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Diaphragm wall
TABLE OF CONTENTS
SL.NO PAGE
NO
1.0 INTRODUCTION 2
2.0 STRUCTURAL ARRANGEMENT 2
3.0 TIDAL DATA 2
4.0 MATERIALS AND COVER 3
5.0 LOADS 3
6.0 LOAD COMBINATION 5
7.0 ANALYSIS 6
8.0 DESIGN 6
9.0 SUMMARY 6
10.0 ANNEXURE –I
EARTH PRESSURE CALCULATION 8
DIFFERENTIAL WATER PRESSURE 9
SPRING CONSTANT CALCULATION 11
SEISMIC FORCE CALCULATION 12
11.0 ANNEXURE –II
ANALYSIS FOR CALCULATING FREQUENCY 14
MAIN ANALYSIS 17
12.0 ANNEXURE – III
DESIGN OF DIAPHRAGM WALL 22
13.0 ANNEXURE – IV
DRAWINGS 24
1.0 Introduction:
The Mahindra Consulting Engineers Ltd, letter dated on 11/12/2008 have placed the
work order with IITM,for carrying out the consultancy services for the Analysis and
Design of one wharf cum Retaining wall . In place of Retaining wall, this office is
proposing Diaphragm Wall and its Analysis and Design is summarized below.
2.0 Structural arrangement:
The proposed diaphragm wall will have thickness of 600mm and Length of
319.23 m and divided in to panels. Each panel is having 4.0m length. The Layout of
the diaphragm wall is given in figure 1.
Dimensions
Thickness of Diaphragm wall - 600 mm thick
The top level of Diaphragm wall is +2.2 m.
The Dredge level of Diaphragm wall is -2.11 m
Concrete
M-30 grade concrete is proposed for diaphragm wall
Reinforcement
High yield strength deformed bars of grade Fe 415 conforming to
IS 1789-1979, are considered.
Clear cover to be provided
Diaphragm wall : 75 mm
5.0 Loads
The following loads are considered to be acting on the structure. Load
calculations are given in Annexure II.
(i) Dead Load
Self Weight of all structural members is considered as dead load on the
structure. Density of reinforced cement concrete is taken as 25 kN/m3.
(ii) Earth Pressure
Earth pressure is calculated based on the code IS 2911 – 1979.
The following formula is used to calculate.
a)Active earth pressure
Pa = K a γ h −2 C K a +K a q
1 −sin φ
Ka = 1 + sin φ
Where
r = Unit weight of the soil in kN/m3
h = Depth of the soil above the section
q = Surcharge in k N /m2
φ = Angle of internal factor of the soil.
Ka = Coefficient of active earth pressure
C = Cohesion in k N/ m2
0.65 E s B 4 Es
ks
'
= 12
1 − µ
2
D EpI p
Where,
Es = Elastic modulus of soil
Ep = Elastic modulus of pile / wall materials
Ip = Moment of inertia
D = Diameter of the pile
µ = Poisson ratio
Calculation of Soil Spring Values
The soil springs are used to idealize the soil support for pile. The following
formula is used to calculate the individual spring constants.
Top Spring Value
K1 =
BL
((7 Ks (1) + 6 Ks ( 2) − Ks (3) )
24
K(i) =
BL
(( Ks (i −1) +10 Ks (i ) + Ks (i +1) )
12
Bottom Spring Value
Kn =
BL
((7 Ks ( n ) + 6 Ks ( n−1) − Ks ( n−2) )
24
Where,
B = Lateral dimension of pile / Diaphragm wall
L = Segment length of pile (Spacing between springs)
Ks = Modulus of sub grade
(iii)Differential water pressure
Differential water pressure has been considered.
(iv)Seismic Force
Seismic force is calculated according to IS 1893, considering 100% dead load
+50% live load as acting on the structure. As per IS code, Threspuram is under
Zone II and the basic horizontal seismic coefficient is calculated accordingly.
