PHAN THU NHAT GIOI THIEU CHUNG VE CHUAN KIEN THUC, Idi NANG CUA CHUONG TRINH GIAO DUC PHO THONG I~ GION THIEU CHUNG VE CHUAN 1. Chuan la nhiing yéu cd, tiéu chi (oi chung fa yeu cfu) tun thi mg nguyen tic nt inh, Guoe ding dé La dha do ih gi hoa dong, cong vie, sin phim cis inh wwe nio dé. Dat duce ning yeu efu ca chu 1a dat dye mye teu mong musa ea chi thé qui What dong, cong vee, sn pm Yeu edu I sy cv Uh hose ie, wong minh Chu, chr nog can cia din gi chit omg, Yeu cu e6 thé dug do thing gua ei 6 thy hig. Yeu eu dug xem ahu ning “cht kim sot” Ast si chat long du vio, du racing nh gus inh hye bien 2, Nhung yeu céu co ban cia chun 2.1, Chuén phii 6 tinh Khich quan, nbn chung khong Te thuoe ‘ao quan dig hay thi 49 chi quan cia ngus st dung Chui, 2.2. Ch pi cd hi ue din cv pam vin th ian ip dung. 23, im bio tinh kha thi, c6 nga Ta Chun 466 thé dat duoe (la inh d@ hay mie 49 dung ho’ bop i gida yeu ef phat 20 hom véi nme the tén dang dién a), 2.4. Bian bio tinh cu thé, tuimg minh va 6 che nang dinh lung, 2.5. Dim bio khong mau thuin véi ee chun kh trong cing Vinh ve hoae ning fin we e6 Hien qua IL CHUAN KIEN THUG, KINANG CUA CHUONG TRINH GIAO DUC PHO THONG (Chusin kg thie, Ki ning va yeu fu vE th do cia Chums Gio dgc ph6 thong (CTGDPT) dug thé hign cu thé trong cae chum ‘inh mon hoe, howt dong gio dye (goi chung 18 mon hoe) va eae chvomg ti cp hoe. éi véi méi mon hoc, mdi ep hee, mue iu ca mon hoe, etp| hoe dupe cu thé hos thin chusin kn théc, KF nang ea chuemg tinh ‘mon hoc, chug tink fp hoe 1. Chuén kién thi, ki nang cia Chuong trinh mon hoc ce yeu cfu co bin, t6 thigu ve kin thie, ki nang eis mon hoe o hoe sinh cn phi vi ed thé dat duce sau mi don vi kign thie (ent ni, chi digm, mo dun) (Chun kién hie, Kinng cia mot dom vi kign thie Wi cde yeu cds cob, ti higu v8 kiéw the ki nang ea dom vi ki thie ma hoe sinh en phi va c6 thé dat doe. Yeu céu vé kin thie, ki nang thé hign mite 0 cin dat v8 kin thie, Ki nang, MG yeu edu vé kin thie, ki nang c6 thé duge chit hom bing nme yéw edu vé kign thc, Ki nang eu thé, wing minh hom minh ching bing nhimg vf du th hign duoe ci noi dung kita the, Ki mang amie do fn dat vé kin thie, Ki nang.2. Chun kign thet, ki nang eda Chuong trinh edp hoc 1 cée yeu cfu co bin, wi thigu vé kign thic, Ki mang cia ce mon hoc ma hoe sinh em phi vi 6 thé dat duce sau timg Bia doan hoc tp trong cap hoe. 21, Chuin kit Uc, Ki nang & chum inh che ep he d8 cap 16i she yeu cu 6 tid v8 Kio thi, Kiang mite sin (HS) cén ‘66 thé dat duge sav Ki oda thanh chuong tinh gio dye cating 16p he vi ep hoe. Céc chun nly cho thy ¥ nghia quan tong cia ‘ge gn KE, pi hop gia cée mon hoe hm dat due mye te gio die cia ep hoe 2.2. Vite thé hign Chusn kign thie, Ki nang 6 eu6i chuomg tinh dp hoc thé hien hinh mu mong dgi v8 ngwdi hoc saw mbi cap hoe ‘va én thit cho cong tic quan Ii, chi dao, dio t20, bi dug giéo vien (GV). 