Detailed Analysis and Design of

Diaphragm wall

TABLE OF CONTENTS

SL.NO PAGE
NO

1.0 INTRODUCTION 2
2.0 STRUCTURAL ARRANGEMENT 2
3.0 TIDAL DATA 2
4.0 MATERIALS AND COVER 3
5.0 LOADS 3
6.0 LOAD COMBINATION 5
7.0 ANALYSIS 6
8.0 DESIGN 6
9.0 SUMMARY 6
10.0 ANNEXURE –I
EARTH PRESSURE CALCULATION 8
DIFFERENTIAL WATER PRESSURE 9
SPRING CONSTANT CALCULATION 11
SEISMIC FORCE CALCULATION 12
11.0 ANNEXURE –II
ANALYSIS FOR CALCULATING FREQUENCY 14
MAIN ANALYSIS 17
12.0 ANNEXURE – III
DESIGN OF DIAPHRAGM WALL 22
13.0 ANNEXURE – IV
DRAWINGS 24

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 Detailed Analysis and Design of
Diaphragm wall

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF DIAPHRAGM WALL

FOR THRESPURAM

1.0 Introduction:
The Mahindra Consulting Engineers Ltd, letter dated on 11/12/2008 have placed the
work order with IITM,for carrying out the consultancy services for the Analysis and
Design of one wharf cum Retaining wall . In place of Retaining wall, this office is
proposing Diaphragm Wall and its Analysis and Design is summarized below.
2.0 Structural arrangement:

The proposed diaphragm wall will have thickness of 600mm and Length of
319.23 m and divided in to panels. Each panel is having 4.0m length. The Layout of
the diaphragm wall is given in figure 1.
Dimensions
Thickness of Diaphragm wall - 600 mm thick
The top level of Diaphragm wall is +2.2 m.
The Dredge level of Diaphragm wall is -2.11 m

Founding Level of Diaphragm Wall

The founding level is kept as -7.0 m (Tentative) based on soil profile from bore
holes done near the proposed diaphragm wall.
3.0 Tidal Data
The tidal levels at Tuticorin
Highest High Water - +1.07m
Mean High Water Spring (MHWS) - +0.99m
Mean High Water Neap (MHWN) - +0.m
Mean Low Water Neap (MLWN) - +0.5m
Mean Low Water Spring (MLWS) - +0.29m
Lowest Low Water - -0.00m
Mean Sea Level - +0.64

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4.0 Materials And Cover

Concrete
M-30 grade concrete is proposed for diaphragm wall
Reinforcement
High yield strength deformed bars of grade Fe 415 conforming to
IS 1789-1979, are considered.
Clear cover to be provided
Diaphragm wall : 75 mm

5.0 Loads
The following loads are considered to be acting on the structure. Load
calculations are given in Annexure II.
(i) Dead Load
Self Weight of all structural members is considered as dead load on the
structure. Density of reinforced cement concrete is taken as 25 kN/m3.
(ii) Earth Pressure
Earth pressure is calculated based on the code IS 2911 – 1979.
The following formula is used to calculate.
a)Active earth pressure
Pa = K a γ h −2 C K a +K a q

1 −sin φ
Ka = 1 + sin φ

Where
r = Unit weight of the soil in kN/m3
h = Depth of the soil above the section
q = Surcharge in k N /m2
φ = Angle of internal factor of the soil.
Ka = Coefficient of active earth pressure
C = Cohesion in k N/ m2

b) Calculation of Sub grade Modulus

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 Detailed Analysis and Design of
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The sub grade modulus is calculated as per the following equations.

0.65 E s B 4  Es 
ks
'
= 12  
1 − µ
2
D EpI p 
Where,
Es = Elastic modulus of soil
Ep = Elastic modulus of pile / wall materials
Ip = Moment of inertia
D = Diameter of the pile
µ = Poisson ratio
Calculation of Soil Spring Values
The soil springs are used to idealize the soil support for pile. The following
formula is used to calculate the individual spring constants.
Top Spring Value

K1 =
BL
((7 Ks (1) + 6 Ks ( 2) − Ks (3) )
24

Intermediate Spring Value

K(i) =
BL
(( Ks (i −1) +10 Ks (i ) + Ks (i +1) )
12
Bottom Spring Value

Kn =
BL
((7 Ks ( n ) + 6 Ks ( n−1) − Ks ( n−2) )
24
Where,
B = Lateral dimension of pile / Diaphragm wall
L = Segment length of pile (Spacing between springs)
Ks = Modulus of sub grade
(iii)Differential water pressure
Differential water pressure has been considered.

