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Chemistry H2 9746
Tutor Tutee
Revision Exercise 1: Atomic Structure, Stoichiometry
1 The figure below shows the mass spectrum of the element strontium used to calculate the
relative atomic mass of strontium.
(a) Explain what is meant by the term relative atomic mass.
The relative atomic mass of an atom refers to the ratio of the mass of the atom to the
mass of 1/12 of the atom of the carbon12 isotope.
.................................................................................................................................................
(b) Using the information in the figure above, calculate the relative atomic mass of the sample
of strontium.
The mass spectrum shows strontium consists of four isotopes, 84 Sr (peak height =
0.68), 86 Sr (peak height = 12.0), 87 Sr (peak height = 8.47) and 88 Sr (peak height = 100)
The sum of the heights = 0.68 + 12.0 + 8.47 + 100.0 = 121.15, so we can now calculate
the weighted average mass.
(c) Explain why the relative atomic mass of strontium in (b) is not a whole number.
Naturally occurring strontium exists as 4 isotopes in different percentage
proportion. The relative atomic mass is obtained by taking the weighted average
mass of the isotopes. Hence, the relative atomic mass of strontium, 87.7, is not a
whole number.
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2 The diagram shows the salt mines at Bex in Switzerland.
The salt is dissolved by hot water from underground springs and then pumped up to a
reservoir where it is stored as a solution called brine.
(a) Brine is an impure solution of sodium chloride. The main impurity in brine is sodium
sulphate.
The solubilities of sodium chloride and sodium sulphate were measured at various
temperatures. The values are shown below.
Solubility of sodium Solubility of sodium
o
Temperature / C chloride in g / 100g sulphate in g / 100g
water water
0 35.7 3.9
20 36.0 20.4
40 36.5 48.2
60 37.2 45.2
80 38.1 43.3
100 39.2 42.3
3
(i) Using information from the table, describe how the sodium sulphate impurity could be
separated from the brine.
Cool the brine to 0 o C. Solubility of sodium sulphate decreases to 3.9g/100g of water.
Thus, sodium sulphate impurity appears as crystals which can be filtered from the
brine.
.................................................................................................................................................
Another way to remove sodium sulphate is by reacting the brine with aqueous barium
chloride.
(ii) Construct an ionic equation for the above reaction.
(iii) Give one advantage of this method compared to your answer in (a)(i).
This method removes sodium sulphate impurity completely by precipitation. The
method in (a)(i) leaves behind 3.9g of sodium sulphate for every 100g of brine.
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(b) The rock surrounding the layers of salt is anhydrate.
Anhydrite is a mixture of calcium sulphate, CaSO4 and calcium carbonate, CaCO3.
To determine the percentage of calcium sulphate in anhydrite, a student added excess
hydrochloric acid to a fixed mass of anhydrite. He then collected and measured the volume
of carbon dioxide formed.
(i) Describe how the student could use this measurement to calculate the percentage of
calcium sulphate in anhydrite.
* Draw diagrams to aid in explanation of procedure
1. Measure the mass of anhydrite using an electronic balance before the
experiment (m1 g)
2. Measure the total volume of carbon dioxide produced at the end of the
reaction between hydrochloric acid and anhydrite (x cm 3 )
3. Calculate the number of moles of carbon dioxide [(x/1000) / 24] = y moles
4. Using the following equation,
2HCl + CaCO3 ® CaCl2 + H2O + CO2
5. Compare mole ratio between CaCO3 and CO2.
ie 1 mol CaCO3 º 1 mol CO2
y mol CaCO3 º y mol CO2
6. Find the mass of CaCO3 = y x (40 + 12 + 16x3) = (100 y) g
7. Calculate the percentage of CaSO4 = [(m1 – 100y) / m1 ] x 100% = _____ %
.................................................................................................................................................
4
(ii) In the same experiment, another student did not measure the volume of carbon dioxide.
Describe how he could still continue the experiment to determine the percentage of calcium
sulphate in anhydrite. State clearly what quantities he would measure and how he would
use his results to calculate the percentage of calcium sulphate.
3 In coffee machines and metal kettles, scale is formed around the heating elements after
some time. Scale is chemically known as calcium carbonate.
(a) Weak acids such as sulphamic acid, NH2SO3H, can be used to dissolve the scale.
(i) What is meant by a weak acid?
A weak acid consists of molecules which dissociate partially to form H+ ions when
dissolved in water.
.................................................................................................................................................
(ii) Suggest why strong acids such as sulphuric acid are not used to remove the scale.
Sulphuric acid will corrode / react with the metal used to make the kettle once the
scale has been removed.
.................................................................................................................................................
