
As fig. 1 shows, the progression of the technology can be seen as an increase in the
number of wavelengths accompanied by a decrease in the spacing of the wavelengths.
Along with increased density of wavelengths, systems also advanced in their flexibility of
configuration, through add-drop functions, and management capabilities.
GWEC, Ajmer 24
Figure 1 Evolution of DWDM
Varieties Of WDM
Early WDM systems transported two or four wavelengths that were widely spaced. WDM
and the “follow-on” technologies of CWDM and DWDM have evolved well beyond this
early limitation.
• WDM
Traditional, passive WDM systems are wide-spread with 2, 4, 8, 12, and 16 channel
counts being the normal deployments. This technique usually has a distance limitation
of less than 100 km.
• CWDM
Today, coarse WDM (CWDM) typically uses 20-nm spacing (3000 GHz) of up to 18
channels. The CWDM Recommendation ITU-T G.694.2 provides a grid of
wavelengths for target distances up to about 50 km on single mode fibers as specified
in ITU-T Recommendations G.652, G.653 and G.655. The CWDM grid is made up of
18 wavelengths defined within the range 1270 nm to 1610 nm spaced by 20 nm.
• DWDM
Dense WDM common spacing may be 200, 100, 50, or 25 GHz with channel count
reaching up to 128 or more channels at distances of several thousand kilometers with
amplification and regeneration along such a route.
DWDM System Components
Figure 3 shows an optical network using DWDM techniques that consists of five main
components:
1. Transmitter (transmit transponder):
- Changes electrical bits to optical pulses
- Is frequency specific
- Uses a narrowband laser to generate the optical pulse
GWEC, Ajmer 25
2. Multiplexer/ demultiplexer:
- Combines/separates discrete wavelengths
3. Amplifier:
- Pre-amplifier boosts signal pulses at the receive side
- Post-amplifier boosts signal pulses at the transmit side (post amplifier) and on
the receive side (preamplifier)
- In line amplifiers (ILA) are placed at different distances from the source to
provide recovery of the signal before it is degraded by loss.
- EDFA (Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier) is the most popular amplifier.
4. Optical fiber (media):
- Transmission media to carry optical pulses
- Many different kinds of fiber are used
5. Receiver (receive transponder)
- Changes optical pulses back to electrical bits
- Uses wideband laser to provide the optical pulse
Figure 3: DWDM System Components
Benefits of DWDM
• Increases bandwidth (speed and distance)
GWEC, Ajmer 26
• Does not require replacement or upgrade their existing legacy systems
• Provides "next generation" technologies to meet growing data needs
• Less costly in the long run because increased fiber capacity is automatically
available; don't have to upgrade all the time.
5. CDMA Technology
Access Network:
Access network, the network between local exchange and subscriber, in the
Telecom Network accounts for a major portion of resources both in terms of capital and
manpower. So far, the subscriber loop has remained in the domain of the copper cable
providing cost effective solution in past. Quick deployments of subscriber loop, coverage
of inaccessible and remote locations coupled with modern technology have led to the
emergence of new Access Technologies. The various technological options available are
as follows:
1. Multi Access Radio Relay
2. Wireless in Local Loop
3. Fiber in the Local Loop
GWEC, Ajmer 27
Wireless in Local Loop (WILL)
Fixed Wireless telephony in the subscriber access network also known as Wireless in
Local Loop (WLL) is one of the hottest emerging market segments in global
telecommunications today. WLL is generally used as “the last mile solution” to deliver
basic phone service expeditiously where none has existed before. Flexibility and
expediency are becoming the key driving factors behind the deployment of WILL.
WLL shall facilitate cordless telephony for residential as well as commercial complexes
where people are highly mobile. It is also used in remote areas where it is uneconomical
to lay cables and for rapid development of telephone services. The technology employed
shall depend upon various radio access techniques, like FDMA, TDMA and CDMA.
Different technologies have been developed by the different countries like CT2 from
France, PHS from Japan, DECT from Europe and DAMPS & CDMA from USA. Let us
discuss CDMA technology in WLL application as it has a potential ability to tolerate a
fair amount of interference as compared to other conventional radios. This leads to a
considerable advantage from a system point of view.
Spread Spectrum Principle:

Originally Spread spectrum radio technology was developed for military use to counter
the interference by hostile jamming. The broad spectrum of the transmitted signal gives
rise to “Spread Spectrum”. A Spread Spectrum signal is generated by modulating the
radio frequency (RF) signal with a code consisting of different pseudo random binary
sequences, which is inherently resistant to noisy signal environment.
A number of Spread spectrum RF signals thus generated share the same frequency
spectrum and thus the entire bandwidth available in the band is used by each of the users
using same frequency at the same time.
GWEC, Ajmer 28
Fig-1 CDMA ACCESS – A CONCEPT