(iv)Seismic Force
Seismic force is calculated according to IS 1893, considering 100% dead load
+50% live load as acting on the structure. As per IS code, Threspuram is under
Zone II and the basic horizontal seismic coefficient is calculated accordingly.
6.0 Load Combination

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 Detailed Analysis and Design of
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Load Combination factors for the analysis is in accordance with IS

4651. The following load combination has been considered in the analysis.

Limit state of serviceability

1.0DL+1.0AEP+1.0PEP+1.0DWF+1.0 MF

1.0DL+1.0AEP+1.0PEP+1.0DWF+1BF

Limit state of collapsibility

1.5DL+1.0AEP+1.0PEP+1.0DWP+1.5MF

1.5DL+1.0AEP+1.0PEP+1.0DWP+1.5BF

0.9DL+1.0AEP+1.0PEP+1.2DWP

1.2DL+1AEP+1PEP+1.2DWP

0.9DL+1AEP+1.0PEP+1.0DWP+1.5SF

1.2DL+1.0AEP+1.0PEP+1.0DWP+1.5SF

Where
DL - Dead Load
AEP - Effective Active Earth Pressure
DWP - Differential Water Pressure
PEP - Passive Earth Pressure
SF - Seismic Force
BF - Berthing force
MF - Mooring Force

Reference Codes:

IS 4651 (Part-4) : Planning and Design of Ports & Harbours.

IS 1893 – 2002 : Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures

SP – 16 : Design Aids for Reinforced Concrete to IS 456-1978.

7.0 Analysis

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 Detailed Analysis and Design of
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A two dimensional analysis has been carried out using STAAD Pro package.
The Discretisation diagrams and input data are given in Annexure. The Load
Combination is considered in the analysis as per IS 4651 for limit state of
serviceability and limit state of collapsibility.

8.0 Design
The design of diaphragm wall is done for maximum moments from

Staad Pro 2005.

9.0 Summary

This report gives the analysis and design details for Construction of Diaphragm Wall
for the development of Fishing Harbour at Threspuram in Tamil Nadu.The design is
prepared to satisfy all relevant codal requirements.

(Mr.S.Sakthivel) (Prof. R. SUNDRAVADIVELU )

Manager –Operations Department of Ocean Engineering

OEC Private Limited IIT, Madras

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 Detailed Analysis and Design of
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ANNEXURE -1

Load Calculation

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 Detailed Analysis and Design of
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LOAD CALCULATION

1.0 EARTH PRESSURE CALCULATION

Borehole No 03 has been used for earth pressures calculation for the design of Diaphragm wall.
Active Earth Pressure
Bottom Angle of Height Water Effective Centroidal
Top layer layer Soil type friction Dry/Submerged Cohesion of layer Ka γd/sub h Pressure Pa @ Pa @ force distance
Top of Bottom of (from bottom
level level Ø density of soil C h layer layer of layer)
3 2
m m Degrees kN/m kN/m m kN/m2 kN/m2 kN/m2
2.2 0 Sand 30 18 0 2.2 0.33 39.6 13.2 14.52 0.73
0 -2 Sand 37.4 9.2 0 2 0.24 18.4 20 9.67 34.17 43.84 0.81
-2 -2.4 Sandy Gravel 35.9 8.9 0 0.4 0.26 3.56 24 35.12 40.05 15.03 0.20

-2.4 -3.5 Sandy Clay 26 9.375 112.5 1.1 0.39 10.31 35 -92.56 -77.53 -93.55 0.57

-3.5 -4.5 Sandy Gravel 38 10 0 1 0.24 10 45 52.10 64.48 58.29 0.48

-4.5 -7 Boulders/Rocks 40 16 0 2.5 0.22 40 70 62.80 96.50 199.13 1.16
Passive Earth Pressure

