B T NG TH C VÀ

GIÁ TR L N NH T, GIÁ TR NH NH T A BI U TH C IS .

A. B T NG TH C.

I/ PH NG PHÁP BI N IT NG NG.
Thí d : Cho a, b là hai s th c b t kì. Ch ng minh r ng: a 2 + b 2 − ab − a − b + 1 ≥ 0 .
Gi i: a 2 + b 2 − ab − a − b + 1 ≥ 0 2a 2 + 2b 2 − 2ab − 2a − 2b + 2 ≥ 0
(a − 2ab + b ) + (a − 2a + 1) + (b 2 − 2b + 1) ≥ 0
2 2 2
(a − b) 2 + (a − 1) 2 + (b − 1) 2 ≥ 0 ( úng)
(D u “=” x y ra a = b = 1)

II/ PH NG PHÁP TAM TH C B C HAI.

Thí d : Cho a, b là hai s th c b t kì. Ch ng minh r ng: a 2 + b 2 − ab − a − b + 1 ≥ 0 .
Gi i: a 2 + b 2 − ab − a − b + 1 ≥ 0 a 2 − (b + 1)a + b 2 − b + 1 ≥ 0 .
Xét tam th c b c hai: f (a) = a 2 − (b + 1)a + b 2 − b + 1 .
∆ = (1 + b) 2 − 4(b 2 − b + 1) = −3(b − 1) 2 ≤ 0, ∀b ∈ R
f (a) ≥ 0, ∀a, b ∈ R (D u “=” x y ra a = b = 1)

III/ PH NG PHÁP QUY N P.

Thí d : Cho a, b là hai s th c không âm và n là s nguyên d ng.
n n n
a+b a +b
Ch ng minh r ng: ≤ (*).
2 2
Gi i:
• V i n = 1 thì (*) úng.
k
a+b a k + bk
• Gi s (*) úng v i n = k ≥ 1 , ngh a là ta có: ≤
2 2
k k +1
a+b a+b a k + bk a+b a+b a k + bk a+b a k +1 + b k +1
≤ ≤ ≤
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
a k + bk a+b a k +1 + b k +1 k
Trong ó: ≤ (a + b k ) ( a + b ) ≤ 2 ( a k +1 + b k +1 )
2 2 2
(a − b) ( a k − b k ) ≥ 0 (a − b) 2 ( a k −1 + a k − 2 b + ... + b k −1 ) ≥ 0 ( úng).
V y (*) úng v i m i n ∈ N* .

IV/ PH NG PHÁP ÁP D NG B T NG TH C CÔSI (C.S).

B t ng th c Côsi:
a+b
• ∀a ≥ 0, b ≥ 0 , ta : ≥ ab. ng th c y ra a = b .
2
a+b+c 3
• ∀a ≥ 0, b ≥ 0, c ≥ 0 , ta : ≥ abc. ng th c y ra a = b = c.
3
Thí d : Cho a, b, c, u, v là n m s th c b t kì.
Ch ng minh r ng: a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + u 2 + v 2 ≥ a(b + c + u + v) .
a2 a2 2 a2
Gi i: + b2 ≥ 2 b = ab ≥ ab . T ng t + c2 ≥ ac ; … pcm.
4 4 4
(D u “=” x y ra a = 2b = 2c = 2u = 2v )

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 V/ PH NG PHÁP ÁP D NG B T NG TH C BUNHIAKÔPXKI CÔSI (B.C).
B t ng th c Bunhiac pxki:
• V i hai c p s th c b t (a; b), (x; y), ta :
(ax + by) 2 ≤ (a 2 + b 2 )(x 2 + y 2 ) ax + by ≤ (a 2 + b 2 )(x 2 + y 2 )
a b a b
ng th c y ra =0 ay − bx = 0 = (x ≠ 0, y ≠ 0) .
x y x y
• V i hai c p s th c b t (a; b; c), (x; y; z), ta :
(ax + by + cz) 2 ≤ (a 2 + b 2 + c 2 )(x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) ax + by + cz ≤ (a 2 + b 2 + c 2 )(x 2 + y 2 + z 2 )
a b c
ng th c y ra = = (x ≠ 0, y ≠ 0, z ≠ 0) .
x y z
Thí d : Ch ng minh r ng: s inx + cos x ≤ 2 , ∀x ∈ R .
Gi i: 1.s inx + 1.cos x ≤ (12 + 12 )(s in 2 x + cos 2 x) pcm.
s inx cos x π
(D u “=” x y ra = tanx = 1 x= + kπ , k ∈ Z )
1 1 4

VI/ PH NG PHÁP T A VÉCT .

• a + b ≤ a + b (còn g i là b t ng th c tam giác)

• a.b ≤ a . b v i a(a1 ; a 2 ) , b(b1 ; b 2 ) a1b1 + a 2 b 2 ≤ (a12 + a 22 )(b12 + b 22 ) c ng là B T B.C

(D u “=” x y ra ( )
cos a, b = ±1 a(a1 ; a 2 ) và b(b1 ; b 2 ) cùng ph ng)
Thí d : Cho x, y, z là ba s th c b t kì.
Ch ng minh r ng: x 2 + xy + y 2 + x 2 + xz + z 2 ≥ y 2 + yz + z 2 (*) .
2 2
1 3 1 3
Gi i: (*) x+ y + y2 + x+ z + z 2 ≥ y 2 + yz + z 2
2 4 2 4
1 3 1 3 1 1 3 3
Ch n a x + y; y ; b − x − z; z a+b= y − z; y +z
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Áp d ng: a + b ≥ a + b pcm.

VII/ PH NG PHÁP V N D NG S BI N THIÊN C A HÀM S .

x2
Thí d : Ch ng minh r ng v i m i s th c x d ng, ta có: x − < ln(1 + x) .
2
x2
Gi i: f (x) = ln(1 + x) + − x v i x ∈ [0; + ∞) .
2
1 x2
f '(x) = + x −1 = > 0, ∀x ∈ (0; + ∞) và f '(x) = 0 x = 0.
1+ x 1+ x
Hàm f ng bi n trên [0; + ∞) v i x > 0 thì f(x) > f(0) pcm.

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 BÀI T P.
1) Cho ∆ABC có ba góc nh n.
a) Ch ng minh r ng: tan A + tan B + tan C = tan A.tan B.tan C .
b) Tìm giá tr nh nh t c a bi u th c: P = tan A.tan B.tan C .
B C
1 − tan tan
A π B+C A B C A 2 2
H ng d!n: a) = − tan = cot + tan = pcm.
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 B C
tan + tan
2 2
A = π − (B + C) t anA = tan [ π − (B + C) ] = − tan(B + C) pcm.
b) P = tan A + tan B + tan C = tan A.tan B.tan C
P = tan A + tan B + tan C ≥ 3 3 tan A.tan B.tan C P ≥ 33 P P≥3 3
π
max P = 3 3 khi A = B = C = .
3
2) Cho A, B, C là ba góc c a m"t tam giác.
A B B C C A
a) Ch ng minh r ng: tan .tan + tan .tan + tan .tan = 1 .
2 2 2 2 2 2
A B C
b) Tìm giá tr l n nh t c a bi u th c: P = tan .tan .tan .
2 2 2
B C
1 − tan tan
A π B+C A B C A 2 2
H ng d!n: a) = − tan = cot + tan = pcm.
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 B C
tan + tan
2 2
b) Áp d ng B T C.S cho ba s # v trái câu a)
2
A B C A B C 1
VT ≥ 3 3 tan 2 tan 2 tan 2 1 ≥ 27 tan tan tan 1 ≥ 27P 2 P≤
2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3
1 π
max P = khi A = B = C = .
3 3 3
3) Cho tam giác có " dài ba c$nh là a, b, c và p là n a chu vi. Ch ng minh r ng:
a) a 2 + b 2 + c2 < 2(ab + bc + ca) .
abc
b) (p − a)(p − b)(p − c) ≤ .
8
1 1 1 1 1 1
c) + + ≥2 + + .
p−a p−b p−c a b c
a b c
d) + + ≥ 3.
b+c−a c+a −b a +b−c
e) p − a + p − b + p − c ≤ 3p .
2
H ng d!n: a) Ta có: b − c < a < b + c b − c < a2 b 2 + c2 − 2bc < a 2 . T ng t … pcm.
(p − a) + (p − b) c
b) (p − a)(p − b) ≤ = . T ng t … pcm.
2 2
1 1 4 1 1 4 4
c) Áp d ng h% qu c a B T C.S: + ≥ + ≥ = .T ng t … pcm.
a b a + b p − a p − b 2p − a − b c
a b c abc
d) + + ≥ 33 ≥ 3.1 = 3
b+c−a c+a −b a +b−c (b + c − a)(c + a − b)(a + b − c)
(vì abc ≥ (b + c − a)(c + a − b)(a + b − c) , ch ng minh t ng t câu a)
e) 1. p − a + 1. p − b + 1. p − c ≤ (1 + 1 + 1)(3p − a − b − c) = 3p (D u “=” x y ra a = b = c )
4) Ch ng minh r ng trong m i tam giác có chu vi không &i thì tam giác 'u có di%n tích l n nh t.

