ASHAR ALI BABAR

Q: Can we construct fabricate devices with

conductors, insulators, semiconductors and p-
type or n-type only???????????

A: Conductor is a device which has free electrons in its outermost shell and conducts
electricity. We can not construct such a device which is purely made of conductor or
insulator, because in conductor the flow of electrons can't be controlled
However an insulator is a device which cannot conduct current or electricity at all, so a
device can't be constructed with an insulator.
But
Semiconductor is a device in which free electrons can be created. There are two types of
semiconductors
1. Intrinsic semiconductor (pure)
2. Extrinsic semiconductor (impure):
Extrinsic semiconductor has two types:
a. p-type semiconductor. b. n-type semiconductor.
We cannot build or fabricate devices from p- type and from p- type only because of
leakage current.

What is leakage current?

LEAKAGE CURRENT:
It’s the loss of all or part of a useful agent, as of the electric current that flows
through an insulator(leakage current) or of the magnetic flux that passes outside useful
flux circuits (leakage flux).
When there is no leakage current no current can pass through the semiconductor. Hence
no construction of any kind of electronic device is possible with only P-type or with only
N-type semiconductors.
In intrinsic semiconductors. The atoms in a crystal are strongly held by covalent bonds in
space at tetrahedral angles. On receiving energy, a covalent bond breaks and an electron
is free to move in crystal lattice. This electron leaves an empty space (shown as an open
circle) called a hole. Since pure or intrinsic semiconductors behave like insulators. At
higher temperatures though or under light, intrinsic semiconductors can become
conductive. So it’s difficult to construct devices from intrinsic semiconductors. Same
goes for the insulators as there are not many free electrons no current can flow so it’s
impossible to fabricate devices.

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