On the receive side only the signal energy with the selected binary sequence code is
accepted and original information content (data) is recovered. The other users signals,
whose codes do not match contribute only to the noise and are not “despread” back in
bandwidth (Ref Fig-1) This transmission and reception of signals differentiated by
“codes” using the same frequency simultaneously by a number of users is known as Code
Division Multiple Access (CDMA) Technique as opposed to conventional method of
Frequency Division Multiple Access and Time Division Multiple Access.
In the above figure, it has been tried to explain that how the base band signal of 9.6 Kbps
is spread using a Pseudo-random Noise (PN) source to occupy entire bandwidth of 1.25
MHz. At the receiving end this signal will have interference from signals of other users of
the same cell, users of different cells and interference from other noise sources. All these
signals get combined with the desired signal but using a correct PN code the original data
can be reproduced back. CDMA channel in the trans and receive direction is a FDD
(Frequency Division Duplexing) channel. The salient features of a typical CDMA system
are as follows:
Frequency of operation: 824-849Mhz and 869-894 MHz
Duplexing Method: Frequency Division Duplexing (FDD)
Access Channel per carrier: Maximum 61 Channels
RF Spacing: 1.25 MHz
Coverage: 5 Km with hand held telephones and approx.
GWEC, Ajmer 29
20 Km with fixed units.
Introduction to CDMA 2000-1X
Network entity description: Base station subsystem (BSS) Base station subsystem is the
general term for the wireless devices and wireless channel control devices that serve one
or several cells. Generally, a BSS contains one more base station controllers (BSC) and
base transmitter stations (BTS).
Architectu
Mobile switch center (MSC)
MSC is a functional entity that performs control and switching to the mobile stations
within the area that it serves, and an automatic connecting device for the subscriber traffic
between the CDMA network and other public networks or other MSCs. MSC is the kernel
of the CDMA cellular mobile communication system, and it is different from a wired
MS
switch in that an MSC must consider the allocation of the wireless resources and the
mobility of subscribers, and at least it must implement the follows processing activities:
1. Location Registration processing;
2. Handoff.
GWEC, Ajmer 30
Gateway MSC (GMSC)
When a non-CDMA subscriber calls a CDMA subscriber, the call will first be routed to
an MSC, which will inquires the corresponding HLR and further route the call to the
called party’s MSC. This kind of MSC is called Gateway MSC (GMSC). It is up to the
network operator to select which MSCs as GMSCs.
Visitor location register (VLR)
VLR is responsible for the storage and updating of the subscriber data of mobile stations
that roamed to the service area of this VLR. The VLR is generally configured together
with the MSC. When the mobile station enters a new location area, the MSC will notice
the VLR, which will initiate registration processing to the HLR to update the subscriber
location information. The VLR also stores necessary information for the establishment of
calls in the database for the MSC to search. One VLR can cover one or more MSC areas.
Home location register (HLR)
The HLR provides subscriber information storage and management functions for the
mobile network, including mobile subscriber subscription and cancellation and service
authorization and cancellation. At the same time, it helps in the implementation of
subscriber’s call and service operations. A CDMA can contain one or more HLRs based
on the number of subscribers, equipment capacity and network organization mode, with
multi-HLR mode realized in the form of virtual HLRs. The subscriber information stored
in the HLR includes the following two types in information:
1. Subscription information
2. Subscriber-related information stored in the HLR
Authentication center (AUC)
Authentication center is a function entity for the management of authentication

information related to the mobile station. It implement mobile subscriber authentication,
stores the mobile subscriber authentication parameters, and is able to generate and
transmit the corresponding authentication parameters based on the request from
MSC/VLR. The authentication parameters in the AUC can be stored in the encrypted
GWEC, Ajmer 31
form. The authentication center is generally configured together with the HLR. The
authentication parameter stored in the AUC includes:
1. Authentication key (A_KEY);
2. Share secret data (SSD);
3. Mobile identification number/international mobile subscriber identity (MIN/IMSI);
4. Authentication algorithm (AAV);

5. Accounting (COUNT).
Short message center (MC or SC)
As an independent entity in the CDMA cellular mobile communication system, the short
message center works in coordination with other entities such as MSC, HLR to implement
the reception, storing and transfer of the short messages from CDMA cellular mobile
communication system subscribers, and store subscriber-related short message data.
Short message entity (SME)
SME is a function entity for synthesis and analysis of short messages.
Operation and maintenance Center (OMC)
The OMC provides the network operator with network operation and maintenance
services, manages the subscriber information and implements network planning, to
enhance the overall working efficiency and service quality of the system. There two type
of operation and maintenance centers: OMC-S and OMC-R. An OMC-S is mainly used
for the maintenance work at the mobile switching subsystem (MSS) side; an OMC-R is
mainly used for the maintenance work at the base station subsystem (BSS) side.
Third Generation Standards
• CDMA2000/FDD-MC — CDMA2000 using Frequency Division Duplexing-

Multicarrier (FDD-MC) mode. Here multicarrier implies N x 1.25 MHz
channels overlaid on N existing IS-95 carriers or deployed on unoccupied spectrum.
CDMA2000 includes:
1. 1x —using a spreading rate of 1.2288 Mcps
2. 3x —using a spreading rate of 3 x 1.2288 Mcps or 3.6864 Mcps
GWEC, Ajmer 32
3. 1xEV-DO (1x Evolution - Data Optimized)—using a spreading rate of 1.2288