(b) Sulphamic acid reacts with the scale to form a soluble salt, calcium sulphamate of formula
Ca(NH2SO3)2.
(i) Write a chemical equation for the reaction between sulphamic acid and scale.
(ii) If 2.50 g of sulphamic acid is used to remove 1.00 g of scale, what will be the mass of
calcium sulphamate produced?
No of moles of sulphamic acid = 2.50 / 97 = 0.0258 mol
No of moles of scale = 1.00 / 100 = 0.01 mol
From the equation,
2 mol NH2SO3H º 1 mol CaCO3
0.02 mol NH2SO3H (<0.0258 mol) º 0.01 mol CaCO3
CaCO3 is the limiting reagent
5
From the equation,
1 mol CaCO3 º 1 mol Ca(NH2SO3)2
0.01 mol CaCO3 º 0.01 mol Ca(NH2SO3)2
Mass of Ca(NH2SO3)2 produced = 0.01 x 232 = 2.32 g
(iii) Using your answer to (ii), calculate
(a) The number of moles of oxygen atoms
1 mol Ca(NH2SO3)2 º 6 mol O atoms
0.01 mol Ca(NH2SO3)2 º 0.06 mol O atoms
(b) The number of nitrogen atoms present in calcium sulphamate produced
1 mol Ca(NH2SO3)2 º 2 mol N atoms
0.01 mol Ca(NH2SO3)2 º 0.02 mol N atoms
No of N atoms = 0.02 x 6 x 10 23 = 1.2 x 10 23
(iv) Using your answer to (ii), calculate the percentage yield of calcium sulphamate if it was
found that only 1.07 g of the solid product is obtained.
% yield = (1.07 / 2.32) x 100 % = 46.1 %
3 Silver nitrate is sufficiently pure to be used as a primary standard for volumetric analysis
using precipitation reactions. Solution S is made by dissolving 8.32 g of silver nitrate in
water and made up to a volume of 500 cm 3 in a volumetric flask. This solution was used to
determine the concentration of chloride ion in a sample of sea water. 5.0 cm 3 of the sea
water required 27.5 cm 3 of the silver nitrate solution S to reach the endpoint.
(a) Calculate the concentration of silver nitrate in solution S in mol/dm 3 .
8.32 g of AgNO3 = 8.32
108 + 14 + 3(16)
= 8.32 mol
170
Concentration of AgNO3 in solution S = 8.32 x 1000
170 500
= 0.0979 mol/dm 3
(b) The equation below shows the reaction that occurs during titration.
Calculate the concentration of chloride ion in the sea water in mol/dm 3 .
MaVa = 1
MbVb 1
0.0979 x 27.5 x 10-3 = 1
6
Mb x 5.0 x 10-3
Concentration of chloride ion = 0.0979 x 27.5
5.0
= 0.538 mol/dm 3
(c) If all the salt in sea water is present as sodium chloride, calculate the concentration of salt
in g/100 cm 3 .
0.538 mol of NaCl = 0.538 x (23 + 35.5)
= 31. 5 g
Mass of NaCl in 100 cm 3 of solution = 100 x 31.5
1000
= 3.15 g
\Concentration of salt = 3.15 g/100cm 3
(d) Silver chloride was produced during the titration. On the axes given below, sketch a graph
to show how the mass of silver chloride changes during the titration process. Label on the
graph clearly the endpoint of titration.
mass of
silver
chloride (g)
27.4 volume of silver nitrate
3
solution (cm )
What is the formula of the chloride?
Let formula of ionic chloride of metal X be XCln
Given that:
n = 2
7
Formula = XCl2
4 Silicon tetrachloride, SiCl 4, reacts with water to give silicon dioxide, SiO2, and hydrochloric
acid, HCl. It will react with atmospheric moisture unless kept in a sealed tube. 1.00g of a
poorlykept sample of SiCl4 was added cautiously to water. When reaction was complete
the solution was made up to 250cm 3 with pure water. 25.0cm 3 portions of this required on
average 21.6cm 3 of 0.100 mol dm 3 sodium hydroxide solution for neutralisation.
(a) Write down the equation for the reaction between silicon tetrachloride and water.
(b) What percentage of the sample analysed was SiCl4?
No of moles of NaOH = (21.6/1000) x 0.100 = 2.16 x 10 3 mol
HCl + NaOH ® NaCl + H2O
From the eqn,
1 mol HCl º 1 mol NaOH
2.16 x 10 3 mol HCl º 2.16 x 10 3 mol NaOH
From the eqn,
4 mol HCl º 1 mol SiCl4
0.0216 mol HCl º 5.4 x 10 3 mol SiCl4
% of SiCl4 in sample = (0.918 / 1.00) x 100% = 91.8%
5 A solution of a weak acid H2X was made by dissolving 2.25g of solid H2X in water to give
500cm 3 of solution. On titration, 25.0cm 3 of this solution was completely neutralised by
25.0 cm 3 of sodium hydroxide solution containing 0.100 mol dm 3 .