6.0 Load Combination
1.0DL+1.0AEP+1.0PEP+1.0DWF+1.0 MF
1.0DL+1.0AEP+1.0PEP+1.0DWF+1BF
1.5DL+1.0AEP+1.0PEP+1.0DWP+1.5MF
1.5DL+1.0AEP+1.0PEP+1.0DWP+1.5BF
0.9DL+1.0AEP+1.0PEP+1.2DWP
1.2DL+1AEP+1PEP+1.2DWP
0.9DL+1AEP+1.0PEP+1.0DWP+1.5SF
1.2DL+1.0AEP+1.0PEP+1.0DWP+1.5SF
Where
DL - Dead Load
AEP - Effective Active Earth Pressure
DWP - Differential Water Pressure
PEP - Passive Earth Pressure
SF - Seismic Force
BF - Berthing force
MF - Mooring Force
Reference Codes:
7.0 Analysis
A two dimensional analysis has been carried out using STAAD Pro package.
The Discretisation diagrams and input data are given in Annexure. The Load
Combination is considered in the analysis as per IS 4651 for limit state of
serviceability and limit state of collapsibility.
8.0 Design
The design of diaphragm wall is done for maximum moments from
9.0 Summary
This report gives the analysis and design details for Construction of Diaphragm Wall
for the development of Fishing Harbour at Threspuram in Tamil Nadu.The design is
prepared to satisfy all relevant codal requirements.
ANNEXURE -1
Load Calculation
LOAD CALCULATION
-2.4 -3.5 Sandy Clay 26 9.375 112.5 1.1 0.39 10.31 35 -92.56 -77.53 -93.55 0.57
0.29 −
( 0.29 + 0.00 )
=
2
= -0.145
Spring
Level D l μs Ep Ip N Es ks
Es Es D4 Constants
2 12
kN/m 2
m 4
Kpa 1 − µs EpI p
-1.51 0.6
-2.11 0.6 0.6 0.3 27386128 0.02 39 74000 81319 0.720 63441 9706
-2.71 0.6 0.6 0.3 27386128 0.02 18 49000 53846 0.696 40590 15298
-3.31 0.6 0.6 0.3 27386128 0.02 18 49000 53846 0.696 40590 15466
-3.91 0.6 0.6 0.3 27386128 0.02 55 80000 87912 0.725 69032 23998
-4.51 0.6 0.6 0.3 27386128 0.02 55 80000 87912 0.725 69032 24852
-5.11 0.6 0.6 0.3 27386128 0.02 100 80000 87912 0.725 69032 24852
-5.71 0.6 0.6 0.3 27386128 0.02 100 80000 87912 0.725 69032 24852
-6.31 0.6 0.6 0.3 27386128 0.02 100 80000 87912 0.725 69032 24852
-7 0.6 0.69 0.3 27386128 0.02 100 80000 87912 0.725 69032 14290
Dead Load
For 1m length
= 138 kN
Z - Zone factor
0.10 (Zone II)
I - Importance factor (1.5)
R - Response reduction factor (3)
Sa
- Average response acceleration coefficient
g
0.1 ×1.5
Ah = ×2.5
2 ×3
= 0.0.0625
Seismic force = Ah × DL
= 0.0625 ×138
= 8.625 k N
ANNEXURE - 2
INPUT
STAAD SPACE