Mcps optimized for data
• WCDMA/FDD-DS —Wideband CDMA (WCDMA) Frequency Division
Duplexing-Direct Sequence spreading (FDD-DS) mode. This has a single 5 MHz
channel. WCDMA uses a single carrier per channel and employs a spreading rate of
3.84 Mcps.
• UTRA TDD/ TD-SCDMA — Universal Mobile Telephone Services Terrestrial
Radio Access (UTRA) and TD-SCDMA. These are Time Division Duplexed
(TDD) standards aimed primarily at asymmetric services used in unpaired (i.e., no
separate uplink and downlink) bands. TD-SCDMA is based on a synchronous
Time Division scheme for TDD and wireless local loop applications. The frame
and slot structure are the same as W-CDMA. However, in TDD mode each slot
can be individually allocated either the uplink or the downlink.
EV-DO
EV-DO is a mobile technology that facilitates higher throughput on mobile platform.
The third generation of cellular standards has seen a dominance of CDMA as the
underlying access technology. UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunication Services) is
3G evolution for GSM world. The standardization work for UMTS is being carried-out by
3GPP. The standardization work for CDMA 2000 and its enhancements is being carried
out under the supervision of 3GPP2.
1x Evolution-Data Optimized, abbreviated as EV-DO or 1xEV-DO, is an evolution of

CDMA 2000 1x to support higher data rates. It is defined in TIA (Telecommunication
Industry Association) standard IS 856. It is commonly referred to as DO. It is officially
termed as "CDMA2000, High Rate Packet Data Air Interface". Working on same carrier
bandwidth of 1.25 MHz as CDMA 2000 1x systems, 1xEV-DO provides significantly
higher data rates to Access Terminals (mobile devices). Downlink data rates supported
are up to 2.4576 Mb/s in Rev. 0 and up to 3.1 Mb/s in Rev. A.
GWEC, Ajmer 33
Traditional wireless networks create a physical path between receiving and sending
devices, much like traditional telephone networks. EVDO instead adopts the same
approach used for the internet. IP, the Internet Protocol, breaks data into small pieces
called packets. Each packet is sent independently of all the other packets. This saves
bandwidth for use by other devices; when neither party on a phone call is speaking, the
connection consumes no bandwidth because there are no packets to send. Radio resources
are allocated only at the time of actual data transfer leading to better spectral efficiency.
EV-DO does not support voice services. In Forward link supports data rates up to 2.4576
Mbps. There is no power control in Forward Link. Peak data rate in Reverse Link is 153.6
kbps.
Generic Model of CDMA 2000 1x EVDO System:
A generic model of a CDMA 2000 1 x EV-DO System typically consists of:
a) Access Network (AN) consisting of Radio Node (RN) & Radio Network Controller
b) Packet Core Network (PCN)
a) Radio Node (RN): It is a multiple circuit transceiver which shall radiate to cover a cell
or a sector. It consists of radio modules, base band signal processor, network interface,
antenna, feeder etc. It can be co-located with RNC or remotely located. RN shall include
the functions related to channel coding/decoding, interleaving, encryption, frame
building, modulation/demodulation, RF transceiver, antenna diversity, low noise
amplification etc. as per CDMA 2000 1 x EV-DO standards.
The AN obtains the timing reference and positioning reference from the GPS system
and hence the GPS receiver shall form an integral part of the RN along with other fixtures
such as GOS antenna, cable etc. AN split mounting arrangements with tower mountable
RF components such as PAs, LNAs, Filters etc. are also acceptable.
b) Radio Network Controller (RNC): It is responsible for inter connection between the
RN and the PCN and it provides control and management for one or more RNs. It assigns
traffic channels to individual users, monitors system performance and provides interface
between the RN and the PCN. RNC performs the radio processing functions such as
management of the radio resources, radio channel management, local connection
GWEC, Ajmer 34
management etc.
It also processes information required for decision on handover of calls from one RN to
another. RNC can be collocated with the PCN or remotely located. The Packet Control
Function (PCF) shall form an integral part of RNC.
Packet Core Network (PCN): The packet data core network provides packet data services
to Access Terminal (AT) and consists of PDSN, HA, AAA, AN-AAA and FA
functionalities. The functional entities AAA and ANAAA may be a single physical entity
or two separate physical entities.
Operations and Maintenance Centre (OMC): The Operations and Maintenance Centre
(OMC) allow the centralized operation of the various units in the system and the functions
needed to maintain the sub systems. The OMC provides the dynamic monitoring and
controlling of the network management functions for operation and maintenance.
6. LEASED LINES
And
MLLN- MANAGED LEASED LINE NETWORK
Leased Lines
A leased line is a permanent fiber optic or telephone connection between two

points set up by a telecommunications carrier. A leased line is also sometimes referred to
as a dedicated line. They can be used for telephone, data, or Internet services. Oftentimes
businesses will use a leased line to connect to geographically distant offices because it
guarantees bandwidth for network traffic. For example, a bank may use a leased line in
order to easily transfer financial information from one office to another. A leased line can
GWEC, Ajmer 35
span long or short distances and customers generally pay a flat monthly rate for the
service depending on the distance between the two points. Leased lines do not have
telephone numbers because each side of the line is always connected to one another, as
opposed to telephone lines which reuse the same lines for numerous conversations
through a process called "switching." The information sent through the leased line travels
along dedicated secure channels, eliminating the congestion that occurs in shared
networks.
MLLN – MANAGED LEASED LINE NETWORK
The MLLN service is specially designed mainly for having effective control and
monitoring on the leased line so that the down time is minimized and the circuit
efficiency is increased. This mainly deals with data circuits ranging from 64 Kbps to 2048
Kbps.
NETWORK ARCHITECTURE:
Main DXC
256 Ports
DXC-64 DXC-64 DXC-128
VMUXs
GWEC,
Modems Ajmer 36
Fig. 1 Network Architecture of MLLN

