No 'art of this, boo may he reprinted or reproduce or utilised in My form or by any ele n onir meelu ni, al, or other means now', nO'Wl1 or hereafter inv nted, includin photocopying and cording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing the publishers.
No 'art of this, boo may he reprinted or reproduce or utilised in My form or by any ele n onir meelu ni, al, or other means now', nO'Wl1 or hereafter inv nted, includin photocopying and cording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing the publishers.
No 'art of this, boo may he reprinted or reproduce or utilised in My form or by any ele n onir meelu ni, al, or other means now', nO'Wl1 or hereafter inv nted, includin photocopying and cording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing the publishers.
ypes· t in Time'> by Th .' Florence rroi p, :'-1 odleigh Devon Printe d ant - -. ound in rea t B ri tam
by Biddles Ltd, Guildferd and _Kjngf.s Lynn
AU rights reserved. No ' art of this, boo may he reprinted or reproduce Or utilised in My form or by any ele n onir meelu ni, al, or other means now', nO'Wl1 or hereafter inv • nted, includin photocopying and cording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing Jrem the publishers.
BritisH Library Caralogui11g in Puhlicati n Data
A catal sue record 'or this boo is a' jJ ble front the British ~ . ibrary
Librarv of .... ongre L~ .' atal(Jglri~flg ill Publication Data
Sanders, AJBn J. K .
. olloquial Mongelian ; the complete course ['Or beginners I . Jan J. K. Sand. rs and Jantsa ngiin Bat- Ireedai.
. lem.
Inclu, _ i bibliogr phical re ere ces and indexes,
1. Mongolian lanzua _ -Texfbook', for foreign speakers-« , glish,
2. Mongolian languag~OrruJ1 mar. 3. Mongol ian langlJ8ge-VOCcl btl] atry. 1. Bat-Ireedui, Jantsangiin, 1 ~ t14- II. Titl .
N V':_ 1 do things by halves 6 9prSCTBB GOll'DB'll eap, .... -:....-.
The .e 's n pla e like home
7 YIC yyxryi '~pHim ronroi 'You CZUl lead a horse to water
8 AoJ.[oo X3MJK M_)J{ Jl3r OIT-oJI ok b f ·r ~ y u lie: 'P
9 a,pryi 601I 68JIB', 8B"flBlfryJ! 60JI "'. ',p ,llJI Havi -- g no debt is wealth and no illness hap' -Kniess 10 :E)133H XH'l9~B9J1 aaaa XB~~~,Jn1
H' v n helps th ··s _ who .1 Jp t .emselve
I' .",.
116
.138
ItO
182
201
vi
220 250 277 300 30]
323 ,]26
328
Mongolia is the homeland of Genghls Khan and the heartland or l he world 's largest land empire created by hi m 8,00 years, ago~ The M01~go11 empire stretched at its greates ext ent from Hungary to 'hina and [rom Russia tOI Iran, ye~ the period of it's growth and supremacy lasted little more than I eentu y~ from Genghis Kb811" uniflcation of the Mongol tribes in 1189 to the death of he fifth and last Great Khan, the YUQ,n Emperor Kubilai, in ~ 294., Weakened by feuding amongst the descendants at Genghis Khan, 'the Mongol empire 0011 began to disintegrate .. The llkhans of Iran adopted Islam .. In .• hina the Ming overthrew the Yuan in 1368,. In 'Russia the Golden Horde was, defeated y Drnitrii Donskoi in 1380~ the- Saine year a, Chinese military expedition destroyed Karakorum, the Mongol capital,
For the next two centuries Mongolia was again the theatre of' struggle between tribal alliances. In tbe mid-Jetb eentury Altan Khan of the TUrned, (eastern Mongols) established peace 'with Ming China HUrl founded Khokhkhot, today the administrative centre of Inner Mongolia, Altan Khan WM converted to Buddhism.and in 1578 he received the Tibetan leader S,o,n:8ID. Gyatso in. Qinghai 3JIl,d CI'eated for him the [ide ~DaJ,j2Li Lama', The 17th century was a period of rapid growth of Tibetan Buddhism in Mongolia. In 16 ~9 Zanabazar the: four-year-old SOD of the Tusheet Khan of Khalkha Mongolia, ,H descendant ot Genghis Khan, was identilted as the incarnation of a Buddhis saint and procl im _ d leader f Mongolia 8, Buddhists 'with the titl - OndoT . egeen, 'High Enlightened One'. His 'palace was nomadic until 1770,-. when it 'settled on the Tuum rivet' where Ulan Bator stands today.
However, the Khalkha Mongols 'were under growing threat from the Jungarian Khanate of the Qual Mongols tlO the west and lrom Manchu expansion to' the south .. east" In 1644 the Manchus captured Peking and proclaimed the Qing dyna ty, It was th
Manchus who made the distinction between Inner Mongolia .. tho Mongol lands close to Peking they conquered in the 1620~~, and Outer Mongolia, the Khalkha t rritory beyond til Go' ~i, Seeking protection from the Jungarian Khanate, the princes of Khalkha made a treaty with the Manchus in 1691. The Manchus destroyed the Jung ari an. EtC'IllY but sta tioned their own troops in Kha 1 k ha, For over 200 yca.rs, Inner and Outer Mongolia were administered by Manchu goveruors. Russin acknowledged Qing COD.' rol of Outer Mongolia and the northern border territory of Tannu Tuva in th _ l 727 Treaty of Kyakhta,
'When QiL1.g rule in China collapsed in, December 1911, the princes of Outer Mongolla declarr '. independence under the rub!' of their Buddhist priest-king t11- Bogd Khan (~fIoly Khan'], but their appeal La the Mongols of Inner 'Mongolia to join them was un iuccessful. Neither the new Republic of China, nor T1Sa.f]S't Russia, recognized Mongolia's independence, only its autonomy as part of . hina, although Mongolia concluded u treaty with Tibet.
rhking advantage of the turmoil of the 1917 Bolshevik Revolution i u Russia .. the Republic of CIUlla reasserted control of 3u'tonO.Ill01JS ( ) uter Mongolia In 19191:1 but the civil war i D Ru ssi a spilled over j n ~ 0 M 0 n g lia, too, ill 19.2J Mongoli an armed TfYVo1 utionarie 8~ uccompanled by units of 111C Soviet Red Army, marched OD f he. Mung 'lian capita] from their 'bast in Siberia. They forced the . 'hinese army to withdraw and dispers d the Cossacks under tbe command of th eTsarist Baron. Roman von Ungern-Sternberg, who in a '0. attempt to fnrrn his O'WIl government of Mongolia had briefly held the Bogd Khan prisoner,
A revolutionary governm eru was installed in Mongolia, and when the Bogd Khan died the Mongolian People s Republic CrvrPR) was proclaimed in 1924,~ but only Soviet Russia recognised it Under Comintern guidance (I Soviet-style communist revolutionary party established B political manopely 1:[1 Mongolia, Soviet-controlled Tannu 'Iuva was accorded 'independence' as the People's Republic ,off Tuva and recognized by' the MPR in a treaty of 1926.~ Stalin's rise to 511preme power 'in the U'SSR and the subsequent pursuit of Stalinist methods in Mon.golia brought death or slavery to tens of thousands of innocent people Ion false charges of treason and 'anti-party activi y' - not only prime ministers, generals, and admin ... istrators but ala lamas, teachers, workers and herdsmen,
The 1930's were also overshadowed by the assertion of Japan's imperia] powe-r in Manchuria and Inner Mongolia, and $0"'].·. l preparations ·~O confront it. After probing Mongolia's eastern
border, Manchurian and Japanese military units launched an invasion ill August 19,9~ Mongolian IOOopS and the Soviet Red .rrny halted . be invas ion at Khalkhyn Gol in a. famous battle which rnuy have per uaded Ja.pIJI 'to give up plans for invading the USSR md turn towards the conquest of South-East Asia.
Mong,olia was not directly involved in the Second. Wor'~d WRr 11111'1 il its 18ts'L few days, when it joined the USSR in declaring war un Japan and invading Manchuria and northern China, In a plebiscite held under the terms of the 1~45 Yalta agreement hetwcen Britain; the USA and the USSR, the people of Mongolia vuled for Independence, The fy[p'R.'8 independence was recognized by the Republic of China in 1946 and by th ' People's Republic or ('h103 in 1949. Britain established r lations with Mongolia in 1963.
Soviet investme nt Ell Mongolia in the postwa period lbOOS16,d the
.ountry's economy' .. A. railway line Tuiilt across Mongolia cram ~ he Soviet to the Chines border became an important factor in relieving the disadvantages of Mongolia 'I landlockedness, providing it with revenues 'from transit traffic. and linking il with uew markets in Eastern Europe and China.
M U ~ d ~I ~ ..... I .. , ,. th Cl .. b k . f"' .ongo Ja"8 renewe J.LlA Wk. runa was soonoro .. ell. a,gtllD; us
I· Y the Sino-Soviet dispute aver leadership of the communist movement, with its sharp military focus on terrirorialclalms, and then Ily the Cultural Revolution in China, 'with its persecution of .... hina's
Mongols. It was only after Mikhail Gorbachev introduced P~'(!-' stroika. his own bran of political and economic reforms, and launched ills Vladivostok initiative to improve relations with China, l hat Mongolia's ge·opolitical. situation returned to normal,
Then in the 1990,. the Mongols' world. was turned upside down. ln Eastern Europe. communist regimes fen with the Berlin Wall until eventually their final bastion, he USS,R itself, disintegrated in 19·91. After seventy-odd years 0.( close Sovlet control, with hos ,pitals, schools, subsidized jobs 'and military protec ion provided in exchange: for political allegiance, Mongolia 'was projected into an. unfamiliar world of multiparty 'politics and the dollar market Mongolians had to learn quickly how tlO use the ir new-found political and economic freedom to su rviv e.
Mongolia. is now well along the road. of politica] economic and social transition. Its would-be reformed communists have .finally 'lost political power, and a new and. youthful government of democrats is providing the vital stimulus to drive he country 011 towards a fundam ntal reform of ownership 'which will revolu ionize traditiona] patt ems of life. With foreign aid and investment the.
lx
'U' A
economic stagnation inherited from the Soviet past is giving way to ne W' gr(l~th II] .he key economic areas of gold, copper, 0.11 and easbm re, Mongclia's reform programme has the steady financial ~'~PPQ'ft_ of '[be intemational banking organizations and important bilateral donors like Japan, 'he USA and Germany
Mongolia it~ _ land of contrasts ~ blue skies lliOWy mountains forests, of larch .. grassy plains and 5Ul1d dunes fresh- and salt-water I ak s, rivers full of fish, 30 mil lion he ad ,0 live stock and rich wildlife. Ancient ruins, brightly painted monasteries and tJ1~ .herd~rs 'w~j[e tents are . cauered across th ~ Iandscap " H· w ver, over h,df the popularl _ of :t5 million Iive in towns, with srnoky power s ations, rusty pipes, sha bby tenements, and crowded buses ?D pot-holed roads,"ome of Mongolia's people are still hardy It irsemen in cclourrul national costume, but others have becorn businessmen in suits Life is tough for civil servants, the unempl Jyed and p_ensioners, but the once nearly. empty shops are fun of goods, and this yeuthful nation has gain d new freedoms and opport uni ties,
Before, it 'was hard for, foreigners to visit Mongolia wi 'thou t official invitations or group visas and closely guided tours. Now there are virtually no restrictions on trav J '[0 and within Mongolia, at Ieast none otherthan the cost of get ing there, and the crewded trains and planes and rough roads, Tourism is still in i ts infancy but thousands of flrei.gne:r;s brave such small hardahips every yewto breathe Mongol] s fresh air, to see its rare animals and birds in th IT habitat, enjoy in e peace of j,t vast open ~'p,H ces, savour the scent of Its wild ,flOWC'fS~ and couu a million st ars in the ••... obi's night sky.
~o:ng?lians used to be educ .ted and trained in Sovi 11 wa.y~ of" doing things oft n in th Soviet Union itself but today they travel, work and study freely in many parts of the world once closed tIC) them, Hundreds I f Mongolian s udents have studied in Bri tain, The first foreign language Mongols used to learn was Russian, with its vocabulary of technology and communist political correctness: now i' is, English, the language of international cemmurdcation orient d towards computers and business,
The friendly people of Mongolia, with their devotion to their ,~st:o:ry and nomadic tram ions rogetlu r with the gr '- at natural beauty and vari_ty of their country, make a Mongolian experience un forge' able, I hope OUT b ok will 'help you prepare, for your O\1VD.
I t is CJJ1Bto'maL[Y lor au thors to ,s,ay that they are gratefu [ Ior the help and cor peration they have received" adding that the au hors
· b I! .~ O' 'i".. k i _ ·
are respons I .' te lor any errors, . ur uQ'O,,· 15 '0,0 exception,
I would pay tribute to my 'Mongolian colleague Ba -Ireedui. whom I. worked together at SOAS for three yeari~ It was II mks to his initiative that Colloquial' M,o'ngolian came to be
I i I ten, bu he had to return to the Mongolian National University I 1 Ulan Bator b. fore the text W;J,S compl .. 'ted. His contributions, ,II d his ov ersigh t of th _ Mongol text were essenti al,
I would also like to thank the distinguished Mongolist Professor I meritus Charl es Bawden fOF agreeing, b) read our manuscript and .
I~gesling ways, of improving the accuracy and clarity of OUlI: text .. 1 was Charles Bawden who first introduced me 'to Mongol lind the lungols some 35 year's ago,~ and he has been a, true and generous 'I lend ever since" always encouraging we to press 011 'with longolian studies in the face of various difficulties,
I am grater l to R, utl dge's editors too, for th if' WOlf ..... ' n
'olloquia! M ongolian, in particul ar Edi tori 8.1 Assistant James Po lan I r 1 r his advice Desk Editor Ka 'J.! Hopgood, and .' ····c,fies Editor', JUiry 1 Ing for his sharp eyes and incisive views which have helped greatly hi 'ormulating what I hope will prove to' be ~3, user-friendly texthook of modern spoken Mongolian, the first to be published ill I nglish for 30 years"
Alan 1.K~ Sande .
Reading Decem ber 1. 9 8
x:i
Page 134: Cartoon by O. Baidi from Tonshuul. (March 19'96)
'-age 170: Car .oon by S, Tsogtbayar ' r ,J ~ Ardyn ',r'kh. (25 Au rust 1992,
Pages 201-2: --1xtra,cl from M011.go(yn nuuts tovchoo in transcriplion t y Acad ~ Darudinsuren ~ S tate Pu blishin House, (1990) Pa.g- -0.5': Ex racn from 'hingi, khaany tsadig by Acad ..
N tit ' ,rj. Ulan Bat ar: SO! ornbo Publh h rs, (' 99 )
p.- g ... 07-9: E tract: rom Vol [(] of BNMAUlJJ' n lUiikhOj edit ed
1 ' ad. Shir ndev, Ulan Bator: Academy of Science and State
Pu hi i hing C0111nli tee, (1969)
Pa es 11-1.5: '" ri -,tampl S from Mongol. bichig b' C oi.
,v '[I njav, J. Luvsan orj and Tse. Shar huu, Ulan B _", r:
Ministry of ~ducation (textbook dlvision]. (198.)
I I' e 17:. .artoon b,Y' L" D)ziibat from Ardyn Erkh, (Date
unknown)
p ~I g ] ~ ,orton by. ,,~ Tsogt bay, . from 11 rdyn Erkh, (16 June
J92)
Par t: ~49: Stanzas from poem by N,.~ tsagdor] f om a coll ction edit :d by Acad, Damdinstlren, Academy of Sci uces and Mongol Writers' Union . ta .e Publi bing ommittee, (1961)
Ev rye'. rt bas be len made t . b' run oermission 'to reprod ice copyright mat rial. If any prope r acknowledg mente has not b .. ~ ~11 made, or permissicn nc t receivi d, we would invite copyright holds irs to inform us of t1 e oversigh .,
•
- I
I tar "e bout sev n million Mongolian Mongol) spes ~ r in 1 world - .' ver two minion. in ind pendent Mongolia (the , irrner QLUr 'Mongolia and Mongolian People's .epublic)~ aro~md .7 million in Inner Mongolia, some 500,000 in other parts of ",hina,. md another hal , million -r 501 in th suryat and .almyk Republics nd Ills, where in Ru ia.Khalkb. M, 'ng 1.. namt d ,f, T Mo golia ' I "e,' _ ethnic group and tille country's offici~ language, i als lp aken in parts 01 Inner Mongolia. and China's n~rth- as tern . rnvinces, M . ngols livins elsewhere in C ina and Russia ~nd . m all I '''~3 ed grouj s ill Mongolia it elf such a, th .' _ira'ts. and Buryats eak western and nO'~I" em dia ect: . Mongol which at .. some\' hat dill rent from, Khalkl a.
Mongo] is an Altaic language" distantly relat d "to 'Iurkic III guages of r entral Asia like Kazakh and. uvan, and display the l· pica] features of agg lutination anc vowel harn~'ny,. ~Eielly'i aggl urination leans that' ord-building is based on invariable st· ms to whicb single or multiple suffixes ~lr added to modify meani~g '~Jn~ achieve inflection (tense, case, etc.), Vowel harmony means '~bal all the vowel in a word s e =-" 'i and any sulfixe attached to it; belong 1 a one 1,' ,J either 'Lack" Of fro t~ V( W ~' . which are n It mixed, Mlil hese features at unfamiliar to ipeakers 0' -; ngli hand mo t other : uropean languages, they n ed not present di ,~ficcl'L.ies~ lone.,: 1 be principles have b ·'en grasped, They are explained in detail below ..
The asic Mongol-Turkic vocabulary of Kll,JI ha '. entred on th
nornadi w y of life has been subjected to a rang of influer c i since the time of the Mongol empir .. , (l.Zth- 3th centuries), Religious terminology in Tibetan and Sanskrit was spread by Bll:d,dhj~m~ and Man. ·'hu and I bini, S ~~ words and titles were added under Oing rule (. 7Lb.~2nth cen uri .. s). Ru ssian t schnica term and politics 1 phrao 10' y we e i troduced und r (> mmunis 'ul, in thi century,
2
and knowl dge of Russian became widespread, Now tha '.ngli·.h has become tlu Dl0St popular foreign language in Mong ilia English words like I roker' 'change and I hobby' have entered circulation in Mongol :' 0 n .
Th: Mongol h ve written th ir languag ill several di"' Tnt scripts, [he olde t and most durable of which, called the cla steal Moog' 1 script, was introduced 800 years 8',0 under Genghis Khan, Derive - fy. m ' ngln r writin ,._ and written in vertic . I columns, from left Ito right, it asO}-, tt" TS in, initial medial and, final forms. Although tb classical - cript is still us d by Mongol in fun ~f Mongolia and elsewhere in China, its S6 in Mongolia wa ' di couraged after the i1J trod ucn an ',f 9, modifie Cyrillic (Russian) alphabet in the 19408.
_1_' rha having under on, 1 a y chanze s ove he cen uri ' the Ianguag .of the elas ical M nli· 11 '.' cit is nov arch aic ut it i Important t I Moog: .1· b. th Iingui lie (y .. nd culturally. Mcngoli ' democratic revolution in the early 19905 led to d emands for tln restoration o . t - e. classic -] script. How ver, .its planned official rein ... troduction in 99~ initially fO'T the government 8, offi ial publications was postponed until the next century. b cause 0 th. t ek 0 proper preparation, a shortage .' f PUbU.L hing facilities, and also resistance from the many Mongols who want d tOI keep Cyrillic
III 5 lett er of the Mongolian Cyrilllc script ar those of he
l ssian alphabe 1. plus Band, '. t _'_ resent 10 and 0 .. S ·me'ussi ~ - .' r . are pronounced ill " eren y in Mongol, nd ' th:_s are use I,I.~ t .' write word which have enu re d Monr 01 from Russian,
lb,. letters of '[11 Mong,IDlli8Ln.~ yrillie alphabet have been given I I II i h written el. uivale nts (transliteration). Because M ngo llan v il ie has more lette .jhan the nglish alphabet som I. yrilli ' I t rs a -e represent '~y tv.O or mEngHh l. aers, Translit .ratiou schemes like , I'i' are used fo writin Mongolian place J ~ rues in atlases am personal n ames in th e printed medl , ruth, ugh III, re are traditional English spellings for some Mongolian narm , .
