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INTRODUCTION:
We start with a few definitions. A rational expression is formed when a polynomial is divided
by another polynomial. In a proper rational expression the degree of the numerator is less than
the degree of the denominator. In an improper rational expression the degree of the numerator
is greater than or equal to the degree of the denominator.
This set of notes is given in three parts. Part A is an explanation of how to decompose a proper
rational expression into a sum of simpler fractions. Part B explains Integration by Partial
Fractions of proper rational expressions. Part C explains Integration by Partial Fractions of
improper rational expressions. Each part includes detailed examples and a set of exercises.
x+5
Example 1 Rewrite as a sum of simpler fractions.
(x − 4)(x −1)
x+5 A B
First write the fraction as = + .
(x − 4)(x −1) x − 4 x −1
Multiply both sides by the common denominator to get x + 5 = A ( x − 1) + B( x − 4 ) . In this
linear equation we can substitute any x-values to solve for A and B. However, the process is
simpler if we choose those values which make a factor zero ( i.e. x − 1 = 0 or x − 4 = 0 ) .
Substitute x =1 in the linear equation. 1 + 5 = A (1 −1) + B (1 − 4 ) → 6 = −3B → B = −2
Substitute x = 4 in the linear equation. 4 + 5 = A (4 −1) + B(4 − 4 ) → 9 = 3 A → A = 3
x+5 3 2
Therefore, the partial fraction decomposition is = − .
(x − 4)(x −1) x − 4 x −1
2x − 2
Example 2 Rewrite as a sum of simpler fractions.
(x + 5)(x + 2)(x − 3)
2x − 2 A B C
First write the fraction as = + + .
(x + 5)(x + 2)(x − 3) x + 5 x + 2 x − 3
Multiply both sides by the common denominator to get the linear equation
2 x − 2 = A ( x + 2 )( x − 3) + B ( x + 5)( x − 3) + C ( x + 5)( x + 2 ) .
Substitute x = 3 . 6 − 2 = 0 + 0 + C (8)(5) → 4 = 40 C → C = 10
1
Substitute x = −5 . − 12 = A (− 3)(− 8) + 0 + 0 → − 12 = 24 A → A = − 12
2x − 2 1 1 1
The partial fraction decomposition is = − 1⋅ + 2⋅ + 1⋅ .
(x + 5)(x + 2)(x − 3) 2 x+5 5 x+2 10 x − 3
CASE 2 The denominator is a product of linear factors, some of which are repeated
For each repeated linear factor ( ax + b ) , the sum of partial fractions includes n terms of the
n
A1 A2 A3 An
form + + + ... + .
ax + b (ax + b ) 2
(ax + b )3
(ax + b )n
4x
Example 3 Rewrite as a sum of simpler fractions.
( x − 2)
2
4x A B
First write the fraction as = + .
( x − 2) x − 2 ( x − 2 )2
2
( x − 2) 4 x = A (x − 2) + B .
2
Multiply both sides by to get
Substitute x = 2 . 8 = 0 + B → B =8
There is no other factor to make zero, so we choose an easy x-value to work with.
Substitute x = 0 ( and B = 8 ). 0 = A (− 2 ) + 8 → A = 4
4x 4 8
The partial fraction decomposition is = + .
(x − 2) 2
x − 2 ( x − 2 )2
x 2 − 2x − 5
Example 4 Rewrite as a sum of simpler fractions.
x 3 − 5x 2
(continued next page)
Page 2 of 12
x 2 − 2x − 5 x 2 − 2x − 5 A B C
First write the fraction as = = + 2 + .
x − 5x
3 2
x ( x − 5)
2
x x x −5
Multiply by x 2 ( x − 5) to get x 2 − 2 x − 5 = A x ( x − 5) + B ( x − 5) + C x 2 .
Substitute x = 0 . − 5 = 0 + B (− 5) + 0 → B = 1
Substitute x = 5 . 10 = 0 + 0 + C (25) → C = 52
Substitute x = 1 . − 6 = A (− 4) + (− 4 ) + 52 (1) → A = 53
x 2 − 2x − 5 1 1 1
The partial fraction decomposition is = 3⋅ + 2 + 2⋅ .
x − 5x
3 2
5 x x 5 x −5
CASE 3 The denominator has one or more distinct, irreducible quadratic factors.