23. Chuomg tinh cp hoe di thé hin chun kigin thie, Ki mang kong phi d6i vi img mon hoe ma doi v6i time finh we hoc 1p. “Trong van bin vé chuemg trinh cia ec ep hoe, ede chun kin thi, i nding duge bien soqa theo ish thin 4) Cie chusn kien thc, Ki mang khong duge dua vio cho timg mon ‘hoc réng bigt ma cho ting Finh vue hoe tap lim thé ign sgn ket sia cfc mon hoe va hoat dong gio duc trong nbigm vu the hign mue view ca esp oe: ) Chin igo thie, Ki ning va you ev th dase thé hen trong chug tinh ep hoe 1 ee chun ea ep hoc te a mg yeu ci ey thé mi HS ef dat dase & cus ep hoc. Céch thé bien ny 130 ‘mot tim nin v€ si phit ign eda ngudi hoe sau mai ep hoe, i chit vi ning stm mye wie ea ep ne 8 a 3. Nhung dae diém cia Chudn kién thie, kinang, 43.1, Chun kig Une, Ki nang duge ci vie, twimg min bing ee yeu edu cu thé 16 ring vékign thie, Kinng 43.2, Chun kin thc, Ki ning e6 tint thu, nim dim bio moi 'WScfin phi vA c6 thé dat duge nhimg yeu eu cu thé ny 3.3. Chun ka the, Ki nang 1 sinh phn ca CTGDPT. ‘Trong CTGDPT, Chun kin thc, Ki nang vi yeu ef v6 thi 46 «465i vi ni hoe dvoe thé hign, cu thé hos 6 ede chi A ca chum twink mon hoe theo ting lap va & ede fink wee hee tp: dng thi, ‘Chusin ign thic, Kinng va yéu eu vé thai 9 etng duge thé hin & ‘hin cus cia chong tein mi cap hoe. ‘Chua kignthic, Ki nang thn pin ota CTGDPT. Vige chi dao day hoe, kiém tra, din gi theo Chusn kid thie, Kinng sé to nén su thing nh; tim han ehé tinh wang day hoe qué ti, da them nie noi ‘dung nang n8, qué cao so voi chun kgm thie, Ki ning vio day hoe, im ra, din i: 26p phn lim giim teu cue ci day them, ho thir to diéu kt co bin, quan tong dé cb thé 6 chic gidng day, hoe tp, kim ta, digi va thi theo Chusin igh thi, ki nan, MI-CAC MUC DO VE KIEN THUG, KI NANG Cc mite do vé kign thie, Ki ning duge thé hien cu thé trong ‘Chusn kign thie, Ki nang ela CTGDPT. Vé kign thire : Yeu cu HS phi nbd, nim vimg, higu r0 cde kign thie eo bin trong chyong tinh, sich gio khoa, dé li nén ting vimg ‘vang dé c6 thé phat wién mang lye nhan thie & cp cao hon, ‘VE KT nang : Bict van dung cde kin unde dl hoe dé We ea di, i ai tp, lam thue han; e6 Kinng tinh tos, vE hin, dmg eu 6,icin the, ki nang phi dy én eo 58 pt rn nang Iw, tf 108 HS 6 cic mie do, tir don gin dén phe tap ; noi dung bao him cde ‘me do Khe nau ei nh thie Miedo cn dat duge vé ign thie duce xe dik theo 6 me 9 han bigt, thong hig, van dung, phn th, dnh gid va sing ta (€6 thé tham Kho them phan loi Nikko g6m 4 mic : nha big, thong hu, van dang & mae hip, van dung me 0) 1. Nha biét : La sy nbd lai fe dt iu, thong tin da e6 trate dy; ghia 6 thé