!~ i that of h c. capital Ulan Bator.
TIle tab, below lists the MngoUa;_ Cyrillic alphabet in capital fl 'mall ett r in Mo,ngli' alpl ~ b stical order t - i h the English ~, [uivalents plus an indlcatio in brae . ts . -:f what they sound like, lphabets and transliteration sclu rnes alone do not give an accuJ' re guide' o pronunciation which il" discussed in mon d. tail from . a .] 1
05 - ~
re is no ag eed international sys' _ '01 of transli en 'ttl. n, and
-I" 'wh, r you may corn . across variations like dzh for j (lit). dz r r~· (3.) and h for kh () as well as the u -_ of addi ional diacritical 111 -ks (accents] e g, .• for i (Ii) .. Some 'may have been ca -ri ·dI over from scheme s or trans Iiteratm .,: the clas si· al Mongo li a-n- eri -1,
. '.,g .. '. for sh,
Mongollan alphabet English equivalent
B r
n
a (like '8/ in 'cat') b (if ',: English 'b') .··li r : :_ English 'v ..
.• Uk Bnglish 'g~) d (like English 'd )
r
4
'E e,
II ~-"
B
)K :z
.
3 ,9
,
,II B
,
-""'
II' i
Ie X
.
Jl JI
M M
H ,D yo (like 'yea' in, 'yearn ) yo (like 'ya in 'yacht')
.~ (like 'f' ill 'jewel')
z (like 'dz' in 'adze ")
i (11 ke ~p in 'tin')
i (only appears after another vowel) k (like English ~,k: ;i,Il loan words)
1 (Li ke Eng lish ~'l ~)
m (like ~ uglish 'm')
n (like English 'n 9; final 'n _ like ~ng in
'song']
o (like 'o' I'll 'hot')
o (like a' in 'yearn')
p (like English 'p'; mostly in LORn words) r (like Scottish ~ r'; Initially in IOH.n words) s (like 's' in 'sun')
t (Iike 'If in "tock')
u (like "aw' in "awful') u (like !iu in 'p ut')
f (like' English 'f ~ only in loan words) kh (like 'ch' in 'loch')
ts (lr . L 'ts t in 'cats')
eh (like 'ch' in 'chat')
sh (like "sh' in . shoe ¥)
shch (as in l:cash-cheq.ue~; in RU5~iaTl 'worlds)
no sound (after unpala alised consonant" may be written as a double CJ uo .a lion mark or ignored)
y ( ike ~y~ in 'marry')
'short' m (after palatalised consonant: may also be written as a single quotation 111ark)
e (like "'e'~ in. ~ d en' )
before 'y: yLi (like 'you' in you'); before 'v: yil (like U with an initial y sound)
ya (like 'ya ~ in 'yard']
0 0
B e
n D
p P
C e
T T
Y Y
y V
tV 4J
X x
:u ~
q 'II'
m m:
m: Q1;, !31 :EO
3 IO
The letters T3, M and 'r. caunot be capi tal or first letters in a. word.
, J 4. 1 .. , e ll' ~ .. d fami 1 · · If" ... 'I: 'm..
~ '""i 'we to, OWIng practtce wore 5 to arm ianze yourser wl1JJ1 tne
nngolian Cyrillic alp ha bet, If 'you have the recordings you. can ,II~~, listen [0 the word 5., It will be useful 'to to study this section in
1[, 11 j U nction wi lh the recordings as the transcriptions Me only ~ I proximate. TIle~H~: practice words are stressed. (vowels underI ,n ed) to tell you which syllable to put most emphasis on when the
. ~ If,d h,38 :mnre than one syllable,
Than scripti 0"11
Meaning
haph. vau Ie.r dj;irov jijig
zou ,l\.i.DO. lam, muu D'l:im
PlIIli'ing
:Bros
teacher vase
felt tent; yurt four.
little
hundred
til
nn
lama
. 'lad
'book rocket Russian faith, belief tell:
factory khan
flower stone religion
1:I1J'V' '~,J iJ
II n t)
JJ&'M M.Yf BOM
'oyy:aam opoc cycar T8.TBap cba,opIIJ[
'10
S.'us g
tatvar fa,hri,k
khana tsg:tseg ebuleu
_ ._
l
,It!,~r QYllYJ
ur
l'here 'is one letter which is neither COnSOI1.ant nor vowel, the so .. l a I lerl hard sign 11 which is written after unpalatized consonants .g, TOB~r (l:ov~l'ulI) 'regist rr',
11,e worlds. JmM and TOB~r are from Tibetan. Others, like 6arm I nd ,nyy1lllB, are of Chinese origin, Buddhism bas providedmaman from Sanskrit, The word HOM for a book lnay have come from lreek, In modern times 4J'aflpBK and DBQ have entered Mongolian ia Russian. Mongolian has quite. a large international vocabulary of metric measurements and technical terms.
Vowels:
. ,on tolian 1 . .tt .r
Practic wo .
a.n_. '. ription
M .
anms
a
a aa e
e I[
IIIl o
s an dal khBr DD,d a a :yu,s
yo-
~
C -. lr
pencil
6
~. VJ
-
.
.
:T
o
o
.
-
,
,
.
s
~-
t
X- ,
,
o
:3 it
o
-
v
II, co
X
o
.
o o
,
o
o
'/./' 1dC/
.7t
.
o
,
,
.
o
o
{)
,
.
.%
o
o .0 o
.'
mm '.
u __..:_)
lOll
ec
'eo,~. 1~ XOT OTTO '"
I~-
fJ)J;ap
. BOO 0
ye
yya
Yll: m nt-uw
rOD .90 WBpS9
B
II!
om newst :ap 't yes
town
now
day
othr s! nether water source
r
3
u
H
K
Jl'
M H
M
H
o
.
.
~
t~i --
_I!!_m
thot odu' I
- ----==
ndor
e 00
Iii i Ii i io:.
IT
n
•
mo unta In
noon door ... ate your
. obi desert t'tris
table something bone
yy y yy Id II .9 fi 10 a
.0 hir~ ym
"', ow copy outthe 1 tt. r oft e Mongolian Cyrillic alph bet from the table on pages 7 and 8,.
The ,"Ily_,iUic srna J ~. looks Iike the English handwritten g, p looks like I 'n lish P'I nd c lik English c.
Foi clari 0 i'[ i ~ usual to write a sl OIt hori ront L lin t w tile
lett r m and above the letter T (which whe I h ndwritte 10:k like the nglish m) to avoid confusi ,I] with Band D: (which when handwritten look 'i .. .ngli8hu land. u),
Thr '. 'f the letters Hii M and Jl, b gin with IS rru II 'hu .
the. a. '. lin befor _h· U oward str "
'.01._ a1.·1 : that in han writina ai d y and Y and v have tails going below the line whilr 'II and 11 stand on the line,
.,.
FE d-"-
. ,
:: .
[JJ
.0
.
" .
z,
,
.. o
e
OJ ,
_111
e
o
,
"'.
}-
,
'u,
;1' I UU.
,~
(JJ7 - '-u 11/
Xe cA.A
.:~·l··. cIrL .. - .. -
'1- ~
~ ,N;
o
£)
/Z;
fJ
fJ • PJ[.
C T Y
Y
x Q
I1I
3 10 X
.P
I7J ./-
C-
-
!XI
-
,
I
,tt
T
,
, ,
,;;A .!P
:z
,
,
.
1'/ 7 ?j
Y
,
- ,
I
. .
,
»
c
»z-
,(j/[ #.4 ~r¥ "If r/J
!lam
Oif" 'fill ~
c
T
y y q,
a IF
1// /"
f'
.
,
,
Z
,
,
x
q
ill
hI
z ~ LJ
:9
7tJ .ft
,
6.1- ~
10
,
a HJ JZ;
ifi,-JIr QIl ,JfY I·~V
Jt IJI
Practls ling wri'tin. I word .. "
When you have prac ised shaping the Jetter carr ictly, try linking seve al letters toeeth r 'to form words, as shown on page 9. Some I IL irs re difficult to join to,' ether 'without changing I heir I hape .. T1Jis is p' rticularl '0 of a, w iich is . est left with it tail in th, air.
_ ach won out at 1'-1 twice, the first im with an initia
1 11 tter the se cond time with an, initi J - ., 11 ter, Be careful
j l l t rn up letters ,r similar sha ie.
, lEan Practice
word
~ 1I'1Ii''I''IT'IfT' u~-~
aaap :rap ~e'pBB lKu:atAl'
r .0:
~'"
'¥J~LZ otU7~
~
~ ~
311 KHB,Q
J£ n
M I B D D I p
C T
tb
x
~ q
JI8M
c,' w
:X~ ?J{~
~
!JI[~
I-~~
L,i/lj
~ tB~ ~
l!fI[J,oi,it
~
HOM UYY)Kllu: opac Icyes.r
T8TBap ¢,ta6pHK xom I1Isrq9.lr.
'U11"'11'17V 4# fJlA;~·lJ
~ fj~
..
A 8,
e
...
e _ - - iIj
TC:1B':her
XBP,EtR,U.a ec
fU.I~
'IQ.M;
, . -
ec
"raa:M
OJl.OO Bereu yyJl
YYA
...
0
9
Y y
y , tI!JA
. -.'f'Lt'A if'
,J;. :BJ 9 10 10 11
TtlR&1 fOB.L 1UHp9.9. 10M Ie
'110
Test. your ~nowj.ed.,g _~ of the alphabet an work OU~ the meaning lo'r the following word ..... m st of which hav -. com fr m ~.lussian.):
I 1 . Mongol . . -iilic script is 110t phonetic- and tr nsliten tion a1 - ,-' ~ uchever IC.h me is used, can give only a rough indica tion ,0' I muuclation. Some wor Is have no stanc ard spellin "1 S'ODle 11 .ttcrs _ . no al. I y pronounced, and '. thers ar oronounced in a di 'Ierenf order from that writ . n, TIle guide t ,fO:rulDciati:n takeI" ~ unt r these Ier tutes, but h r cordini . r an esse ntlal guid
II i the corr let pronunciation.
onsonant·
I we learned how recognize md.iv~d"ual_yr",]hc letters and write
II_] Mong lian alph t we sa, rv 31at many initlal cousonants are
I ruch he - arne as i - nglish .. ]-liw. -. I; in speech - [1 t M ._ sol do not distinguish b:__' ween p and f lor kh an' k (f and, k are found
1 loan words), Til -. also fi d w·· rds b ginnin with r dif_ ult lc ronouoce 'without an initial 11' .' el: e.a, Russian opoc~
TIle sound of some consonants is modified W en . h .. y s and at I 1, nd ·f a w rd. Nate in particular th I ollowing . ru l cons onant _: soun s rather li te w~ final r. like k and final A like t
11 TaB
r 6B1Ull' ;0; r,~u.n;
tav bim,. Kadr!!!d
tiv
w ~ in' /letter
for rign
.-ome'limes 'final B may he nasaltzed a ng e.g, nyy)BHH (puujin ) , rock _ t~, also CaR (_·an·) I; fun d ; ,.. r S··' r _ ~ ~ " . fi '.1 v· w 1 afte " is
n t pronouced ut ensun that the' L not n - sali d e.g, 3D .. ' -D) "l h is, ~ '! "OBD' (chon) wolf', see page 20 {hidden g ~. v 'wed i : a 1 o writte t distin uis v deed final ~~ frOID voiceless final '.~ oara
(bag) 'little , oar (IJJ· k) 'mask',
12
Now W L ar going to lookat tile pronunciation o· Mongolian vowels in detai .. distinguishing first between short and long, vowels;
-h~ &f ·
t . IS CID~ atteet mearung:
~ac/~.ac (I-sas/tsaas) I now/paper ~/m (iidJiiiid, noon/door yn,lyyn (ul/uo.l) sole/mountain 'ynlyyJI (iil/niil.) no t/ c lou d
TIle short vow Is are (in Mongolian alphabetical order): a "0) as t he "a ~ III .I C'CI 'L ~: ca:a;Jl;lJI (sand oJ) chair
B (:i) as the 'i ~ in 'tin 1)': 'eOH" H (5o.in) n ewstpa per) o (0) as the 'o' in "hot: XOIT (khat) own
B (H~ as the 'ea' in 'earn': a;lBpl (odor) day "1 (u) a he 'aw' in. 'awful': yc (us) water
'Y' (0) as the 'u' in 'put': y;u; (i.id,l noon
,L (short i) as the r in "Gobi': roB_' (014) Gobi, a (e) as the e ~ in 'den ': ,JIB (ell) this
All but one of t11 e ] on g 'lowe ls are doubled short vowels: sa (aa) a Ul 'a' in 'bath': xapa.~a (kbarondaa) pencil d (ii) as th 'ea"!n 'team : 1·d_M (tiilll,) yes
00 (00) a 1'11g 'au' in 'haunt': ID;QOO (od-.;o,;"Q) now'
es (iiti) :us long 'ea. ill earn ': Kar,DS (lID no) another yy tUII) as long 'aw' in 'awful': yy.n (DI1]I) mountain W (iii) as 1011.,g i u' in 'put': YYJJ: (iiu,d) door, gale
fd (y, as tile ~i~ ill "ill': Tamd (taux) ylour
u eel as long 'e in 'den'; mHp9:tJ (hirceJ table
ShOTt and long vowels can start 'with at glide or y-sound:
III (ya) as the 'yu in 'yum': lIMY. (yalmo.a) goat J!8 (yaa) as th e '.a'~ in 'yarn': 1IaM: (yoam) ministry i (yo) as the ~y8J,~ in 'yacht': Ie (yos) rule, custom
eo (yoo) as the 'o' in 'yore -: ISOTOH (y'oo'ton) -sugar lump e (yo) as tile 'yea ~ in 'yean]': ee (yos) nine
,I) (yu) as. the 'you' in 'you': I.OK (yUlll) (SOUle) hing 'loy (yuu) as, long 'you' in 'you': my (you) what?
lOy (yiiii) as y plus long 'u' in 'put': (see pag 13)"
uw Is may combine to form diphthongs:
ua (ai) as the 'eye in 'eyes': Ji8.Dd (dolai) sea
ua fia) as! 18 - in 'Asia': aMBapaa (aIIU_Afaa) individually o· (oi') as the 'oy' in 'boy': H'UXOi: (ookhm) dog
ys. (u~:) as 'we' in 'wonder': ,XJapaa (kll,~au) 'barracks (ui) as the 'wi' in 'will': YWLD (ullakh) to cry
,:I (ill) as the 'u in 'put' +' 'i': 'yiJl)J,-UP (illldver) factory d (ei) as 'the 'ea ~ in 'yea': X!Jp.~rr,!)i: (kbe're&le'i) neoessary
owel harmony
( wels are clase d as 'back' or 'front and are 'harmonized', that is 'to ~. _y, diff rent classes' 0 [lot mix within the same stem or its suffixes, Th back vowels produced at the back of tile mouth are a D und -Y' (a, 0 and n) and their y-glide equivalen s ,II, is and 10 (ya~ loan d yn), am , Jd (y), as in 3!ypraa (zurgua) ~ six' ~ HOM:illB (n,oJuy"n) u ~~ a book ~ lIMap (Y,3 mar) wh at' - tie (yos) ~ rule ens tom' and 10M (,UUD) 'thing' ~ etc,
The front vowels produced at. th front of the mouth are a and V: (0 and iii) all I their y-glide equivalents e and' 10 (Y'o 3J1d yti), find " (e), as in BIB'eB~Bp (ti,n,!oodtir) today', Y-m (giid.) 'door', 9U ( In) 'this' and ee (ylo s) 'nine ',
Not - that the vowel m represents a, back vowel in 'tile combination ~ but a front vowel in 'lOY' e,.8. the interrogative particles alter words ending in a long vowel:
Xallau;rraa my 11 (kh-or,aodg you.'?) Is 'his a pencil? InHp~8 my? (shiree yiiii?) ls this a 'table?
Initial II (i) is a 0" nt vowel: DfJ:9B yy?' (Irvj;!jj~!') 'did come?' tunstressed short v wels like the ,D inup3u almost disappear}, The I tt _'f' 'R is n e utra 1 and can be mixed 'with 'back or frcn t vowels, e.g, unm (aJil) 'work t', 19~P;R'p (octl.i IIdor) 'ye sterday ~ .
Besides distlnguishing vowel length (page 12) it is equally imporI ant to distinguish vowel [I[ uality Note lh. differences between 'the j ollowing back- and front-vowel words:
syy/gyy ( dZUlll/dzliii) hundred /need e
annru9-ll)9H ( olon) ol.on) ma ny /thin
ye/re (us/u's) water/hair
YIIl1D' ( D_. I ill) sol et n ot
'yyn/wn (uulfuiil) mountain'cloud
13
14
Ap'parent excep lons to vowel hair' _01 y'
The negative suffix ... pi can be attached to black. or trent st ms and their suffixes: BafmryA (lJaikllgiii) "There isn't any'; Baibttyj' .IQY? (baikllpi YUU) 'Isn . there tiny?' JQJ9:JrfA (.ir~Kiu) 'didn t come', Mongolian 'person! or plaice names winch seem to break the vowel harmony ro') es consist of two (or more) separate elements:
The vowels of each syllable d pend 011 those 0.( the immediately preceding syllable, Note that 0 cannot follow I OJ' y~ s. cannot follow e, e cannot follow 3 or·y and s cannot fnUow 8 and f and, appear only in the first syllable, The fOlilowmng rules indicate what sequences are possible:
unvocalized consonants (9) Jt ,-. 8., C, T,~ , D.~I .~ m
r. I· seven vocalised consonants must be either preceded or r .. low' d by ,3 'Vowel e.g, aM 'mouth'. IJP.BIB 'three', The nine I II vocalized consonants may fellow a '7' (see above) without a ~ rwcl, e~g. ~pr 'at home' ~ C",'I 'studying', As B and F cannot be II U· l hird consecutive consonant in a word a vow 'l must 'be inserted, II MALR1iI':AD~ rises' VDvCnT\S 'spo no' C· ~U· it r~ 01-' lh ee co -lti· . - mlni'if-
r I .myv-'" . iiJ·· I!!I ~ ,AQIoIlJLU~.. i:!i ... ~ U "_ • _ .Ii ~ ... 'I- ;.- ~ •. • r ' .Dl1!!on,'ILiIl: .. S
~II possible if the middle one is R "9~ (see above): e.g, apCJ[aB 'lion', I rh . enid of a. word i77' oc (;97' are not possible and '~99' and ~ 9' are rare.
ress
I 'b e stress in words, with short 'vowels only falls 10]] the first SbOIt lwei: DnOR (ol,o:n) 'many', amm (g)'.D) 'kills', from anax . to kill', 111 words, with 011.·· :[ ong vowel or di phthong the strr ss is, on the Ion vowel (diphthong): JDBIlI (waaR) red', 1DWI.H (dwl.ai) -'s,ea '. \" hen followed 'by a. long vowel at short vowel becomes indistinct ~I may disappear: OlIDR (alon) 'many', .omoo (ol.lUl) ~by many',
In words with more 'than one long vowel the stress is IOn the J multimate lODI vowel: r~a,aa, (gantcaaroa) 'on one's own', V.IIi&iII::&:L -8 "ii oriigiio ) ~ oneself yyqnaapal (u ucldaaJ,al) ~ 5'OE.ry ~ , Mongoliaa personal and place names ~m,ay consist of two or more elements which are stressed separately: e.g, :roMfiOcypDH
'Words of Russian origin are stressed the Russian 'way: e.g, LBTOUYC (avt. bus) 'bus', 'XaDURA' I(mas'bin) 'machine', etc,
·,ictionaries. of Mongolian list noun sterns without suffixes, The sterns are the carriers of basic meaning, e.,g. nJl [uul) 'mountain 11 ,
16
F:jp (er) 'yurt ~ (ro Lind felt tent ~ and b' . xtension horne', M: ,sf M ,n. ali' n dictk nari _ s list ver b as pres. ut-Iuture v rrbal n· mns (vel m plu I uti], "'X wi III a linkin .. w ,:1 after con errants):
" uffixes modify tile mean ing of th sterns an ,- , annot occur a one, D rivattonal suffixes create n w st nu ~I I .g;. from rBp t e verb ,_'PJIBX (e~le ") me ning, t married' (L ~ ~ acquire . 11, '1 W)~ and r9'pJlyYJl9, _r-riii-Iekh !it marry 0' ', Inflectional suffix ~ play the role of noun • I eel ru ion", e.g, NllfDi-u (ger-jin ~of' I yu t' (lit, 'yurt-of"), or 'verb conjugation, e.g. I9PJDL!!!I ( 'er-Jee) 'marri dll [lit, 'yurt-has ,C' uir _ d'), Noun stems m ''1 r .ceiv a. serie 0
uIl-:' :.g. T3pBii:RxD~:InlI!11 'with one', fa - _ily~ (nlp-ri,n: .. x ... saI'Iiv.:ii '_'1I'v.:Ii - 'yurt- f"- re r en-s -with- 'IW' n ')'
~Q. "'-~, . ,_.. _, - u ' ~ .' T II
W- d , d
o . _ or',' 'r
The usual word Old rr in u s, nt me is subject object-verb '·LLt not all these components need .. ,0 be present. ' I study Mongolian 'i I ER KOBrOJJ3J!I Y3B3 (bi m.Q.D'g:l khel jize'o) 'I Mongol language study,' Int rrog tive tb, yy?) 01 emphatic (myy A33l) P rticles may to ow th nal v _ rn and s metimes a name sroneun f .. r __ P asis:
Calbr fJ,aitHa yy To? ( ,ain b,ainW! tal ~I-I, 'W ar _ you?'