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 a+b+c
H ng d!n: Gi s ∆ABC có " dài ba c$nh là a, b, c và p = (không &i).
2
Di%n tích ∆ABC : S = p(p − a)(p − b)(p − c) .
(p − a) + (p − b) + (p − c) p p3
3 (p − a)(p − b)(p − c) ≤ = (p − a)(p − b)(p − c) ≤
3 3 27
p3 p2 p2 π
S = p(p − a)(p − b)(p − c) ≤ p = maxS = khi A = B = C = .
27 3 3 3 3 3
5) Cho tam giác có " dài ba c$nh là a, b, c và di%n tích S. Ch ng minh r ng: a + b 2 + c 2 ≥ 4S 3 .
2

2
p2 a+b+c 1
H ng d!n: Bài t p 4 S ≤ S≤ 12 3 S ≤ a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca
3 3 2 3 3
12 3 S ≤ a + b + c + (a + b ) + (b + c ) + (c + a 2 ) 4 3 S ≤ a 2 + b 2 + c2 .
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

6) ∆ABC có " dài ba c$nh là a, b, c; " dài ba (ng cao t ng ng là ha, hb, hc và di%n tích ∆ABC
1 1 1 1 1 1
b ng 1,5. Ch ng minh r ng: + + + + ≥3.
a b c ha hb hc
1 1 a
H ng d!n: S = ah a = ;…
2 h a 2S
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3
+ + + + ≥ + + (a + b + c) ≥ 33 .3 abc = 3 .
a b c ha hb hc 2S a b c 2(3 / 2) abc
7) Cho x, y là hai s th c tùy ý. Ch ng minh r ng: x 2 + 5y 2 − 4xy + 2x − 6y + 3 > 0 .
H ng d!n: f (x) = x 2 + 2(1 − 2y)x + 5y 2 − 6y + 3 . ∆ ' = − (y − 1) 2 + 1 < 0, ∀y ∈ R pcm.
8) Cho x, y, z là ba s th c tùy ý. Ch ng minh r ng: x 2 + 19y 2 + 6z 2 − 8xy − 4xz + 12yz ≥ 0 .
H ng d!n: f (x) = x 2 − 2(4y − 2z)x + 19y 2 + 6z 2 + 12yz .
∆ 'x = −3y 2 + 4zy − 2z 2 = f (y) ∆ 'y = −2z 2 ≤ 0, ∀z ∈ R ∆ 'x = f (y) ≤ 0, ∀y, z ∈ R pcm.
x x x
12 15 20
9) Ch ng minh r ng v i m i s th c x, ta có: + + ≥ 3x + 4 x + 5x . Khi nào ng th c
5 4 3
x y ra?
x x x x
12 15 12 15
H ng d!n: + ≥2 . = 2.3x ; t ng t … pcm.
5 4 5 4
x x x
12 15 20
ng th c x y ra = = x = 0.
5 4 3
10) Cho x, y , z là các s th c d ng. Ch ng minh r ng: 3x + 2y + 4z ≥ xy + 3 yz + 5 zx .
x+y 3(y + z) 5(z + x)
H ng d!n: ≥ xy ; ≥ 3 yz ; ≥ zx pcm.
2 2 2
11) Cho x, y, z là ba s th c d ng th a: x > z và y > z . Ch ng minh r ng:
z(x − z) + z(y − z) ≤ xy .
z(x − z) z(y − z)
H ng d!n: z(x − z) + z(y − z) ≤ xy + ≤1
xy xy
z(x − z) z(y − z) 1 z x − z 1 z y−z 1 x y
+ ≤ + + + = + =1.
xy xy 2 y x 2 x y 2 x y

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 12) Cho ba s d ng x, y, z th a: xy + yz + zx = xyz . Ch ng minh r ng:
1 1 1 1
+ + ≥ .
x(x − 1) y(y − 1) z(z − 1) 2
1 1 1
H ng d!n: Gi thi t: xy + yz + zx = xyz + + = 1.
x y z
1 1 1
t: a = ; b = ; c = . Khi ó: a, b, c là ba s d ng th a: a + b + c = 1 .
x y z
1 1 1 a2 1 b2 1 c2
= = = ; = ; = .
x(x − 1) 1 1 1 b + c y(y − 1) c + a z(z − 1) a + b
x2 1− x2 +
x y z
a2 b+c b2 c+a c2 a+b
B T Cô si: + ≥a; + ≥b; + ≥c pcm.
b+c 4 c+a 4 a+b 4
( ng th c x y ra khi và ch) khi x = y = z = 3 )
2 x 2 y 2 z 1 1 1
13) Cho x, y, z là ba s th c d ng. Ch ng minh r ng: 3 2
+ 3 2+ 3 2
≤ 2+ 2+ 2.
x +y y +z z +x x y z
H ng d!n: t: a = x , b = y , c = z .
2 x 2 y 2 z 2a 2b 2c 2a 2b 2c 1 1 1
3 2
+ 3 2+ 3 2
≤ 6 4
+ 6 4+ 6 4
≤ 3 2+ 3 2+ 3 2 = 2 2+ 2 2+ 2 2
x +y y +z z +x a +b b +c c +a 2a b 2b c 2c a a b bc ca
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2
+ 2+ 2 = 4+ 4+ 4≥ 2 2+ 2 2+ 2 2 pcm (D u “=” x y ra x = y = z = 1 )
x y z a b c a b bc ca
1 1 1
14) Cho x, y, z là các s d ng th a: + + = 4 . Ch ng minh r ng:
x y z
1 1 1
+ + ≤1.
2x + y + z x + 2y + z x + y + 2z
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
H ng d!n: ≤ + ≤ + + ≤ + +
2x + y + z 4 2x y + z 4 2x 4 y z 2x + y + z 8 x 2y 2z
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
T ng t : ≤ + + ; ≤ + + pcm.
x + 2y + z 8 2x y 2z x + y + 2z 8 2x 2y z
1 1 1
15) Cho x, y, z là ba s th c d ng th a: xyz = 1 . Ch ng minh r ng: + + ≤1.
x + y +1 y + z +1 z + x +1
H ng d!n: t: x = a 3 , y = b3 , z = c3 (abc = 1).
Ta có: a 3 + b3 = (a + b)(a 2 − ab + b 2 ) ≥ (a + b)ab (vì a = b > 0 và a 2 + b 2 − ab ≥ ab )
1 1
a 3 + b3 + 1 ≥ (a + b)ab + abc = ab(a + b + c) > 0 3 3
≤
a + b + 1 ab(a + b + c)
1 1 1 1
T ng t : 3 3 ≤ , 3 3 ≤
b + c + 1 bc(a + b + c) c + a + 1 ca(a + b + c)
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
3 3
+ 3 3 + 3 3 ≤ + + =1
a + b + 1 b + c + 1 c + a + 1 (a + b + c) ab bc ca
1 1 1
+ + ≤ 1 . ng th c x y ra khi và ch) khi x = y = z = 1 .
x + y +1 y + z +1 z + x +1
16) Cho x, y, z là ba s th c d ng th a: xyz = 1 . Ch ng minh r ng:
1 + x 3 + y3 1 + y3 + z 3 1 + z3 + x 3
+ + ≥3 3.
xy yz zx
H ng d!n: Yêu c*u BT z 1 + x 3 + y3 + x 1 + y3 + z 3 + y 1 + z3 + x 3 ≥ 3 3 xyz
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 1 + x 3 + y3 ≥ 3 3 x 3 y3 = 3xy 1 + x 3 + y3 ≥ 3 xy z 1 + x 3 + y3 ≥ 3 z xy
T ng t (
VT ≥ 3 z xy + x yz + y xz ≥ 3.3 3 xyz x 2 y 2 z 2 = 3 3 . )
17) Ch ng minh r ng v i m i s t nhiên m (m ≥ 2) , ta có: ln 2 m > ln(m − 1).ln(m + 1) .
H ng d!n: ln 2 m > ln(m − 1).ln(m + 1) (*). V i m = 2 thì B T (*) úng.
ln m ln(m + 1)
Khi m > 2: (*) >
ln(m − 1) ln m
ln x
Xét hàm s f (x) = v i x > 2. Hàm f ngh ch bi n nên v i m > 2 thì f (m) > f (m + 1) pcm.
ln(x − 1)
18) Cho x, y, z là ba s th c d ng th a: xy + yz + zx = 3 . Ch ng minh r ng:
1 1 1 1
2
+ 2
+ 2
≤ .
1 + x (y + z) 1 + y (z + x) 1 + z (x + y) xyz
H ng d!n: xy + yz + zx ≥ 3 3 (xyz) 2 xyz ≤ 1
1 1
1 + x 2 (y + z) ≥ xyz + x 2 (y + z) = x(xy + yz + zx) = 3x ≤ 2
1 + x (y + z) 3x
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 xy + yz + zx 1
T ng t + 2
+ 2 2
≤ + + = =
1 + x (y + z) 1 + y (z + x) 1 + z (x + y) 3 x y z 3xyz xyz
xyz = 1
D u “=” x y ra x = y = z = 1.
xy + yz + zx = 3
19) Cho x, y, z là ba s th c d ng th a: x + 3y + 5z ≤ 3 . Ch ng minh r ng:
3xy 625z 4 + 4 + 15yz x 4 + 4 + 5zx 81y 4 + 4 ≥ 45 5 xyz .
H ng d!n: 3xy 625z 4 + 4 + 15yz x 4 + 4 + 5zx 81y 4 + 4 ≥ 45 5 xyz
4 4 4
x2 + 2
+ 9y 2 + 2 + 25z 2 + ≥ 45
x 9y 25z 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
V i a x; , b 3y; , c 5z; , u = a + b + c = x + 3y + 5z; + +
x 3y 5z x 3y 5z
Ta có: a + b + c ≥ a + b + c
2
4 4 4 2 2 2
x + 2 + 9y 2 + 2 + 25z 2 +
2
2
≥ (x + 3y + 5z) 2 + + +
x 9y 25z x 3y 5z
4 4 4 2 36
x2 +
x 2
+ 9y 2 + 2 + 25z 2 +
9y 25z 2
≥ 9 ( 3 x3y5z ) + 2
( 3 x3y5z )
2
t: t = ( 3 x3y5z ) (x, y, z là ba s th c d ng th a: x + 3y + 5z ≤ 3 0 < t ≤ 1 ).
2 36 36 36
9 ( 3 x3y5z ) + 2
= 9t +
t
= 36t + − 27t ≥ 72 − 27 = 45
t
( 3 x3y5z )
( ng th c x y ra t = 1 x = 3y = 5z = 1 )
20) Cho x, y, z là ba s th c th a: x + y + z = 0 . Ch ng minh r ng: 8x + 8y + 8z ≥ 2x + 2 y + 2z .
H ng d!n: 8x + 8y + 8z ≥ 3 3 8x.8y.8z = 3 3 8a + b + c = 3 3 80 = 3 2 ( 8x + 8y + 8z ) ≥ 6 (1)
8x + 1 + 1 ≥ 3 3 8x.1.1 = 3.2 x ; t ng t 8x + 8y + 8z + 6 ≥ 3(2 x + 2 y + 2z ) (2)
(1) + (2) 3 ( 8 x + 8 y + 8z ) ≥ 3 ( 2 x + 2 y + 2 z ) pcm.
21) Cho x, y là các s th c tùy ý. Ch ng minh r ng: x 2 + 4 + x 2 − 2x + y 2 + 1 + y 2 − 6y + 10 ≥ 5 .
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 H ng d!n: Ch n a ( x; 2 ) ; b ( − x + 1; y ) ; c ( −1; 3 − y ) . Áp d ng: a + b + c ≥ a + b + c pcm.
22) Cho các s th c d ng x, y, z th a mãn: x + y + z = 1. Ch ng minh r ng:
2x + xy + 2y + 2y + yz + 2z 2 + 2z 2 + zx + 2x 2 ≥ 5.
2 2 2