DXC
Capacity
DXC (64 ports upgradeable to 128 ports)
DXC (256 ports)
1/0 cross-connect capability
Non-Blocking Architecture
Redundancy
 Power Supply
 Switching Matrix
 Cross-connect Memory
Expansion to be made possible by addition of cards only.
Fully Managed from Centralized NMS
VMUX
Type - I, Type - II, Type - III with the configurations given below
64 kbps N*64 kbps E1 Links
VMUX Type I 32 8 12
VMUX Type II 16 4 4
VMUX Type III 8 4 4
GWEC, Ajmer 37
Expansion to be made possible on the same chassis by addition of cards
Type III VMUX
> 230V AC Powered
> -48V DC Powered
VMUX to be able to extend hotline circuits
> Point to point and Point to Multi-point circuit routing should be

possible
HDSL Driving Distance:
> 3.5km at 2Mbps
> 5 km at 1Mbps
> 7km for 64/128kbps (at 0.5mm dia copper cable
NTU (Network Terminating Unit)
Capacity
> 64/128kbps NTU with V.35
> 64/128kbps NTU with G.703
> N x 64kbps NTU with V.35
> N x 64kbps NTU with G.703
> N x 64kbps NTU with Ethernet Interface
Line Loop Testing as per ITU-T Rec V.54
64kbps NTU to work up to 128kbps
N x 64kbps NTU to work up to 2Mbps
NTU to send power off signal to the NMS at the time of NTU getting switched off.
STU-160 works up to 128kbps
CTU-S and CTU-R works up to 2Mbps on a single pair of copper
GWEC, Ajmer 38
All NTU’s support V.54 line loop testing and support dying gasp to send power off signal
at time of power off condition.
NMS (Network Management System)
o MLLN NMS
o Billing and Accounting System
o Web Self-care system
o We have offered Tellabs Network Manager Release 13 to meet the requirements
o MLLN NMS performs all the management functions on the network
o Supports regional partitioning and VPN capabilities
o Offered Performance Monitoring, Recovery, Reporting Packages
o Offered HP Open view and Cisco works which would reside on SNMP server for
managing the servers and IT elements
Different Nodes Used in MLLN
A node can be described as a digital multiplexer equipped with several trunk

interfaces and as a digital cross-connect device equipped with several channel interfaces.
The cluster node is used in the network as a high capacity cross-connection device with
several subracks. The basic nodes and midi nodes are used as flexible multiplexers or
medium capacity cross-connect equipment. They have both one subrack.
Cluster Node:-
It is built in Master-slave architecture. The cluster node represents the largest node
of the System. It is built in master-slave architecture. It consists of a master sub rack and
1 - 8 slave sub racks. Slave sub racks can be either double (32 unit slots), single (16 unit
slots) or midi (8 unit slots) sub racks.
The maximum cross-connect port capacity of a cluster node is

8 * 64 Mbit/s = 512 Mbit/s = 256 * 2048 kbit/s port = 64 * 8448 kbit/s port. Each slave
sub rack brings 64 Mbit/s to the cross-connect port capacity. The cluster node can be
GWEC, Ajmer 39
expanded without disturbing the existing traffic. The cluster node cross-connects at TS
(64 kbit/s) level. The cluster node’s master subrack is mechanically similar to the double
subrack in the basic node. The difference is that the motherboard and bus extender cards
are different.
Basic Node:-
The Basic Node is the basic building block of the system. (16 unit slot). It is used
in local exchange or backbone networks or customer premises networks, depending on
the needed services and application. The cross connect port capacity of a Basic node is 64
Mbps = 32*2048 kbps port = 8*8448 kbps port
Midi Node:-
It is a small size flexible access node for customer premises. Midi node has the
same cross-connect functionality as the basic node (64 Mbps) One slot wide
multifunctional interface unit XCG designed for the Midi node. Midi node supports
mainly the same interface units as the basic node.
Mini Node:-
The mini node is a small cross-connect device, which can operate as either part of
the network connected to the network manager or as a separate cross-connect device
controlled and supervised locally. The mini node is functionally very close to the basic
node. The main difference is that in the mini node the common units (Control Unit,
Cross-connection Unit and Power Supply Unit) are integrated to the node.
The cross-connect port capacity of a mini node is 64 Mbit/s. It supports 2-4

interface modules with 1, 2, 5 or 10 interfaces each. Due to this limitation of the number
of interfaces, it is impossible to use all the cross-connection capacity available. The cross-
connection capabilities of a mini node are the same as in SXU-A unit in a basic node.
mini nodes can make cross-connections both at 64 kbit/s and 8 kbit/s level, the bit level
cross-connection capacity is 95 TS and CAS cross-connection capacity is 32 TS.
Typically mini nodes are used as an access level node in a network or as base station
transmission equipment in mobile networks.
GWEC, Ajmer 40
Tellabs8170 cluster node
Tellabs8160
accelerator node A111
Tellabs8150 basic node
Tellabs8140 midi node
Tellabs8110 network terminating unit