Top Bottom Angle of Height of Water Effective Centroidal

layer layer Soil type friction Dry/Submerged Cohesion layer Kp γd/sub h Pressure Pp @ Pp @ force distance
Top of Bottom of (from bottom
level level Ø density of soil C h layer layer of layer)
3 2
m m Degrees kN/m kN/m m kN/m2 kN/m2 kN/m2
0
-2.11 -2.4 Sandy Gravel 35.9 8.9 0 0.29 3.84 2.581 24 21.10 33.90 7.97 0.13
-2.4 -3.5 Sandy Clay 26 9.375 112.5 1.1 2.56 10.31 35 390.69 428.10 450.33 0.54
-3.5 -4.5 Sandy Gravel 38 10 0 1 4.20 10 45 89.20 141.24 115.22 0.46
-4.5 -7 Boulders/Rocks 40 16 0 2.5 4.60 40 70 150.29 359.24 636.91 1.08

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2.0 DIFFERENTIAL WATER PRESSURE

The tidal levels at Tuticorin
Highest High Water - +1.07m
Mean High Water Spring (MHWS) - +0.99m
Mean High Water Neap (MHWN) - +0.m
Mean Low Water Neap (MLWN) - +0.5m
Mean Low Water Spring (MLWS) - +0.29m
Lowest Low Water - -0.00m
Mean Sea Level - +0.64

As per IS4651 – 1989 (Part – III)

Assumed LLW = Level between MLWS and LLW

0.29 −
( 0.29 + 0.00 )
=
2
= -0.145

Water Level on sea side (assumed LLW) is -0.145

Assumed Ground Water Level (GW): (for Good Drainage Condition)
MLW = Average of MLWN and MLWS
( 0.5 + 0.29 )
=
2
= +0.395
GW is 0.3m above MLW
GWL = 0.3 + 0.395
= 0.695
γw = 10kN/m3
γH = 10 × (0.695 + 0.145)
= 8.4 kN/m2

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 Detailed Analysis and Design of
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IDEALISED DIAPHRAGM WALL

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SPRING CONSTANTS CALCULATION

Spring
Level D l μs Ep Ip N Es ks
Es Es D4 Constants
2 12
kN/m 2
m 4
Kpa 1 − µs EpI p
-1.51 0.6
-2.11 0.6 0.6 0.3 27386128 0.02 39 74000 81319 0.720 63441 9706
-2.71 0.6 0.6 0.3 27386128 0.02 18 49000 53846 0.696 40590 15298
-3.31 0.6 0.6 0.3 27386128 0.02 18 49000 53846 0.696 40590 15466
-3.91 0.6 0.6 0.3 27386128 0.02 55 80000 87912 0.725 69032 23998
-4.51 0.6 0.6 0.3 27386128 0.02 55 80000 87912 0.725 69032 24852
-5.11 0.6 0.6 0.3 27386128 0.02 100 80000 87912 0.725 69032 24852
-5.71 0.6 0.6 0.3 27386128 0.02 100 80000 87912 0.725 69032 24852
-6.31 0.6 0.6 0.3 27386128 0.02 100 80000 87912 0.725 69032 24852
-7 0.6 0.69 0.3 27386128 0.02 100 80000 87912 0.725 69032 14290

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3.0 SEISMIC FORCE CALCULATION

Dead Load

For 1m length

Diaphragm wall = 0.6 ×9.2 ×1 × 25

= 138 kN

Total Dead Load = 138 kN

As per IS 1893-2002,
ZI S a
Horizontal Seismic coefficient, Ah -
2R g

Z - Zone factor
0.10 (Zone II)
I - Importance factor (1.5)
R - Response reduction factor (3)
Sa
- Average response acceleration coefficient
g

From Staad output

Time Period T = 0.228 sec
Frequency = 4.371 Hz
Sa
= 2.5
g

0.1 ×1.5
Ah = ×2.5
2 ×3
= 0.0.0625

Seismic force = Ah × DL

= 0.0625 ×138
= 8.625 k N

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ANNEXURE - 2

Analysis Using STAADPRO

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 Detailed Analysis and Design of
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ANALYSIS FOR CALCULATING FREQUENCY