Ax + B
For each distinct factor ax 2 + bx + c the sum of partial fractions includes a term .
ax 2 + bx + c
x 2 + 4 x + 12
(x − 2) (x 2 + 4)
Example 5 Rewrite as a sum of simpler fractions.
x 2 + 4 x + 12 A Bx + C
= + 2
(x − 2) (x + 4) x − 2 x + 4
First write the fraction as 2
.
x 2 + 4 x + 12 3 2x
= − 2
(x − 2) (x + 4) x − 2 x + 4
The partial fraction decomposition is 2
.
x2 + x −3
(x + 1) (x 2 − 2 x + 3)
Example 6 Rewrite as a sum of simpler fractions.
x2 + x −3 A Bx + C
= + 2
(x + 1) (x − 2 x + 3) x + 1 x − 2 x + 3
First write the fraction as 2
.
Substitute x = −1 . − 3 = A (6 ) + 0 → A = − 12
x2 + x −3 1 x −1
= −1⋅ + 3⋅ 2
(x + 1) (x − 2 x + 3)
The partial fraction decomposition is .
2
2 x +1 2 x − 2 x + 3
4 2x − 3 5x
1. 2. 3.
(x + 1)(x − 5) x − 5x + 6
2
2 x + 11x + 12
2
5x +1 4x 2 − x + 3 2x 2 − 5
4. 5. 6.
(x + 3)(x + 2)(x − 4) (x + 5)(x −1)(x − 2) x 3 − 2 x 2 − 3x
x+2 5 − 4x 5x 2 − 9 x
7. 8. 9.
x + 8 x + 16
2
x + 10 x 2 + 25 x
3
(x − 4)(x −1)2
x2 − 2 3x 2 + 9 x − 4 6
(x + 1) (x 2 + 3) (x −1) (x 2 + 4 x −1) (x − 5) (x 2 − 2 x + 3)
10. 11. 12.
SOLUTIONS
4 = A ( x − 5) + B ( x + 1) for all x
4 A B
1. = + →
(x + 1)(x − 5) x +1 x − 5
x = 5 → B = 23 and x = −1 → A = − 23
4 1 1
= 2⋅ − 2⋅
(x + 1)(x − 5) 3 x −5 3 x +1
2x − 3 2x − 3
2 x − 3 = A ( x − 3) + B ( x − 2) for all x
A B
2. = = + →
x − 5x + 6
2
(x − 2)(x − 3) x − 2 x − 3
x =3 → B = 3 and x = 2 → A = −1
2x − 3 3 1
= −
x − 5x + 6
2
x −3 x −2
Page 4 of 12
5 x = A ( x + 4 ) + B (2 x + 3)
5x 5x A B
3. = = + →
2 x + 11x + 12
2
(2 x + 3)(x + 4) 2 x + 3 x + 4
x=− 4 → B = 4 and x = − 32 → A = −3
5x 4 3
= −
2 x + 11x + 12
2
x + 4 2x + 3
5x +1 A B C
4. = + +
(x + 3)(x + 2)(x − 4) x + 3 x + 2 x − 4
→ 5 x + 1 = A ( x + 2 )( x − 4 ) + B ( x + 3)( x − 4 ) + C ( x + 3)( x + 2 )
x = −2 → B = 32 and x = 4 → C = 12 and x = −3 → A = −2
5x +1 2 B C
= − + 3⋅ + 1⋅
(x + 3)(x + 2)(x − 4) x+3 2 x+2 2 x−4
4x 2 − x + 3 A B C
5. = + +
(x + 5)(x −1)(x − 2) x + 5 x −1 x − 2
→ 4 x 2 − x + 3 = A ( x − 1)( x − 2 ) + B ( x + 5)( x − 2) + C ( x + 5)( x − 1)
x = 1 → B = −1 and x = 2 → C = 17
7 and x = −5 → A = 18
7
4x 2 − x + 3 1 1 1
= 18 ⋅ − + 17 ⋅
(x + 5)(x −1)(x − 2) 7 x + 5 x −1 7 x − 2
2x 2 − 5 2x 2 − 5 A B C
6. = = + +
x − 2 x − 3x
3 2
x ( x + 1)( x − 3) x x +1 x − 3