1 7 1 7 1 7
H ng d!n: Cách 1: Ch n u x + y; x; y , v y + z; y; z , u z + x; z; x .
2 2 2 2 2 2
u + v + w ≥ u+v+w pcm.
2 2 2
Cách 2: 4(2x 2 + xy + 2y 2 ) = 5 ( x + y ) + 3 ( x − y ) ≥ 5 ( x + y )
5
Vì x, y > 0 2x 2 + xy + 2y 2 ≥ ( x + y).
2
5 5
T ng t : 2y 2 + yz + 2z 2 ≥ ( y + z) ; 2z 2 + zx + 2x 2 ≥
( z + x ) pcm.
2 2
1 (x + y)(1 − xy) 1
23) Cho x, y là hai s th c tùy ý. Ch ng minh r ng: − ≤ ≤ .
2 (1 + x 2 )(1 + y 2 ) 2
1 (x + y)(1 − xy) 1 1 x(1 − y 2 ) + y(1 − x 2 ) 1 2x(1 − y 2 ) + 2y(1 − x 2 )
H ng d!n: − ≤ ≤ − ≤ ≤ ≤1
2 (1 + x 2 )(1 + y 2 ) 2 2 (1 + x 2 )(1 + y 2 ) 2 (1 + x 2 )(1 + y 2 )
Ch n a ( 2x; 1 − x 2 ) , b (1 − y 2 ; 2y ) . Áp d ng: a.b ≤ a . b pcm.
x 2 y2 x y
24) Cho x, y là hai s th c khác 0. Ch ng minh r ng: 3 2
+ 2 −8 + + 10 ≥ 0 (*) .
y x y x
x y x 2 y2
H ng d!n: t t= + ( t ≤ 2) + = t2 − 2 .
y x y2 x 2 t - 2/3 2 +
2 2
Khi ó (*) tr# thành: 3t − 8t + 4 ≥ 0 3t -8t +4 0 0

3t 2 − 8t + 4 ≥ 0 úng v i m i t ∈ (−∞; − 2] ∪ [2; + ∞) pcm.

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B. GIÁ TR L N NH T, GIÁ TR NH NH T A BI U TH C IS .

+A V, -.NG /0M C1C /23 45A 67M S8 M9T BI:N (n u ;c).

PH+<NG =6>P TAM TH?C B@C HAI.
PH+<NG =6>P /0M T@P AB> /23 45A 67M S8.
SC -DNG /ENH CHFT 45A 4>C 67M S8 G BI:T.
>P -DNG BFT HNG TH?C.

BÀI T P.
1) Cho a, b, c IJ ba s KL a Mc i'u ki%n: 0 ≤ a ≤ 1 , 0 ≤ b ≤ 1 , 0 ≤ c ≤ 1 . / m NOM KP l n nh t QJ NOM KP
RL nh t a bi u th c M = a + b + c − ab − bc − ca.
H ng d!n: M = (a − ab) + (b − bc) + (c − ca) = a(1 − b) + b(1 − c) + c(1 − a) ≥ 0.
Khi a = b = c = 0 M = 0 min M = 0.
(1 − a) ≥ 0, (1 −b) ≥ 0, (1 − c) ≥ 0 (1 − a)(1 − b)(1 − c) ≥ 0 a + b + c − ab − bc − ca ≤ 1 − abc
a + b + c − ab − bc − ca ≤ 1. Khi a = 1, b = 0, c ∈ [0, 1] M = 1 max M = 1.
2) / m NOM KP RL nh t a bi u th c M = cot a + cot b + 2tan a. tan2b + 2.
4 4 2

H ng d!n: M = (cot2a − cot2b)2 + 2(cota.cotb − tana. tanb)2 + 6 ≥ 6.

π
Khi a = b = KL M = 6 min M = 6.
4
3) Cho Mc s th c x, y, z KL a i'u ki%n: x + y + z = 5 . / m NOM KP RL nh t a bi u th c
A = x −1 + y −1 + z −1 .
H ng d!n: Ta a − b ≥ a − b , ∀a, b ∈ R.
x −1 ≥ x −1, y −1 ≥ y −1 , z −1 ≥ z −1 x −1 + y −1 + z −1 ≥ x + y + z − 3 = 2 .
min A = 2, $t ;c khi x = y = z = 5 / 3 .
4) / m NOM KP l n nh t QJ NOM KP RL nh t a LJm s y = 4 sin x − cos x .
H ng d!n: i'u ki%n: sinx ≥ 0 QJ cosx ≥ 0.
π
y = 4 sin x − cos x ≤ 4 sin x ≤ 1 . Khi x = KL y = 1 max y = 1.
2
4
y = sin x − cos x ≥ − cos x ≥ −1 . Khi x = 0 KL y = −1 min y = −1.

x−4 y−9
5) / m NOM KP l n nh t a bi u th c A = + v i x ≥ 4 QJ y ≥ 9.
x y
4+ x −4 x x x−4 1 y−9 1
H ng d!n: 4(x − 4) ≤ = x−4 ≤ ≤ . T ng t ≤
2 2 4 x 4 y 6
x−4 y−9 1 1 x−4= 4 x =8
A= + ≤ max A = , $t ;c khi QJ L) khi
x y 12 12 y−9 = 9 y = 18
6) Cho hai s th c x, y KL a 36x 2 + 16y 2 − 9 = 0 . / m NOM KP l n nh t, NOM KP RL nh t a bi u th c
A = y − 2x + 5.
H ng d!n: Cách 1: A = y − 2x + 5 y = 2x + A − 5 100x 2 + 64(A − 5)x + 16(A − 5) 2 − 9 = 0 (*)
5 15 25
(*) nghi%m ∆ ' = 900 − 576(A − 5) 2 ≥ 0 A −5 ≤ ≤A≤
4 4 4
2 2
x=− x=
25 5 15 5
max A = , $t ;c khi ; min A = , $t ;c khi
4 5 9 4 5 9
y = 2x + = y = 2x − = −
4 20 4 20