Hellol
I ' this lesson you ", ill lea'n~
Some forms of greeting ijnd saying goodbye How to identify vcursslf
• Various ways of express i ng 'tc bel.
• Son1118 sirnpk questions and answers
• Personal and possessive pronouns
ym;IX8ll YJJBBa8TSpr I~e Brown,s' ln Ula,n lata"
I l id B~ own~ a British busincs :'11Ian fI111d his wit"' Jf, tie have arrived
"
thev are about to leav tn r;J terminal Duvid
a M, mgolian official he had met once ~, fore
I llu aior airport.
Ipproa'/1. db' ,'tikI? , I London,
~vx:
'1 B ]1:. :yx:
~I,CBH.A: , VM.:
J [ HIlA:
I unn:,
'I' KI-f:
r ' 'VU:J.:
HO'eH Spay, 1
" Y" 331.!' {U~,H OaH a ' ?
_ aan. a caHII 6aIma yy'? 'atuI Sa 11 aal
, ouau caaxaa I<lY 6aHlua?
Mr Brown.r
Hey, Sukhl "/O'H) ar ' you?
I'm well. { .. l.fl Q" , you. I
[ m fine"
18
SOX.If: Mlar s new?
DAVID,: Noth.ing much. 110w15 the j'~n,ily?
SOXH: Fine! 'Whol- this?
-DAVln: This is n~y' wife.
lllaRl Yr Vocabulary
oDfPUt 69lual rall'p»I :MJI1Uu't
'Hoe a c.aitB ca;bm
you [pollte) pea ccful
e mill your La ~-~ y
(in terrnga ti ve) who?
lhis (em'hatic)
nt-future tense -na
_ _ -
f I present-future tense is fanned by adding to the verb stem the III e « B8 OI' one of its. variants lOIoo, "He~ '-0 in k, eping with the stem II \ V f ~: ad,... fia.ibra Bl nd si m i larl yaM'" DttJDlO 'm a y" Ii SI'-- alBa ~ gi ves t ~, I -,Ha 'comes', 6yq~ OyldC)1 s uno unds ., an d s a on, Th" final a in I FI _ Is not pronounced, 1l11f final 'Vowels in the other examples are' I ~I I en between rhe Iast two consonants: fiollBo (bol,on)._ 8rB8
I! ,~iu) and ,upm (lren), The short final vowel may be lengthened Jill emphasis: BBIIlII. sa! I/you/they) is/am/are (indeed)! ~
ing questions
I igolian uses interrogative particles to form questions from , II men ts, for example .,,?i in the qLB:Sti,OD CaJtn 6,BlI1la yy?1 ("weU I I re?'), where 6aitR8 has back: vowels, The fron vowel equiva~I 111 is w? (for back and front vowels see page 13)., ,tJ.KSJ ,HOM Y11 ~ nT3p yy? 'Is it a book. or a. notebook?' After nouns ending ':n ]11JI" vowels the 'YY? and If? become . Of? and lOY? as in, 3D l'!lprlUt 1") 1/ Ctltis, wife? '),
I U sentences containing an inn rrogative word ('Wl10?1I' or I. r '7') Ior example), the interrogative particles used are as or , H in ,9g X»B 6D? (!i'Jus who?'] or 8m, my :u'? ("this what'?') " after words ending in "'B~ -n, .. M or -a and E after o. he:r tters,
he suffixes -x and ·-X8a
l ne way '0 express the idea of belonging is [UI attach the suffix to the pos essor, e.g, Ta. ~yOL1\ T8.Iill_lI 'yours' TIHIflib: 'of yours' ~ Illl! suffix "'X'8R (-,ZDEj, -XS-H) 'for people e.g, TaHa.ituB 'those of ~ urs', 'your f amily' ean 'be added to names: Bpa;y.m4XaB the
I rowns ,·.·-.cc:c-BX3H ··:.U '·11 S lJ.amly ~ 0 ·senru]g vowe narrnony
Dun eases
t,~ctionafies and vocabularies Iist noun stems without suffixes,
· f ... '"d
When a suffisless stem is the subject ol tEl sent nee r IS sai to, ne
hi the n mina ive case, However, 'the 'tern 10' a. noun which is the ubjeet .. f a sentenee may not be suffixless; for . xample, it may have a plural suffix, Also, the fact that a stem h~ suffix1ess does '[lot II eee s s aril Y me III that tt is the s u bj e et of a senten ce.
19
am/is/are
- _.
Ta,
~~~~'"'
Ti1H._tiJ:::la
T~'
(inlc'[[og,ative) 'wife
my
Mr
geed, well nice: pretty
YJ/nlmyJmy DB
SiJD ~(aalOO)1
Language points Th article
Th re is no defmit or indefmite article in Mongolian, and in translating Mongolian into English 'the' or '8' .. 4a01 should be inserted as appropriate, according to context. However, Mongols do use [he ,nnni,eral 'one' emir) for 8J,~ D1iID, or a' pees,on (Dr xya:)"
The word 6a.tna is, the present-future tens form f th verb aab "tOI be andme all, "am', 'is' Of' are', Like aU Mongolian verb forms, DutRa is invariable for number and person: clft ID"aiIBa 'am/is/are we U '. Sometimes, 'however" the verb tto be ~ is un d ers ood, In, the dialogue for example, Sukh asks David: fbml DR fig? . this who? and David answers; SlD MAUOa nJp:rd 'this my wife' ~ Similar y one ean sa,y= MUMM. nprHi Ilarm, 'my 'wife teacher', etc,
20
I t is generally considered that Mongolian has seven grammatical cases, The other six are called the accusative, genltive, dative/ locative ablative, instrumental and comitatlve cases .. According to 'lite relationship with other words in the sentence, they 'modify . meaning by the attachment of case suffixes to the stem 'he cases, their !lull]'" es, meaning and use are de scribed in the text, Some grammarians consider that Mongol bas an eighth CBlSe the 'directional' using the word Pi" "towards', but 1 have treated ,W as A postposition,
Fleet,ingl n
Many Mongolian noun. include a 'f~ceting' n' which is not apparent in the sufflxless stern or the accusative, ins' rumental and comitative s uJfix. _ s, bu t appe us in the g.cn i ti ve, da ~i vena cat ~ vie a nd a bla ti v e suffixe s e. g~ liD)]; io tree' ~ 'woad I MO)thJr ~ the (teet (ob] ect ) MO;ItOO.P 'by means of wood" MOJJ;rOir 'with wood', but MOiI:JIItI 'of the tree'! M0;rl:Q'BJl; '1..'0 t he tre e ~ MD:ABOOC ~ 'from the lre e ~
Used as an adjective attributively MO~ has the n-form MO,~B meaning 'wooden', Vocabularies m.ay indicate in brackets the Ilecting n e.g, M~(B)'1 or if a vowel changes the fun. n-Iorm e.g,
. - .
ap·,uB (apBWI)~ MQPh (MOP'BH)~ Occurrence of fleeting, 11 is irregular.
Some Mongolian word sterns ending Ul""1I have ,8 bidden. s' sound, so that the R is pronounced 'rig': e .. g,. my-ynm (sbuuda.ngJ. Similar
d . 1- d ~ itt 'b 'ld-' I; d - I r- . d-; -t- _. "j
WO'f.S inc u e ua;uILyu4,' U.11ng an. cw ":un ~ - reasury I
Vocabularies; may indicate hidden g. e.,g .. illYy;n:am:(r)"
Gr'eetings
TIle all-purpose Mongolian greeting Ca;b 6aitna "1 means literally "Are (is) (you~ he) well?' It is used for "Good morning', 'Good afternoon', 'How do you d.O?·1 'or 'How are you?' Wilen visiting a family, especially in the country, you should agree that everybody's fine 'before 'YOU proceed '0 other maners,
.~
The next question to ask is. CDRKH ,cRIixm my f.lafara? 'news nice
what is? . to which th an wer is, usually Iaibas fhutlJl 'peaceful" 'quiet is" i.e, nothing much, is happening.
II hose initialquestions are not intended to elicit specific answer: .
h are " xpressions of goodwill, Such ritual questions, and
rn'~nAcs are considered quit natural and necessary when nomads II ~ hospitality to stranger .
Uing people by name
II 111 David sees Sukh, he say~ Cyx 9.1d 'Hey, Stikh!' There is no ulve case for nouns .in. Mongolian, but the effect is produced I (ding 21 suitable king vowel '[0 e ress the name (all title) of the
- -. .- - '-H- '8" I' 'ri 3 - - -, "W'-- ~ P
I (Hl call d: BaT 18.~, Ii eYt j at. '. ·:saN· IIIG. . .... ar er EO
cise 1
21
, ru 1 range. these sentences to make a. conversation:
11'1 II 6aRBa a.m.! CaDH 6a.iHa yy? CVl{ 9~)'~ C,aiR" Ta CIKH 6~rib]a yy1
nswer these questions with reference to the dialogue:
My [uil name itt Chuluuny Sak-h., ,My wife's name is OY,UUI1-. W here 11" ve you come from?
We have just arrived from London, Are you tired?
No.
Where are you staying?
We~te staying at the Uloanbaatar Hotel. Whe're' do you, live? 1 Ii ve tn 1'1 J'u n d istr ict.
NO'[e~ ln the outer suburbs (:~f Ulan Bator people live in r3:p! OT yurts, round felt U!.nITS grouped in fenced .Qo,m,poun.ds.
,liD Yr Vo cab u/alry
DDJt fiYJWUI
we
stop, station
Y urt: horne vis itor, S uest
rap
,3 0 'IDm
'to . come
[plural particle) nam
fa,LI1 'IS name recently
to live" slt your
[10. where'? Mrs, Miss d i s trict '~O\Vn
to tire
]tUlm X8.TlrraJr XD',OC!lJIOII 2M
"~ax
genitive ease
I ] l suffix for the geni't~v.·, noun case (meaning ~of') is -,II ("'IiDl~ , H) or ~LI (.' ,) add ed to he stem as follows:
La stems ending, in a. diphthong: e.g, HOXOA: ,_ HoxoiB of a dog
bl 0 back-vow ~ 'st m ending in lB.! e .. ,g .. 1IYJI7YB - lfYJIYYMt Chuluun s
-1dI[ to bEU:K3VDw',el stems unless ending in IJ~ '11"1 r, ~ nl" ill: e.g, HOM - 'mllGaDl of a book
.. ' . to back-vowel stems ending ins, "'I 1\ a ~ '!: e.g, fiarm = 6u:wa:la of the teacher
~. nd -to front - vowel stems wi th a sh or'[ vowel;
e.g .. l3p ~ np" of a glr or yurt;
..;d '[0 front-vowel S' ems, ending in "'K: e.g, xys; ~ xyBBit of a man.
~ToiIIP, to long front-vowel stems with Be, .. ting 0: e.g, U1Bp~ - WlIIplllmti: of a. 'table
.~-J"!I!'III', to s ems 'with hidden g::
e.g. mY)'JJ:u - myy;U;', .. ", of the post
rvr mgolians have nOI inherited surname" 'The genitive suffix attac..lled 1 the father s name distinguishe 'it from a person's given ( p erso nat) narn e: 'l:r:JJJJILbl BaT' 'Bat (son) of Chuluun' ~
I ie suffix for the ablative noun case (meaning 'from Of' 'than') is KG ( ... eoe, -eee, .. sse) or -DC (-lIOC.) added to the stem as follows:
where {Tom?
24
:lOT _ XO'fOOC YJraaBfiUTapUc
front vowels: Q'B - xy.&39C mBBS' - me:B69C
I:3J - rsp88C
hidden g: lD}'})\II[ - mJ1"'Dmraac fie etlng n: llDIJPlB =lDJIp911U11C back-vowel sterns ending in II: Of L:
~lrJYJm ._ CJll11YJD1Il-C
U'OID town
from Ulan Bator frolm, a 'man
from the night from a yurt
from the post from the table
from the school
The suffix for '[he dative/locative noun ca-se (meaning "at", 'in', or 'to') Is .. ;m: n.dde.d to be stem. after any vowel, diphthong er '-JI1 "oM or "'2. (sometimes with a linking vowel):
back vowels: 30~ a~ at th hole] xoron 'in the town myJABEijl;, in the p' st
front 'Vowels: mellBJ! in the night ~ to tile man j eeting n: muP!J~1 - 1DlfJtI~9q to the table
: til. _ rwi e th· 'ufnx is R7 after -c, -r, -p:
npT in 'tile. 'yurt YJlamOUTapT in Ulan Bator
with SOI~[~le exceptions including ync ~ yx-c1,Jl; and rc ~ ycaJQl;.
Personal pronouns
The personal pronouns in the first and. second person ate:
611 I D~ we
'U you (to a child lor close friend) "fa you (polite or plural)
For the third person he/she/it is 'usually T8p 'that' or ~p xyu:, 'that person', and 'they' T!lJJ:. It is, possible to specify the sex of the third person by adding 'man ~p (ap9rl9iI) or 'woman' :9M (a.mrml) e.g, m·p :1M XJB that female person' 9D :s;p :x.yJI 'this male person'.
Plural particle 'FU~Ll)'
The personal pronoun Ta (and T.I;rJ; 'those') may attract the plural particle Hap w hich is also used after J10'UnS des ignating pe op t e: Ta ss.;p ~ you ~~ ( all) , T91~' up ~t hey' , DIM! HIP ~ lamas -, 6arm .up 'teachers', etc,.
•
_eSSIV'R pronouns
l ~ I t ,,~ses;s;jve pronouns are the ~ arne as the person £1.1 pronouns in
t ~ wni ive case form,
Plural
25
I I 1)1 rson 1;1-9-891'
I Ii I perso·nq M H Hi TaBJd
I r I orson (T)ytlll[i
my M1JDd/OHJ(R8R our
your (thy)
your maa4 Y'OIJ.f
_it ts T!lituHi their
)1 l~n_t[U.'y the inclusive MIHal meant 'ours and your$, while the ~ It slve 01lJljAL\\1A meant 'ours but not yours', ,8. distinction .. now 11 ~ lid I Y made ~ The. pas es si \I Iorrn of TB DIP 1:5 TO aapLm.
ant-future verbal nouns
rbal [10 uns are a class of words which gramma tically can act as 1 hs or 1]OUn.~i Verbal nouns in stem plus -x are called present- 1 uture verbal nouns e.g, 6dx to be ~ like the English infinitive.
I ~ 'may be used in questions: Ta g:.BA tla:lx yy1 'Will you be II I rc? 'I They may also attract case suffixes like ordinary nouns: BII I RAOBJt 6a:b:;Qaa When I am in London',
erfeetlve verball noun -can
I he perfective verbal noun with 'U' fix -caa ("Qou)-ce,H~ -eBB) is ~ -idely used 0 describe a completed action in. the past: e.g, QC-!I!lI:
I formed from the verb IS -_m :up (from IQlrlX Ii·O come' plus the unix "'C3R (JIpcaB 'carne"). Similar constructions include CYY""CIH
I' d~ ,- iI; at' (frc - - .) .. - ---. ..' ~ - t ~·:PJ ( .)'.. .-.-.- !I.. .,. I vc "or sa. ,. om cyyx. ~ OP-COB en.··1 eu .' opo, .~ .. , 1):r""00.0 ga,ve
t rex)~ etc.
. rative. verbal nlourn -nar
he iterative 'Verba] noun with suffix iii~ ( ... ~or ~ , .. ;u.er:! -,~!ilr) indi-
~Htes, a regular, habitual ~ repeat ed Of long-term activity: e~g~ C)')'AU II,., t"onned from 'the 'verb stem cyy' (from cyyx 'to U ve ~ - Of lisiC) pl us ~ he suffix ... ~: CfnI:Ir live' or 'lives' (regularly), similarly: 6d nar, op- DOlT 11 er- ;E{er - i s', "ent ers', ~ give s' (ha bituall y) ~ The i te r ati v e i' of l he present tense when it stands alone, but "may be modified by l he tense of other verb: later ill. the sentence,
Imperfective con've'rlb -:lK/~;
Converbs express ,~I] action 'that precedes, accompanies or modifies that of the main verb, The imperfective converb describes a continuous action. The suffix: -llt is a tached to the verb stem and followed by 6atna: e.g, C'fJJ.K: fiaba, 'am/is/ar: living/sl' ring' from ICYy"~ D.IIKa oaba 'writing' 'from DKqjjJ(~ After stems ending 'in -r and mos ending in -:B or ... p instead of "'Z. we write ,,"q~: arI' 6aba
.' iO '. jI fn .',' , , , ' ~'Iiiu ~ t', d _" '~j '_ _ _. E' _ " tio .
At presen Mongols have one given [lame (B9p) whicn serves as both forename and surname. 'Wives do not adopt their husband's name Ion marriage. Short lor familiar forms of the given 'name are us ed within t he family 011 among close friends,
To distinguish themselves from others 'with the same given name, Mongols precede it with their father s name (sometimes their mother'S name) plus the possessive (genitive case) suffix (see
fathe 's name is Bat and Dulmaa's fer her' name is Dor], TIl.'! Mongols call their father's name (patronymic) OHor which originally meant 'clan" The patronymic is often reduced to the initial tetter
T
- B~ Dorj, D. Dulmaa, etc,
When they write their patronymics in English some Mongols confusingly omit the possessive suffix - Bat Dorj, Dorj Dulmaa, etc.
Mongols address one another by name, relationship 0,. job title perhaps plus, he word r,-d,~, which is, a polite form, IDr an appropriate long vowel: CyX ryd! 'Mr Sukh!', Aas u! 'Father! '~ 'Xyx l]1d! 'Excuse me, sir!'
Children address their parents and elder siblings as TI and wives used to do the same ' 0 their husbands, although tha custom. is no longer so firmly entrenched,
Foreign me.n are addressed as HoeD 'mister'. (originally a princ ..
d th II, .. : _, ., h ss) - d wo - - e a ~ 'V"f.I1I"m'i!:i''I'II''rI'''&
an n e A..itJljg m c ess ~ an ,', men '. i:'- Aa..I'CiU,' J);a.n,
Not' , ,[,E,,, -, _. - k ,\1 .. n. nit" \10'111',.. -- arne? 'I F-'or mnr~ about II -e . J1iEh" you as '·l'\\!.il10 l~, J'~ n·w .. ,.., '.' ", -' ._., ""'~ '" !i,
Mongolian personal names see page 2417.,
,cise 4a
,2.7
ut be 'Verb sterns into the complet d past verbal noun :orm (stem
I I I~· eaa): e IC!J' ail'li~ ~Or" ~UI' -'Ii"!iD''U' 11'IU!Ja ,.