Tellabs8120 mini node
Tellabs8130 micro node
Fig. 3 Different Nodes
Micro node : The total cross-connection capacity of a micro node is 64 Mbit/s. The
micro node is fully non-blocking. They can make cross-connections both at time slot and
at bit level. The bit level cross-connection capacity is 127 TS (8128 kbit/s). micro nodes
do not support CAS signalling. The cross-connection delay is one frame (125 µ s).
The accuracy of the internal clock is ± 30 ppm and it supports both fallback list
and quality levels. The micro node does not have a build-in test generator or a receiver
for circuit loop testing.
Accelerator Node:-
It is an access node combining PDH and SDH technologies.
PDH features:-
-Support for many existing interfaces units
-Two X-buses and consequently 2 x 64 Mbps = 128 Mbps capacity
Application e.g. DSLAM
Cross connections are done only at TS level, 64 kbps.
GWEC, Ajmer 41
Operated with the network manager
Switch Node:-
It is an N.E with ADM, LTM and SDXC. Operated with the network manager
7. OVERVIEW OF INTRANET
WHAT IS INTRANET
• Smaller private version of Internet. It uses Internet protocols to create enterprise-

wide network which may consists of interconnected LANs.
• It may or may not include connection to Internet.
• Intranet is an internal information system based on Internet technology and web

protocols for implementation within a corporate organization.
• This implementation is performed in such a way as to transparently deliver the

immense informational resources of an organization to each individual’s desktop
with minimal cost, time and efforts.
• The Intranet defines your organization and display it for everyone to see.
GWEC, Ajmer 42
If everyone knows
• what the company stands for,
• what the company’s strategic vision is,
• what the guiding company principles are,
• who the clients and partners are,
then they can focus more clearly on what their own contributions are to the organization.
Every organization can constantly refer to the central messages and develop their own
supporting sites accordingly. Use the Web as an information, communications, and
project-management tool across the organization.
Who needs an Intranet?
In an Intranet environment is used to communicate over two or more networks across

different locations.
1. Users having multi-locations with multi-networks.
2. Users having single locations with multi-networks.
3. Users having single locations with single networks.
What’s really HOT about Intranets?
From a technology point of view, an Intranet is simply beautiful. because:
1. It is scaleable.
2. It is Interchangeable.
3. It is platform independent
4. It is Hardware independent.
5. It is vendor independent.
Why Intranet for an Organization:
• Quick access to voice, video, data and other resources needed by users.
GWEC, Ajmer 43
• Variety of valuable applications of Intranet applications improve communication

and productivity across all areas of an enterprise.
An Intranet can give immediate access to products specifications, pricing charts and new
collateral’s, sales lead, competitive information and list of customer wins including
profit/loss analysis, thus boosting the success of the business.
A Typical Intranet setup
Technical Overview Of The Intranet Technology
Intranet runs on open TCP/IP network, enable companies to employ the same type of
servers and browser used for World Wide Web for internal applications distributed over
the corporate LAN.
A typical Intranet implementation involves a high end machine called a server which can
be accessed by individual PCs commonly referred to as clients, through the network.
The Intranet site setup can be quite inexpensive, especially if your users are already
connected by LAN. Most popular Intranet web servers can run on a platform widely
found in most organizations. Basic requirements for setting up an intranet site are:
Requirements:
GWEC, Ajmer 44
Software:
• Server : OS can be Windows server, Unix, LINUX .Web Server s/w should be
installed
• Client : OS can be Windows workstation, LINUX .Web Browser software
Hardware:
• Server: 4 GB RAM, 360 GB secondary storage, Pentium processor with CD

ROM.
• Client: 1GB RAM, 180 GB Secondary storage, Pentium processor.
8. Wi-MAX
Introduction:
Broadband wireless sits at the confluence of two of the most remarkable growth stories of
the telecommunications industry in recent years. Both wireless and broadband have on
their own enjoyed rapid mass-market adoption. The staggering growth of the Internet is
driving demand for higher-speed Internet-access services, leading to a parallel growth in
broadband adoption.
GWEC, Ajmer 45
So what is broadband wireless? Broadband wireless is about bringing the

broadband experience to a wireless context, which offers users certain unique benefits and
convenience. There are two fundamentally different types of broadband wireless services.
The first type attempts to provide a set of services similar to that of the traditional fixed-
line broadband but using wireless as the medium of transmission. This type, called fixed
wireless broadband, can be thought of as a competitive alternative to DSL or cable
modem. The second type of broadband wireless, called mobile broadband, offers the
additional functionality of portability, nomadicity and mobility. Mobile broadband
attempts to bring broadband applications to new user experience scenarios and hence can
offer the end user a very different value proposition. Wi-MAX is an acronym that stands
for World-wide Interoperability for Microwave Access and this technology is designed
to accommodate both fixed and mobile broadband applications.
EVOLUTION OF BROADBAND WIRELESS
WiMAX technology has evolved through four stages, albeit not fully distinct or
clearly sequential: (1) narrowband wireless local-loop systems, (2) first-generation line-
of-sight (LOS) broadband systems, (3) second-generation non-line-of-sight (NLOS)
broadband systems, and (4) standards-based broadband wireless systems.
Wimax And Other Broadband Wireless Technologies
WiMAX is not the only solution for delivering broadband wireless services. WiMAX
occupies a somewhat middle ground between Wi-Fi and 3G technologies when compared
in the key dimensions of data rate, coverage, QoS, mobility, and price. Table provides a
summary comparison of WiMAX with 3G and Wi-Fi technologies.
Table Comparison of WiMAX with Other Broadband Wireless Technologies
Parameter Fixed WiMAX Mobile WiMAX HSPA 1x EV-DO Wi-Fi

Rev A
Standards IEEE 802.16- IEEE 802.16e-2005 3GPP Release 6 3GPP2 IEEE 802.11a/g/n
GWEC, Ajmer 46
2004
Parameter Fixed WiMAX Mobile WiMAX HSPA 1x EV-DO Wi-Fi