(a) Write an equation for the reaction between H2X and sodium hydroxide.
H2X + 2NaOH ® Na2X + 2H2O
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(b) Calculate the relative molecular mass of H2X.
No of moles of NaOH = (25.0/1000) x 0.100 = 2.5 x 10 3 mol
From the eqn,
1 mol H2X º 2 mol NaOH
8
Since no of moles = mass / Mr
Mr = mass / no of moles = 2.25 / 0.025 = 90
Mr of H2X = 90
Concentration of original H2X = 0.025 x 2 = 0.05 mol/dm 3
6.30 / (90 + 18y) = 0.05
4.5 + 0.9y = 6.30
y = 2
6 Phentyfloroform contains 57.54% C, 3.45% H, and 39.01% F.
Deduce the empirical formula of phentyfloroform.
9
7 A given sample of sodium amide ( NaNH2 ) was warmed with excess aq ammonium
chloride toform ammonia and sodium chloride. The ammonia evolved was absorbed in 50.0
cm3 of 0.200 mol dm3 sulphuric acid. 25.0 cm3 of the resulting solution required 14.00
cm3 of 0.150 mol dm3 potassium hydroxide for neutralisation.
Calculate the mass of sodium amide used.
Determine the concentration of the dilute hydrochloric acid.
10
9 A given sample of sodium oxide ( Na2O) was dissolved in 120 cm 3 of 0.80 mol dm 3
sulphuric acid solution. The resulting solution was made up to 250 cm 3 and 25.0 cm 3 of it
required 19.20 cm 3 of 0.60 mol dm 3 potassium hydroxide solution in a titration. Calculate
the mass of sodium oxide formed.
10 0.500 g of impure ammonium chloride was warmed with an excess of sodium hydroxide
solution. The ammonia liberated was absorbed in 25.0 cm 3 of 0.20 mol dm 3 sulphuric acid.
The excess sulphuric acid required 25.50 cm 3 of 0.20 mol dm 3 sodium hydroxide solution
for neutralisation.
Calculate the percentage purity of ammonium chloride in the sample.
11
Calculate the molar mass of the oxide and the relative atomic mass of M.
Calculate the number of moles of sodium hydroxide that will react with 1 mole of the acid.
Determine the value of n in HnX.
13 A 1.367 g sample of an organic compound was combusted in a stream of air to yield
3.002 g of CO2 and 1.640 g of H2O.
If the original compound contains only carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, what is its empirical
formula?
No of moles of H2O = 1.640 / (2 + 16) = 0.09111
No of moles of H = 0.09111 x 2 = 0.18222 mol = 0.18222 g
Mass of O = 1.367 – 0.8187 – 0.18222 = 0.366077 g = 0.0228 mol
\ Ratio of C:H:O = 0.068227 mol C : 0.18222 mol H : 0.0228 mol O
= 3 mol C : 8 mol H : 1 mol O
Empirical formula = C3H8O
12
14 A certain compound was known to have a formula which could be represented as
[PdCxHy Nz](ClO4)2. Analysis showed that the compound contained 30.15 % carbon and
5.06 % hydrogen. When converted to the corresponding thiocyanate, [PdCxHyNz](SCN)2,
the analysis was 40.46 % carbon and 5.94 % hydrogen.
Calculate the values of x, y and z.
Let the formula weight of the first compound be represented by F and that of the
second compound is therefore equal to F minus twice the formula wight of ClO4
plus twice the formula weight of SCN:
F – 2(99.5) + 2(58.0) = F – 83.0
12 . 0 x
% carbon in first compound = x 100% = 30.15 %
F
In the second compound, which has 2 mol of carbon in th anions per mol of
compound,
12. 0 ( x + 2 )
% carbon = x 100% = 40.46%
F - 83 . 0
Solving simultaneously,
1200x = 30.15F
1200x + 2400 = 40.46F – (40.46)(83.0)
1200x
1200x + 2400 = 40.46 – 3358
30 . 15
x = 14
1200x 1200 ( 14 )
F = = = 557 u
30 . 15 30 . 15
The percent hydrogen in the first compound is
1 . 008 y
x 100% = 5.06% ® y = 28
557
The total formula weight of all the elements other than nitrogen is 501 u; therefore,
56 u must represent the nitrogen in one formula unit. There are 4 nitrogen atoms per
formula unit.
x = 14
y = 28
z = 4
\ Complete formula : [PdC14H28N4](ClO4)2
End of Paper