INPUT
STAAD SPACE
START JOB INFORMATION
ENGINEER DATE 28-Jan-09
END JOB INFORMATION
INPUT WIDTH 79
UNIT METER KN
JOINT COORDINATES
1 0 2.2 0; 2 0 0 0; 3 0 -2.11 0; 4 0 -7 0; 5 0 -2.71 0; 6 0 -3.31 0;
7 0 -3.91 0; 8 0 -4.51 0; 9 0 -5.11 0; 10 0 -5.71 0; 11 0 -6.31 0;
12 0 -0.422 0; 13 0 -0.844 0; 14 0 -1.266 0; 15 0 -1.688 0; 16 0 1.76 0;
17 0 1.32 0; 18 0 0.88 0; 19 0 0.44 0;
MEMBER INCIDENCES
1 1 16; 2 2 12; 3 3 5; 4 5 6; 5 6 7; 6 7 8; 7 8 9; 8 9 10; 9 10 11; 10 11 4;
11 12 13; 12 13 14; 13 14 15; 14 15 3; 15 16 17; 16 17 18; 17 18 19; 18 19 2;
DEFINE MATERIAL START
ISOTROPIC CONCRETE
E 2.17185e+007
POISSON 0.17
DENSITY 25
ALPHA 1e-005
DAMP 0.05
END DEFINE MATERIAL
MEMBER PROPERTY AMERICAN
1 TO 18 PRIS YD 0.6 ZD 1
CONSTANTS
MATERIAL CONCRETE MEMB 1 TO 18
SUPPORTS
3 FIXED BUT FY MX MY MZ KFX 9706 KFZ 9706
5 FIXED BUT FY MX MY MZ KFX 15298 KFZ 15298
6 FIXED BUT FY MX MY MZ KFX 15466 KFZ 15466
7 FIXED BUT FY MX MY MZ KFX 23998 KFZ 23998
8 FIXED BUT FY MX MY MZ KFX 24852 KFZ 24852
9 FIXED BUT FY MX MY MZ KFX 24852 KFZ 24852
10 FIXED BUT FY MX MY MZ KFX 24852 KFZ 24852
11 FIXED BUT FY MX MY MZ KFX 24852 KFZ 24852
4 FIXED BUT MX MZ KFX 14290 KFY 14920 KFZ 14920
LOAD 1 LOADTYPE Dead TITLE SELF WEIGHT
SELFWEIGHT Y -1
MEMBER LOAD
17 CON GX -14.52 0.15
12 CON GX -43.84 0.35

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3 CON GX -15.03 0.09

4 CON GX 93.55 0.22
6 CON GX -58.29 0.11
9 CON GX -199.13 0.13
MEMBER LOAD
3 CON GX 7.97 0.16
4 CON GX 450.33 0.25
6 CON GX 115.22 0.13
9 CON GX 636.91 0.21
MEMBER LOAD
17 TRAP GX 0 -2.55 0.185 0.44
18 LIN Y -2.55 -6.95
2 TRAP GX -6.95 -8.4 0 0.145
2 TRAP GX -8.4 -8.4 0.145 0.42
3 TO 14 LIN Y -8.4 -8.4
MODAL CALCULATION REQUESTED
PERFORM ANALYSIS PRINT ALL
FINISH

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OUT PUT

CALCULATED FREQUENCIES FOR LOAD CASE 1

MODE FREQUENCY(CYCLES/SEC) PERIOD(SEC) ACCURACY

1 4.371 0.22877 6.028E-16
2 5.329 0.18766 8.316E-15
3 7.365 0.13578 2.867E-14
4 14.015 0.07135 7.342E-13
5 43.247 0.02312 8.296E-09
6 65.775 0.01520 6.510E-08