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2 1 1 1 1 25
CMch 2: ( A − 5) = (2x − y) 2 = 6x − 4y ≤ (36x 2 + 16y 2 ) + = ...
3 4 9 16 16
1 1 5
CMch 2’: tu
; − , v ( 6x; 4y ) u.v = 2x − y , u = , v = 36x 2 + 16y 2 = 3
3 4 12
1 1 5
A − 5 = 2x − y = 6x − 4y = u.v ≤ u . v = (b t ng th c Bunhiac pxki) ...
3 4 4
x + 2y + 1
7) / m NOM KP l n nh t, NOM KP RL nh t a bi u th c A = 2 .
x + y2 + 7
H ng d!n: T ng t Mch 1 SJi 6)
1 5
max A = khi x = 1 QJ y = 2; min A = − khi x = −7/5 QJ y = −3.
2 14
5 4 1
8) Cho x, y IJ hai s d ng KL a i'u ki%n x + y = . / m NOM KP RL nh t a bi u th c A = + .
4 x 4y
4 1 4 1 5 4 1
H ng d!n: CMch 1: A = + = + 0<x< A '(x) = − 2 +
x 4y x 5 − 4x 4 x (5 − 4x) 2
min A = 5 khi x = 4y = 1.
4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5.5
CMch 2: A = + = + + + + ≥5 5 4 =5 5 ≥ =5
x 4y x x x x 4y x 4y x.x.x.x.4y x + x + x + x + 4y
5 2 1 4 1 5 4 1 25 5
CMch 3: = x + y ≤ (x + y) + = + ≤ A
2 x 2 y x 4y 4 x 4y 4 4
2
y 9
9) Cho x, y IJ hai s d ng. / m NOM KP RL nh t a bi u th c A = (1 + x) 1 + 1+ .
x y
x x x x3
H ng d!n: T ng t Mch 2 SJi 8): 1 + x = 1 + + + ≥4 4 3 ;
3 3 3 3
y y y y y3
1+ = 1+ + + ≥4 4 3 3
x 3x 3x 3x 3x
2
9 3 3 3 33 9 36
1+ = 1+ + + ≥4 4 1 + ≥ 16 4 A ≥ 256
y y y y ( y)3 y y3
min A = 256 khi x = 3 QJ y = 9.
10) Cho x, y, z IJ ba s d ng KL a x + y + z = 0. T m NOM KP RL nh t a bi u th c
x y z
A = 3+ 4 + 3+ 4 + 3+ 4 .
H ng d!n: T ng t Mch 2 SJi 8): 3 + 4 x = 1 + 1 + 1 + 4 x ≥ 4 4 4 x 3 + 4x ≥ 2 4 2x . . .
A≥2 ( 4
)
2 x + 4 2 y + 4 2z ≥ 2.3
3 4
2 x + y + z = 6 12 20 = 6 min A = 6 khi x = y = z = 0.
11) Cho Mc s th c x, y KL a i'u ki%n: x + y = 2. / m NOM KP RL nh t a bi u th c A = 2x + 2y.
H ng d!n: CMch 1: x + y = 2 y = 2 − x A = 2 x + 22 − x . x -∞ -2 0 2 +∞
2
t +4 4 0 0
t t = 2x > 0 A =
A'
= t + (t > 0).
t t +∞ +∞
2
4 t −4 A
A '(t) = 1 − 2 = 2 . A’(t) = 0 t = 2 (t = −2 IT$i). 4
t t
min A = 4, $t ;c khi QJ L) khi t = 2 x = y =1.
CMch 2: 2 x + 2 y ≥ 2 2x.2 y = 2 22 = 4
min A = 4, $t ;c khi QJ L) khi x = y =1.

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12) / m NOM KP nL nh t a bi u th c: A = x + y v i + = 1 QJ x > 0, y > 0.
x y
1 4 4x 1 4x
H ng d!n: CMch 1: + = 1 y = .V iy>0 <1 x > 1 A=x+ (v i x > 1)
x y x −1 x x −1
4 (x − 1) 2 − 4 x -∞ -1 1 3 +∞
A '(x) = 1 − 2
= 2
(x − 1) (x − 1) A' 0 0
+∞ +∞
A’(x) = 0 x = 3 (x = −1 IT$i).
x =3 A
min A = 9, $t ;c khi QJ L) khi 9
y=6
4x 4 4 4(x − 1)
AO i Mch 2: A = x + y = x + = x +4+ = (x − 1) + +5≥ 2 +5≥ 9
x −1 x −1 x −1 x −1
x=3
min A = 9, $t ;c khi QJ L) khi
y=6
13) Cho x, y IJ hai s không âm KL a i'u ki%n x + y = 1. / m NOM KP l n nh t QJ NOM KP RL nh t a bi u
th c A = 3x + 3y.
1
H ng d!n: T ng t SJi 6) max A = 4 khi x = 0 ho c x = 1; min A = 2 3 khi x = .
2
14) Cho x, y IJ hai s không âm KL a i'u ki%n x + y = 1. / m NOM KP l n nh t QJ NOM KP RL nh t a bi u
th c A = 3x + 9y.
9
H ng d!n: T ng t SJi 7) max A = 10 khi x = 0 ho c x = 1; min A = 3 3 khi 3x = 3 18 .
4
15) Cho x, y IJ hai s không âm KL a i'u ki%n x + y = 1. / m NOM KP l n nh t QJ NOM KP RL nh t a bi u
x y
th c A = + .
y +1 x +1
2 1
H ng d!n: T ng t max A = 1 khi (x = 0; y =1) ho c (x = 1; y = 0); min A = khi x = y = .
3 2
1
16) Cho x, y IJ hai s d ng KL a i'u ki%n x + y = 1. / m NOM KP RL nh t a bi u th c A = xy + .
xy
2
x+y x+y 1 1
H ng d!n: ≥ xy xy ≤ = . ng th c y ra x=y=
2 2 4 2
1 1 1
t t = xy 0 < t ≤ . UVt LJm s A = f (t) = t + v i t ∈ 0;
4 t 4
17 1 1
min A = khi t = x=y= .
4 4 2
9π2
17) / m NOM KP RL nh t a LJm s f(x) = 4x + + sin x trên LT ng (0; +∞).
x
9π2 9π2
H ng d!n: 4x + ≥ 2 4x = 12π QJ sinx ≥ −1, ∀x∈R f (x) ≥ 12π − 1, ∀x ∈ R .
x x
3π
f = 12π − 1 min f (x) = 12π − 1 .
2 x∈(0, +∞ )

18) Cho ba s d ng x, y, z KL a i'u ki%n: x + y + z = xyz. / m NOM KP RL nh t a bi u th c A = xyz.

H ng d!n: A = x + y + z ≥ 3 3 xyz = 3 3 A A3 ≥ 27A A2 ≥ 27 (Q A > 0) A≥3 3.
min A = 3 3 , $t ;c khi QJ L) khi x = y=z= 3.
19) Cho x + y = 1 QJ y ≥ 0. / m NOM KP l n nh t a bi u th c A = xy 2 .
H ng d!n: * N u x ≤ 0 KL A = xy2 ≤ 0.

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 y y xy 2 4
* N u x > 0 KL : 1 = x + y = x + + ≥3 3 xy 2 ≤
2 2 4 27
4 x = 1/ 3
max A = , $t ;c khi QJ L) khi .
27 y = 2/3
x+y
20) Cho ba s d ng x, y, z KL a: x + y + z = 1. / m NOM KP RL nh t a bi u th c A = .
xyz
H ng d!n: 1 = x + y + z = (x + y) + z ≥ 2 (x + y)z 1 ≥ 4(x + y)z (x + y) 2 ≥ 4(x + y) 2 z (1).
x+y
M t LMc: (x + y) 2 ≥ 4xy nên tW (1) suy ra x + y ≥ 16xyz ≥ 16
xyz
1 1
min A = 16, $t ;c khi x = y = QJ z = .
4 2
21) Cho ba s d ng x, y, z KL a: x + y + z = 1. / m NOM KP l n nh t a bi u th c A = xy + yz + zx.
H ng d!n: x 2 + y 2 ≥ 2xy , y 2 + z 2 ≥ 2yz , z 2 + x 2 ≥ 2zx x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ≥ xy + yz + zx (1).
M t LMc: 1 = (x + y + z)2 = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + 2(xy + yz + zx) (2)
1 1 1
(1) QJ (2) 1 ≥ 3(xy + yz + zx) xy + yz + zx ≤ max A = , $t ;c khi x = y = z = .
3 3 3
22) Cho ba s d ng x, y, z KL a: x + y + z = 1. / m NOM KP l n nh t a bi u th c
A = xyz(x + y)(y + z)(z + x).
H ng d!n: x + y + z ≥ 3 3 xyz 1 ≥ 3 3 xyz (1)
(x + y) + (y + z) + (z + x) ≥ 3 3 (x + y)(y + z)(z + x)2 ≥ 3 3 (x + y)(y + z)(z + x) (2)
8
(1) QJ (2) 2 ≥ 9 3 xyz(x + y)(y + z)(z + x) = 9 3 A A≤
729
8 1
max A = , $t ;c khi QJ L) khi x = y = z = .
729 3
23) Cho ba s không âm x, y, z KL a i'u ki%n: x + y + z ≤ 3. / m NOM KP l n nh t a bi u th c
x y z
A= + + .
1 + x 1 + y 1 + z2
2 2