an it thong tin, ghi nd, ti hign thon tn, le Ii rot loat teu, tr ede sy kin dom giin dén cdc 1 thuyét pte tap ‘Day 1a ie do, yeu edu tip nt ca erin dQ nhén thie, thé hig 6 ch HS e6 thé vehi efn nbd hoge nbn ra Khi duge dara hode diva tren nh thong tn c6 tin de thi cia moc Ki nim, mots vt, mot hign tum. Hs phir bigu dking mot dinh nga, din Hf, inh Yat bung chia sii thich va van dung duoc ching. (C6 thé cu thé hos mie do nbn bit ng ede yeu céu ~ Nha a, nh aie Ki nigm, din, din ust, tah chit. = Nhain dang duge (kong cén gi hich) ede Kh nigm, hind th, tong dG gi cc di tuong tong cic tinh hung don gin, = Lige ke, xe dinh ca vj tf tuomg di, ede msi quan he bist sida fe yu 16 ee hign tug. 2, Thong hiéu : La khi nang nim due, higu dupe ¥ nga cia ce ‘it nigm, su vat, hign tong ; gi thich, ching minh dive ¥ ghia cia cfc kis nim, sur vt, hign wg ; Ht me do cao hom nhan bist hag 1a mde 46 thip nt cia vige thi bidu svat, hin twomg. lien «quan dé ¥ nghia eda ede moi quan he gia cée kh nigm, thong tin ima HS di hoc hode i bit. Digu dé «6 thé duge thé hign bing vige chuyén thong tin tr dang niy sang dang Khe, hing eich gi thich thong tn (gi thich hoge tm tt ving edeh uée luong au hug {wong a (cr bo ee he qui hoe in hing) Co hécu thé hos mie do thong hiu bing ee yeu eu ~ ign ti bing ngon net eé han ede Kh nim, dint I, din lust, inh chat, chuyéa di dug hin dhe ngon ng my sang in thie ngon ng kde (vi dy: trl sang cong thc, Ké higu, 36 liga va gue la. ~ Bu thi, minh hoa, gi thick duge ¥ ghia cia cde Khdi nem, ign tong, din nga, dn I nh at. Lara chon, bé sung, sp 6p lai nh thong tn cn hit guy mot vind nto ~ Sip xép ai cc 5 ta i cau i hoe 1 pi Wai ton theo ef tee gic 3._ Vain dung : La Khi nung sir dung ede Kt tied hee vio mot hon enh cy thé mdi: vn dung nbn bit, hig bgt thong tin dé ii quyet vn dat ra; 1a Rh nang doi ht HS pi bgt vn dung kign tc, bet sir dang phe php, nguyen I ay ¥ taimg a ii quyét mgt vin dé nto 46. Yeu cfu &p dung duge ede quy te, phuomg php, KS nite, nguyen I dn If, din ut, cong de df iit quyet mot vin dé trong hoe tp hoe cia thue in, Day Ik mic 49 thong hid cao fan mie do thong hig ten. Co thé cu thé hos mite do van dung bing cde yeu ea ~ So sinh cc pha dn ii quyet vin ~ Pht ign 1 gi 6 mau thud, sain v3 chin sa de. ~ Git yy age nnng nh busing mi ing eden van dang ese ‘kn nigm din i, in ua, in et it— Ki quit hod, tri twong hod st tinh busing dom gin, dom Ie 4quen thude sang tinh huding méi, phe tap hom. 4. Phan tich : La khi nang phan chia mot thong tin ra thanh ede pin thong tin nh sao cho c6 thé hiu duge eu tric, 16 chic ia n6 ‘va thi ap mi Ligne ph thud Hn chau gita ching ‘Yeu cu chi ra duge céc bo phan edu than, xée din duge m ‘quan he gitta ede bo phn, nn biet va higu