Rev A
9.4Mbps in 46Mbps with 3:1 DL- 14.4Mbps 3.1Mbps; 54 Mbpsshared
3.5MHz with to-UL ratio TDD; Rev.
using all 15 using 802.11a/g;
Peak down 3:1 DL-to-UL 32Mbps with 1:1
codes; B will support
link data ratio TDD;
more than
rate 6.1Mbps with
7.2Mbps with 10 4.9Mbps 100Mbps peak
1:1
codes layer 2 throughput
using 802.11n
Peak uplink 3.3Mbps in 7Mbps in 10MHz 1.4Mbps 1.8Mbps
data rate 3.5MHz using using 3:1 DL-to-UL initially;
3:1 DL-to-UL ratio; 4Mbps using
5.8Mbps later
ratio; 6.5Mbps 1:1
with 1:1
Bandwidth 3.5MHz and 3.5MHz, 7MHz, 5MHz 1.25MHz 20MHz for
7MHz in 5MHz, 10MHz, and 802.11a/g;
3.5GHz band; 8.75MHz initially
20/40MHz for
10MHz in
802.11n
5.8GHz band
Modulation QPSK, 16 QPSK, 16 QAM, 64 QPSK, 16 QAM QPSK, BPSK, QPSK, 16
QAM, 64 QAM QAM QAM, 64 QAM
8 PSK, 16
QAM
Multiplexin TDM TDM/OFDMA TDM/CDMA TDM/CDMA CSMA
g
Duplexing TDD, FDD TDD initially FDD FDD TDD
Frequency 3.5GHz and 2.3GHz, 2.5GHz, and 800 / 900 / 1,800 800/900/1,80 2.4GHz, 5GHz
5.8GHz 3.5GHz initially / 1,900/ 2,100 0/1,900MHz
initially MHz
Coverage 3–5 miles < 2 miles 1–3 miles 1–3 miles < 100 ft indoors; <
GWEC, Ajmer 47
(typical) 1000 ft outdoors

Mobility Not applicable Mid High High Low
A broad industry consortium, the WiMAX Forum has begun certifying broadband
wireless products for interoperability and compliance with a standard. WiMAX is based
on wireless metropolitan area networking (WMAN) standards developed by the IEEE
802.16 group and adopted by both IEEE and the ETSI HIPERMAN group.
WiMAX NETWORK ARCHITECTURE
The WiMAX NWG has developed a network reference model to serve as an architecture
framework for WiMAX deployments and to ensure interoperability among various
WiMAX equipment and operators. The network reference model envisions a unified
network architecture for supporting fixed, nomadic, and mobile deployments and is based
on an IP service model. Below is simplified illustration of an IP-based WiMAX network
architecture. The overall network may be logically divided into three parts:
1. Mobile Stations (MS) used by the end user to access the network.
2. The access service network (ASN), which comprises one or more base stations
and one or more ASN gateways that form the radio access network at the edge.
3. Connectivity service network (CSN), which provides IP connectivity and all the IP
core network functions.
The network reference model developed by the WiMAX Forum NWG defines a number
of functional entities and interfaces between those entities. Fig below shows the logical
representation of the network architecture.
GWEC, Ajmer 48
NSP
R2 NAP
Mobile BS AAA
HA
Subscriber ASN
Station GW
R1 BS (FA) R3
CSN
R6
ASN
R5
R4
Another
Another Operator’s
ASN CSN
Fig. WiMAX Network Reference Model
Base Station (Bs): The BS is responsible for providing the air interface to the MS.
Additional functions that may be part of the BS are micro mobility management
functions, such as handoff triggering and tunnel establishment, radio resource
management, QoS policy enforcement, traffic classification, DHCP (Dynamic Host
Control Protocol) proxy, key management, session management, and multicast group
management.
Access Service Network Gateway (Asn-Gw): The ASN gateway typically acts as a
layer 2 traffic aggregation point within an ASN. Additional functions that may be part
of the ASN gateway include intra-ASN location management and paging, radio
resource management and admission control, caching of subscriber profiles and
GWEC, Ajmer 49
encryption keys, AAA client functionality, establishment and management of mobility

tunnel with base stations, QoS and policy enforcement, foreign agent functionality for
mobile IP, and routing to the selected CSN.
Connectivity Service Network (Csn): The CSN provides connectivity to the

Internet, ASP, other public networks, and corporate networks. The CSN is owned by
the NSP and includes AAA servers that support authentication for the devices, users,
and specific services. The CSN also provides per user policy management of QoS and
security. The CSN is also responsible for IP address management, support for roaming
between different NSPs, location management between ASNs, and mobility and
roaming between ASNs, subscriber billing and inter operator settlement, inter-CSN
tunneling to support roaming between different NSPs.
Reference Points: The WiMAX NWG defines a reference point as a conceptual link
that connects two groups of functions that reside in different functional entities of the
ASN, CSN or MS. Reference points may not be a physical interface except when the
functional entities on either side of it are implemented on different physical devices.
Reference point End points Description