x 1 2x − 1 − x 2 −(x − 1) 2 x 1 x y z 3
H ng d!n: − = = ≤0 ≤ A= + + ≤
1+ x2 2 2(1 + x 2 ) 2(1 + x 2 ) 1+ x 2
2 2 2
1+ x 1+ y 1+ z 2
2
3
max A = , $t ;c khi QJ L) khi x = y = z = 1 .
2
24) Cho ba s không âm x, y, z KL a i'u ki%n: x + y + z ≤ 3. / m NOM KP RL nh t a bi u th c
1 1 1
A= + + .
1+ x 1+ y 1+ z
1 1 1 1 1 3
H ng d!n: A = + + ≥3 ≥3 ≥
1+ x 1+ y 1+ z 3 (1 + x)(1 + y)(1 + z) (1 + x) + (1 + y) + (1 + z) 2
3
3
min A = , $t ;c khi QJ L) khi x = y = z = 1 .
2
25) Cho Mc s th c x, y KL a x + y = 1, x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0. / m NOM KP l n nh t, NOM KP RL nh t a bi u th c
A = x 2 + y2 .
H ng d!n: Theo gt 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, 0 ≤ y ≤ 1 x 2 ≤ x, y 2 ≤ y x 2 + y2 ≤ 1
x =1 x=0
max A = 1, $t ;c khi QJ L) khi ho c .
y=0 y =1
1
1 = (x + y)2 = (1.x + 1.y)2 ≤ (12 + 12)(x2 + y2) A≥
2
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 1
min A = 1, $t ;c khi QJ L) khi x = y =
.
2
26) Cho Mc s th c x, y, z KL a i'u ki%n: xy + yz + zx = 1. / m NOM KP RL nh t a bi u th c
A = x 4 + y4 + z 4 .
H ng d!n: A = x + y + z ≥ 3 3 xyz = 3 3 A A3 ≥ 27A A2 ≥ 27 (Q A > 0) A≥3 3
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 = (xy + yz + zx) ≤ (x + y + z )(x + y + z ) = (x + y + z ) 1 ≤ x + y + z (1).
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 4 4
(x + y + z ) ≤ (1 + 1 + 1 )(x + y + z ) (2).
1 1 3
(1) QJ (2) 1 ≤ 3(x 4 + y 4 + z 4 ) x 4 + y4 + z 4 ≥
min A = khi x=y=z=± .
3 3 3
27) / m NOM KP RL nh t a bi u th c A = 4x2 + 9y2, bi t r ng 4x − 6y = 1 (x, y ∈R).
2
4x − 1 4x − 1
H ng d!n: CMch 1: 1 = 4x − 6y y= A = 4x 2 + 9
6 6
4x − 1 2 1
A '(x) = 8x + 9.2 ⋅ = 16x − 2 . A’(x) = 0 x= x -∞ 1/8 +∞
6 3 8 A' 0
x = 1/ 8 +∞ +∞
min A = 9, $t ;c khi QJ L) khi
y = −1/12 A
1/8
2 2 2 2
CMch 2: 1 = 4x − 6y = 2(2x) + (−2)(3y) ≤ (2 + 2 )(4x + 9y )
1
A = 4x 2 + 9y 2 ≥
8
4x − 6y = 1
1 4x − 6y = 1 x = 1/ 8
min A = , $t ;c khi QJ L) khi 2x 3y
8 = 2x − 3y = 0 y = −1/12
2 −2
28) Cho x, y là hai s th c th a: 2 ( x 2 + y 2 ) = xy + 1 . Tìm giá tr l n nh t và giá tr nh nh t c a bi u th c:
x 4 + y4
P= .
2xy + 1
1
H ng d!n: Ta có xy + 1 = 2 (x + y) 2 − 2xy ≥ −4xy xy ≥ − .
5
1 1 1
xy + 1 = 2 (x − y) 2 + 2xy ≥ 4xy xy ≤ − ≤t≤ .
3 5 3
2 2
(x + y 2 ) − 2x 2 y 2
−7t 2 + 2t + 1 1 1 79(− t 2 − t)
t t = xy P= v i t∈ − ;
= P' =
2xy + 1 4(2t + 1) 5 3 2(2t + 1) 2
1 2 1 1
P' = 0 t = 0 ( t = −1 lo$i) max P = khi t = xy = 0 . min P = khi t = xy = ho c t = xy = −
4 15 3 5
29) / m NOM KP l n nh t, NOM KP RL nh t a bi u th c A = 2x + 3y, bi t r ng 2x2 + 3y2 ≤ 5.
2
H ng d!n: (2x + 3y) 2 = ( 2. 2 x + 3. 3 y ) ≤ (2 + 3)(2x 2 + 3y 2 ) ≤ 25 −5 ≤ 2x + 3y ≤ 5 .
max A = 5, $t ;c khi QJ L) khi x = y = 1; min A = −5, $t ;c khi QJ L) khi x = y = −1.
30) Cho x, y z, là các s th c th a: x ≥ 1, y ≥ 2, z ≥ 3 . Tìm giá tr l n nh t c a bi u th c:
x y − 2 z − 3 + y z − 3 x −1 + z x −1 y − 2
P= .
xyz
y−2 z−3 z − 3 x −1 x −1 y − 2
H ng d!n: P = + +
yz zx xy
1. x − 1 1 + (x − 1) 1 2. y − 2 1 3. z − 3 1
0≤ ≤ = .T ng t : 0 ≤ ≤ ; 0≤ ≤
x 2x 2 y 2 2 z 2 3

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 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
P≤ ⋅ + ⋅ + ⋅ = + + .
2 2 2 3 2 3 2 2 2 2 4 6 3 2
x −1 = 1 x=2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Khi y−2 = 2 y = 4 thì P = + + min P = + + .
4 6 3 2 4 6 3 2
z −3 = 3 z=6
31) Cho ba s th c x, y, z l n h n m"t và xyz = 8 . Tìm giá tr nh nh t c a bi u th c:
1 1 1
P= + + .
1+ x 1+ y 1+ z
1 1 2
H ng d!n: + ≥
1 + x 1 + y 1 + xy
2

(vì
1
−
1
+
1
−
1
≥0
( y− x ) ( xy − 1) ≥ 0 úng)
1 + x 1 + xy 1 + y 1 + xy (1 + x)(1 + y) (1 + xy )
ng th c x y ra khi và ch) khi x = y .
1 1 1 1 2 2 2 4
+ + + ≥ + ≥ =
1 + x 1 + y 1 + z 1 + xyz 1 + xy 1 + xyz
3 6 4 4
1+ x y z
12 4 4
1 + xyz
3

3
P≥ ≥1 min P = 1 khi x = y = z = 2 .
1 + 3 xyz
32) Cho x, y, z là ba s th c không âm th a: x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 3 . Tìm giá tr nh nh t c a bi u th c:
x3 y3 z3
P= + + .
1+ x2 1 + y2 1 + z2
x3 1+ x2 x3
x6 3x 2
H ng d!n: + ≥3 3 = + ;
2 1+ x2 2 1+ x2 4 2 16 2 2 3 2 2
y3 y3 1 + y2 3y 2
T ng t : + + ≥ ;…
2 1 + y2 2 1 + y2 4 2 2 2 2 2
3(x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) 3(x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) 3 9 9 3 3
P+ ≥ P+ ≥ P≥ − =
4 2 26 8 2 2 6
2 2 3
2 2 2 2 2
3
min P = khi x = y = z = 1 .
2
x3 y3 z3
33) Cho x, y, z là ba s th c d ng th a: + + = 1 . Tìm giá tr l n
x 2 + xy + y 2 y 2 + yz + z 2 z 2 + zx + x 2
nh t c a bi u th c: P = x + y + z .
x3 2x − y
H ng d!n: 2 2
≥ (vì 3x 3 ≥ (2x − y)(x 2 + xy + y 2 )
x + xy + y 3
x 3 + y3 − x 2 y − xy 2 ≥ 0 (x + y)(x − y) 2 ≥ 0 ).
y3 2y − z z3 2z − x
T ng t : 2 2
≥ ; 2 2
≥
y + yz + z 3 z + zx + x 3
x3 y3 z3 x+y+z
2 2
+ 2 2
+ 2 2
≥ P ≤ 3 max P = 3 khi x = y = z = 1 .
x + xy + y y + yz + z z + zx + x 3
34) Cho x, y, z là ba s th c không âm th a: x 2011 + y 2011 + z 2011 = 3 . Tìm giá tr l n nh t c a bi u th c:
P = x 5 + y5 + z 5 .
H ng d!n: Áp d ng B T Cô si cho 2006 s 1 và 5 s x2011:

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 5
1 + 1 + ... + 1 + x 2001 + ... + x 2001 ≥ 2011 2011 ( x 2001 ) 2006 + 5x 2011 ≥ 2011x 5 .
T ng t 3.2006 + 5 ( x 2011 +y 2011 +z 2011 ) ≥ 2011( x 5 + y5 + z5 )
6018 + 5.3 ≥ 2011.P P ≤ 3 . Khi x = y = z = 1 thì P = 3 max P = 3 .
35) Cho x, y, z là ba s th c d ng th a: xyz = 1 . Tìm giá tr nh nh t c a bi u th c:
y z x
P= + + .
1 + xy 1 + yz 1 + zx
a b c
H ng d!n: Vì: xyz = 1 nên t n t$i các s d ng a, b, c th a: x = ; y = ; z = .
b c a
a b c
P= + +
b+c c+a a +b
1
t: X = a + b ; Y = b + c ; Z = c + a a + b + c = (X + Y + Z)
2
Y+Z−X X+Z−Y X+Y−Z
a= ; b= ; c=
2 2 2
a b c Y+Z−X X+Z−Y X+Y−Z
P= + + = + +
b+c c+a a+b 2X 2Y 2Z
1 X Y X Z Y Z 3 3
P= + + + + + −3 ≥ min P = khi x = y = z = 1 .
2 Y X Z X Z Y 2 2
36) Cho x, y, z là ba s th c d ng th a: x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1 . Tìm giá tr nh nh t c a bi u th c:
x y z
P= 2 2
+ 2 2+ 2 .
y +x x +z x + y2
2x 2 + (1 − x 2 ) + (1 − x 2 ) 3 2 2 2
H ng d!n: ≥ 2x (1 − x 2 ) 2 3
2x 2 (1 − x 2 ) 2 ≤ x(1 − x 2 ) ≤
3 3 3 3
x 3 3 2 x 3 3 2 y 3 3 2 z 3 3 2
2
≥ x 2 2
≥ x .T ng t : 2 2
≥ y ; 2 2
≥ z .
1− x 2 y +z 2 z +x 2 x +y 2
x y z 3 3 3 3 3
P= 2
2
+ 2 2+ 2 2
≥ min P = khi x = y = z = .
y +x x +z x +y 2 2 3
37) Cho x, y, z là ba s th c không âm th a: x + y + z = 1 . Tìm giá tr l n nh t c a bi u th c:
P = xy + yz + zx − 2xyz .
H ng d!n: P = xy + yz + zx − 2xyz = x(y + z) + (1 − 2x)yz = x(1 − x) + (1 − 2x)yz . t: t = yz .
(y + z) 2 (1 − x) 2 (1 − x) 2
0 ≤ t = yz ≤ = . Xét hàm s f (t) = x(1 − x) + (1 − 2x)t trên o$n 0; .
4 4 4
2
(x + 1 − x) 2 1 7 (1 − x) 2 7 1 1 1 7
f (0) = x(1 − x) ≤ = < ;f = − 2a + a− ≤ , ∀a ∈ [0;1]
4 4 27 4 27 4 3 3 27
7 7 1
P = xy + yz + zx − 2xyz ≤ max P = khi x = y = z = .
27 27 3
38) Cho x, y , z là ba s th c không âm th a: x + y + z > 0 . Tìm giá tr nh nh t c a bi u th c:
x 3 + y3 + 16z3
P= .
(x + y + z)3
(x + y)3 (x + y)3
H ng d!n: Ta có: x 3 + y3 ≥ (vì x 3 + y3 ≥ (x − y) 2 (x + y) ≥ 0 ).
4 4
3 3
(x + y) + 64z (a − z) + 64z3
3
z
t: a = x + y + z 4P ≥ 3
= 3
= (1 − t)3 + 64t 3 (v i 0 ≤ t = ≤ 1 ).
a a a
Xét hàm s f (t) = (1 − t)3 + 64t 3 trên o$n [0; 1].

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f '(t) = 3 64t 2 − (1 − t) 2 ; f '(t) = 0 t = ∈ [0;1] min P = min f (t) = khi x = y = 4z > 0 .
9 t∈[0;1] 81
1 1 1
39) Cho x, y, z là ba s th c l n h n 1 và th a: + + ≥ 2 . Tìm giá tr l n nh t c a bi u th c:
x y z
P = (x − 1)(y − 1)(z − 1) .
1 1 1 1 1 1 y −1 z −1 (y − 1)(z − 1)
H ng d!n: + + ≥2 ≥ 1− +1− = + ≥2 .
x y z x y z y z yz
1 (x − 1)(z − 1) 1 (x − 1)(y − 1)
T ng t ≥2 ; ≥2
y xz z xy
1 (x − 1)(y − 1)(z − 1) 1 1 3
≥8 P = (x − 1)(y − 1)(z − 1) ≤ maxP = khi x = y = z = .
xyz xyz 8 8 2
40) Cho x, y, z, t là b n s d ng th a: x + y + z + t = 4 . Ch ng minh r ng:
x y z t
+ + + ≥ 2.
1+ y z 1+ z t 1+ t x 1+ x2y
2 2 2

x xy 2 z xy 2 z xy z xy(1 + z) xy xyz
H ng d!n: 2
= x − 2
≥ x − =x− ≥x− =x− −
1+ y z 1+ y z 2y z 2 4 4 4
(D u “=” x y ra y = z = 1 )
y yz yzt z zt ztx t tx txy
T ng t : 2
≥ y− − ; 2
≥z− − ; 2
≥t− −
1+ z t 4 4 1+ t x 4 4 1+ x y 4 4
x y z t xy + yz + zt + tx xyz + yzt + ztx + txy
2
+ 2
+ 2
+ 2
≥ 4− −
1+ y z 1+ z t 1+ t x 1+ x y 4 4
2
x+y+z+t
Ta có: xy + yz + zt + tx = (x + z)(y + t) ≤ = 4 (D u “=” x y ra x+z = y+t)
2
2 2
x+y z+t
xyz + yzt + ztx + txy = xy(z + t) + zt(x + y) ≤ (z + t) + (x + y)
2 2
x+y z+t
xyz + yzt + ztx + txy ≤ (x + y)(z + t) + = (x + y)(z + t)
4 4
2
x+y+z+t
xyz + yzt + ztx + txy ≤ = 4 (D u “=” x y ra x = y = z = t = 1 )
2
x y z t 4 4
2
+ 2
+ 2
+ 2
≥ 4 − − = 2 . (D u “=” x y ra x = y = z = t = 1 )
1+ y z 1+ z t 1+ t x 1+ x y 4 4
41) Cho x, y , z là ba s th c d ng th a: x + y + z = xyz . Tìm giá tr nh nh t c a bi u th c:
xy yz zx
P= + + .
z(1 + xy) x(1 + yz) y(1 + zx)
xy yz zx 1 1 1 1 1 1
H ng d!n: Cách 1: P = + + = + + − + +
z(1 + xy) x(1 + yz) y(1 + zx) x y x x + xyz y + xyz z + xyz
1 1 1 1 1 1
P= + + − + +
x y x 2x + y + z 2y + x + z 2z + x + y
1 1 1 1
Áp d ng: ≤ + (D u “=” x y ra a = b).
a+b 4 a b
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
P≥ + + − + + + + + ≥ + + − + +
x y x 4 2x 2y 2z y + z z + x x + y x y x 4 x y x
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 1
P≥ + + − + + = + +
x y x 4 x y x 4 x y x
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 Áp d ng: (a + b + c) 2 ≥ 3(ab + bc + ca), ∀a, b, c. (D u “=” x y ra a = b = c).
2
1 1 1 1 1 1 x+y+z 1 1 1 3 3
+ + ≥3 + + =3 =3 + + ≥ 3 P≥
x y x xy yz zx xyz x y x 4
3 3
P= khi x = y = z = 3 .
4
1 1 1 1 1 1
Cách 2: P = + + − + +
x y x 2x + y + z 2y + x + z 2z + x + y
1 1 1 1 1 1
P≥ + + − + +
x y x 4 x yz 4 xy z 4 xyz 2
4 2 4 2 4