→ 2 x 2 − 5 = A (x + 1)( x − 3) + B x ( x − 3) + C x ( x + 1)
x = −1 → B = − 34 and x = 3 → C = 12
13 and x = 0 → A = 53
2x 2 − 5 1 1 1
= 5⋅ − 3⋅ + 13 ⋅
x − 2 x − 3x
3 2
3 x 4 x +1 12 x − 3
x+2 x+2
x + 2 = A (x + 4) + B
A B
7. = = + →
x + 8 x + 16
2
(x + 4) 2
x + 4 ( x + 4 )2
x = −4 → B = −2 and x = 0, B = −2 → A = 1
2x 2 − 5 1 1 1
= 9⋅ + 1⋅ + 13 ⋅
(x + 4)(x + 1)(x − 3) 7 x + 4 4 x + 1 28 x − 3
Page 5 of 12
5 − 4x 5 − 4x A B C
8. = = + +
x + 10 x + 25 x x ( x + 5) x + 5 ( x + 5 )2
3 2 2
x
→ 5 − 4 x = A ( x + 5) + B x ( x + 5) + C x
2
5 − 4x 1 1 5
= 1⋅ − 1⋅ −
x + 10 x + 25
3 2
5 x −3 5 x+5 ( x + 5 )2
5x 2 − 9 x A B C
9. = + +
(x − 4)(x −1) 2
x − 4 x −1 (x −1)2
→ 5 x 2 − 9 x = A ( x − 1) + B ( x − 4)( x − 1) + C ( x − 4)
2
x =1 → C = 43 and x = 4 → A = 44
9
and x = 0, A = 44
9
, C = 43 → B = 19
2x 2 1 1 1
= 44 ⋅ + 1⋅ + 4⋅
(x − 4)(x −1) 2
9 x−4 9 x −1 3 ( x − 1)2
x2 − 2 Bx + C
x 2 − 2 = A (x 2 + 3) + (Bx + C )( x + 1)
A
= + 2 →
(x + 1) (x + 3) x + 1 x + 3
10. 2
x = −1 → A = − 14 and x = 0 → C = − 54 and x = 1 → B = 54
x2 − 2 1 x −1
= − 1⋅ + 5⋅ 2
(x + 1) (x + 3)
2
4 x +1 4 x + 3
3x 2 + 9 x − 4 Bx + C
3x 2 + 9 x − 4 = A (x 2 + 4 x −1) + (Bx + C )( x − 1)
A
= + 2 →
(x −1) (x + 4 x −1) x x + 4 x −1
11. 2
3x 2 + 9 x − 4 2 x+2
= + 2
(x −1) (x + 4 x −1) x −1 x + 4 x −1
2
Bx + C
12.
(x − 5) (x
6
) =
A
+ 2
x − 5 x − 2x + 3
→ ( )
6 = A x 2 − 2 x + 3 + (Bx + C )( x − 5)
2
− 2x + 3
x = 5 → A = 13 and x = 0 → C = −1 and x = 1 → B = − 13
6 1 x+3
= 1⋅ − 1⋅ 2
( )
( x − 5) x − 2 x + 3 3 x − 5 3 x − 2 x + 3
2
Page 6 of 12
PART B:
Integration of proper Rational Expressions by Partial Fractions
In this part the student is expected to understand partial fraction decomposition as explained in
Part A. The student is also expected to be able to perform elementary integrations (by
substitution or by inspection) of the following types.
1 1
∫ ax + b dx =
a
⋅ ln ax + b + C
1 1 1
∫ (ax + b ) 2
dx = − ⋅
a ax + b
+ C
2ax + b
∫ ax 2
+ bx + c
dx = ln ax 2 + bx + c + C
In Part B each indefinite integral (antiderivative) must be simplified by decomposing the proper
rational expression into a sum of partial fractions. The details of the partial fraction
decomposition are left to the student. If necessary go back and review Part A.