R1 MS and CSN Implements the air interface ( IEEE
802.16e ) specifications.
R2 MS and CSN For authentication, authorization, IP host
configuration management and mobility
management, only a logical interface
between MS and CSN
R3 ASN and CSN Supports AAA, policy enforcement,and
mobility mgmt. capabilities
R4 ASN and ASN A set of protocols originating/terminating
in various entities within the ASN. In
Release I , R4 is the only interoperable
interface between different ASNs or
heterogenous ASNs.
R5 CSN and CSN A set of protocols for interworking
between home and visited network.
GWEC, Ajmer 50
R6 BS and ASN-GW A set of control and bearer plane

protocols for communication between BS
and ASN-GW. It may serve as a conduit
for exchange of different MAC states
information between neighboring BSs.
R7 ASN-GW-DP An optional set of control plane protocols
and ASN-GW- for co-ordination between two group of
EP functions identified in R6.
R8 BS and BS A set of control plane message flows and
bearer plane data flows between BSs to
ensure fast and seamless handover.
9. AN INTRODUCTION TO WIRELESS-FIDELITY (WI-FI)
Scope:
Wi-Fi is a registered trademark by the Wi-Fi Alliance. The products tested and approved
as "Wi-Fi Certified" are interoperable with each other, even if they are from different
manufacturer. It is Short form for “Wireless-Fidelity” and is meant to generically refer to
any type of ‘802.11’ network, whether ‘802.11’b, ‘802.11’a, dual-band, etc.
General description of Wi-Fi Network:

A Wi-Fi network provides the features and benefits of traditional LAN technologies such
as Ethernet and Token Ring without the limitations of wires or cables. It provides the final
few metres of connectivity between a wired network and the mobile user thereby
providing mobility, scalability of networks and the speed of installation.
GWEC, Ajmer 51
WIFI is a wireless LAN Technology to deliver wireless broad band speeds up to 54 Mbps
to Laptops, PCs, PDAs , dual mode wifi enabled phones etc.
In a typical Wi-Fi configuration, a transmitter/receiver (transceiver) device, called the

Access Point (AP), connects to the wired network from a fixed location using standard
cabling. A wireless Access Point combines router and bridging functions, it bridges
network traffic, usually from Ethernet to the airwaves, where it routes to computers with
wireless adapters. The AP can reside at any node of the wired network and acts as a
gateway for wireless data to be routed onto the wired network as shown in Figure-1. It
supports only 10 to 30 mobile devices per Access Point (AP) depending on the network
traffic. Like a cellular system, the Wi-Fi is capable of roaming from the AP and re-
connecting to the network through another AP. The Access Point (or the antenna attached
to the Access Point) is usually mounted high but may be mounted essentially anywhere
that is practical as long as the desired radio coverage is obtained.
Figure -1: A typical Wi-Fi Network.

Like a cellular phone system, the wireless LAN is capable of roaming from the AP and
re-connecting to the network through other APs residing at other points on the wired
network. This can allow the wired LAN to be extended to cover a much larger area than
GWEC, Ajmer 52
the existing coverage by the use of multiple APs such as in a campus environment as
shown in Figure 2.
Figure -2: Extending Wi-Fi coverage with multiple APs.
An important feature of the wireless LAN is that it can be used independent of a wired
network. It may be used as a stand alone network anywhere to link multiple computers
together without having to build or extend a wired network. Then a peer to peer
workgroup can be established for transfer or access of data. A member of the workgroup
may be established as the server or the network can act in a peer to peer mode as Shown
in Figure-3.
GWEC, Ajmer 53
Figure-3: Wireless LAN workgroup.
End users access the Wi-Fi network through Wi-Fi adapters, which are implemented as
cards in desktop computers, or integrated within hand-held computers. Wi-Fi wireless
LAN adapters provide an interface between the client Network Operating System (NOS)
and the airwaves via an antenna. The nature of the wireless connection is transparent to
the NOS. Wi-Fi deals with fixed, portable and mobile stations and of course, the physical
layers used here are fundamentally different from wired media.
Wi-Fi Network Configuration:
A Wireless Peer-To-Peer Network: This mode is also known as ADHOC mode. Wi-Fi
networks can be simple or complex. At its most basic, two PCs equipped with wireless
adapter cards can set up an independent network whenever they are within range of one
another. This is called a peer-to-peer network. It requires no administration or pre-
configuration. In this case, each client would only have access to the resources of the
other client and not to a central server as shown in Figure-4.
Figure-4: A Wi-Fi Peer-To-Peer Network.
Client and Access Point:
This is known as INFRASTUCTURE mode and is normally employed. However,

wireless gateway can be configured to enable peer to peer communication in this mode as
well.
In this mode, one Access Point is connected to the wired network and each client would
have access to server resources as well as to other clients. The specific number client
depends on the number and nature of the transmissions involved. Many real-world
GWEC, Ajmer 54
applications exist where a single Access Point services from 15 to 50 client devices as
shown in Figure-5.
Figure-5: A Server and Clint Wi-Fi Network.
Multiple Access Points and Roaming:
Access points can be connected to each other through UTP cable or they can be connected
to each other over radio through wireless bridging. There is an option to connect access
points in a mesh architecture where in event of a fault in an access point the network heals
itself and connectivity is ensured through other access point. This changeover takes place
dynamically.
Access Points have a finite range, of the order of 500 feet indoor and 1000 feet outdoors.
In a very large facility such as a warehouse, or on a college campus, it will probably be
necessary to install more than one Access Point. Access Point positioning is done by a site
survey. The goal is to blanket the coverage area with overlapping coverage cells so that
clients might range throughout the area without ever losing network contact. The ability
of clients to move seamlessly among a cluster of Access Points is called roaming. Access
Points hand the client off from one to another in a way that is invisible to the client,
ensuring unbroken connectivity as shown in Fig-6.
GWEC, Ajmer 55
Figure-6: Multiple Access Points and Roaming.
Use of an Extension Point: To solve particular problems of topology, the network