1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 3 1 1 1
P≥ + + − + + + + + + + + P≥ + +
x y x 16 x y z x y z x y z 4 x y x
42) / m NOM KP l n nh t, NOM KP RL nh t a LJm s y = f(x) = sin x + 2 − sin 2 x .
H ng d!n: TX : D = R. y = sin x + 2 − sin 2 x ≥ −1 + 2 − 1 = 0, ∀x ∈ R .
π
min y = 0, $t ;c khi QJ L) khi sinx = −1 x = − + k2π .
2
M t LMc: sin x + 2 − sin 2 x ≤ 1 + 1. sin 2 x + 2 − sin 2 x ≤ 2
π
max y = 2, $t ;c khi QJ L) khi sin x = 2 − sin 2 x = 1 x=
+ k2π .
2
43) / m NOM KP l n nh t, NOM KP RL nh t a LJm s y = asinx + bcosx (v i a.b ≠ 0).
H ng d!n: TX : D = R. y = a sin x + b cos x ≤ (a 2 + b 2 )(sin 2 x + cos 2 x)
y ≤ a 2 + b2 − a 2 + b2 ≤ y ≤ a 2 + b2

a sin x + b cos x = a 2 + b 2
2 2
max y = a + b , $t ;c khi QJ L) khi sin x cos x ( nghi%m x)
=
a b
a sin x + b cos x = − a 2 + b 2
min y = − a 2 + b 2 , $t ;c khi QJ L) khi a ( nghi%m x)
tan x =
b
44) / m NOM KP l n nh t, NOM KP RL nh t a LJm s y = 3sinx − 4cosx + 1.
H ng d!n: CMch 1: TX : D = R. y − 1 = 3sin x − 4 cos x ≤ 5 −5 ≤ y − 1 ≤ 5 −4 ≤ y ≤ 6
3sin x − 4 cos x = 5 sin x = 3 / 5
max y = 6, $t ;c khi QJ L) khi ( nghi%m x).
tan x = −3 / 4 tan x = −3 / 4
3sin x − 4 cos x = −5 sin x = −3 / 5
min y = −4, $t ;c khi QJ L) khi ( nghi%m x).
tan x = −3 / 4 tan x = −3 / 4
CMch 2: * N u x = (2k + 1)π y = 5.
2t 1− t2x −3t 2 + 6t + 5
* N u x ≠ (2k + 1)π sin x = , cos x = t = tan
y=
1+ t2 1+ t2 2 t2 +1
sin x + 2 cos x + 1
45) / m NOM KP l n nh t, NOM KP RL nh t a LJm s y =
3sin x + 4 cos x + 5
sin x + 2 cos x + 1
H ng d!n: TX : D = R. y = y(3sin x + 4 cos x + 5) = sin x + 2 cos x + 1
3sin x + 4 cos x + 5
1 − 5y = (3y − 1) sin x + (4y − 2) cos x ≤ (3y − 1) 2 + (4y − 2) 2 y ≤ 1/ 3

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 y = 1/ 3
1
max y = , $t ;c khi QJ L) khi 3y − 1 tanx = 0 x = kπ
3 tan x =
4y + 2
6Jm s không NOM KP RL nh t.
46) / m NOM KP l n nh t, NOM KP RL nh t a LJm s y = (3sin x + 4 cos x)( 3 sin x − cos x) .
H ng d!n: ( )
TX : D = R. y = 3 3 sin 2 x − 3 − 4 3 sin x cos x − 4 cos 2 x
1 − cos 2x sin 2x 1 + cos 2x
y=3 3
2
(
− 3− 4 3
2
)−4
2
3 3 4 3 −3 4 3+3 3 3 3 3 3 3
y+2− = sin 2x − co s 2x y+2− ≤5 −7 + ≤ y ≤ 3+
2 2 2 2 2 2
3 3 3 3 4 3 −3
max y = 3 + , min y = −7 + , $t ;c khi tan x = ( nghi%m x).
2 2 4+3 3
47) Cho Mc s th c x, y, z, t KL a i'u ki%n: x2 + y2 = 1 QJ z2 + t2 = 1. T m NOM KP l n nh t QJ NOM KP RL
nh t a bi u th c A = xz + yt.
H ng d!n: (xz + yt) 2 ≤ (x 2 + y 2 )(z 2 + t 2 ) = 1 −1 ≤ xz + yt ≤ 1
2
max A = 1, $t ;c khi QJ L) khi x=y=z=t=±
2
2
min A = −1, $t ;c khi QJ L) khi x = y = −z = − t = ±
2
x 2 + y2 = 9
48) Trong nhXng nghi%m th c a h% z 2 + t 2 = 16 . 6Yy K m nghi%m A = x + z $t NOM KP l n nh t.
xt + yz ≥ 12
H ng d!n: (xt + yz) 2 ≤ (x 2 + y 2 )(z 2 + t 2 ) = 9.16 = 144 xt + yz ≤ 12 .
x y x 2 y2 x 2 + y2 9 3
xt + yz = 12 = =k xt + yz = 12 k 2 = 2 = 2 = 2 2 = k=±
t z t z z +t 16 4
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
x + y + z + t = x + 2xz = z + y − 2xz + t = (x + z) + (y − t) = 9 + 16 = 25 (Q xz = yt).
(x + z) 2 ≤ 25 Q (y − t) 2 ≥ 0
y=t
9 16 12
max A = 5, $t ;c khi QJ L) khi 3 x = ;y= ;z=t = .
x= t 5 5 5
4
π π π
49) Cho x, y, z IJ ba N c KZy [ KL a Mc i'u ki%n: 0 < x < , 0 < y < , 0 < z < , x + y + z = π . / m NOM
2 2 2
KP RL nh t a bi u th c A = tanx. tany. tanz.
H ng d!n: GT tanx > 0, tany > 0, tanz > 0 QJ tan(x + y) = tan( π − z)
tan x − tan y
= − tan z tan x + tan y + tan z = tan x.tan y.tan z .
1 − tan x.tan y
A = tan x + tan y + tan z ≥ 3 3 tan x.tan y.tan z = 3 3 A A ≥33 A A≥3 3
π
min A = 3 3 , $t ;c khi QJ L) khi x=y=z= .
2
π
50) Cho x, y, z IJ ba N c KZy [ KL a Mc i'u ki%n: x ≥ 0 , y ≥ 0 , z ≥ 0 , x + y + z = . / m NOM KP l n nh t
2
a bi u th c A = 1 + tan x.tan y + 1 + tan y.tan z + 1 + tan z.tan x .

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 π π
H ng d!n: AO s 0 < z < tan x ≥ 0 , tan y ≥ 0 , tan z > 0 QJ x + y ≠
2 2
π
tan(x + y) = tan −z
2
tan x.tan y + tan y.tan z + tan z.tan x = 1
A 2 ≤ (12 + 12 + 12 )(1 + tan x.tan y + 1 + tan y.tan z + 1 + tan z.tan x) A2 ≤ 3.4 A≤2 3
Khi z = 0 KL A = 2 + 2 < 2 3 .
π
max A = 2 3 , $t ;c khi QJ L) khi x=y=z= .
6
A B C
51) Cho A, B, C là ba góc c a m"t tam giác. Tìm giá tr nh nh t c a: P = tan + tan + tan .
2 2 2
A B A B
H ng d!n: tan 2 + tan 2 ≥ 2 tan .tan ; …
2 2 2 2
2 A 2 B 2 C A B B C C A
tan + tan + tan ≥ tan .tan + tan .tan + tan .tan
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
A B C A B B C C A
tan 2 + tan 2 + tan 2 ≥ 1 (vì tan .tan + tan .tan + tan .tan = 1 )
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2
A B C A B C A B B C C A
tan 2 + tan 2 + tan 2 = tan 2 + tan 2 + tan 2 + 2 tan tan + tan tan + tan tan
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2
A B C A B C
tan 2
+ tan 2 + tan 2 ≥3 tan 2 + tan 2 + tan 2 ≥ 3
2 2 2 2 2 2
π
min P = 3 khi A = B = C = .
3
52) / m NOM KP l n nh t a bi u th c A = cosx + cosy − cos(x − y).
x+y x−y x+y
H ng d!n: CMch 1: A = 2 cos ⋅ cos − 2 cos 2 −1
2 2 2
x+y x+y x−y x+y
2 cos 2 − 2 cos ⋅ cos + A − 1 = 0 . ây IJ ph ng KP nh b c hai theo cos 2 ,
2 2 2 2
x+y x+y 3
nghi%m ∆ ' = cos 2 − 2(A − 1) ≥ 0 2A ≤ 2 + cos 2 ≤3 A≤
2 2 2
3 π
max A = , $t ;c khi x = y = z = .
2 3
3 x+y x−y x+y 3
CMch 2: A ≤ , ∀x, y 2 cos ⋅ cos − 2 cos 2 −1 ≤
2 2 2 2 2
x + y x + y x − y 1 x + y x +y x−y
2 cos 2 − 2 cos ⋅ cos + ≤0 4 cos 2 − 4 cos ⋅ cos +1 ≤ 0
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2
x+y
2 x+y x−y 3 π
cos − cos + sin 2 ≥ 0 max A = , $t ;c khi x = y = z = .
2 2 2 2 3
0
53) Cho ∆ABC Mc N c KL a C ≤ B ≤ A ≤ 90 . / m NOM KP RL nh t a bi u th c
A−B A B
M = cos sin sin .
2 2 2
1
H ng d!n: M = [1 + cos(A − B) − (cos A + cos B)]
4
1
Ta c : sin C.cos(A − b) = sin(A + B).cos(A − B) = ( sin 2B + sin 2A ) = sin A cos A + sin Bcos B .
2
sin A sin B
cos(A − B) = cos A + cos B .
sin C sin C
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 sin A sin B
GT sin A ≥ sin B ≥ sin C > 0 QJ cos A ≥ 0, cosB > 0 ≥ ≥1
sin C sin C
sin A sin B
cos(A − B) = cos A + cos B ≥ cos A + cos B cos(A − B) − cos A − cos B ≥ 0
sin C sin C
1 1 1
M ≥ . Khi ∆ABC 'u (C ≤ B ≤ A ≤ 900) KL M = min M =
4 4 4
1
(M = ∆ABC 'u ho c ∆ABC vuông K$i A)
4
54) Cho A, B, C IJ ba N c trong a m"t tam NOMc. / m NOM KP RL nh t a bi u th c
1 1 1
M= + + .
2 + cos 2A 2 + cos 2B 2 − cos 2C
1 1 1 1
H ng d!n: M = + + ≥3
2 + cos 2A 2 + cos 2B 2 − cos 2C 3 (2 + cos 2A)(2 + cos 2B)(2 − cos 2C)
9 9
M≥ = 2
6 + cos 2A + cos 2B − cos 2C 1 1
7 + cos 2 (A − B) − 2 cos C + cos(A − B)
2 2
9 6 6
M≥ = min M = , $t ;c khi QJ L) khi A = B = 300 QJ C = 1200.
1 5 5
7+
2
1
55) / m NOM KP RL nh t a bi u th c A = log 2 cos 2 xy + .
cos 2 xy
1 1
H ng d!n: i'u ki%n cos2xy ≠ 0 cos 2 xy + 2
≥ 2 cos 2 xy ⋅ =2 A ≥ log 2 2 = 1
cos xy cos 2 xy
Khi xy = π A = 1 min A = 1.
56) / m NOM KP l n nh t, NOM KP RL nh t a bi u th c A = 2x − y − 2, bi t r ng (x; y) IJ K a " i m M
x 2 y2
thu"c elip + = 1.
4 9
2
2 x y x 2 y2
H ng d!n: (2x − y) = 4 ⋅ − 3 ⋅ ≤ (42 + 32 ) + = 25 −5 ≤ 2x − y ≤ 5 −7 ≤ A ≤ 3 .
2 3 4 9
x = 8/5 x = −8 / 5
max A = 3, $t ;c khi QJ L) khi ; min A = −7, $t ;c khi QJ L) khi
y = −9 / 5 y = 9/5
x − my = 2 − 4m
57) A i (x; y) IJ nghi%m a h% ph ng KP nh: . / m NOM KP l n nh t a bi u th c
mx + y = 3m + 1
A = x 2 + y 2 − 2x .
3m 2 − 3m + 2 4m 2 + 4m + 1 19m 2 − 4m + 1
H ng d!n: x = , y = A = = f (m)
m2 + 1 m2 + 1 m2 + 1
max A = 10 + 85
x 2 + y2 = 9
58) UMc nh m h% ph ng KP nh: hai nghi%m th c (x1 ; y1 ) , (x 2 ; y 2 )
(2m + 1)x + my + m − 1 = 0
sao cho bi u th c A = (x1 − x 2 ) 2 + (y1 − y 2 ) 2 $t NOM KP l n nh t.
H ng d!n: Bi u th c A IJ S nh ph ng LT ng Mch giXa hai giao i m a (ng KP\n QJ (ng
th ng.
A $t NOM KP l n nh t A = (2R)2 (ng th ng i qua tâm a (ng KP\n m =1.
59) Cho L nh L p S.ABC SA = x, BC = y, Mc $nh \n I$i 'u b ng 1.