7 x +1
Example 1 Find the indefinite integral. ∫ (x + 3)(x −1) dx
7 x +1 ⎡ 5 2 ⎤
∫ (x + 3)(x −1) dx = ∫ ⎢⎣ x + 3 + ⎥ dx = 5 ln x + 3 + 2 ln x − 1 + C
x − 1⎦
6x 2 + 2x
Example 2 Find the indefinite integral. ∫ (x + 3)(x −1)(x − 5)
dx
6x 2 + 2x ⎡ 1 1 5 ⎤
∫ (x + 3)(x −1)(x − 5) dx = ∫ ⎢⎣ 32 ⋅ x + 3 − 12 ⋅ x −1 + x − 5 ⎥⎦ dx = 32 ln x − 3 − 12 ln x −1 + 5 ln x − 5 + C
1 − 3x
Example 3 Find the indefinite integral. ∫ x + 4x 2 + 4x
3
dx
1− 3x ⎡ 1 1 1 ⎤ 7 1 +C
∫ x (x + 2) 2
dx = ∫ ⎢ 14 ⋅ x − 14 ⋅ x + 2 − 72 ⋅ (x + 2) 2 ⎥ dx = 4 ln x − 4 ln x + 2 + 2 ⋅
1 1
x+2
⎣ ⎦
x −3
Example 4 Find the indefinite integral. ∫ (x + 2)(x 2
+6 ) dx
(continued next page)
Page 7 of 12
x −3 ⎡ 1 x ⎤
∫ (x + 2)(x dx = ∫ ⎢⎣− 12 ⋅ x + 2 + 12 ⋅ x ⎥ dx = − 2 ln x + 2 + 4 ln x + 6 + C
1 1 2
2
+6 ) 2
+ 6⎦
x 2 + 4x − 7
Example 5 Find the indefinite integral. ∫ ( )
(x − 3) x 2 + 6 x − 6
dx
x 2 + 4x − 7 ⎡ 1 x+3 ⎤
∫ dx = ∫ ⎢⎣ 23 ⋅ x − 3 + 13 ⋅ x ⎥ dx = 3 ln x − 3 + 6 ln x + 6 x − 6 + C
2 1 2
(
( x − 3) x 2 + 6 x − 6 ) 2
+ 6x − 6 ⎦
3 − 4x x 6
1. ∫ x2 + x
dx 2. ∫ x + 7 + 10
2
dx 3. ∫ 3x 2
−14 x + 8
dx
3x 2 + 8x − 7 2 − 4x 2 3x
4. ∫ (x + 4)(x + 3)(x + 1) dx 5. ∫ (x + 2)(x − 2)(x − 5) dx 6. ∫ (x + 4)(x −1)(x − 3) dx
3 − 2x 3x −1 2x 2 + x + 4
7. ∫ x + 6x + 9
2
dx 8. ∫ x − 2x 2
3
dx 9. ∫ (x + 1)(x − 4) 2
dx
5x 2 + 8x + 6 12 x + 18 15 − 25 x
10. ∫ ∫ (x + 3) (2 x ∫ (x − 4)(2 x
(x + 4) (x 2 + 2)
dx 11. 2
+ 8 x + 9)
dx 12. 2
− 6x + 9 )
dx
ANSWERS
3 − 4x ⎡3 7 ⎤
1. ∫ x (x +1) dx = ∫ ⎢⎣ x − ⎥ dx = 3 ln x − 7 ln x + 1 + C
x +1 ⎦
x ⎡ 1 1 ⎤
2. ∫ (x + 5)(x + 2) dx = ∫ ⎢⎣ 53 ⋅ x + 5 − 23 ⋅ x + 2 ⎥⎦ dx = 53 ⋅ ln x + 5 − 23 ⋅ ln x + 2 + C
6 ⎡ 1 1 ⎤
3. ∫ (3x − 2)(x − 4) dx = ∫ ⎢⎣− 95 ⋅ 3x − 2 + 53 ⋅ x − 4 ⎥⎦ dx = − 53 ⋅ ln 3 x − 2 + 53 ⋅ ln x − 4 + C
⎡ 3 2 2 ⎤