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MAIN ANALYSIS

INPUTS:
STAAD SPACE
START JOB INFORMATION
ENGINEER DATE 28-Jan-09
END JOB INFORMATION
INPUT WIDTH 79
UNIT METER KN
JOINT COORDINATES
1 0 2.2 0; 2 0 0 0; 3 0 -2.11 0; 4 0 -7 0; 5 0 -2.71 0; 6 0 -3.31 0;
7 0 -3.91 0; 8 0 -4.51 0; 9 0 -5.11 0; 10 0 -5.71 0; 11 0 -6.31 0;
12 0 -0.422 0; 13 0 -0.844 0; 14 0 -1.266 0; 15 0 -1.688 0; 16 0 1.76 0;
17 0 1.32 0; 18 0 0.88 0; 19 0 0.44 0;
MEMBER INCIDENCES
1 1 16; 2 2 12; 3 3 5; 4 5 6; 5 6 7; 6 7 8; 7 8 9; 8 9 10; 9 10 11; 10 11 4;
11 12 13; 12 13 14; 13 14 15; 14 15 3; 15 16 17; 16 17 18; 17 18 19; 18 19 2;
DEFINE MATERIAL START
ISOTROPIC CONCRETE
E 2.17185e+007
POISSON 0.17
DENSITY 25
ALPHA 1e-005
DAMP 0.05
END DEFINE MATERIAL
MEMBER PROPERTY AMERICAN
1 TO 18 PRIS YD 0.6 ZD 1
CONSTANTS
MATERIAL CONCRETE MEMB 1 TO 18
SUPPORTS
3 FIXED BUT FY MX MY MZ KFX 9706 KFZ 9706
5 FIXED BUT FY MX MY MZ KFX 15298 KFZ 15298
6 FIXED BUT FY MX MY MZ KFX 15466 KFZ 15466
7 FIXED BUT FY MX MY MZ KFX 23998 KFZ 23998
8 FIXED BUT FY MX MY MZ KFX 24852 KFZ 24852
9 FIXED BUT FY MX MY MZ KFX 24852 KFZ 24852
10 FIXED BUT FY MX MY MZ KFX 24852 KFZ 24852
11 FIXED BUT FY MX MY MZ KFX 24852 KFZ 24852
4 FIXED BUT MX MZ KFX 14290 KFY 14920 KFZ 147920
LOAD 1 LOADTYPE Dead TITLE SELF WEIGHT
SELFWEIGHT Y -1
LOAD 2 LOADTYPE Soil TITLE ACTIVE EARTH PRESSURE
MEMBER LOAD
17 CON GX -14.52 0.15

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12 CON GX -43.84 0.35

3 CON GX -15.03 0.09
4 CON GX 93.55 0.22
6 CON GX -58.29 0.11
9 CON GX -199.13 0.13
LOAD 3 LOADTYPE Soil TITLE PASSIVE EARTH PRESSURE
MEMBER LOAD
3 CON GX 7.97 0.16
4 CON GX 450.33 0.25
6 CON GX 115.22 0.13
9 CON GX 636.91 0.21
LOAD 4 LOADTYPE Soil TITLE DIFFERENTIAL WATER PRESSURE
MEMBER LOAD
17 TRAP GX 0 -2.55 0.185 0.44
18 LIN Y -2.55 -6.95
2 TRAP GX -6.95 -8.4 0 0.145
2 TRAP GX -8.4 -8.4 0.145 0.42
3 TO 14 LIN Y -8.4 -8.4
LOAD 5 LOADTYPE Seismic TITLE SEISMIC FORCE
JOINT LOAD
1 FX -8.625
LOAD 6 LOADTYPE None TITLE BERTHING FORCE
JOINT LOAD
1 FX 10 FZ 10
LOAD 7 LOADTYPE None TITLE MOORING FORCE
JOINT LOAD
1 FX -10 FZ -10
LOAD COMB 8 1.0DL+1.0AEP+1.0PEP+1.0DWF+1BF
1 1.0 2 1.0 3 1.0 4 1.0 6 1.0
LOAD COMB 9 1.0DL+1.0AEP+1.0PEP+1.0DWF+1MF
1 1.0 2 1.0 3 1.0 4 1.0 7 1.0
LOAD COMB 10 1.5DL+1.0AEP+1.0PEP+1.0DWP+1.5BF
1 1.5 2 1.0 3 1.0 4 1.0 6 1.5
LOAD COMB 11 1.5DL+1.0AEP+1.0PEP+1.0DWP+1.5MF
1 1.5 2 1.0 3 1.0 4 1.0 7 1.5
LOAD COMB 12 0.9DL+1.0AEP+1.0PEP+1.2DWP
1 0.9 2 1.0 3 1.0 4 1.2
LOAD COMB 13 1.2DL+1AEP+1PEP+1.2DWP
1 1.2 4 1.2 2 1.0 3 1.0
LOAD COMB 14 0.9DL+1AEP+1.0PEP+1.0DWP+1.5SF
1 0.9 2 1.0 3 1.0 4 1.0 5 1.5
LOAD COMB 15 1.2DL+1.0AEP+1.0PEP+1.0DWP+1.5SF
1 1.2 2 1.0 3 1.0 4 1.0 5 1.5
PERFORM ANALYSIS PRINT ALL
FINISH

