8.3. The Biquad Circuit.

The general form of a filter can be written in equation form as follows:

K(s + z 1 )(s + z 2 )
H(s ) =
(s + p1 )(s + p 2 )
The z n terms in the numerator represent zeros and the p n terms in the denominator
represent poles. Filters that can be written in this form are biquads. These include
Sallen-Key filters, state-variable variable filters; multiple feedback filters and Biquad
filters
The standard form of the Transfer function of the Biquad filters is

Kω o 2 N(s )
T (s ) = =
ω
s 2 + ⎛⎜ Qo ⎞⎟ s + ω o 2 D(s )
⎝ ⎠
The poles of T (s ) are the values for which D(s ) = 0.
Lets the pole locations for T (s ) in the s-plane be − α ± jβ , giving
D(s ) = (s + α + jβ )(s + α − jβ )

(
D ( s ) = s 2 + 2 αs + α 2 + β 2 )
Equating the equation with the equation in T (s ) we have

ωo
= 2α and ω o 2 = α 2 + β 2
Q

ϖo ω 1
Giving Q = , α = o and β = ω o 1−
2α 2Q 4Q 2
This is illustrated in Figure 8.3a
jω
(α, jβ )
X

1
β = ω 0 1−
⎛ 1 ⎞ 4Q 2
ψ = cos − 1 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2Q ⎠
ψ

α
ω
α= o
2Q

Figure 8.3a. pole location of biquad function.