4. ∫ ⎢⎣ x + 4 + − ⎥ dx = 3 ln x + 4 + 2 ln x + 3 − 2 ln x + 1 + C
x + 3 x + 1⎦
Page 8 of 12
⎡ 1 1 1 ⎤
5. ∫ ⎢⎣− 12 ⋅ x + 2 + 76 ⋅ x − 2 − 143 ⋅ x − 5 ⎥⎦ dx = − 12 ⋅ ln x + 2 + 76 ⋅ ln x − 2 − 14
3
⋅ ln x − 5 + C
⎡ 1 1 1 ⎤
6. ∫ ⎢⎣− 12 ⋅ − 3⋅ + 9⋅
35 x + 4 10 x − 1 14 x − 3 ⎥
⎦
dx = − 12
35
⋅ ln x + 4 − 10
3 ⋅ ln x − 1 + 9 ⋅ ln x − 3 + C
14
3 − 2x ⎡ −2 9 ⎤ 9
7. ∫ (x + 3) dx = ∫ ⎢ − 2 ⎥
dx = − 2 ln 3x − 2 + + C
⎣ x + 3 ( x + 3) ⎦ x+3
2
3x −1 ⎡ 1 1 1 ⎤ 1 1
8. ∫ x (x − 2) dx
2
= ∫ ⎢⎣− 54 ⋅ x + 12 ⋅ 2 + 54 ⋅
x
⎥ dx = − 4 ⋅ ln x − 2 ⋅ + 4 ⋅ ln x − 2 + C
x − 2⎦
5
x
5
⎡ 1 1 8 ⎤ 8
9. ∫ ⎢ 15 ⋅ x +1 + 95 ⋅
x−4
+ 2 ⎥
(x − 4) ⎦
dx = 15 ⋅ ln x + 1 + 95 ⋅ ln x − 4 −
x−4
+ C
⎣
⎡ 3 2x ⎤
∫ ⎢⎣ x + 4 + ⎥ dx = 3 ln x + 4 + ln x + 2 + C
2
10.
x + 2⎦
2
⎡ −6 12 x + 24 ⎤
∫ ⎢⎣ x + 3 + ⎥ dx = − 6 ln x + 3 + 3 ln 2 x + 8 x + 9 + C
2
11.
2 x + 8x + 9 ⎦
2
⎡ −5 10 x −15 ⎤
∫ ⎢⎣ x − 4 + ⎥ dx = − 5 ln x − 4 + 2 ln 2 x − 6 x + 9 + C
5 2
12.
2x 2 − 6x + 9 ⎦
PART C:
Integration of improper Rational Expressions by Partial Fractions
The prerequisite skills of Part B are also required in Part C. Furthermore, the student is expected
to be able to use long division to decompose an improper rational expression.
In each indefinite integral of Part C the improper rational expression must be rewritten as a
polynomial plus proper rational. In most cases the resulting proper rational can then be further
simplified by decomposition into a sum of partial fractions. The details of the long division and
partial fraction decomposition are left to the student.
3x 3 + 8 x 2 − 10 x + 15
Example 1 Find the indefinite integral. ∫ x+4
dx
3 x 3 + 8 x 2 −10 x + 15 ⎡ 9 ⎤
∫ dx = ∫ ⎢⎣3x − 4x + 6 − ⎥ dx = x − 2 x + 6 x − 9 ln x + 4 + C
2 3 2
x+4 x + 4⎦