dupe nguyen Ii eau trie eta ede bo phn efu thank, Day 1a mc do cao hom vin dung vi n6 dBi i sth higu c& vé noi dung lin inh ti fa tre ea thong tin, str vat, ign tung ‘Co thé cu thé hod mac dp phan tich bing ede yeu cu ~ Phan tich ede su kien, dt ki thr, thi8v hode di dé gia quyét age vin a8 = Xée dink duce mi quan be gida ede bo phan tong tod hs ~ i thS hos duge ning vn 66 tiw tues, = Nin bit va higu duge efu tre ee bo phin cfu thin, 5. Dinh gid: La khi nang ade dinh gd wi eda thong tn: bin x, nhtn inh, xe di due gd eda moe tu tung, mot noi dung kn thie, mot phuomg pp. ay Ia mot base moi rong vie inh hoi Ki she de dc trang bi vge di stu vi in cht ea di tuo, SV, hig twang. Vige dh pi da én ed iu ch at din 666 thé 1a + Ci yes 6 kia tte chun bi * Hoge ehiah thie. | acu noroune cue 10 186 LAL Sour nhien eels 12, Somgayen 13. Soha = Phin $6 Step phan = Shiu 14, So thye 1.5. S6phicuxce wor DUNG wove | fe octet eva a ela | 2 Dai tong vi | 2.1 Dodi aes = do dai lung 5 Gg ra . 2.3. Dign ich *[- [+ 24. Té tich + 255. Kh6i lung oe eee 26. Thi gian ~TefT-[- f° 2.7. Van we 28. Tien te alee 3. Dal s6 3.1. Tap hop, menh dé EE——_—— 3.3, Hi 96 va 06 thi */+l+l- 3.4, Phuong inh, le De phuomg tein 3.5. Bat ding thie, at phuomg tinh 3.6. Loong gide [ 3.7. iy $6, efp 6 cong, | | 32. Bidu thc di 36 +]? 1+ 7 ps6 nha—_—— ACH NO DUNG coHvoe 0 w 2 “4. Gla veh ‘5. Hinh hoe “4.1. Gigi ban = Hi 6 tien we 42, Dao han 43. Nguyen bam, Wich pha 5.1, Cle Khai nigm Bn hoe mo di 5.2. Dai cuomg vé duimg thang va mat phi ‘53. Quan he song song = Trong mat ping ~Trong khong gian ‘38, Quan he wong g6e = Trong mat phing “rong khong gian 5.5. Ba gide Tam gide TT ge ~Da ideact Done oot 5 n[# 5 Dg nin vn + 57. Finh da ign + aalae 58, Hinh won xoay + * 59. vec Tiong mat ping “rong Khong ian oles ‘510, Toa do ~Trong mat ping [trong hong gan : 5.11, Php hin | “Tong at ing : | “rong kong gan z 5.12, Phép dng dang = Trong mat ping : ~Tions khong sian < 6 Thing ke. —T61.Thoag ke + Tea Xd ht Soe - 63. Xie su .DAY HOC MOT SO NOI DUNG CUA CHUONG TRINH MON TOAN Day hoc cdc h9 théng 56 8) DAL vin 46 mis rong ede He thing 56 ton hoe, phi hop. 'b) Day hoe nhimg kh nit 56: s6 va php tod, J nghia thy t€ etiam kha nig s6, ©) Day ge phép tink v8 quan hg thi ry: sm Ki ming th tos, pit ido ning Iue wi tu, ngim hinh thinh quan nigm ve cai trie 1) Day hoe ning tinh cht cia m6i he thong $6: N. 2 QC: ©) HE théng hos su phitwién eda Khdi nitm 36 va lam 16 (Bit ‘thiu) phuong php mé rong mot He ting 56. tir thge tin, 1 noi bo Day hoc phuong trinh va bit phuong trinh 4) Day hoe Kni nit phuomg tink vi nig Khai nigm 66 tien quan. ') Day hoe phuong tinh da vio him menh d& : quan nigm vé ding thie; hiéu ding thye et cba dav = trong phuong tinh (hint thc), phan bet du = rong phuomg tin va d= tong. bign d8i ding hit ; iéu kien xéc inh va nghigm phuomg tri, ©) Sir dung ngon ngit cia I thuyé tp hop va logic toén (bign 46 twong dung, he qui Ket hop nghiem,... 