.111 iIiiilUDQ,.il "rij'e'i U&rl.I!Ii~~ u·____:__-~ ~-.., I II!!
J 'm II London Uni v' r. ,ity 1_ aurer. So yOM ~ now Mon.goiioJ1 then?
Yes J do know Mongolian Q bit" [lur" 'studying Mongolitl.J'1.
Ar YOl a Mongolian. la 1, uage r -fl -h 't?
No I 'm not a teacher. I 111. (J transiator. My w~fe" UUIl ls a doct. r, ~ ut Silt! doesn 't speak English. I am working ot the Mint:~try of' External Relation .'
JIi' ylll.7' work OK?
J t's HoI bud. Look T '1:1 tn a hurry=See ya~' late 1'! ,OK. Goodbye!
IrnUB9 Yr VOC~ bulary
is'' ~TBi DB
61JlQ r-ua.~ 19J1f1,
Aapaa ,zanaB
98
work
to 'work ':'n Iish teacher
, : odhve
'"
Mongol (1 an ) not bad
l ]1 k n OVl1 speak tran Iator
cheol yes
relat ion S
It do make langue g ~ , - gue
crt i ' I' (final parti le) doctor
ministry
to hUTJY
N08rOJl Myyrrft M3,A3':
_p- _ ~ an: , ."m,
[
no l (this bu t)
fOI i: n, .. xternal but
lal, r
a . ttle
o "., we U, so, etc, bi-reat
Xl'P' 'RWTTBB.
-~.~r--
J[3JI(S;) DIYf DR
JlB1d1(.H) sap
- 1-- lag~, pol ,- ts
bOlut ths g:~'nit-v: C' 5'·
I llllh r examples of the genitive case (page 23) in' ialogue 3 illus- 1 tore back, and . nt v wel .uf ~ e·:
k vowe .:: ~L1B a: j_ . UlDIJI fiYY;IIJ1MR 11 tJ· - . r -(11)- as 1:
~.v.""''''''¥'''I' "",', - "pIBJI:Lt88JffJ 'of relati ns' b • au'· 0 - the long
I~ I ~ I vowel; I~ypryym follows the rule that a back stern 1·11. ins, n adds .. '0:111:: C:rp17Y'JWIls 'o school',
III m v w Is: -{B) ~n Dll: _, DIDud: of .. anguag " b '1 . u,:
.. ting n,
nder nf r ouns
29
lian bas no grammatical gendet. th t is, n [1] euline emi-
rr n u er form .of n, U S or pr n, uns, Nun, n t grid, '
ifi ~ s th t e.g, 'arm 'teacher', 3M1J "do t fr', '
~ I In dater' '. an be '"1 11]~1 11 or a woman, The ending ""11 or "'l['ll is a unmon marker for such noun " While ~.M'Q is formed from another un, 3M' e l in e I' OP"IJYJIIrIiI '".. a verbal 11 0 un of a en t deriv d n the verb ~ to translat ~
rlvatlon of I iouns
tn iditi nal M, ru olian word for 'bu ine sman' is . &l:Maa 1 '
,
~ I 1 .a.iMaa. !ltr.· '. The word ~~,"JIlU from ,xrnwmaa als
trnde ha tende d t J In an p: "j],. er, while X)rllU'JUll''l is ': _ sh P I slstaut. t nder the growing influence of English, the word
'1· -CMes 'businessman has, "'DIe', d rhe Mongolian vocabulary d be n to lose h - deroga .ory .":_ nse that it once 1131d i •. ussian,
riv ations from this are 6113Rec' uid 6H3BC :9 iXJm " ',i usi .ess
IlIan~ g . r "
uns which are 1 ne WT, _ in lish may b tw in M 'n llan.,
Iud MeHreR T!J.M;Jl;9n 'banknot. L~ (lit, 'silver'J'money marked'), True \ : rd. pc irs, create a ne if rel at t, d rn e aning: . - -8. :mn:6ara. 'tabl e~ nr \, 'glass, and spoon' .. eq9p BIIM height' 'high low' ~
30
Noun plurals
In the Mongolian for 'hoi el ~ .'!O"lBA ftYJJ:ta.:ll1 the word 30t.DJA i' th plural of SD 'a visitor' or 'guest', The plural suffix "'JX (not t 1 'be confused with the d tive/locative case SD E6x ~;m;) replaces the last l tter of a small number 0 nouns: .ROXOH. - ItOX~ dog(s)~ The plural sULffix -c is also possible: yr O§O lfro wordjs],
However, most. nOUD plurals Me formed with the suffixes '''(H~
"'(H)~ lor "',"1lI"~:
DOM - HOMJ~ boo . ( ),~ .rnp - r3PYf~ yurtfs)
xyyx~ - XVYIAn;tl childjren) dropping the short vowel 9 IBIU, - IMIlIlHYYJ1; ,goat(~) H separating the long vowels KO!1TOJI - :Y:OImJJl'lYYJt Mongol, Mongols
6ycryB = DY'~ woman, women
Tile Mongols don't use plurals as much as .En zlish speakers, cspee i ally w h ere the nurn b er .is not speciflc, or where a particular Dum ier is specified: Dr aO'UB '",8 guest', ryJBBlI 30UH 'three guests' OJlDI! ~01tltB, 'many guests',
Adj-ctives· and a verbs
Mongolian adjectives stand before the noun(s) they describe and ar . unlnftected: edB 'good', Clb rDp a good tent [yurt)"; KX 'big', :me ~ 'big school' ('t'llIJliversi.y~)~ n:x ayprrYJmfl, c5arm 'big school s teacher', 'university lecturer'. Adjectives may also h adverbs: XJP.JUl1l MOpJ. . 3 fast horse', and xyp~aH DBa (from IfMX 'to go') 'goes quickly',
Negative·s
The basic word for 'no' in Monaolian is VltJI~ When "no' means not this [but that)' the Mongols say Olflln after the word negated: e,.g. Yryii. ft. Dariu IlBIll. 611 opqyyn:lJrI), (fbrllra) . No, I'm not a teacher, I'm a translator,'
The Mongolian negative suffix .FYi: (from yryi:) is very useful for s£.\~ring 'without', 'lacking', 'not (bad)' ) 'not (doing something)' ~ etc, bee a us e it can be attac hed to verbal n.O'UD.~ ~ a djecti ves and BOUrnS without cbs rving vowel harmony, FOI example tla:b:ry:l the present-future verbal noun form of the verb' t[11 be' tim plus .. ryi: mary mea 'there isn't any', or 'he isn't here' according to context,
I his is the usual way of negating verbs .' .g, 6orro, "1' "M~ Y 11' Jl permitted?' 6~.nro (bolon) 'You may' etc, fiDJlDxryj: 'may I III ', 'I1O't allowed", SimHar]Yli!tWJIID (meden) ,1;]/you/1i1eJw'lelth,ey
III ~,w and MB.!:sxry-i: 'don't know': IIpUI (ireD) ~wiH 'c me' :lif,p3X11H II t be corning': CJJItB { suun) ~ lives ~ CJYA8l1'y.lt 'doesn 't live I,,, I 100 '01 (oill~n) 'understands' oman',. 'doesn't understand ., djectives and nouns are negated with '·.rra in the same W,fly:
T1A 'not 'bad' fSlril~ 'not a little; .qJBtf1i 'without person', 111' N ert ed' . yc;ryH ~ wi thout water ~ 'I 'waterles s and Dparrpl 'no II ~ L1er' 'unnecessary' ,
I i-you haven't understood what is being said to you you sa.y,:
Ii omoJJi11l Da:ba~ And what you can do D_xI is say, Please ,I ak a little more slowly!' Ta lKB8X8B J;D:BAB JlPIUU- "i? The verb ._ ill: to speak' and a question, in the present-future tense is a polite request, Another useful phrase is,'P]e,itSe repea_ what you. j II d': ;n;8.XH~ Dr AaBTl 'again lone' repeat 1 ' '! using the prese n t I 1 perative (KuRT ) which is the same as the stem (ot ~l.lf.Fax)",
rewells
11arid replies 6upTd:! (lit, 'with joy, but thee usual way of saying ~ 'i odbye') when Siikh says 'to the Browns 1{8paa 61JlPF· J "~I 'afterJ rl rds with j 0)' , in the sense 'see you. later ,! j The 'word Da.&p is also 11 the root af' oupn;8Jl1&! (bay,ar.lu.) ~ thank you! ~ from 6lJIpJIBX ' to
I k'·~I. ,,!l;'iII' • h- - l'
I IAn .. , a.180 LO . appy ~
-e.,rcisf! 7
\ hoes e answe rs which :fi't 'the di alogues ~ jl Cyx a~rm yy?
Yryi, ali aIIr .. lltf x _ M.-'3XryH~ xapnn opec .. ~, aUK
M:3)];H~.
Ta roy xIDi;rn;sr D~?
H Y naa 61aaTapli.IH ID)T srMn3Jl~J'T 9M,"'r x iI.u;a:r. Ta xaaaa al.1 ·J1Jla1K 6a('" a B~?
Ea nOH,ll. Hal ax cypryyJIl:t~ alKBJ1JJa.E 5attHa~ Ta Hap CaJlX8R HPC:~H yy?
S~ JIOHAOll OTOOC EI"tcIm"AErP. HPCZI I,
Ta Hap raaua ·YY:JJ( 6aHHa?
DH,II" (~y JI. all 6 a _. 'Tap» 3',. 'IJ4.Jl .: ~ry JJ;aJlA CYYJK 6 aihIa. « Y JI.aaH6 a at TEl P 3alfll~ 0: _,ll, _II calht 6 a" a yy? MyyryH lllYY. 3a, IG~: 5H1P"') oaMNa. aapraal
· aHp'TaH:!
• I or Ull,urn;- p
Ru rsian yest rday
33
- _... -
oaxaa.
Exert:is.'s 70
Answ, r thes: q uestions about yoursel ': 1 Taasi H:3P X3H 03?
2 Ta ITOH)l;OH oron YYA vv?
3 T a. sx c yp ryy __ urn, alKlfl1lI all 6 a:irna yy? 4 Ta MOHT'OJT X~!J caan M9A9X IT?
5 Ta :MOHrOJl rapr cyy;p;Hr yy?
Ex 'cis. 1"
Answer he following q - _. ·,ti' ns ill the negative: 1 I. y. J[o ;nOJIJJ\ CYY):U~lLr yy?
2 n B H,:r; f) arm YY?
3 }I<Jo, !3rvrq yy7
I'_-' . his esson y u w'ill I :-'ar .: '. About family raiationshlps
• How to count lrorn 1=30
• Same uses of the accusative (objective) case
• The present and uture imperative [I Some other new verb forms
Tallo t1fdIp D)l3Jl EJJJ89~. BS? How manr roam,_, in ,'our tlat?
David' and Julie visit' i kh: brothe r B'at and sister-in-law Dl :e,'rna in. theis Ulan Bator flat ..
neBUA~ E,aT:
,Aem14,n:
'2 :
C,2lHH oaH,na IT! Bar aa? CaRB. Ta [Calm GaaUI aana 'YY1 C aiiH 6, .ana aa,
3a 8JI1m op op, Iill .. yx.mlI. llVY~ :3H~1 MffllIM
...
r1pf1lH.
Caim' 6aifHa yy? M.HaIDI H3PHHr '3JIT9p'Maa r ;D;~rT
T aRlal MJ]J'lbW x 'f:3!Jl.!EI'r ]8,91'7
~I aM,Rm ;rJ;eBHJt ra nsr. I-IaMaiIT EJOIl )KmJI' snsr.
M,an.aD 6a.Jip H3r TOM 30TffiEI O'lJB91 ryP san y.H'fJIarhll, ep[.T,H. B ~ rWI SYyXHhI epee, ~ KaJIYYH YCRL1 . p'9. 'l!Jit XaJf.cYY.Im IlL lKOPJl,OH Gm. Ta HB.P eJ1Cl1~ y~aaC\l 'fi,_ Jttr=r _ ,yy? LI.ail yyx yy?,
-.K C'YYI'3H DJli YYM1lap GaYDa ..
1 ow are' you, Bat?
I m well. HOI41 are a/I ".1 you?
I Jlr3'pMa,-:
I [O.lIK~
[0:
...
. l.lJ: Pinel
J \"1: Well~ COme on in. I'm SU,kh s younger brother. This is In y wtfe.
I· GER.MAA~ How are you? My name is Delgermaa. WJlat ts 'OU,r tame?
ID: I'm calle. i David.
I ~ 1 E.:: An,d I m called Julie:
. 'AA:, SO corn this way! Thls i our iuing room.
What' a ni·-€!' rooml
Pleas,' take a .s at. Besides tl'~ , div n. and tw .1 t hies th. re are plellty of , hairs i'l our .. sinins room.
How n1Qny rooms are there in y,ou, flul?
Our flat has a b.ig sutin I room, titre' bedrOII/7-I_ as W'_ a Q.S_, kit h ·"R land a small be thl - om. . he' lava-
tOTY is ne: t to it.
Are .you hungry or f/~i,.sty? How abotu some tea? / would like to. drink S()J'~~' mdk» tea.
I 1'1' T'ERMAA: r II I :
Yr
' .. cabul·~"_ry'
name 1 '0· rin e 'Come on thenl 'Blat
au to be (several] also
IS- are'
i. (emphi uc) be ide
I LJI fire
1lJY'
YUll'_ r sibllng small
lavatory
stove
thi W'3JY
.: 1 im, hers
many
to enter
to be hungry rOO,ID
chair
to sit (several)
:lIOOpJlOU( ) Q'YX 1IInl13
m.
[onOR
,0P°1: aDD.:!. epee
c~ CYYlt;li"aax
,(IYPBSB) three
to speak, say sofa
~16
~I-
,en
TOM JlVl:3ICax JRTJJar8, yc(ycrm:)
JJX ~
milk bi,g
to be ruhi rsty sleeping water
to drink side
hot
two; and 'bo'w 111 an 'Y 7 ~eil
table
what a ... "
XlW'JY1I xce)} X;~D mOl l1lUP33 I1CIB
Ntne: .AI,though IMTS,j rtd. Is translated as 'milky tea ~ ;,'1 is mostly COWlS milk boiled [cge;thcr with butter, sali and tea-brick shavings. H is quite tasty, bUI il is nor a cup of tleal
~ e accusative case
The accusative cas, suffix marks the direct object of a verb, Its, usc is obligatory for persons Bod deities, but not for animals and obj ects unless particularly specified: TB ,D;cplPtl1l" y3cml yy? 'Did you see Dorj?' VV1H~re tile suffix is not required the accusativ f rm is the same as the suffixless: 'TaMOBrOn :X9D lm~SX ,,:r 'Do you speak (know] Mongollan?'
Th ' suffixes are:'
-F for sterns ending in a long vowel or hidden g: rspntl 03 1':!I,prBAr, myy~B iiim )JJYlJl;aBr
... :w for back-vowel words:
nOM, - R~~ IOT' .... ,XorL!r
OHKiI' for front-vowel words and, disregarding vowel harmony, all words ending in, ... r~ "'lKl ... q, m ands:
Final intercensonantal vowels except in 'proper names are dropped: ,&n;m;QP _, 8\JIAPMr ·
The accusative of the personal pronouns is a follows ..
Singular
1 st person Znd per.son 3rd, person
HlMm 1I8.Mal:riTatn)tr (T) '11,8];1 i t
DBA,H H I ill (MalfbW) T8 aapNr
(T) 3lABJ1i,r
ll~ can, of course just give your name without a 'verb e.g, MBHaA fI p J];es1J,It, but in t11 1$ dialogue Delgermaa gives hers, differently:
M Ii DB I: B3pa:iI" ~19m-sPMa.a r3;D;3T. The re a re two 'POUlts to notice .. I I sl, she uses, the word f3~ 'called' which is the habitual form
I ! rative verbal noun) of 13_X 'to say', and second, the 'word 'name II! racts the accusative case suffix. Literally, she says ~'O' me (name I lice) Delgerrnaa called], Then, when she asks 'David his n arne II h 'U~'_ a different word for 'name' ~ap which ts an honorific I~ u m (used or others "but not of oneself): Tamil aJ.Qll)Yr DlI F3ADr lO; il avid's simplifl d reply is "me David called': 'R-aMaIr Ae:B1g:I f ',~.r.
~ lt t-'~' t h
• •• ".[ •• • - f •••• .'., ," . Ii ,- .. .
e eermtanve casle~ ,10 1'1 ave
~ ')1 ' comita ri ve case meaning 'rogether wi th has the suffixes: "'~ 0 r "'"TOE for back =V owel words:
HOM _, HOMFO.B 'with a book
lOy - myrd with what? (thing) and
-T3i. for fran l -vowel 'W ord s:
l he comitative case helps express the idea of having; Taewi IDaip :~IIH epee~ B9?
row' Hlany rooms does yO'Llf flat have?
M',aud~ ,(hut, rYPBaB epooT.,:Jfl:~ Om flat has t hre e ro 0'111, '"
'Hx ~ OROB Ttl-earrm'.,
The department 8' ore C"big shop') has many d epartments,
Ihe comitative of the personal prOIOO'UDS is as follows:
Singular
..i .
Plural
1,;'_ pers on 'nd person J rd person
oasr,rd 1f1llMTaii:/TaKTd (T)ypT9H
6~BT:J,8 (MalITd) T,l, RaPT(T)SABBT9D
~~lOT' the ablative of the personal pronouns s e p. 224.
P t iii til'
r'as,en .Imp.ra :Iv'e
11- e presen t t n se imperative is, 'the sam e a SI th, verb stem: opOX 'te enter' op- (verb stem) Qp! 'Come in!' and similarly Wyx 'to sit' cyy- (verb stern] Cyy! 'Take a seat! 11
Fo,1" greater politeness you can add. an appropriate pron,Q'un: T8 opl 'III ewE or y'ou can rep, a op! op! Ityy'f, ,,;yy!
To, de scrib , , activity of several people or groups of people Mongol bas R class of verbs, called participatory verbs, 'armed by adding the derivational suffix "'~8B"" to 'the verb stern. For example Bat asks his visitors, TI, cs:b Itiaib\lrIJlRl, ,"11' (fid-qru, .. ,mt) instead of the more usual Cab 6aitua ,.,I? Other users 0' the' participatory form would be teachers to a class of schoolchildren officers to soldiers etc. I Iowever, it would be quite accepts ble to emphasise plurality by saying Ta Bap alb' 6aba ,'t1 to 3, small gtIQlUP. Other
c- ampl S include ,euqrau: 'to all go egether' (from mUllx) and CfYJJ)-aax to all sit together' (from cyyx).
Mongolian cooperative (or reciprocal) verbs are formed by adding
."11 d · ti ~ I Jfix ~,,~·1. b t . ..,lI ib ,..,' m ,.
me enva 10Ilw su U~ "'J'IQ;~ 1.0 tne "ell" .. stern, to nescrt 'e acnvines 1'0
h - h a nerson ioi · ~ ,~ ~ LEI
W net a person JOIn· til With another, ~ xamp es: T~ ", 0 get to
(spn to speak'), QJllan qu 'to study together" (cYPlX:~ 'to study") i
Would 'you like to?