START JOB INFORMATION
ENGINEER DATE 28-Jan-09
END JOB INFORMATION
INPUT WIDTH 79
UNIT METER KN
JOINT COORDINATES
1 0 2.2 0; 2 0 0 0; 3 0 -2.11 0; 4 0 -7 0; 5 0 -2.71 0; 6 0 -3.31 0;
7 0 -3.91 0; 8 0 -4.51 0; 9 0 -5.11 0; 10 0 -5.71 0; 11 0 -6.31 0;
12 0 -0.422 0; 13 0 -0.844 0; 14 0 -1.266 0; 15 0 -1.688 0; 16 0 1.76 0;
17 0 1.32 0; 18 0 0.88 0; 19 0 0.44 0;
MEMBER INCIDENCES
1 1 16; 2 2 12; 3 3 5; 4 5 6; 5 6 7; 6 7 8; 7 8 9; 8 9 10; 9 10 11; 10 11 4;
11 12 13; 12 13 14; 13 14 15; 14 15 3; 15 16 17; 16 17 18; 17 18 19; 18 19 2;
DEFINE MATERIAL START
ISOTROPIC CONCRETE
E 2.17185e+007
POISSON 0.17
DENSITY 25
ALPHA 1e-005
DAMP 0.05
END DEFINE MATERIAL
MEMBER PROPERTY AMERICAN
1 TO 18 PRIS YD 0.6 ZD 1
CONSTANTS
MATERIAL CONCRETE MEMB 1 TO 18
SUPPORTS
3 FIXED BUT FY MX MY MZ KFX 9706 KFZ 9706
5 FIXED BUT FY MX MY MZ KFX 15298 KFZ 15298
6 FIXED BUT FY MX MY MZ KFX 15466 KFZ 15466
7 FIXED BUT FY MX MY MZ KFX 23998 KFZ 23998
8 FIXED BUT FY MX MY MZ KFX 24852 KFZ 24852
9 FIXED BUT FY MX MY MZ KFX 24852 KFZ 24852
10 FIXED BUT FY MX MY MZ KFX 24852 KFZ 24852
11 FIXED BUT FY MX MY MZ KFX 24852 KFZ 24852
4 FIXED BUT MX MZ KFX 14290 KFY 14920 KFZ 14920
LOAD 1 LOADTYPE Dead TITLE SELF WEIGHT
SELFWEIGHT Y -1
MEMBER LOAD
17 CON GX -14.52 0.15
12 CON GX -43.84 0.35
OUT PUT
MAIN ANALYSIS
INPUTS:
STAAD SPACE
START JOB INFORMATION
ENGINEER DATE 28-Jan-09
END JOB INFORMATION
INPUT WIDTH 79
UNIT METER KN
JOINT COORDINATES
1 0 2.2 0; 2 0 0 0; 3 0 -2.11 0; 4 0 -7 0; 5 0 -2.71 0; 6 0 -3.31 0;
7 0 -3.91 0; 8 0 -4.51 0; 9 0 -5.11 0; 10 0 -5.71 0; 11 0 -6.31 0;
12 0 -0.422 0; 13 0 -0.844 0; 14 0 -1.266 0; 15 0 -1.688 0; 16 0 1.76 0;
17 0 1.32 0; 18 0 0.88 0; 19 0 0.44 0;
MEMBER INCIDENCES
1 1 16; 2 2 12; 3 3 5; 4 5 6; 5 6 7; 6 7 8; 7 8 9; 8 9 10; 9 10 11; 10 11 4;
11 12 13; 12 13 14; 13 14 15; 14 15 3; 15 16 17; 16 17 18; 17 18 19; 18 19 2;
DEFINE MATERIAL START
ISOTROPIC CONCRETE
E 2.17185e+007
POISSON 0.17
DENSITY 25
ALPHA 1e-005
DAMP 0.05
END DEFINE MATERIAL
MEMBER PROPERTY AMERICAN
1 TO 18 PRIS YD 0.6 ZD 1
CONSTANTS
MATERIAL CONCRETE MEMB 1 TO 18
SUPPORTS
3 FIXED BUT FY MX MY MZ KFX 9706 KFZ 9706
5 FIXED BUT FY MX MY MZ KFX 15298 KFZ 15298
6 FIXED BUT FY MX MY MZ KFX 15466 KFZ 15466