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STAAD OUTPUT

Mx My Mz
Beam L/C Node Fx kN Fy kN Fz kN kNm kNm kNm
10
Max Fx 10 1.5DL+1.0AEP+1.0PEP+1.0DWP+1.5BF 4 195.1 51.584 -8.133 0 0 0
Min Fx 1 12 0.9DL+1.0AEP+1.0PEP+1.2DWP 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
11 -
Max Fy 4 1.5DL+1.0AEP+1.0PEP+1.0DWP+1.5MF 6 116.8 310.285 5.761 0 66.197 299.292
10
Min Fy 9 1.5DL+1.0AEP+1.0PEP+1.0DWP+1.5BF 10 167.7 -473.519 -17.265 0 28.129 86.372
11
Max Fz 7 1.5DL+1.0AEP+1.0PEP+1.0DWP+1.5MF 10 167.7 16.624 23.662 0 -43.78 -6.973
10
Min Fz 7 1.5DL+1.0AEP+1.0PEP+1.0DWP+1.5BF 10 167.7 -29.384 -23.662 0 43.78 -86.774
10
Max Mx 1 1.5DL+1.0AEP+1.0PEP+1.0DWP+1.5BF 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
10
Min Mx 1 1.5DL+1.0AEP+1.0PEP+1.0DWP+1.5BF 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
10
Max My 3 1.5DL+1.0AEP+1.0PEP+1.0DWP+1.5BF 5 104.119 -143.9 5.459 0 69.121 125.58
11 -
Min My 3 1.5DL+1.0AEP+1.0PEP+1.0DWP+1.5MF 5 104.119 -151.7 -5.458 0 69.121 259.59
11 -
Max Mz 4 1.5DL+1.0AEP+1.0PEP+1.0DWP+1.5MF 5 109.208 -158.3 5.761 0 66.542 314.816
10
Min Mz 6 1.5DL+1.0AEP+1.0PEP+1.0DWP+1.5BF 8 0 89.775 0 0 0 -86.774

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Bending Moment Diagram

Max: 6.600 k

Max: 13.200

Max: 19.800

Max: 30.63

Max: 44.15

Max: 58.3

Max: 74.

Max: 94
Max:
Ma

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 Detailed Analysis and Design of
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ANNEXURE - 3

Design of Diaphragm Wall

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 Detailed Analysis and Design of
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2.0 DESIGN OF DIAPHRAGM WALL

Grade of Concrete = M30

Grade of Steel = Fe 415

Moment = 314.816 kNm

Shear force = 474 kN

Clear cover = 75 mm

Effective Depth = 600 – 75 – 25/2

= 512.5 mm

Mu =

 415 × Ast 
0.87 × 415 × 512 .5 × Ast 1 − 
 30 ×1000 × 512 .5 

314.816 x 106 =

 415 × Ast 
0.87 × 415 × 512 .5 × Ast 1 − 
 30 ×1000 × 512 .5 

Ast = 1787.525mm2 (for 1 m width)

Ast = 7150.10 mm2 (for 4 m width)

Minimum. Percentage of steel as 0.2 %

0.2 × 4000 × 600

Ast =
100

= 4800 mm2

Provide 16Nos Y-25 bars on both faces

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Check for Shear

Vu = 474 kN
Vu
τv =
bd
474 ×10 3
=
1000 ×512 .5
= 0.92
 Ast 
Pt = 100 × 
 bd 

 7854 
= 100 × 
 4000 × 512 . 5 
= 0.38
τc = 0.4375 N/mm2
Max Permissible Shear Stress (Table - 20)
τc max = 3.5 N/ mm2
τv > τc < τc max
Minimum Shear reinforcement is to be Provided.
Provide 2 legged Y – 12 bars
Vus = τc bd

= 0.4375X 1000 X512.5

= 224.218 kN

0.87 × fy × Asv × d
Vus = sv

π
0.87 × 415 × 2 ×12 2 × 512 .5
SV = 4
224 .218 ×10 3

= 186.67mm c/c

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Provide shear reinforcement of 8L stirrups Y12 @150 C/ C ( in 4 m panel)

ANNEXURE - IV

DRAWINGS

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