TIle word 'YiMUP is formed from the stem yy ... of the 'Verbal noun 7YX ~tOI drink' with the suffix -MlUI;P and combined with the verb 'to be' as IYMUP' 6-& means 'would like to drink': IiI mM JJM8BP So'bs '[ would, lik something to drink,' The varii nt, are ""MODP~
V~pl~ I .. .wr~r!, ~l!!b. '1Q J&UD.JL .~,.~~¥ U . "" _,,1 .. - IHI~ ~ l~U .. ~ , I,
'1[0 eat' (from ~:tx: Ito eat )" To say you wouldn It 'wan, to. do something add the negative suffix -ryl: :Sa ':yyMUpJ¥ii fi'alBa ~I don't 'W9J]t 'to drink,' This , .. .map [arm can be' used attributively: Y3,M93,P
~ fi Ilm h . :i! 'read bJ . There i ' -
,k~HtHO a,' wort seeing', ymDMaap 'reac a" .e _ " iere IS at paralle I
form in "'Jyw1"d: mX8lt;p"mrai KCYYJ:JJUIT 'a matter that should be looked into' (from a.axaapu 'to pay attention to'), Negative
udjective ' can be fanned, using the suffix "e"u[Lvi: YJlUl·p,I 'undrinkabl e', BJJ;3lJJIyii: ~ in e d i ble '~I ~ Ie tc ..
Past ',erf'ect tense,
We noted (page 31) '[hart DwqJJlWlIU,! means 'thank 'you!" It is all example of use of the past perfect 'te-ns ~, form,e,d by adding the
uffix , ... JlU to the stem, 10£ '6aapllllX 'to thank'. Simllarly, caixo T~ "pleased to meet you; from TamrJR'f)\X . to make someone s acquaintance' means 'pleased tOI have met you', even 'W hen said. on first 'IDee ting, TIle sense .i s H, completed act in file speaker 81 immediate past or future"
h - - I-
e ver n sax
Julie comm nts aaeaa eabaR. epee ,H9 'what a Dice rooml' in, the for m of a q 1.], 8t1011 where Blmm is the perfective verbal noun form of the interroganv verb SIX 'to do what T, Uses include JIae-au IDa? ~Wh,21t happened?' and Iacm TOM' 'how -Ji~g~~
Postposition,s
Words like N)J;EI8, 'besides' and ~ 'next to' are' called postpositions because they follow the nouns 1.11:. y govern; ~ is itself a
, th d ~ III· - ~
noun tn ' 1_ auvenocauve case meaning ~IO'l1 the side'. Postpositions
rut the nouns they refer to into particular grr mmatical cases: ry;Il~ XIIJK¥JA ~'by the side of the road' and yy~.,fl0j ~pmJJ: 'at the door"; other postpositions attracting the genitive include ~DP
und ;I!:II'r~' 'w~n 'inside' d 'amid t~ Tl - iti
.!;J , ~'U"J). U ~ Ij" . .'.:;. '. ~ ii n _, .nYlEIA amI· S ~ I • Ie postp osit 1 on xaMT
'together with' requires the comitarive case 'Ul4Td XBld:l :'vnth you', m;a;al., the a blative case TYVD»9C r'ItRa . besid es tha l' ~ and IJIB3P 'on 'I I he sufflxles SI cas e w!' tll fle eting n: ,iDBJl93H ~-9p 'on t be table '~I ~
Short and unstressed form of the possessive pronouns are 'p aced alter the nouns they refer to: XR*YJ)J! 'side-at' Bh 'of ,it (is)' lKOpJIQB 'the lavatory}" The third-person Bb is used for both. singular and plural: HOM m 'book of his/hers/theirs the 'words being run together and the linked H& pronounced rather like the last syllable of 'salmon', The 6rst-·per~OD forms are Ma'Ah (singular) and Mism (plural) and, the second-person 'IJKUh, (singular) and Tam (plural),
,40
Sometimes *talO, do, not have Its literal meanin 'thine' but i, added for emphasis: T9p qAHb 'that one then '.
] YB'r.1I'arMH ope r
<= =>
¢=: xanyya ymru epeo
]1 yyp;o:IDl ==>
,
~I ran 3~ epee
T,BCaJJr,88
==> aopOOB
It ~ yy;a; 1 U;QHX
Note: Th ' wo rd s ax an d ~q!r. l be more rormal \VO rds for · 1m other ~ and ~ :mlbe r" ~ appe ar j 11 51 It h L erms H 5:J Op.DB ~'h om B 1 a nd and 31:: DB 'tnotber l orItgu e i.!JD;I P: (or aaB 9 ') 'paren s' and :iI:q3I" M8JJI 'sire' (MWI = animal. HVJJS10C ).
sx mother
a Ii dad, pa 33}K m UW, ill a
ltOHX(H) window
Vyp;1llI:H Ta,ca..llr a entrance han
OXMB daughter XY'f son YV~(H.), ](;!UUIfa(B) do r ' r gate
~, h sets 10. numerals decline as n urns. The n-s .em form L u. d f~ counting obj cis: ,I.PBB.H C8~WI ~ t n chairs ~ .
The u.s . f B31"3B is irregular: Dr mupS3 'on. table', S:PB8B Dr ~I'¥o'--- 'eleve n ': hairs ' te, btr ErJJr9.R xlN.Taap 'tog ther'i xsa nimH ertain (person.' rmrs,' . O·~DLIlJI xo·~~- 1 x 2 = 2'.
44-
.
Th num,hers"Dc. and ryp, 'an also be translated as ~, ' d':
BaT ~~ W1'3IPMaa "oip 'Bat and D· .lgerrnaa', 30pm\ XO-1IrOP3JJI Xyne ryp, ~ ", ,', ig, Khongorzul ', __ d ,'hulanR• In principl t]·
could b ' lone with lar e numb 'T', 'I, u. it i -n'-. practice .
IHow old are Y',Iu7
" r giving (lD.ClIS age the baste for - ", 0' 'he ear lin' numbers, are used pi -.s the comit rtiv _ case suffix -TO (~TO' ~ "'1'31) as 30par lapaBTaB, XOHrOP3YJl .lOJ(DOTO:i- XyJJ8H 3TP,;raaTd~ Bac6Bm'TKBTIIi.
H' 'W:, rver Mongols try to avoid r peating he same case snfft._, in ,on sentence. t that ' t ays: 3oPl'F . pu XOBrOpsy.n ,AOOOO, XJlI8lI ayp aa, BacolllD lBTaB ~,Z ", ": 10 Khongorzr l 7 Khulan
6~ Basbish i-with',
'Ih e cerrritat i ve case i I U' ed to ask, 'how old? "':, 31A8B HlICTaB 'how many year-with?' 0 - DI~B 'how m ny wi th?' I'U =:licJin marks a reque -t for plural in ormation in .·3J); ",a~H UB, ',- __ . B3' ow many hw many year-with', 'How old ar they (is each of them)?'
Collective numerals
Bat says: ,,~ nJU9BnJ a:itMyy1.taa -B;!; cn:AB.'r With -. sm w a e eight.r u living here' using ~Jr. which is ,8 C . lee ive fa IT]
f ........ ht' M' ].. '"" ~.~ t tl e '
o HB-W'iL 19 ~'IO 'e examp res:' XOB;yn or xoefllBa. ll.': '. o toge 11, r ~
~BY'yJl(aa,) "the three of them' 1 ~op "IYX(M) 'four tl Ig, -ther', etc,
Ilac~ anc dhectlon
From the demonstrative pronoun 9&.1 'this' we earr derive 9~ (91lS plus the dative/locative ... ~ 'her -'~ or 'in this place " the dative/locative 0 ,p 'that' its -.' 'there'. The interrogative adver . - '."~_-- a
'where at)?' has t e torm xaam_ wl re (to'?
The sulfixless (st m) form is some time s used f the I bject r movement in a parti cular direction: xe)l;,ua Beam (He 8) gone l. the C nmtry.'
What inu resting book 8! J would like I· read 1'11. guidebook: intend d [or Russian tourists,
B,aT:
TIii:!i,~P-'Ml'lr'O • ~~.Jl1 WI ., 1~~iI
,roy--:
:3 ',BpMaa:
Orova:
NaT:
ACIlKJl:
OroYH:: ~_BH~:
~E.nJHU:
A ·IITF pM,aa': ,eB,m~~
ar:
AeBH!t:
DAVl :
t
.. ..
. ell rin, .... )
Oyuun?
- ~ ellol Oil, whnt a lot 0/ visitors you have!
They 're the Browns fr,()'r~ EngIQn"~ Kllu,llln, lvash your handy: arid [ace! Btl bish; yo,u have made )JOlt"
hirt 1111 ~_irt " .... om . here! Wilat _,', ind . f rubbish have YO'll b rOLghl' hom ~ ~'; .. ' ay r
Basbish fo,und an inf1-reJing tatle insect.
'You put thai insect 01' yours in th« dustbin. It s true WIUlt' they SIQy' a parent's longue never rests!
Well~ w',e h ve La go~
Don't gal Please stay Q bit.
Now {t'ft time to go~ m have n. [7'. time this e vening; an d tomo rro"w ~1Je' ha ve " /0'1 of work.
Its fl' pity you can't stay a bit. Hal long are y u go'; t to be tn M ·'n' solia?
Until th. n '1-'-'~ -1 month ..
So mud: the better: ' .. oodbyel Have Q toad jOLJ,rn~y' Goodbye] Stay' well!
, o'nle again! Come (J11.d collect chat book later! hank youl Goodbye!
I ~ERMA' : \ ~o:
_~, :g Yr-
., B,b,ul, ,- ry
to bring, etch to rest
I'd Dan !'t!
'I hand
o sound, ring
JE'DUI l urist
II fre time, leisure
I lJYlBlX LI,' be intenr ed
X_1f guidcb', •.. ok tomorrow (to) here
rubbish lac .. lIOW
OJ]Ox
to ind
8BB8 opuA, this evening
BBe8~8p t day
caB ( ) i1 0011 tal ne r
cap month
TRBD-D YBaM eaIH all the better
)TDI--X . 0 wash
Jl[C peopl ~ state
)anlMX
t " read trutt regret
to 1Il13L' e di rt y ru - ·.bisb
b 11
~ J-JIoWIio
= r • 'po,'IL.'iIl'im '1711' . ,_. ",' litl-.lD.._~ !laMIa
:mPTJlJ'm - mr
B
uu 'when? hirt
'in ect
nd
.T3J1.
.
ts, are
what . kind
The e ,J:' some more ' .. ample'S here of the present imperative: lIP! 'corn ~ fm Hp9J: a .. d ',' '! "Do it' 0 PU'[ it' -tOD1' x, The ne stive present im. er tive is formed b.' p acins 6, . __ befo e th stern: Bmtrlflf:. ~'.' .', 'Don't do i '!
Mongolian dl in- uishes betw en the present imperative ('" b stern) aDI. future impera .ive ( tern plus ~a_apd~ ... ooPtJlt~ ~3~P8it:
Haem lIP! 'Com ~ he re!' ,n:aL ,88 JlPB3pS' ! 'Come ( ack) la r ~'~ OM 8B'~ TakJ a 1 ..• _ 0- ~ 11 HOM 8lJ .. ' , aD! ~ ak '_~ '0 _ k next tirm yu come) "" . t· . "Likewise B .! ,. HJ!I951P"'! m:_ an ··,'oln'L c·____ . - c ~ r _ be tu ure imperativ i less abrupt than the pre rent im erative,
an . - n he further . cene·dy . dding a personal" .ronoun: Ta cyyraapd:l~ "Do pI-,S' ake a seatl
When you leave a Monaolian '. hom. he ma- .. Y to you C·~. ~ JJBlapd! V;,rbi· 'h m cans . ravel well!' bon voya .' _- ': the tr di ion ~ I reply is c,-'--- CJJlK ID,draapdl meaning 'well staying bel Both these expressions use fU[UI, . irnpera ives,
Expressing a wi'·,h or ~eed
We have seen (page 38) U:S _. of the suffix -MdP to expres a wish:
David says: :ell ~.mJ epoe ... HO:M:h1r Y:H,lllM_aap 6aba mi. ~ ning (, would like to read lid. Russian book. Another w Y' f . cpressing a wi h . 'f neet is wi the ve b ,1 noun plus. rBC3 - KJV (OC3 i the perfe live \I, rbal noun or IS ). Thus David could also have
aid: BH~D opoc BD~ YHil'UHX r8C3H 10M .. Note the accuse live case suffix on tho '1 ecifie .. ,bj ... t: 3H9 opec BD'JMKr.
FutUfl I.'·. I~ se af th past iperfee,:
We have seen that TflB1lJ1JJ;naa is the past 'p rfe _ t tense of . h:_ .' rh 'TaBlIlD'J;8X and expressing a completed action mean '. lit: :rill V
'pleas L have met (you)', In tin. dialogue we have f om :~_., ..
I" 0 th form 6~ DLlIBa m aning "We nave to 0 ~ In the .~C ne
" "to - 0 I shoot!' is .. ~ 'ore i5YYAD"i_ !
··19~
r '.
Iloquial use .~_ 6o~o' by David ,liq DIX 60- co means 'It's
to 0.- The ver . 0 ha s veral me __ nings Ii includins 'tc
me 'I . nd i used with tim expressi ns, With the: mitative
1 i it means "0 aequin ! s.g, O'JIOB OMTol 6oncD'H {became with uu ny books', acquired a lot of books j Anoi her meaning of 60'J1'o :.
10 he P rmitted'. as j . BonDX' "1 'May I?'
'flexiv" .- -ffl _.-. f'::,' _ . _. ,]II . e -.u IX Dr
Dun I
hen Delgermaa tell ' .. h· r da ugh' er Khulan sa rap BlYP99 yr,aa!
III is tellin her to wa b .' (own) ds and face.. d Mo solian
I I a C' . ·.· . d ve suffix -0 (-OO!!I ""B6, ~': .. ) 0 a d t the app priate I _ n (:B'Y!P-_:)' exnrei tl _~ .. ide: .1 O"~ own' in th accusative . S I:. placing the usual suffix -r, etc .. Delgermaa also tells Hasbi sh l U' rOT making .1~is shirt dirty 1DI IJ~aMllrll- .' ,TtyJlCaB g.nrna using II.'" reflexive suffl: (~Raa)., Add .. r- at' er long vowels;
Note that· 'hc.n peakin . Khuh n D' 19· . aa adds "he suffix nly to the secon of L 1 two nout '. rapi HyypS!J': this again slu 'W II L Mongolian is, sparing 'in 'i rs Ll e. f suffixes ..
Another example of tbe reflexive is npTu (rap"T-sg) with the I Itj· /locativ case m ianing 'at ( 'r t '1 one's own. h me'
f common way of saying that you biav _ something is to put th _' I ersonal pron un tn tho dative/locative ,c~ s . Th example in the I. J. gue ·8 'DIQt-.9EQt 'L U l'we have' .. The pe r < U" 1 p xmouns in II . ir da i vel 0,· alive C8"_' rms are:
Pll,lral
I t erson ·er n rd person
6J1;l1D~ (M&~) T8JFQJ;
(T)8~B:EQJ;
'i1.M;l: (T)'Y-YB'Jt
50
Othet points
XY¥XIAT,9 . xymd UlI' . ap~ c ild-with p rn : tongu .rests regularly not is 18: M I golian pr v: r .: 'Dnc chi k keeps hen b t
_llSy.
Instead of t - e mor usual C 1 - oaltHa yy' ". YU-UD might '_ ave
said A ,. , p cafm: yy/' where " means 'calm, quiet', The 'verbal
noun 8BllPU to brin " is a c mtraetlon c '. , 't kins . from I - '" )
and aplX ~ to :.. me ~ 1PIP8.X an _ BMP8X displac short vow 1 : compare the forms 8B~pC-S.H and DlBp~,.
B th 'month ~ land ~ mo .]1' are cap but . month' is regular: cap,LlI'
capJilH, ea ,'~li c8J"aac- eapaap, e'- pro w ile 'be 'moon' h_ s a
'fie etin -' n ca (H): c: p., I 'b Ca;PEIJd, eapaa;m; , cap - .- Icapup, CElpTd.
Delge rmaa says I' '.- _I' D1ap W __ 11 asking what Ba bish ha brought home" in th· .expeeta ion that he ha brought several 'things" :,~ j Dljl a r du plica tion in clud es lOy my i ~ eli 'w 11 _: t thin ". ? The s _ p 'inei .1_: can be appli d . 0 m uns:
TOM xyy ·.OPIIT apaa, TOM' OXmI Xoaro ~'3yJI ;l;OJlOQI 6ar~ OXJfJH XYlllaH 3yp:ra;", 'Dura X.YY' Bac6MID TaBT&H. T. Dd aaBI3X xoep Y.nae;u6aaTap---r c'_'~ar yy? Mmr:u:iiI aan H c 6apcaH., M_ ~n:_':'" 3~lK Yna ._oaaTapT CYfJJ:aJTVH. Barsm 3caBhm a _TaJi •. ,' aepxBarafr aHMaIT aMbJJ;ap~a[' .
Ta X3~3H BacTai B»? Btl rJf1IT Iii .
. la~ 6f1~ snnaal
r • jill HJt~ I ~'r~
I r,:
JIr~pMa,a:
. '[on»:: h T:
": III' p~Maa:
~ IOllH:
~ . JIT"3pMaa: -KJl=
52
nl~JIT!9pM aa: )l{JOlMR:
BaT::
JleBfd'P:, :
3,2Il 5 asmp Td~, ca ttr~ 1lB aap aD ! EaapTam, ,cairn cyyx{ oaifraapaA! Ilapaa )l:aX1ffi J21,p~3.P'~IM-!
Baapn 8JJ1i~La! E (lJIpTa1i !
Xy(fl:!U~ cold IDara small
Hac is a p Cali h las die d/is de a d
Kottle(H' coffee RIl1\fi,1lP2I~ 'h) li vie
f[Y,n a ax: an warm ntap a.lf~ pa r beer
Note: Beer ln MOllgoli,~~,1 i:!il map RAper which means 'yellow koumiss': the real koumiss ,'iApaF' is fermented mare's milk, w[1,].ch is drunk in the countryside during 'I he S ummer men ths, Sometimes Dml(U) , i he Russi a n word ~,,~ i used ITO r be er.
jI~-- -'-"
...
.' /
, ~-
Act'ions speak louder than words
In this lessen you will learn:
• The lnstrumental case of nouns anc pronouns
• How' to find 'your Wf!J.y and give 'd~,rections 11 The use of some ns'w postposltlons
• Morra verb 'farms and their correct sequence
- ialogue "
~'iIi'D' 'J.n:l'n,prro H'1J!'II 'J"',D' ~'n'tll'V7r~al n
,.-~ 'MJ··r~~.; £~'J~'Mat ,~.
oun,d thl; cit,,' sights
I avid and Julie discus! with Saleh ;SOlne of 1/1'{1 places ill central Ulan I u to r t hill tlley 111 igll; t visit,
What iru. resting pl' ces .-- r the e in , .. , - "'ral. Ulan Bator? 01.E.t! 10/ the historicnl si ihss o] the cit; is called .iikhbaal Square. TI'u~ Sukhbaatar monument is situated in lIT
mlddle of this broad square. The man Ion harseba k i
amdiny Si,," .hbaatar: H~ w, is tit _ arm . commander in . tu - ountry's F ' ple s R, -v lution 01 -21~
There's a big g'~ly lttilding ()J~, 'hit ,nr)rlh side.l! rh Sijk,hbaQtar monument. 'Whaf is that?
Why, that grey builditlB is tIt: state Palace. The Mongolian
'r sident; th Prune Mini. ter I1d th tate Great KI1,u~ I
member: work ·r1 th State Palace
Is the op ra 01td ballet theatre 1.'1, til west side
.SUkhbaQuJ.'r Squt1rl!?
No i',fjs not on tne we's,( side of the ,sql.l;a;r '. It ~\I on tfrl
side. But it" '.' n the Wf';; .. r side oJ the Ulaanbaatar H
On the w -'~r .. iei· of 'he squ,. lr -' there s th central post offic: and the IOc~ ex. -hange. The stock: ex hange is suuated in
an old cinema building.
. here's II wide street 0 l the south side of ···al: hbaaia
'. quare, beyond rho tanl ns: --hal ~ til t' street called? hsu Sire -t is called R ace ~ treet. Til B ritlsh Emba ~ .. , stti €lIed Ian the eastern section of this street.