4) Day hee gi phuomg tinh ©) Dign bn cia tap nghigm khi bin di phumg tinh: mé rong, thu hep, tuomg dong 18 1) Giai quyet phuong dien ngd neta (xem xét noi dung cb ning imgah d8 todn hoe va ngkia cia nhing cich dat vain dé toin lnge) va phuomg dign ci pip (xem xt eda te hinh the va su bign dai hinh thé nhing bigu the tod hoc, sy Lam vige theo ing quy the xée dinh, theo thuat gi, 2) Day ho gia bai ton bing eéch ap phuong tinh hy Thay duge ing dung ea todin hoe trang tye t€ Va ve tn hoe hho fc bai ton c6 noi dung thu tga ') Phat hign quan he gita cc dai luong. 1) KT ning gidi bai ton, trong tam ta ki ning lap va gidi phuomg trinh, 3. Day hoc ham sé 4) Day gc Kh nigm him s6: gi dich dinh nghia ham 6 dua vo bidu tuomg tap hop va eau tie logic, minh hoa Khai niém bang cde vidy da dang, +b) Day hoe ko st him s6: tinh ton phuc wu Kho sit, v8 6 th, oe 6 thi. ©) Phat widn tw duy him : us tung chit dao (phit ign, nghign edu hing sy tuong tng) ; hue hign goi dong co ; inh tanh bigu wong tig 16 tri thie vé su twong img don wi va tap luyen nhimg hoat dong an khop véi tri thie phuomg php vé tu duy ham ; pln bc hoat dong vé tu duy him (sy phe tap, mit do doe Isp isa hogt dong nhgn thc Jnge sinh, mc dp thin tha cia hogt dong). 4) Phat trién w day him trong toan b9 chvong tinh mon todn (theo ee mach ton).|. Day hoe dao ham va tich phan 4) Day hoc ham s6 lign tye © gidi han eba diy s6 ; gidi han cia ham 6; ham s6 tien we, ')Day ge dao hm ; ink thin Kh née ; day hoc tm dao ham ; day hoe mg dung cia dao him. «) Day hoe nguyen har va tich phan: hin thin Kh nim hho tim nguyen im ; Khai niém tich pn : hth phan. . Day hoc hinh hge khéng gian 8) Day hee kh nigm = hint thanh, cing 66, van dung. by Day ge chimg minh : goi déng eg ; phuomg phiép suy lutn vvaphuomg php chimg minh (xuoi, nguoe Tai) ; quy the ket lua logic ©) Hinh v6 trong day hoe hinh hc Khong gian = Kinh bigu dién, hin v6 trae quan trong day hoe. 09 d9 . Day hee vecta: 4) Day hoe veeto = Day hoe Kkhéi nigm veeto : mo ti tinh cing hung bing true ie, sit dung veeta ty do mot céch da tang, chi ¥ lien mon. = Day hoe phép ton vecta : fn dinh nga phép toén, quy the thye hign phép tod, céc tinh chit eo bin cia mai phép tosn. ~ Day gi bai tap vé vecto = chuyén ngon ngd, sir dung cfc phe toén, by Day hoe toa do ~ Day hoe phuomg php toa d9 trong mat phing = he toa 40, 1ap va sirdung phuong tinh ding, = Day hoe phuong pp toa 66 trong khong gian lién he vi hinh hoe pling: thém phe tinh ich vecta (6 hung). «©) Day hoe gi ai tp bing toa 9 fim quen