7 FIXED BUT FY MX MY MZ KFX 23998 KFZ 23998
8 FIXED BUT FY MX MY MZ KFX 24852 KFZ 24852
9 FIXED BUT FY MX MY MZ KFX 24852 KFZ 24852
10 FIXED BUT FY MX MY MZ KFX 24852 KFZ 24852
11 FIXED BUT FY MX MY MZ KFX 24852 KFZ 24852
4 FIXED BUT MX MZ KFX 14290 KFY 14920 KFZ 147920
LOAD 1 LOADTYPE Dead TITLE SELF WEIGHT
SELFWEIGHT Y -1
LOAD 2 LOADTYPE Soil TITLE ACTIVE EARTH PRESSURE
MEMBER LOAD
17 CON GX -14.52 0.15
STAAD OUTPUT
Mx My Mz
Beam L/C Node Fx kN Fy kN Fz kN kNm kNm kNm
10
Max Fx 10 1.5DL+1.0AEP+1.0PEP+1.0DWP+1.5BF 4 195.1 51.584 -8.133 0 0 0
Min Fx 1 12 0.9DL+1.0AEP+1.0PEP+1.2DWP 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
11 -
Max Fy 4 1.5DL+1.0AEP+1.0PEP+1.0DWP+1.5MF 6 116.8 310.285 5.761 0 66.197 299.292
10
Min Fy 9 1.5DL+1.0AEP+1.0PEP+1.0DWP+1.5BF 10 167.7 -473.519 -17.265 0 28.129 86.372
11
Max Fz 7 1.5DL+1.0AEP+1.0PEP+1.0DWP+1.5MF 10 167.7 16.624 23.662 0 -43.78 -6.973
10
Min Fz 7 1.5DL+1.0AEP+1.0PEP+1.0DWP+1.5BF 10 167.7 -29.384 -23.662 0 43.78 -86.774
10
Max Mx 1 1.5DL+1.0AEP+1.0PEP+1.0DWP+1.5BF 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
10
Min Mx 1 1.5DL+1.0AEP+1.0PEP+1.0DWP+1.5BF 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
10
Max My 3 1.5DL+1.0AEP+1.0PEP+1.0DWP+1.5BF 5 104.119 -143.9 5.459 0 69.121 125.58
11 -
Min My 3 1.5DL+1.0AEP+1.0PEP+1.0DWP+1.5MF 5 104.119 -151.7 -5.458 0 69.121 259.59
11 -
Max Mz 4 1.5DL+1.0AEP+1.0PEP+1.0DWP+1.5MF 5 109.208 -158.3 5.761 0 66.542 314.816
10
Min Mz 6 1.5DL+1.0AEP+1.0PEP+1.0DWP+1.5BF 8 0 89.775 0 0 0 -86.774
Max: 6.600 k
Max: 13.200
Max: 19.800
Max: 30.63
Max: 44.15
Max: 58.3
Max: 74.
Max: 94
Max:
Ma
ANNEXURE - 3
Clear cover = 75 mm
= 512.5 mm
Mu =
415 × Ast
0.87 × 415 × 512 .5 × Ast 1 −
30 ×1000 × 512 .5
314.816 x 106 =
415 × Ast
0.87 × 415 × 512 .5 × Ast 1 −
30 ×1000 × 512 .5
= 4800 mm2
Vu = 474 kN
Vu
τv =
bd
474 ×10 3
=
1000 ×512 .5
= 0.92
Ast
Pt = 100 ×
bd
7854
= 100 ×
4000 × 512 . 5
= 0.38
τc = 0.4375 N/mm2
Max Permissible Shear Stress (Table - 20)
τc max = 3.5 N/ mm2
τv > τc < τc max
Minimum Shear reinforcement is to be Provided.
Provide 2 legged Y – 12 bars
Vus = τc bd
0.87 × fy × Asv × d
Vus = sv
π
0.87 × 415 × 2 ×12 2 × 512 .5
SV = 4
224 .218 ×10 3
= 186.67mm c/c
ANNEXURE - IV
DRAWINGS