Page 9 of 12
2x 2 + 4x − 7
Example 2 Find the indefinite integral. ∫ x2 + x − 6
dx
2x 2 + 4x − 7 ⎡ 2x + 5 ⎤ ⎡ 1 1 ⎤
∫ x2 + x −6
dx = ∫ ⎢⎣2 +
(x + 3)(x − 2)⎥⎦
dx = ∫ ⎢⎣2 + 15 ⋅
x+3
+ 95 ⋅ ⎥ dx
x − 2⎦
2x 2 + 4x − 7
→ ∫ x2 + x − 6
dx = 2 x + 15 ⋅ ln x + 3 + 95 ⋅ ln x − 2 + C
2 x 3 + 2 x 2 − 95 x + 40
Example 3 Find the indefinite integral. ∫ x 3 + x 2 − 20 x
dx
2 x 3 + 2 x 2 − 95 x + 40 ⎡ 40 −11x ⎤ ⎡ 2 7 5 ⎤
∫ x 3 + x 2 − 20 x
dx = ∫ ⎢⎣2 + x(x + 5)(x − 4)⎥⎦ dx = ∫ ⎢⎣2 −
x
+
x+5
− ⎥ dx
x − 4⎦
2 x 3 + 2 x 2 − 95 x + 40
→ ∫ x 3 + x 2 − 20 x
dx = 2 x − 2 ln x + 7 ln x + 5 − 5 ln x − 4 + C
2 x 4 − 9 x 3 + 9 x 2 − 8x − 6
Example 4 Find the indefinite integral. ∫ x3 − 6x 2 + 9x
dx
2 x 4 − 9x 3 + 9x 2 − 8x − 6 ⎡ 9 x 2 − 35 x − 6 ⎤
∫ x3 − 6x 2 + 9x
dx = ∫ ⎢2 x + 3 +
x ( x − 3) ⎦
2 ⎥ dx
⎣
⎡ 1 1 10 ⎤
= ∫ ⎢2 x + 3 − 23 ⋅ + 29
x
⋅
3 x −3
− ⎥ dx
(x − 3)2 ⎦
⎣
10
= x 2 + 3x − 23 ⋅ ln x + 29 ⋅ ln x − 3 + + C
3 x −3
6x + 5 4 x 2 − 12 x − 25 5x 3 + 3x − 2
1. ∫ x+2
dx 2. ∫ x −5
dx 3. ∫ x −1
dx
x 3 + 3x 2 − 4 x − 6 4 x 2 − 8x + 3 x 3 − 3x 2
4. ∫ x 2 + 2 x −15
dx 5. ∫ x 2 − 3x − 4
dx 6. ∫ x 2 − 3 x − 10
dx
4 x 3 + 20 x 2 + 15 x + 8 x 4 − 10 x 3 + 28 x 2 − 15 x − 15
7. ∫ x 3 + 5x 2 + 4x
dx 8. ∫ x 3 − 7 x 2 + 10 x
dx
Page 10 of 12
x 5 − 2 x 4 − 7 x 3 + 20 x 2 −12 x + 4 4 x 5 + 6 x 4 + 2 x 3 + 3x 2 − 5 x − 7
9. ∫ x3 + x 2 − 6x
dx 10. ∫ x3 + 2x 2 + x
dx
2 x 3 − 15 x 2 + 17 x + 25 x 4 + 2x3 − 6x 2 − 6x + 3
11. ∫ x 3 −10 x 2 + 25 x
dx 12. ∫ x3 + 4x 2 + 4x
dx
ANSWERS
6x + 5 ⎡ 7 ⎤
1. ∫ x+2
dx = ∫ ⎢⎣6 − ⎥ dx = 6 x − 7 ln x + 2 + C
x + 2⎦
4 x 2 − 12 x − 25 ⎡ 15 ⎤
∫ dx = ∫ ⎢⎣4 x + 8 + ⎥ dx = 2 x + 8 x + 15 ln x − 5 + C
2
2.
x −5 x −5⎦
5 x 3 + 3x − 2 ⎡ 6 ⎤
∫ dx = ∫ ⎢⎣5 x + 5x + 8 + ⎥ dx = 3 x + 2 x + 8 x + 6 ln x − 1 + C
5 3 5 2
2
3.