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 a) /]nh th K]ch V a L nh L p theo x, y.
b) / m x, y th K]ch V IJ l n nh t. S
H ng d!n: a) A i M, N l*n l ;t IJ trung i m a SA, BC.
∆SAB, ∆SAC cân SA ⊥ BM , SA ⊥ CM SA ⊥ (BCM) . x/2

1 x x2 M
//
V = SA.SBCM = SBCM . BM = CM = 1 −
3 3 4 x/2
∆BCM cân K$i M QJ MN ⊥ BC //
A // C
2
y x 2 + y2
MN = MC2 − = 1− //
y/2
2 4 N
y/2
1 x 2 + y2 xy x 2 + y2 B
SBCM = y 1− V= 1−
2 4 6 4
x 2 + y 2 2xy xy xy xy 1 2 − xy 1 xy xy
b) ≥ = V≤ 1− = x 2 y2 = 2 (2 − xy)
4 4 2 6 2 6 2 6 2 2
3
xy xy
+ + 2 − xy
1 1 16 2 3
V≤ 2 2 2 ≤ =
6 2 6 27 27

x 2 + y 2 = 2xy
2 3 2
max V = , $t ;c khi QJ L) khi xy x=y=
27 = 2 − xy 3
2
60) Trong không gian Oxyz cho i m M(1; 2; 3). A i (P) IJ m t ph ng i qua M QJ c^t Ox, Oy, Oz l*n
l ;t K$i A(a; 0; 0), B(0; b; 0), C(0; 0; c) (v i a > 0, b > 0, c > 0). / m a, b, c th K]ch kh i t di%n
OABC IJ RL nh t.
1 1 x y z 1 2 3
H ng d!n: VOABC = OA.OB.OC = abc . (P) : + + = 1 . (P) i qua M + + =1
6 6 a b c a b c
1 2 3 6 6 1
1= + + ≥ 3 3 1 ≥ 27 ⋅ abc ≥ 27.6 VOABC = abc ≥ 27
a b c abc abc 6
a =3
1 2 3 1
min VOABC = 27 , $t ;c khi QJ L) khi = = = b=6
a b c 3
c=9
a c b 2 + b + 50
61) Cho a, b, c , d IJ b n s nguyên KL a 1 ≤ a < b < c < d ≤ 50 . Ch ng minh + ≥ QJ K m
b d 50b
a c
NOM KP RL nh t a bi u th c A = + .
b d
a c 1 b + 1 b 2 + b + 50
H ng d!n: a ≥ 1, d ≤ 50, c > b c ≥ b + 1 (Q b, c ∈ N ) + ≥ + =
b d b 50 50b
ng th c y ra a = 1, d = 50, c = b + 1.
2
a c b + b + 50 b 1 1 x 1 1
A= + ≥ = + + . UVt LJm s f (x) = + + trên T$n [2; 48].
b d 50b 50 b 50 50 x 50
f ’(x) = 0 x = 5 2 ∉N ( x = −5 2 IT$i) min f(x) = f( 5 2 )
53
min f(b) = min{f(7), f(8)} = f(7) = khi a = 1, b = 7, c = 8, d = 50.
175
2x + 2
62) / m Mc i m M ∈ (C) : y = sao cho t&ng LT ng Mch tW M n hai (ng ti%m c n a (C) IJ
x −1
RL nh t.
Mp s : M1(3; 4), M2(−1; 0).
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 x2 + x +1
63) / m hai i m M, N l*n l ;t thu"c hai RLMnh a (C) : y = sao cho T$n MN RL nh t.
x +1
1 1 1
H ng d!n: (C) : y = x + TC x = −1. AO s M −1 + a; − 1 + a + , N −1 − b; − 1 − b −
x +1 a b
2
2 2 1 1
(a > 0, b > 0) IJ hai i m thu"c hai RLMnh a (C). MN = (a + b) + a + b + +
a b
2
1 2 1 2 1
MN 2 = (a + b) 2 1 + 1 + = (a + b) 2 2 + + 2 2 ≥ 4ab 2 + + 2 2
ab ab a b ab a b
1 1
MN 2 ≥ 4 2ab + 2 +
ab
≥ 4 2 2ab ⋅ + 2 = 4 2 2 + 2
ab
( ) min MN = 2 2(1 + 2) , $t ;c khi

1 1 1 1 1
QJ L) khi a = b = 4
. Khi M −1 + 4
; − 1 + 4 + 4 2 , N −1 − 4 ; − 1 − 4 − 4 2 .
2 2 2 2 2

64) Cho hai s th c x ≠ 0, y ≠ 0 thay &i QJ KL a _Yn i'u ki%n: (x + y)xy = x 2 + y 2 − xy. / m NOM KP l n
1 1
nh t a bi u th c: A = 3 + 3 . ( ' thi $i L c kh i A n m 2006)
x y
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
H ng d!n: (x + y)xy = x 2 + y 2 − xy + = 2 + 2 − . t = a, = b a + b = a 2 + b 2 − ab (1)
x y x y xy x y
3 3 2 2 2
A = a + b = (a + b)(a + b − ab) = (a + b) .
2
2 a+b 3
(1) a + b = (a + b) − 3ab . Vì ab ≤ a + b ≥ (a + b) 2 − (a + b) 2 (a + b) 2 − 4(a + b) ≤ 0
2 4
1
0 ≤ (a + b) ≤ 4 A = (a + b) 2 ≤ 16 . V i x = y = thì A = 16 . V y max A = 16 .
2
65) Cho x, y IJ Mc s th c thay &i. / m NOM KP RL nh t a bi u th c:
A = (x − 1) + y 2 + (x + 1) 2 + y 2 + y − 2 . ( ' thi $i L c kh i B n m 2006)
2

H ng d!n: Ch n a(1 − x; y) , b(1 + x; y) A = a + b + y − 2 ≥ a + b + y − 2 = 2 1 + y2 + y − 2

(D u “=” x y ra x = 0). Xét hàm s f (y) = 2 1 + y 2 + y − 2 y - 1/ 3 2

• y ≥ 2 : Hàm f luôn t ng. f '(y) 0
2y 1
• y < 2: f '(y) = − 1 . f '(y) = 0 y= f(y)
1 + y2 3 2+ 3
1
min A = f = 2+ 3.
3

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