vi ang céch xc di toa d cia nhig yéa 16 hinh hoe; quy tinh gi mot bai ton bing phuong phép te do. 7. Day hoe mach toan img dung 8) Day hoe ye 16 cia phaomg pip 56 — Lim 1 m6i Lien he ita phuomg php 56, thst gi va may tinh. ~ Gigi thigu va cho sit dung mot 36 phuong php s6 thong dong phuong php lap (tim nghitm). ~ Hin than thi quen lam trdn 36 vA vt s6 theo quy tie chun, by Day hoe ys 6 cia I hue i — Lim 18 nguén e6e hode ¥ nga the tén cia bi toda. (vi d+ od im dung di ngin nh... = Cho HS gil tn 161 ya vo ning kin the ton hoe ps ‘thong : bat dng thie ; dao him, «) Day hoe mot s6 y6u 16 cia xe sust thing ke — Day thdng ké mo t (tr Tiéu hoe én Trung hoc phé thong). ~ Day dai 6 16 hop. Day mot s6 y6u 6 cia I thuyét xée sult: neu § nga thong KE cia xée su 8. Day hoc mét sé yéu t6 cla I thuyét tap hgp va logic toan 2) Lim 16 nhing mai quan he gta nhing Kh nit ean ef v0 nhng m6i quan be gia ning tgp hop: biéu th nhs m6 «quan bd bing biéu 46 Ven.») Yeu cfu sit dung kt hitu cia tap hop vi logic trong dién dat toxin hoe yeu edu logic ea din nghia kh niem, ©) Phan tch ee thin phn cia ching minh va céc yeu cfu logic ‘uemg img : lan 4, vgn ean ching. . Day hee theo mach kién thi tosn GV cdi in dung duge mach kién thie trong chuxmg fn tn ‘ rving ph thong, cing nr mach kin thie chay ngdm tong ‘Ton hoe dé c6 thé tinh bay ding khi day hoe va qua d6 sip HS hia va 06 thé thé trign dupe kién thc di he. Cén hin dung va Tot tice mach doe, mach ngang dé c6 thé ing dung, soi roi kign thie s0 cp bd kim thie Tad eao ef vi ngwwe Jai chuyén hos kign thie Tos cao ep thinh so ep (trong. tnvdng hyp o6 thé). Hung din HS sao cho qua vige hoe 6 duoc 50 46 vé mach kien thie 6 trong chung tinh, Chi ¥ bien php thyc hen sao cho kh th b) GY ef giip HS hinh dung duge hé thing ki thie 8 6 thé dung be thong ba tp. qua 46 inh dung dye mach kign tic, Tad bist ech Khai thie va van dung trong gaits, hoe ton va nghien eu Tan bee «) Thong qua day hoe ede mach kign thi, GV cn — Ren luyén cho HS efe thao tic tw duy : phan tick, t6ng hap, ‘wong thos, hi qut hs, debit hos, ~ Gitp HS cach lam gi ign thie, we La day tri thie va day te the phuomg php. Nhu thé cling fi day HS céch suy nghi, day ‘ch sing ta = Day HS cic oe, bit wy hoc. ~ Phin bac hoat dong, tién 6% phan hos doi wong, = Day hoe husmg ti pit dn, 4) Ki hinh dung duge ede mach toan, GV 6 thé rw lam git kien thie, vam 16 bit tu sng tie bai tap. Day fipc mach kn thie cin gin véi day hoe ede tinh hudng dign tinh trong mon to. ‘Qua vige tim higu cfc mach kicn thi ton 6 tring phd thong, {GY cin van dung duge trong day hoc eéc tin hung din inh nb 2) Day hoe ks Day hoe din €) Day boe bai ap 4) Day hoe 60 4p L$ sgn Man theo wink wy, ching an = vigp ef, ish thin ig 6, thn bos. em