····.OK1~~
DAVID:
S~t-nFH-~ U~ __ iii
Ju
Ii ..
mRR-- Yr Vocabul ,'ry
aPIt t1apJ1B
[Jeo, ·Ie wet
6:· . ru'p
dance. ball t plae ~ lane
I nyyB
r ,l.I\Ui:r.n...i'Do. (B)
member str at chief, boss
in the middle memorial
p ra
pre sident
south north
'-:[,0("' exchange monum nt
f' V luti m assembly
old
section
be" ud
s oldie' " aml gan:t '.0
post - postage .mb ssy
01';0;(81
centr
state palace historv
r
'1tX
JPlt
IOU XtIpeurH1M' Gap
Ism&e
XJBlicrall
xyP ,
xyyua:
xacsr
peru
i Ii I.
prune nn IS rr
eas
IHO TeBTP
•
cmema
t· . call, 'OHm
to be situat d wide .. broad grey
i nteresting
fIImB., ~Jl)3r ~pmr myY.AlI(r)
.'Jl'IBB .l:au(B··
DX TdBm
II ',lficall _~Qt : Darndin [ .. khbsalar (189.'-192..1') was r 'ommander-in-Chie and ~ I I rster .: f ~8~ and 01lt'!., of the fOllndin;g members of the Mongoli.a.n People's Partv Iii lch With SO~lle~ he,lp m.sta~e-d the ~ People s Government' in u1y 1921~ and. w,ru;
I l~uedT tb~~·_gngohan People,' Revelutionary Party apparently in 1924~ although ~ I~ N I, dlS~u_te . S': me, Mongalian Til w say that . rulin,g it a 'revolutionary' Ipirrly ovret Rlll.- Ian Idea ..
I ie ~lIeldll .~JPM . r 'grea " embl)' l' 'UI '1~' eat M, ngolit . parliament, main. partie in the ass rnbly el eted in 16, were the. Mongolia ···-aLi·_naJ I L r!loc.ra~~c rarty (MCJBI"OJUim ~: IJ.I~CID HBM) and ~ ongplian Social I) ~l1ocr~nc. p.a.r'~y (MmIrolmm. leo. -, Ilm~PleMO'.K]lar.r' mIll) fanning the 'Democratic
llinnce (AJt.b;umcm x:on.fjoo)~ rrd me opposition Mongolian People's Revo- 11111. nary Party (Mo~ ap,lP'lll J:JBhcnurr JDM)I . rerorme comm nis; perty which I I J,ous~y wa,s the ruling pan y~ Wb II written ill full, only tlu flr,~· word of most
II' l, I utles L writt '0 with a capital letter, In the MonsoIUrn press the names '0
I h political par ~es, are L1S11.li!lly. abbreviated ~ ... ', ,'., ,MCAa" MAXI-I etc. _:rom I ~ 4r-'92, M?,~golul! W~.· 'the ..• ,HMAY, li~ Hdpa.MJtU MOIlMll A~:D; Ylle Of 1 mgclian Pe p}e s, Republic, M-omuuu (MoRTWl ~. ~lI'd ~Br
I mds for the Mo olitm news Bin ncr,
VR 3_ (11) :10.»600 uaxanraaa
root nation alliance, union el c_ctricCty)
to' dem cr'- IlZ . informa tion (political) party
;p.mJI3X M31la:9
IlaM
Languag'e points PIII.I,ce and directlen
Each of the four major points of the compass has two names: north xolBo,/yMapl. so uth BlMl1alyp~ east syy:aJ;o;OPBO~ west oapyymepUB! The paired n' mes are mostly interchangeable, However, it is necessary to I. istinguish betwe n being situated in a place and moving '~n a. direetion or from a direction: e.g, .XOH;a: (sometim,es1om) and YMapll mean 'in, the north' or attributively 'northern (allY distinction between xobo and xail')! for example, is no always made): xo:lm, WitJ1 the .. nr suffix used for direc ion owards means 'n rthwards ~'~I 'to the nor h': and. XQ '.- - DOC" with the ablative case suffix means "from the north',
Another 'w,CIlY to indicate place Of direction by the- compass ~ -, O'~'II - e nee. 01" the wO' -ds 1T'IIft1'1T i d rt'ii,~ and- DU"f'I 'dir ection' II::Ii g. .....n~ .....
T,IJI 'north side' and xo_ TaDJI on the northern side'; xDQ :gyrr. (or . o~ syr PH') 'in '8 northern direction', xofrr .!yr9DC 'from the north', etc. The use of e.o:mpa5~ points fo locations and directions is quite usual in LJ lan Bator which has Jew named streets,
Some compass directions are also used as postpositions: xo:bo 'north', 'behind' and DImB 'south', 'in fran ', as, w H as 3'Y'PJ and oapYYJI 'east' and. 'west', ~ eft and 'right', c.g.,:ax ~3mylPiUid ,xoiiHo 'behind the department store', ranT T3psrKMi 6~ BMHB 'in front of the railway st a tion' (raJlT T3p:9r "train ') t ,3ypm9C tla:pYYRU "from I. It Ito riga ,t ~ t '. tc,
Nouns las .. _: ttrlhutlvas
Attributive- USle of nouns as adjectives is common, particularly with materials, metals, etc: MD)l;(H),: MO~DB' xaanra 'wooden door" F ,MBBIU(O): MeBTOD: 'ye. 'si ver water ~ I.n1en::IJTY', aaac(:n:)': n:UCaB WJDJY(B) 'paper bird' ki te ', etc,
Note the variations as different linking vowels are used, ill the 'noun.': MO,P:' and ~c· which attract fleeting n:
MO,P:' (horse) = genitive form MOJIIBJiJ but attributive Mopa e"g,.MOl'mI xyyp horsefhead) fiddle (a popular musical
mpB9,l1; W'ES,T (gpoe) IlAPYYH<== ®~, ~YYH (;m;o.pilo) EAST P;OPBO~
'we ste rn ¢= f)apPJD ~l1llIl'm easte r n
in the' 'kPJJB (epoe) gyrr 'in the
JJ.. aMBO (";0:) SOUTH
6hR[fj to the
gyr' sout h
(3Jr Itil)
ij YPmD
from the a,MRS
south syr:De
9ldBS;a; (yp:~) southern in the south
aun suffix -T fOJrming adjectives
111,e 'noun suffix Jf can change a ]lOUD into an adjective: e.g, moran n emorial' and mer-am; 'memorable' ::x,ym.CXaJIfJ V 011 ution , and CranT 'revolutionary', Similarly ,9P'A3MT 'learned' is derived ~ I '11' 3PJl:iM~ m· aning 'knowledge" and nrms til _ plural 8PJl8MT-SH, \ hich how ver has rome to mean 'scholar'! (singuler),
umbers for years
way of counting 'ye ars is illus trated here, using cardin cd numbers 11ILIS fleeting n: ,MBBm YJIt.mm: XOPIIH :&3'1'8\8 OBld ~P;D;MB XyahCFWI lIlU r conn try's people 's revolution of (19)21 'I',.
The v rl "0 be' : verbal noun () ,.~: .) present-fir ur liSaiB~a)·i. U-.· , in Mongolian when the .. ubject is indicated or can be seen: C· I 0··,·, _ 111 Th word, 6, also 111 acing 'is' has th - s .•. nse of gener
existence, Wh_D the ubjec c nnot be seen but its exist. nee is
The !jtlc past ten e of, is. It i usedmr inly in tb thir person in s eri s an narrative when _ 'the S'PI aker 'w',' n,t a witne ss 0.£ tl, ong-pa t event d _ scribed. After ste'mls"'~ding ill "'B~ ... r : nd ... p the suffix i' -V9:,"g~ erm9 from. o~x. The~e IS a co] 1 - uial sh rt fnrm for uesti - I." dropping the final ~. _::: Xexee ~. ~, Yi-? _ I • id c.. go 0 the 'Untry?' Tbi i: __ t th impe rfec '. co~v,erb
which must be accc panied by moth r verr (' e example bel w).
Usa- of rex
rue verb 0' m r.JlK r,p.nSJl3r "is called' C,' mbin i r:t.x, th · im, Iective conv rb of 'to say '" with BS' lJmJl3lr; the iterative verbi I n', mn fonn .. ,- D'pD , 'to nam " ~ N t the constructions: Bu' lOy raE '6tH" 11133 D '. IOMI~ 'Why should I gOI the 'r ?' and 10" 'r8r ?
. s well a ..... expressing .' rprir ~ lOY ·-D 991 What did you, yl "
. - -, itc 'Ii •
.. ", ,0-' m9T me n, .....
Exsrc,;sel 7
Translate into M, :ID.Ii n: 1 Southf the _ t- _t ala,
2 North a,f Sukhbaatar Square, 3 ~ as t 0 f the 01 d cinema .. ,
4 'West 0 the sost office, 'In the middle of the litt e garden.
EJrel'c'i- , ,2
Co' plete the '. -11:tenC'1 - _ y adding the e rr, ct suffi , _ s to the braek
11 pJIXaap JIB, X8<1I-gX3 ~ P Xf.I . r ~ }K 3,3. 6 ;Q; JIBJIaa.
yx:
60
J. LIE:
:OKJt:
D'AVl ,:' SU)(l1:
D'A:V'.', .•
C"1i. . . I
SUKH:
J . I lE~ SUKH:
DAVr :,
.··:OKll" DAVlD~
H. a 'V,(! you. been to an,Y museums since you, came to Ulan . 'ator?
'WI v b, en 10 the Historv Museum sine . w, arriv. d b It we haven't-lee", any other museums. Now we would like to see the Natural History Mll!:Uf!UI11.
Wlz: re are you thinking of going rlotlt? To the Natural History Museum?
e: 7. to tile Natus al '. istor Mus ium.
Are YOlil. meeting anybody? H"rJW are you going to It there?
We'U go by taxi. We II g no" to the ta i stand take a ta: t {rO,711 ther ,'nd g t the, mural Hi. tory MUSet4m.
Wn ~l you ltV ik? It S 11.01 [ar.
. an we go there 011, [oot?
Or course YO,f4 COJ>f. You can go by bus too.
~Il,ere i: .. the stop for the bus g ing t " ,I'll, Natural Historv Museum?
n "L t (bus) .. t .p D1 us cum other to(wa ds) taxi
t ~ at way to meet
1 -t', qui' fax , 0 ·:'pea .. I sa
: omeone too! thou lb to wall.
YfJlS8X, IOn Ulna.
XI 99mB' XfB q
Language points erfective:'onv - I--'b, -aa.n
Th .. verb forms aplSJJ; and U!.8lt are oerfective converbs, forme by adding the suff -a~ ( ... oo;m:, ... alA, ~M~) to th verb stem, Th stand in mid-sentence and indicat the completir In of orre action before another,
ne of th sen ten ',S in this dialogue illustra e. seq ue . ce of II fl." s using (1) tile imp rfective . onve b (2) th perfe. tiv
I verb and •. ~) the pr .. ~~·. nt-futur t, n e. Davi .. ays: 'On,: .. ·I, U 'ClUb] OYYIl,aJ] PJJ OlEAX (I), T3~3C T8XCB ,&BBM (2) MJ3ei DB! (3)" 'Now visiting 'the taxi stand (and) having taken I i Irom there (we) shall go t . the museum.'
JI ~ dialogue contain '. some exam les of us.' of the instrumental d e .. suffix -aa_Pl oop "" aD, ':!Jgp):
. 'ith adjectives and nuns to ~ay 'by means of .. ig .. 8BTODYCUPI bus'! T'I .... up " y taxi', JDjr '~_p by what m :ns? (from my It t?') wh .:::re I 'he ~r-' separates the vow' -Is,; nraap (irregular form)
, &1l.Iap on foot' (.JIBl1B' .. ,ax m zan ~, " 0 'walk ,".' 3OplDH'IJ
I ',. trian , mJra.B: 31M: 'pav - ent )"
ith verba] n· nm ._ t in dicating im Of' pur -: ose, 'tht ough' for th - I '. of" .. 'tin order to', Coo' ~ 1IBaxaap as in BJJ;.ll MJ!eit .XBaxaa:p TaxCR . aa In order Ito visit the museui we took a taxi. ~
The proverb BpHYH.ftp D, :mtmU3P' XlII! witt .&pa:a.ap (from J- to talk) and .D-JI3D9P (from -~'.'.. :! "to spe 0' say) illus'TIn ,'. the eornp irative through U se f the instrum nt 1
II I means .' tter' or rather': 'Rath er l 'tnt to talk go!' (And)
I a her than t speak, do! .
I J ~ .' mit umen tal case forms 10· ~ the pets ona pronouns (': by rn _ '- ~ ~ .) are as follows:
. ingular
Plur l
61
I' P rson nd person I d P' (Son.
~lUlP lfIaMaap
(T)yyng:!lP
6~3P (MaJUap.) TamtBP
( T)9;orJDIP
. ·es .f I:M
111~re are two words mM~ The noun 10M means 'thing': JTX 10M umething to drink', The - redicate article I 10M me 8Jl Ilis-r.ar._'
~ I ffirm·-ti:n"r in " uestio ,_ : 131' 1t9&1B 10 _,? Whal h ppened
t, . him? Th re is ., . a .. t tense form- v," rbal 'noun -," lus IOMCau
'woul . uite lik [ j' ... '.
The abl tlv case (sufft . -aRC,) enal les us' ay, .1: aac 'w 1
rom? _ an' '- T3~93C IT m ther ~., W_ us e . 11 ~- deri vation I suffix -m . '.u [' b ' _ fie· iv ion: xaamaa 'where to? and "K1I199 . (to) . iere. For ~to'l_n
'towards' the postpe ition PYJ (m) is U,S'. d 'with n' 5 uffixl , ,'S case, rter Maj ,=p it b. -, mes l[JJ :nyy): YJIaau(juTap JJYJ~
Pia :_ and ' :ir ~ ction
'ODD ehind
.If 'Dim to the back
"'~O'·' c·' "",
JLUIllJIJ. "_ .'
from behind
¢= ,"'IPYYB 1[811 n I to he' right
fiap'YYR rignt
3VYB T~HlIII
II eft to the II·.
yp;o:aar;, from in 'front
'yparm forward
lif:1
in f 'ont
XOHT
r ~ rf rind (I g, ,. tc.) fr 'Ilt (whe Len .. ) back and Of
since then
I t b· .k!'
,e ,ac·,
a far as the door un "I now
YPJJ1
X:O ~ ill ypannaa
T9p ye~c xofrIW xo:f.U.llOO '6an) !
xa ,!IT' XVP an
O]lOO Kypl' 'n
~~~----------~~--~~--------------------~~ 63
1 ed to des rib an action 'which has b en star .-0 but is unfini -11 d, the imperfective v _ rba nou is formed by a. ,- ding' suitable long vowel ' 0 the stem ("'a& -oe, ""88 -es):
--po oing 0 1.,'1 1IP88 ming, ,UlnA.8. reading
, ' separat _- I ng vow Is hi,' letter ~r is ins rt d: being, CJ]frfJB . Itti ng
with the imperfectiv - converb: :ntux :aiiraa 'is dr iu,_ ~~ nd may,' lso be used attributiv ly:
. ~ '" ,-_ 6aiiraa XJIIth, man 'who is) do n' ..
u rstion using the perfective ver ,al n ,u _ (suffix ... e . 'I -CDRI' etc.) 'y be ._11 werr d in the impede, tiv verbs 1. nou form plus r ative suffix (6airauy1., etc.):
'fa peas yy?
~lI\lI;m. __ ,.a.
. ~a:I~!!
H·B,v,.;: y, .u . n (i£)?1
(: 0),. I hav m't :, en (it) (Yff).
Th _' -= gges t n is with YHartH . h t th . acti ,0 ias no yet tak en place, whil . with Y9C!1m:ry':i t 1,a the action 'W-S recent and 'perhaps ven dis appointing. Y3CSJIIYI "I dido 't se ~ :lrt ~"
" tIl T I' I', nple:
~'c, ~ n:? XHiil:'39$~
I av yO'[L done (it)? No, T haven't done lit (yet),
lOy XJlH.JK :aiDra Ba? What are (you) d .. 'ing?
11 Xw1[llsryjt 6' _.~, . '. (I m. D' t doing an thing.
ap 11 'OM ,IBMury'A~ (I) didn't buy a, 'J books,
, Ine can als ask n _ gal' . v e questions, w hie ~- are CI 'It idere d I _ S,S lir ct and more polite: T Y3C~lDry'A IO,,? 'Haven't y u seen it?'
~i ~'.
I rc imp ~ r ective converb nllK of the verb nt", has the colloquial III1 ·aning i:rw-ih the aim of thus when S nth says xaamaa JlB8X r3 : . . _ aa? wh r to go to thi n king, are?' be asks: 1"Wbre are you I kin of going?'
Other points
TIle negative suffix -l'yA is used with nouns to expre ss the ide 'both .' ~ . and':
arHea YA'lun'Ii e;l;BP meHeryi:
morning and evenins day and night
he e and the e
Translate into Mongolian: 1 Can't on wallk ,:' ere?
2 D 19 rmaa came from behind he History Museum. 3 J rave you seen that new red book?
4 David will take a taxi am the 't .j rank and g -to the C ntr J Museum,
lUI: After visiting the Natural History Museum \V,e lven,l round the streets Ci bit
What transport did y,DU tak» ?
lV;. ' took a bus and go I' .off in ."OfU o f th. departm ent store.
&5
I .. .
66
Then we visited a bookshop quire close to thrt' department store. . be bookshop is behind the old cinema.
.JULIE: But 1ve didn r buy any books at d'U. We left the' boakshop, wentpast the central post office and visited the '. hO'ijin Lama temple:
So Kj·:l: The Choiiir; Lama temple used to be called the MU~~(!U/H of .ReilgifJ'.f1. Did you like the l'eYl1ple?
JULl: We ~"aw a lot of tsam masks. But 111ft ,ugly IO(J,/a 0/" Beglse and ,Mahakala seemed to file rather HQ3IY~
DAVID,: ChDiji'n Lama temp;« is not f(Jl.'J~ from Siik,hb,aaltl'Y Square) so. we I eft the temple, turned east, crossed .tit e road and wal ked hom eo
Note: The temple ef Choijin Lama houses ';:1 big eclleetten ot colourful papier-maehe masks, of Lamaist god~ made for performances of the l'~!am' or ~ama dances 801 rebgifius festivals. B e.g l se or lJ3n, 'eea r' of rnal l ij ~ is l he gad 0·1 war an d prcreetor iJl horses, M~baka la {Mo [I go] nam e In Xap) me ans til e gre a L black: one ~: 11,e has thre a eyes and six arms In the J 16th century the Dalai Lama made Mahakala Ute protector of Mnngoi Buddhism.
6ar 6yyx 'rapD. mr:pT1it 3 lIM BaM:
~ OA»XOR,
8~(H) ~BX eyM
TaaJl8rAU
b~ rna 'Itt a sk to get off
to ~() out, Ieave like
rGild
I am a, 'mom k Ill,gly
quite near e;D'D
la~'
[0 seem
temple; .c'li]urch t please
so, then trans por t bcca,us€ dinosaur black
to return look
to cross to buy'
I ama dance nasty
ymnr rypmm! Xj"
DJlHK
'XJJjlJJ;
,xer~UB I',ltpax ~aB9X'
Irt&M
9B11!i
Historical Note '[see map on patge (7): Kho11Dogiia Cb,Dib81S~[I (1895-l,952)1 whose statue stands outside the Mongolian UniveT~~ly, 'ils sometimes called ~MongQ]~H'S Stalin', Chcibalsan purged [be counb:y"g leadership ill [he 1 ~r~os and as Prime Minister (1939--5,2,) llsd absolute power. Some Mon,gals admire him fur defending MongoHifs independence,
Auandyn Am 8T Cl ~g6-1941 )._ afte:r w horn H street is named, was nne of Choibalsan's purge victim_s. He was head of state 1932-36 and Prime 'l\tinisl.~r 1928-30 and Hlj,6-39. Cholbalsan and Arnar were both founder members ur the Mongolian People's (Rsv1ohnionary) ,'Mil'.