x −1 x − 1⎦
x 3 + 3x 2 − 4 x − 6 ⎡ 9x + 9 ⎤
4. ∫ dx = ∫ ⎢⎣ x + 1 + (x + 5)(x − 3)⎥⎦ dx
x 2 + 2 x − 15
⎡ 9 ⋅ 1 + 9 ⋅ 1 ⎤ dx = 1 x 2 + x + 9 ⋅ ln x + 5 + 9 ⋅ ln x − 3 + C
= ∫ ⎢⎣ x + 1 + 2 x+5 2 x − 3⎥
⎦
2 2 2
4 x 2 − 8x + 3 ⎡ 4 x + 19 ⎤ ⎡ 3 7 ⎤
5. ∫ x 2 − 3x − 4
dx = ∫ ⎢⎣4 + (x + 1)(x − 4)⎥⎦ dx = ∫ ⎢⎣4 − + ⎥ dx
x +1 x − 4 ⎦
= 4 x − 3 ln x + 1 + 7 ln x − 4 + C
x 3 − 3x 2 ⎡ 10 x ⎤ ⎡ 1 50 ⋅ 1 ⎤ dx
6. ∫ x 2 − 3 x − 10
dx = ∫ ⎢⎣ x + (x + 2)(x − 5)⎥⎦ dx = ∫ ⎢⎣ x + 20 ⋅
7 x+2 + 7 x −5⎥
⎦
= 12 x 2 + 20
7 ⋅ ln x + 2 + 7 ⋅ ln x − 5 + C
50
4 x 3 + 20 x 2 + 15 x + 8 ⎡ 8− x ⎤ ⎡ 2 1 3 ⎤
7. ∫ x 3 + 5x 2 + 4x
dx = ∫ ⎢⎣4 + x (x + 4)(x + 1)⎥⎦ dx = ∫ ⎢⎣4 + + − ⎥ dx
x x + 4 x + 1⎦
= 4 x + 2 ln x + ln x + 4 − 3 ln x + 1 + C
Page 11 of 12
x 4 − 10 x 3 + 28 x 2 − 15 x −15 ⎡ − 3 x 2 + 15 x − 15 ⎤
8. ∫ x 3 − 7 x 2 + 10 x
dx = ∫ ⎢
⎣
x − 3 + ⎥ dx
x ( x − 2 )( x − 5) ⎦
⎡ 1 1 1 ⎤
= ∫ ⎢⎣ x − 3 − 32 ⋅ x − 12 ⋅ x − 2 − ⎥ dx = 2 x − 3 x − 2 ln x − 2 ln x − 2 − ln x − 5 + C
x −5⎦
1 2 3 1
x 5 − 2 x 4 − 7 x 3 + 20 x 2 −12 x + 4 ⎡ 4 ⎤
∫ dx = ∫ ⎢⎣ x − 3x + 2 +
2
9. ⎥ dx
x3 + x 2 − 6x x ( x + 3)(x − 2 ) ⎦
⎡ 1 4 ⋅ 1 + 2 ⋅ 1 ⎤ dx
= ∫ ⎢⎣ x − 3 x + 2 − 23 ⋅ + 15
2
x+3 5 x − 2⎥
x ⎦
= 13 x 3 − 32 x 2 + 2 x − 23 ln x + 15
4 ln x + 3 + 2 ln x − 2 + C
5
4 x 5 + 6 x 4 + 2 x 3 + 3x 2 − 5x − 7 ⎡ 2 x2 − 7x − 7 ⎤
10. ∫ dx = ∫ ⎢ 4 x − 2 x + 2 + 2 ⎥
dx
x3 + 2x 2 + x ⎣ x ( x + 1) ⎦
⎡ 2 7 8 1 ⎤
= ∫ ⎢4 x − 2 x + 2 −
x
+
x +1
− ⎥ dx
(x + 1)2 ⎦
⎣
1
= 43 x 3 − x 2 + 2 x − 7 ln x + 8 ln x + 1 + + C
x +1
2 x 3 −15 x 2 + 17 x + 25 ⎡ 5 x 2 − 33 x + 25 ⎤ ⎡ 1 4 3 ⎤
11. ∫ dx = ∫ ⎢2 + ⎥ dx = ∫ ⎢2 + + − ⎥ dx
x 3 − 10 x 2 + 25 x x ( x − 5) x x − 5 ( x − 5 )2 ⎦
2
⎣ ⎦ ⎣
3
= 2 x + ln x + 4 ln x − 5 − + C
x −5
x 4 + 2x3 − 6x 2 − 6x + 3 ⎡ − 2x 2 + 2x + 3⎤
12. ∫ dx = ∫ ⎢x − 2 + ⎥ dx
x3 + 4x 2 + 4x x (x + 2) ⎦
2
⎣
⎡ 1 1 1 ⎤
= ∫ ⎢x − 2 + 34 ⋅ − 11
x
⋅
4 x+2
+ 9⋅
2 ( x + 2 )2 ⎥
dx
⎣ ⎦
1
= 12 x 2 − 2 x + 34 ⋅ ln x − 11
4
⋅ ln x + 1 − 9 ⋅
2 x+2
+ C
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