designer some times uses Extension Points (EPs) to augment the network of Access
Points (APs). Extension Points look and function like Access Points, but they are not
tethered to the wired network as are APs. EPs function just as their name implies: they
extend the range of the network by relaying signals from a client to an AP or another EP.
EPs may be strung together in order to pass along messaging from an AP to far-flung
clients as shown in Figure-7.
Figure -7: Wi-Fi network with Extension Point (EP).
The Use of Directional Antennae: One last item of wireless LAN equipment to consider
is the directional antenna. Let’s suppose you had a Wi-Fi network in your building-A and
wanted to extend it to a leased building-B, one mile away. One solution might be to install
a directional antenna on each building, each antenna targeting the other.
GWEC, Ajmer 56
The antenna on ‘A’ is connected to your wired network via an Access Point. The antenna
on ‘B’ is similarly connected to an Access Point in that building, which enables Wi-Fi
network connectivity in that facility as shown in Figure-8.
Figure-8: A Wi-Fi network using Directional Antennae.
Abbreviations:
1. LAN: Local Area Network.

2. AP: Access Point.
3. EP: Extension Point.
4. ISM: Industrial scientific & medical
5. MAC: Media Access Control.
6. CSMA/CA: Carrier Sense multiple Access with Collision
Avoidance.
7. CDMA 2000 1x EV-DO: CDMA 2000 1x Evolution Version Data Only.
8. IEEE: Institute of Electrical & Electronics Engineers.
9. OSI: Open systems Interconnect.
10. WEP: Wireless Equivalent Privacy.
GWEC, Ajmer 57
CONCLUSION
I saw various division of C.T.O. Compound Ajmer Exchange and tried to group as much
as I could, which switched my knowledge and logic. As a student of ECE. I learned
Telecom Networks which is mainly concerned with my focus area.
At last, I would like to say thanks again all staff of the unit who helped me
through my training period.
THANKS!
PARUL PAREEK
GWEC, Ajmer 58
Final Year
ECE
GWEC, AJMER
Bibliography
1. Material provided by BSNL training center.

2. www.wikipedia.org
3. www.tec.gov.in
4. www.tcoe.in
5. www.tdsat.nic.in
6. www.itu.int
7. www.aptsec.org
8. www.etsi.org
9. www.mtnl.net.in
10. www.tcil-india.com
GWEC, Ajmer 59
11.www.itiltd-india.com
GWEC, Ajmer 60

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Training Report On Telecom Networks

A Practical Training Report

(Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited,Ajmer)

Submitted to the Rajasthan Technical University, Kota

An Overview Of Telecommunication Networks 6

Advanced Optical Networks: DWDM 23

BSNL has set up a world class multi-gigabit, multi-protocol convergent IP infrastructure

Institutional Mechanism and Role

Main wings within DoT:

Public Sector Units:

Telecom Engineering Center (TEC): It is a technical body representing the interest of

Telecom Centers of Excellence (TCOE): (www.tcoe.in) The growth of Indian

Disaster Management of Info systems & IISc, Bangalore Aircel

Asia Pacific Telecommunity: Headquartered at Bangkok, the APT is a unique

include Information Communication Technologies (ICT), Network and Information

The European Telecommunications Standards Institute: (ETSI) produces globally-

TCIL: TCIL, a prime engineering and consultancy company, is a wholly owned

Prominent Licenses provided by DoT:

commercial basis to the subscribers by setting up a number of Closed User

A long distance or local telephone conversation between two persons could be

It, therefore, became imperative to think of new technical innovations which

i. Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)

ii Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)

• Frequency Division Multiplexing Techniques (FDM)

FDM techniques usually find their application in analogue transmission systems. An

Fig. 1 FDM Principle

• Time Division Multiplexing

Basically, time division multiplexing involves nothing more than sharing

Fig. 2 Time Division Multiplexing

Pulse Code Modulation

Basic Requirements for PCM System

To develop a PCM signal from several analogue signals, the following

4. ADVANCED OPTICAL NETWORKS: DWDM

In traditional optical fiber networks, information is transmitted through optical fiber by a

DWDM technology can be applied to different areas in the telecommunication networks,

Development Of DWDM Technology

Figure 1 Evolution of DWDM

DWDM System Components

1. Transmitter (transmit transponder):

- Changes electrical bits to optical pulses

- Uses a narrowband laser to generate the optical pulse

- Combines/separates discrete wavelengths

- Pre-amplifier boosts signal pulses at the receive side

- EDFA (Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier) is the most popular amplifier.

4. Optical fiber (media):

- Transmission media to carry optical pulses

- Many different kinds of fiber are used

5. Receiver (receive transponder)

- Changes optical pulses back to electrical bits

- Uses wideband laser to provide the optical pulse

Figure 3: DWDM System Components

• Increases bandwidth (speed and distance)

• Does not require replacement or upgrade their existing legacy systems

• Provides "next generation" technologies to meet growing data needs

Wireless in Local Loop (WILL)

Spread Spectrum Principle:

Fig-1 CDMA ACCESS – A CONCEPT

20 Km with fixed units.

Introduction to CDMA 2000-1X

1. Location Registration processing;

Gateway MSC (GMSC)

Visitor location register (VLR)