JJashdorji in Nahmgdorj (1906-31)1~ whose museum Hes south of the State Central I I tu ~ry! was M,oll~ohla' iBI 'soelalist elassic' writer, He wars one o~ a group of ~,~tmg 'Mongo]~ educated ill (JerJll&ny between 192:6 and 1929 and on return he III Ired set up what hrter became [he W'rite.rs' Union. FIe wrote, stories, plays ,W)lrl
I n ~ "11I1S, i~~ludm_g _~ wel~-kno'wn.· poem c~].J,ed ~BHI :HFFBr. describing the uHIU'[HI ~ uny of Mcnll}oli;EIJ (£0]" extracts from tile poem see p,~~ 249).
67
Teln~t1v 'O,P J:IOl.-1
D
'Y ).I-;rr.aCHlil1 TVVXIiUIIl MY3eft
H;Q~I!.lll Xmpmll'TlHr'l
a~Ull'VV~} 6lfpNc
I
Ox Taa
,l!3lrl1' liP :mY~fnl ,. EpifJ1HJtll i C:U1;1; MlapLJ.JI ryDJILMlK
rs ,JI:3' X e ell' '11 HOMLnl "RH(_ ' spre '"Ino,a eoen
Ls,ngul,age solrrts De iln;j ,e past te nse -B,
Tb_ defini tie pa 1 ' , TIS' ' formed with , 11 _ suffix - - ,.', , "DB, "'9a, ·s )
pr' s n action.c _ 'm 1 " ed j - th past as, i <, __ d JJilI=,C-1 Ie ' .
and "'" en . This e se is often u \ d to ask question 'which are usually given, n affirmative answer in U _ past perfect (~JI8a r :
3a ¥SIB yy? Y3JI~9"
,':0 id (you) see. (it)? ('Vi, )~ (I) saw 'i )~
A n gatix e answer i given wi th th P rf C' ive vel bs I noun (-,C8B :
Ta ,DD 'yy.,
", C~I'I:if"I'!I'I:.'....a. "
.. ~:I~·
Did (you) buy (it)? (I) didn't buy it).
Note th l ,'DROll Y'I means , I. rl iaps', and is n I to be c nfu '_ d with »OJIO, , yy? meaning 10M ,y I?' ~ etc:
'Y1,BlI.HI; yao DD-JJ:'oa yy F9., - ICa&:a;1l;Ir.
(I" t " this may perhaps '0" true ,.
Because ,., . .
In th dialogue David says, for ibeca'use~,wp., . 'he (1_ a on':
T&lI6aiir~ac XQI:r.ayI 'Imp .... 'Becaus (it) isn't far from th quar
..... 0; Th_ ablative C~L' torm -,'tpaa.c i aL " I lble: I ,
HIlcaB Y'lPaAe ... 'Because I at: !p, '_ h me ;; i ~
., n other wa y ,r aying ~ bees u ,. ~' i " 'us e he v' ,- -L a~ n oun 601IO
plus the in .c trurm ntal case suffix, 6onoxoDp: X,oJ] ,60u:O:l:OO.p'l •.• 'Becaus e it w .L (we were i f· r · IW ,y E ... '
Mlare~ bout the in'trumen -81
e 1 ialo ue ill u if" L-
m' re uses of _ h instru - , n ,[ case: aro und tn e Sit rei t
by (what) mean I of tn ,JIlSp rt
ry;n;,&MlKaap ysaar&a.p
Literally _ means 'r ding ni als' rut he tern 1· U'.:,
- generally, inclu ,"' , lan Ba or' TSP9J:'", at cart
or trolleybu "'t sc c~ lie. becau e th, ,OV' rhead electricity pol s
look like g 'al! h nns, ' ,
"de ' f) _ he post' oft ~
KYyq:Haap as i used to b ' (called) old style, in 0] den times, from the ad j ective ,XYYq]ffi old
'I verbs may b _- forme d f -I m adjectives by addin , n appropriate i - 8 rurnental ease : r fix:
HX BX99p II ," it
lBraa.p
big
gr atly firm firm y
_' have a liki ng for somethin - is ;n:ypTd: Ta 10,·, 5JX;L'l,V,PTaH B3?
What would y -u like to ,,' ?' Disljking is ,IO]1' ". The obj ect 11k ad lr disliked i . in th ds tive/locative ca e: T" MY9,e,' mTd lOY?
~ I· d [do) you lil e the m use urn 't DR ,'-EIp;r8:~ JIJP 'I don t lik,e
gg ~ .. ~ Ell '1I~' xaipTai I l ve you.
The pc tposition aipxo (quite) near' also eov zrns th dative ase ~ BO' ,'- -' ,;D;:.m"YiPT OR', 'OB '(quit- ';' net the boo __ shop .
oi,ng thus and gai,ng where?
ike the in rrogariv ve b ." ax 'to 1 o what? (p 'g. 9), 'T-3r!lX ':, d tln s' has no e sa t I quivalent in English but cu ns up , uit r, quently in various forms: T:Jr.I9~ 'having , 0' -, thus' mean', 'thereupon' 'next', 'then ~ etc ... and Tgrae 'Let't (do thus)' is 21, rnmon v luntative (s _ e pag : 77). Similarly the int rrogative verb ~aa" "." ( erfective eonverb xaa~) means. I to go wher _?'_ T
, a:q~ "1~8B? means literally 'you havir g been where hav - come '1'
69
10
Note tb t th ~ interrog tiv , particle i :. ome times, omltt d; in tb case .' . aa,NtJIIX whi ch is a _ exception it WP' Id be . "1
More on the see uenea ,of ,t" nles
In Dialogue . we see further e camp es of the perfective c nver bein J llw_- by past ' . ns forms:
(1) 0.00;0; ~ "" DU: TR MJ31,·. '3S3,~ AaPU xaamaa
Where did 'you go after you ad 'visited the museum?
After visitin til museum we w en _ roundth street 0'
I
(3) r' .. laaJI ~ ~, • .D'.' ~ ~ ~ Q~UO~
We I .. ft tile booksh ];]". went past he central pOS1 ffic .. _ and
visited the Choijin Lama temple,
(4) r.p~ ,., _ ~ .-" ,'. "'" xapLOIR. We left ~ . . and 'W lk ~ d h. 'me.
One or the sentences in this dialogue illustrates the sequ nc . of tenses u·· mg. 1 .. ' the imp rfective con ve rb, (.2 . the per ective cOln,~er',~ln, (3,) th 'r sent-futur tem e. D'HVid says: Op;oo mAWl Pi" D"X)f( (1), T., .' '3& TaCH aaaa,D; (2) .Mfse'·'
PH .fIB ( . ) ~N ow vis] ti ng the taxi '.' and (and) ha VID,g ._ aken II t '."
5 Cyx ! Ta r~'p IIVYrs RMap ynaaraap xapHx B97, MaaR T3pr93p
mvv A~!
'src;s's 8
I a ns 18 t into MOll "olin:
I We thought that the Iooks of tegtse and th Great B-ack On were rather na ·ty.
Turn right. at th '. I entral post offlee and walk alons Peace Str t, I : roo se 'the road . ,nd went in' . 1,. . ayang' 1 o· "1.
Delg rm .a WHIk:.' 1 'n,: the e'· ",.1-. rn .~ ide of tile 11 ba itar Squarr and ne t t. 1 the ,en tral Palace of .'. ulture bou ht a newspape r from ,R little 'shop ..
. 0 alorrg Pe: ce Stre t from . he west turn the corner l the central post office come a far s rhe Sukhbaa .ar rm nument an meet me t. re,
ere;.. 9
.. - rs· th seruu:! usmn _ "because and 'it, ne, ative (e. _ ~ 'Because
lidn't g .• into the sho didn't buy' book,"):
11 JI;SJ.I11rVPT opooa B~r MOBron HOM .~M~a.ll aD'CaB.
OHJl HR. • au APJlbIH ··Y.B.b.··-ra.n:Lm· .lf~ Cyx6a TaphlH TElJI6aR FI 'y\:~1I ~'. JlJll JIYYPh 6·f)K ..III • ..II..lL£. .....
Te"aTp' OlHXryjI OmI yy?
TF.ritM 3,3. <'< Y JI aa TT a a a rap» 301Qlff, 6yy.tl;JTh rJ1 xa.z:yY Jl 6ata. &P. Xepenrnsn ilHp.K Ta1]OaHI-I GapYYH ann Tiel! myy~aBI'HEH XaJKYYi~ . y~l.Hll .IrnHO T'eaTpT 6a.iIA- r ,ro '. E
ote. ' 'r. andan rnonasterv is Mon ; olia' Buddhi t cent . situat ed on a low bHl • mile or SOl ru 'rl h~\Ve5L o[ Stlk.hbaaJar Square. lis temple of [rvlegj" d Jaaraisee, wit h a 28~mel1:'e gilded brass agure is a dly landmark. 'The Bogd Khan 'WM Mongolia s religious leader lind head orf state 19 [1-24·. His winter palace and the temple l1e~1 dnor, situ led 'n the south ·ide of Ulan Bator c'nty towards 'the river Tuul, is L m 'LJEe um.
.... T~,I.. Tn;rU-y~'I' ~.rb ' Il.D..l.JULn.DJ:l J. X .I~
llnt~i'n-&
.Ln.J..:J!~
I ilM6yy fiOJfOH C yx6a.a 'ra [lhlH:
I AaMJI{YfAhfH Orr:rrruT .lI:Sl~p cruiiH raapua OP',IlOHOOC ~ Il.YYH X:OKm,'1
Y _' . :_! 1.11'· fn"'Kflllp;!l;' fl 'q'o~'" KHrI ,JIaMhT.H MY leA . '. 0 e p 1I1H XO 0 po -Ul 2 ;rJ;3I:I,XIJ) xvpaH 6·, fim,ijll.
8JJ\BP Gyp 09J]O=}8.0D
Yu .: XYYD~ 100 Tar. TOM X¥H 50 T r
YTac~ 3 '7879
I p IH tm IIIHhI }[OBOP He. ).vmH V 1';9 3JJlVY~.
~3.cmm TYYXlOOJ' :MY-·Eft
X p;aJ1;o;aaIThl ry,l{,DllK ( • acIlllita as p sm OP]J;H1J 6a pyyn TaJI]l,)
~ p .... yp 10.00-17.00
YH s: 100 rer (ro < xvn) 200 Tor = ra.o.a,8.Jlb I H H:p 1-'!JIJl.
YTac: J25656~ 326082
IllaOa3ap:LTII :ry;n,iM.JK., a _ au l V M 111b:l YPp\ 'lUJIhlH .2 .Q~ nxa p
II I _ P o.a.it:tD:Hu·
! ~_JlJUlX: )],&- .~ lOJJO-17.00
I ',: 1510 T -'r
rae: 363 ~ 7 J.024··
y
dav
'""
huntin , sable article
torey fine aLB terrae gown
and ,n
per n citizen
9JJ;GJ G'HD;rer ~.pra8
yrac (.cUI)
JH9T
.mBOp
III
6,m .. (B) 6yrDau.
comer pavllk
te t 'ph .oe valuable
- taTe
blue sky
WJ~ .m»3JI Isp-:J,r
dpr9D
FOWD
IB I'~~
to ,S thing' original
.
prectou
in tie [51 ect ion find
,tIi lOMe
OlTJImI I}~p
Notes: The ·~nda.f G en "Lfty Bri llaru 'an,abaza ( 63-172-:' wa MOil, '-1ia~
firs' xn-UT Of Lti h r incarnate lamav Said to b descended from ' en ill Kh n and from a BodhisaUva" lOr was enthr .n . 't th, age f . ive, t· studied in ib t and wa gitu~d sculptor, painter: .. architect nd poe be~d B becoming: rnt olia's supreme spirltual fUI'lho.rill'. At er ~o~,lf£ confrontation ¥lith th~ . irat Mon~cd the Khalkh, Mongols and f his r eligious and political leadersblp opted 'for au alllan e with the Manchu rulers of' ,Rbina in 1 9 I. / nabazar was murdered in l72 I durin a V1 n to Peking 'SOO[l at er the Manchu empero rued. I~CC rdins to a " i ,'graph publish. d i' 1995.
BWXBB: is rhe Buddl1 I and it 6JpXm is 8 Btu dna imag - or statue. Th - Hora )1; a, li - ax OT Green Tu& ~s a statue of the protectress of Mongolla 'made . '" Zanabaz r.
The ~ is the trnditional brightly col u]". d silk gown wo n by M,crrngo~ men and w,omllL with as b 0 co te' sting colour ied round 'the wist. IL is ouen 'worn together with the trawl] nal Mongelian leather bo 'l called ryTBJI which ha upturr ed toes,
this lesson you win fe'arm:
The volumative forrn of the verb (let's)
• This eondl ional converb {if. . ~I
• The ccrnparative and superlative (bette r~ best) " The names o,f; various kinds of rood
i logue 1
pS'~p8JV{ opH
D to B' "est' u~ant
I If' lephones to invite Da vid anti Juiie to dinner Qt all Ulan Bator ~'l turant.
I. I I YTc.tJ.ap.Kp1i1K 6aiitHa: FhU1Bal yy.
UJ1.: BaRRa aa. X~ . 53?
1 tl: :SH BaT GaMB,a. Ta J.1,a{l 18H: OPOD aasraa my?
I~ U}l)l,: ',tlBTaJi oai'JlTYH I IX sa, Ta JOy cypaa B!i.
1-1 r pe TOP, ~ 0 p':bfL XaM aB~Jl.
I - T3rhe~ BM'p peCTOpaHJ1. I, ox B~'?
{.(" '. on 0 HTO)) EO M :'IY «T yyn» , e C1:01 p aH]]; Op"ll e. AJtYl, UL ~3p B':g '7
«C £l.TIO n ro »).< '~TYYJ1 ),.~~ a. a c !1:9'Sp.
Jr. T 3n~8' 11. xu OJ] ca ~h~, yy?
(;(ICOJIomo» pecropan c.X ': OJITOH., aaHoaaT, 'I
xorsm xaMrml: caHH p e ~ _, OP,aJlhl usr rA3r I'OM.
: The word pBmOpau fOI re taurant' has come vla Russian: t11 best MODI olian u I lent L 300l'Bi1r ra381)' (aoor mean 'food').
"guag,_ points - , do that
I) xpress the idea. of wanting to do something or calling OD others It 1 it in in an actionv fo 'he fust .. p rso - singular and plural mgolian adds to the ver = stem the voluntative ~uJfixes -u. ~ u I -se or -a, -e and-e ace rding to tl e follo ing P sttern:
L l' ms ending in a consonant
I nc k V': 0·, ,-W~-j71." ~£'l"" ... a·!OJ -y" or ~n' ...... _ILU- DUGV' - aun.JiiJ' aua... JJBiit.U
III" verb 600x n1e8I1$J 'to ti,e' and XYJD3' to receive' and to 'wait ., L espite the spelling r lcs the v IUntative':'u'ffix is mostly
I I ) rounced ~ii and stres led: Am. (awll) - Let rne (let us) take'
l IJ ak ?"II 'Vi- (.... iii')' . r,' " ..... 1,... ,- i,
, we _e~ ~fi', II ~ Let s " e take a ._ .:t\.. etc,
~l e voluntatlve is very flexible and is used frequen y in
.CTopaBJl; o,~e.~ XBMTJIID;dI. 3a, T3'I'IJe"
1 et's j i a estaurant, Let's go together, - K,. let's,
"Binly, why not?
r exnress lilt ilihood the suffix ~m4lj ,:ep~,aces thr final ~X of the · nt-Iuture verb Il un . ~g. fia -,' :.-- "likely -, be 'i ' 'aJFIi ,1.tun'yA1 etc .
When, combined with he verb ,BU, in ,3 question _ e.g, 6aiJn~ri gtl the meaning is 'Why "Dot?' 'How could, (one) DOlt?' The m plat. i: pro,nOIUDC .d (and sometimes written) DX&B:
71
78
BOJ[OJuy,i B&X: Hs1' Of _ ours, you may.
]), T,EIRhlr M»JI;3JJrY11 .ax sa, 0"- cours __ I _~now you ..
Xa -BITSB 6aWnya aax ma? How could I .. _._. , ~ e without?
Whe n things are bigger or small ,=, b tter or . orse than othe r· Mongolian forms, th .. comparative by put ing '[he object c nnpar d in the ablative case (suffix -aae, etc.) and p acing the adj ctiv after it:
London i· bigger than, Ulan Bator,
or better w" can U,·· ~93p, mearun c- 'on , ~ . ver ". n top of":
118 AB···· -. Which is be tte r? <0(, :OUOBrQ» ,Mo . il-,-r .ac ~p .. , R in ,ow is better than the ~M;' scow'.'
T3M9~ra3p, se " C M'OPBOP Dem n »;a-9p~
Goins on, horseback was etter than going 'by canu .
The adjective is unr hang ~ Baraae caBR bette - b, n
oms,POSH ,JiIO\tJla3C I, ~W" rse 'han last year' (eFB'p8 lot: 'I
'YmtBB68.ITiP,IBC 6araoT' "a town smaller han Ulan Ba or', axaac TOM bigger than his elder 'brother' , YJDBC an;m;ep 'higher hall th mountai CVVJI3'3C ~aaR 'whiter han milk',
Aneth .r Mongolian proverb for ' .. 011··· tor: " 'uapr,aamau 88X118 8H&B'AJ)"AU ")fI1me It39pl "Today s lungs (yynIHI_;) are better th n torn irrow's fat (eex).
The supe lative is f" 111 d with '_h-_ ~ lord xaJMrIIIrR th genitive ras
c, " If you want y .. u an count of th: m _. uti, s: BeaR Uar ap _.' ,
, 60-· .-.,-aJbJa It s ten - .• t nine j ~ TUD nar ltB1£IlB IflmyT 6a 1.- .'.
~~-- 'It s five forty. or tw nty 'to six' .. Aep,BsH o:arr TaBID[ MKRJT " oajtaa It I.', five to four', 'fiv· -: minutes short of four' ()lJ1YY' ut of 'l 'i - .. ufficien .,) KoiPT!; at tw ,. ~epaB XOplijl . ' .. four twe -Ity' i!
. op' ~ XYPTIJI HBr .. _. - -. DlI,CA9r' lOM~
111· High l to Kharkho ~n takes an h our ~
words 10M yy 'ei her ",0, or' be tween al' ernatives may be II .peated: 'tJH xya 10M' ,,~ 'iJDYY 10M' ¥y'I! Are you man 1 .r stone?' I i C 'P ost position N:.1l;Bliryi: m - ans not on 1 y . ~ . b ut also ! ~ .': 1{o 0
Bp'B9C llUUlyyC-.', ,- - ron:: Adem 'No only th ',alI'
, L I als the snow leopard nd lynx ar tl. min enemies of liv '",
Note the collo uial question my c:JI"&lj-S 'meaning 'Wily do you, I 'l' or ~Whal ar you asking about? (imperfectiv v -rball noun).
JI3H XOOJl(s)
set dish a Ia cart
d"
_ _loner
breakfast lunch
XJTI'I,(S: eBJ;l99 unDEtl1I (II) TaBar rorooq:
knifa
, ork
spoon plat. cook
·mJ rI'~~~' mOll
! upply the voluntative suffixes and translate: 1 113 pecropann CODOX' .
. -,ah4T (znax).
A,3JIr3pMaaT.aii' (Hpmt).,
y II ~mfi aarap 30'lHJJ; 6Yf)J;aJIJl (YYJl3 ax) ..
6DPOO O,P,BOJJl fi DaxIYI: '1 m not going if it rains.'
o~o aeyyJrrI fblbaJI 8CYY ',any qu stion ,,?' ('Now if there que ti ns ask. )
60poo ,I,CYYlU
'oopoo OJ:JOX ,ac.yyx
to rain ~o ask
ram question
The negative par: .iele ~!U~ is, used 'with the conditional:
3_/ C ~!li:nllaJri_' [f C' h )' d 't t'
~r " ,.le, .,' oesn .~ ,go 01T •
If th, subj" cts of 'the clauses are differen ~ th· subject of 111 conditional claus is in the, ccusattve case:
1 AKhIr 1\aFUB 6y:m:UTIB DIM ,u6'aJI 6,11 HOI1lDTO:l: mBJI ,URa;; 11 you're having riee soup, I'm having v ge able soup, Ju le says,
III a. 'W' 'H:A'iiI.ifff ' .... .r!!li'lll'l"l.Bl .Bij''l''''!'l!rEli
.~.r.~ "!jI~.I[¥-I ~y .. o~·g U~,-..I!3...V~1
I r (when) I come, I'll give you, money,
laMa:Ir &p,RIlI ,d'B ~IHJ]; MB~O' eram.
~ . (when) you COmEt I'll giv . you money.
1 . conditional particle It'lOJI mas be used with verbal nouns:
D :smu DQII ,B~ ,D.lIBp5l1:~
I',·U me i.I you go (if you go let me know).
No l; the regular form . ation of the negative present-future verbal II IlL 11 with -nyi Bon:
. zpsxryit fioJI Ef8MJt 3&XB!a JIB;yyJlBa.~ I~' I don't C 111 , It] l send you a letter,
,BMaiT :' Pllxryi o on: 'OK .~, .'lama flBJYJflfL T~ you don t come, I'll send you a letter ..
f mditional sentences may begin with upu (XSpU9), meaning if': pB98 TttiM' ticm '~DJll, apFwyB.
I C~D't help it if '~1, t's how it is (it is so)"
hy not thus?
f I dialogue includes another negativ imperfective verbal noun II h the verb JIi\X~ but this time 'the question T9~ SIX 1131 II . not thus?' is formed from, the ver T,3nJX "to do thus', Likewise ._:o .' KIX B!I means 'agreed!', 'how els ?'
dill partlele 1\.[
1111 particle 11 plays the role of 'and" 'too', 'also' , 'even', 'although', It according to context:
Dear Mr land Mrs B',(}~1/n~ ll1}e hop« (hal' you wil! have a pleasant visit to Mongolia and thet you will pub/isll'inlerCrfting and nice things about Mcn'lgolt and the Mongols. (He porus some "Genghis Khan' (Chinggis) vodka)
WeU~ it has been good to gel to know you lind you wif"e~ my fri~nd Batl Thank you! 'We have spent til week in Ulan B ator: We h ave ,even, seen a lot o thi~1gS. Further on there are pl,fnty more thing'S I see. YOUT Natsagdor] ~ l1.onte{(1n,d, M'on,golia. is indeeda beautiful country! Let's raise our gJas'ses t
(your) heauh! .. ... ' .. ~ . u
7'0 (YOU.f) hf!llithl (they drink up) Oh, it ~~ !int:shedl
Welt, let's open another bottle of' 'Genghis Khan' This D,Me.
Fi/1 €., Nothing ventured, nothing gained!
Now lhatJs ,enough vodka! WJ1en David drinks two glasses; 'Genghis Khan' sends him $tr-aighr TO sleep Your l,,;ife ts c~'r'Qinty (a) stria person!
Can 311. be 11;e1:p edl
Tnt' two of yOll are thinking of g{)-i~g to the counir
from next wee.!c" is t hi (J.,r sa? _.
Ye~'~ o,1.ly' ,at the moment we just haven 't decid which provinces we'll be goil'I,g round.
I h~ m aning of a verb may be intensified 'by the addition of the ivational suffix ~cmx- La the verb stern: JfyyC'IHJUlU iC(We've) nrnpletely 'finished (it)!' d rived from JQ7Ycax plus .. "lHX'" and ~:.JIU-, HUJ Ymy,yJI"IJ\IXJlHr ~U'SlJaUy is sent str.ajghl uJ1' to sleep,' from Ul)1!mtX. Similarly, cocoa, "got up' and, 60CIJIBXOB "sprang up' (from cox), The action is complete and unexpected: BaT HIf1mXCBH "Bat
nt off' (from HBU), _
'Ill stem of intensive verbs i~ sometimes used as an imp rative: rapldH yerng SYIJIIlIX 'Slgn here' (from 3'fP,qAXU) and ~~~~,_,aH'IIIX i, Give 'yo ur I· rder' (from IUlIaJIIIiKKU).,
I lis third-person form. 'with sufflxe ... r (singular) and , ... ~ I I u al) translates the idea ~ May he ~ ~ "~ r 'May th y "" . '. Thu ,_, Mar! and 'BOllTfl~d! derived from DDJlOX "to . ecome' and II .nning 'May it 'be so! ~j (~Ma'y your wishes come true'] are perhaps ilL! me '\ common examp es, Political slogans used 'to say: lWXT)TaH'! 'Long live!' from the verb yawx 'to flourish'.
I 10.11 1990-96" while the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party \ 1 the elected ruling political party, the government newspap er ,~' 8p;, I~ Peep le ' .. Power ' carried the front-page slogan, Xaiprr )("JI 01'01[00 M8lfJlJ'Ynldl! 'Let us make our «(TWO) belov d
87
88
Mong Ii' curish! wb re '\ . is the voluntatlve orm
TIl intr'O,duction'·f a vel mt tl e slogan _1"_ 'T the retorrm 1990 was in marked comrast to the impera ive used during Ih preceding 69 years of communist rule: O~OH. Dyxa:i: l!pO-lIt'1TaplI ~ 'B3rJ.l!U"T¥H! 'Pro]· ta ians of aH lands, unite!' where DSI'JE;:9JTfB .1'
econd-person plural impe rative -ITIK of mJr~ 'lot .• U' te
'become on I~ Dther C rnmon uses of this impe a11V'C form inclu Oporry!d ~ arne in!' I nd ICyYl~B! 'Sit down!" wh -0 a~dress'. d l only in 'person tb form is mor p,' lite 'Please come 1DJ' etc,
Verb forms in whic .. sorn. on: causes an action. to tak place, r called causa tive, The derivational suffix .' far. the caui ati ve lncl ud
... 1J1i1ITI... _ 't11Tl1' _) •
- ~., ~ ~ I ~ '. !
~gT J ........ '"" ". '" • ..-..
Thi P .rticle is U . I, f r ernpha 'i' - .. re ally , 1 ~CI, rt inly', 'j u t ~ :stj I etc, As Julie says, TOBJ)OOryi JI 6aba. ~We just ba've~ ~t decided. It follows the word it qualifies. There are many colloquial U~'I'~ ~ n 'only on ,'; Tsr ,n A9D D, .',0 then L\Vb- not (do that)?
J k·'ng, 'U. ','It ions expr ssing be sit tit n er W1C< rtainl)r. (r
In as 71'. _ ~
remindinz someon bout iomething h c mtracte form -n of th J past pel f ct tense in -naa fl1.a.y be u: d:
TRitM ~"Drnr V17' ~ U...o.uL [I J: ~,
Ta B8AT8..11 Y1Jl9IlY1?
So that 1 or RI, a ly? rtave we m t before?
89
Ii 'I~ d · w c'am.· 'e:' a" cr " e_. arlier:
Similar e amptes .. ,ase _ on vcr -5 , _
6altryJn8.X
JmJY!II!'A,~
'0 organize, 'roi ' t5aiix . 0 - tc '_-nd from BBaX to . 10
•
• rther de iva' ional suff ···8 used to form. the causa ive
reviewed lat f ..
~"" JI M9uH91l
~IA _ • II
Sukh know I " U TIght.
certainly spe J I Russian
OPDCDOP ,J! .JlPwr;Br
~!mr3PM&a, B:OMOO Y33lK In 6afrEra. 'Yfl] Is D, 19~ rmaa tiB r ading her " ", k?
Contralct'ed form Q pa,~ It perfeet tense
I, lgermaa asks XSIAee ,,0 r.JX flam a rsn ¥Y'? 'You are thinki ~Ig I I going to the; COUll try, is 'that so?' whe Jr, murK m DdrU, m -an " ~ re thinking of going", 'planning to " 0' and :raJ[ YY? 'Is it s071;, 'Ar _ ~1Ll sayi g?
I he ver I I 60110', is very versatile and appears in many cant, xts: ( II) 'to b_ 'i in time expressions, (1' W' b 'V seen (pa e 78); (2. ',' 0 come as in 8,PYYJI DOJIOX to grow hi .. Ithy'; (3) to acquire with II comitativ - cas T9.P91T3 60JICOH "got a cart': (4) to decide I in KBBX fiOJlCOB 'decided to go': and (5) 'to be enough', suJli
I .nt' as in Dialogue 'Apm 60mo! 'That's . n ugh vodka!'
tner points
saw earli . SOTIle participatory v' rb ( erivationa] suffix ... u;raa ... ) h ere the acti on i'. cam, d ou t in. a gro p, H, re we have . orr'Dou;rooB 1 ey drank up t g .ther derived from the participatory form OD~D.X to drinl u_ together'! of TOITOOX tc " rink: .p' (and al 0 lu establish' and 'to memorize.').
The verb XliX and 11 combine in the expression JI 1J apr,a.ryj:!
J h re's nothing to be do ! Can't be helped!'
u ie ays ,aibdr.: ap saaxaa TOBJlQory.i: "We ha zen't de id d
I which ar vinces we'll be going 'ound w ere 1I1Ulxaa i lite II se nt-futur _ verbal noun JlBIX pl u·' the reflexive ("0' usativ ) I ding -81.: 'I ur go ~ ng round',
I) 1I nslate into Mongoli a 11:
l yuu_n cer .ainly spt a' 'S Russian ..
t Sukh still working t he Ministry of _ xte rnal f elations?
I I went to the central 10."'( office to seno s m .thin 0 my elder brother,
~ Mr Br wn plans to go 1 th coun [y 'with hi wif _ next week, .a .jump d up and went off,
90
Supply the causative forms O'~ the following verbs and translate 'them. into English:
~ I )le: «Pyc:;cJ[oe mOlmUIII:cE:Oe>i: or 'Russian ehsmpagnn', formerly «CoseIl'CltGe, ItulMll:aBC.Zo@m ~Sovi~'[ caampagne' is a sparkling 'wine still bottled with this label ~ n L h.JCS~2Jj. :R lga an d. elsewhere, TIle ye llow berries of !3 e a buck l horn are u sed to' make I wo drinks, Q lbk~k sweet [uice ~nd u wb:i'~e fruit wine,
Note: The 3M3~ me. PI) 6tt1raa 'stirring mir·~ K:em;e8 and ma;HUB B.p~- , ..... holding a ladle' Dl3IT9C~m'x-omoo are the arne. CaReap 'Cosmo · .is a district.
Yf. a ClI1,D to Kharkhorin ton)n, by VA Z [R ussian-made
our-wheel drive CTO"S, ... C.OUlI y vehicle] oi by plane. There t also a daily bus: The b~I:JI,t:o.~· from the LraI1'F1p" rt Offic/ [Ulan Bator] ~ In n7.·y opinion. one "ally mus l visit Karakorum.
aana,
.' n Xap XO:PYM PYY HtUK: KB3lX :03?
Ta Y "·3 M.aIJIHH 10M YY OHrO]l,(lOP Xapxopan KOT
5fBlK 6 on - o. a :. '~B p o'YP ,3LB.,Tofly C B K f5 anraa.
BBT06yc:Ei' . iBP :td11 TI' I~_ !fO £II ' I _ a3pa _ ~ a BA--~
MHEIKIi 60 -oop·· ap "OPYM PYY 0 .~KJl'tyH .011 6oJ1tQxrv
I'm reading an interesting guidebook for tourists.
.' how it to ms ,
Wail a bit! This b JOlt. ss IYI. One o] th, pl es in 'he ' .. , Jh much vis-it d bv (wrists is the' YolYn' . sn (Vultur .,. T, Fi . erve in th. Gurvan Saikhan (Three Beauties) moun tains.' This place is in South Gobi province.
Com eon. g iv e 1111 e t'h is bo, kl
L.i!111en: ~ The .' e ,tld -,I" .e '. hlcll t un. ts fti aft' ition I
1 r '. tf' attracted r. the Khan, . ti mountain area. Ve.r n an peopie have been inu rested in Sf! ing world-jam: ,I Kuru ko rum with th e old cit '} ruins:'
I understand. Where is the third pluce that tourists gatbe a lot?
The third pili _ ce where tou ris ~ game', a lot is' Terel] wl. i ·1 is part of the Khemii mountain zone: Terei] is not far IT fJln here, it is north-east of Ulan Bator.
I wonder if perhaps 1 COt: ld . sk you whether the. e L 'P' ing tit T:t~relj
TI is guid· book says that 'one r{lf th ~ [eetures of Terel] i ~ the peculiar geological stn« lure situated n sarby', lt a 1 also that in SONl.e cl'i/fi' the' If! are evert C'llVeS" But il doe n "
. ttl ... anythin fib 'Jut IQ Te, el] 'nit? -ral ·pril1.g~ How can we .'. t I Kurak; rum?
III : TIle obl zone. on the borde r . twe ~'IlMCH10HiiI, and China co .:rI es Sou ,J
I . Imam. ) Middle •. .' ." (~BAI'OHb. and ' . i ~OPBOroD) provi n 3:
1 p). Gobi [. rna 'tty no', ds' r but de ned s 'steppe I lain wh re vezetation p 111~e, trees , nd n wing wate:r are very ra e, the topsoil is· sand or graveUy,. ,an
I ~I nrners (Tap ~a) 1iv~' (.ij'UOI1:l UOH [Yllm Tsevel, 'y, (1966) Cencis« Explan{JJ~fJrJ; ~ (Jwary of In MO'I.·goliu;fi LU"I:fUfll!re! Ulan Bator: State Pu.b~i~hing Ccmmit tee). I I I terraln als .1 extends across ~obj-A1ta:· (rOBli-A1rra.A;) province named aft r I muuntain rans c. TIle Khaegai mount ins giv '- 'heir nam I t -. the central
t. 11 ' [j~~ pr, 'ince of _<·rkhUl' _i ('px&Jm L Hn~ ~vorkh~ngai (9Be;p~aur,)
mng literall the, hac ~ t p) and 'breast' (. BeD) I :f the Kbanga.·~ l, . the n" rthern ,I rU'lh~ slopes Karakorum (m rked on the rnap) and nearby Kharkhorin town ~II In o VOT kh an , ai, The [(hentf mountains II.n: '10 be found in . entral (Tn) and i If I lli (lUIJffnd) provinces, while TsreJj is, an hour s drive fmm the capital
Yr' .cabulary
ay:rBr
.. pn :-:-- ft ,'au
M -;I!'--
'Us cave
mnu th: g, r ~e attention ruinted own) p -rh , 's
zone belt geologica] nature
reserv
wo ~d(~, .~ id .'
c' rtain vulture
Vf}'
LID' her vessel" ship aeroplane
(0)
o~o,r
8 a,pM'BD; cmmpxo,x ICOIICO '.
featu -e peculiar
to t ake i nte res [
o listen
pull '. ttraet offlee bureau structure
very
traaspor mouotainou vicinity
rock 'I eli f
to belong to further
LI' g~li[h. r
o ¥Y
DlIOrUl.1 Et
TBTIIX TOI'OO ~OrroQI
TJH
. BSP
JYJl·pxar XID
I~ PDH n.a·asaT aaap
tiJfrl~( .,
~1(8B) XDM8il",BX
WUim IOrJIB.'X
HI'01:1(B)
. en DHroq(H)
u
~
~
~
8
\.0
~ €?
~
,~
~
0 ,
r
I,
I
Ir
(
)
..
,)
r
~I
~te: The towns ot Darkhan, rdenet and Choir (JlSp:x;&.B, 9pJlSJmT "lob) shown ! 111 the map m Selcnge, lui,' an and E,. 'l Gobi provinces C nam'"a. B~i I~ ,plInm"BL). are h centres Df hree ther pre ' inces, formed in ]99 '~ which ar too II lin in size to mark clearlv: Darkhan-Uul, .' rkhon ani Gobi-Stlrnber previae
.. -
J. PXBH"'YY 0, OB r,OBll.-C_S9p) respectively Fo rn re detail see the t 'entral
une map on page] 80.
'border capi al
91
I .n Mpsn r~ ep , r1
river railway
nguag IP' ints
i reet speech
feet speech is the w, '{'I_' ac nally sp ker by a speak r, or qu taInIlS fr' m wri en lex's _ hich in Engli _ are norm lly place d. i thin quotati TI marks. 111 M, mgolian di alogues, qu "",R tk ns usua y Igm 'with a dash:
- Ta MlDI~ ]Dr Q'Jr3'3A IBm •• ?
Would,' u peat tl at?'
)w'eVCJ. q -, .tatlon marks (<< and »),) are user arc nd quo latin md proper names:
4fBU M, praam " 8,A881 JIB.a» r3: m ~;Q D'JIJI.99 ..
We are to th ',' untry tom rrow, ,. my' yo unger br th r
said t " me,
<SUB roa» SOI'Ullt 6nA8J]~ Th, Bayan G,01 lio'leL
I di're ~. spee_ h
I ndirect (reported) sp ech is a, third-person accoun of wha H, I eaker (or quota lion) said; it include, a verb indicating s ieech,
II" the spe ak r words r r containe ,- in ubordina t ~ clause, In
It iglish the " ub rrdina _ clause usually begin: with 'that ~ B $1 - and nd-person pronoun cl ang to, third .. p rson: and th ~ tenses are II ack-shifted:
Direct: ion" ·ond pla '0 which t urists ar gr _ LL '
attrac -. .d i tile Khangai mountain ar a.'
98
Separ,ation of verb from' 'ubject
In, - IT· ct: Arter that Bat said tha t the s, eond place to which tourist, were gr _ a til' a ttra ~ te was the Khan ai moun' .ai
, r a,
In Mongolian the subordinate clause is cit ,d ,.1, poken (c noted 'with, ut change of persons lor enses, the v rb in, lieating report spe ' h corning at th '- nd of the senter C '. The I' .• bject of the mai clause may be ieparated t, nn the su xirdtnate clause by 0, co
Dir ,ct: «lKfYlPQl)IB aOXl.l.1lJD£ IIX Ta.TAU xoep Aax& rasap Don XBDFla~1B yyxnpur OpOH' IOM»I.
Indirect: ~apa" fA, BaT, :zyy~ RlUBapHLrr' TB.TAIr
Bee-au Dulmaa aid to me 'This overcoat d,Q s not suit :ynu I didn't buy it. (Du maa told m that he vercoat did n 1 suit 'me so I didn't buy it .. '
11_, :_'U jeer (tl e ~ peaker) 'may be se xn ated from the verb ind ca ing speech (" aid', 'r marked 'l!'~ L .) Y more' han one SIt· of the w ~d" spoken:
When w ather forecasrer Sarantuyaa was' sk d yesterday wha the w_ athe " uld be like this wee '~he) lJ...:d: "0 19th F,_ bruary th re wiU be :U'Y.l flurrie s in central and eastern regions, For the r ,SL (other) of t10 period it will n snow (and the r ,'1 wBI be) a gentle wind, Around the end of It -0 period, over most regionsthe intern ity of cold will
d cline by ~-5 degrees.'!
'The ~ bject (spei r may al ,',', be seps (". _ Led spoken ~
T3:r9I,A .' 'mIMBP1D91" .u.KEYYJl8H X'-YB9DC: --- T H ,p OBI raE aeyya'i ITap 11K;
haxri'i D' ',', :, yy .. F3:" aOYfu",
._....JIBIl8 nlJK 5aihla"
~ '0 re.Jaying throu,gJ1 th interpreter (1) asked the man ,~Ar, you , ing?' That rna says,' (\M ) are not going, 'i (I) a ed the n· x
I ]' rr, ATe you going?' LeW.) Ire going, (- e •. says.
uar YYP'll 6~p,ax ..198n9i1
weather foreca er to .I1urF¥
gen le
weather snow' period wind intensity inLetpr":;ler
I ~U)~ '. raap 'I ~a C{H)
y fll.n;aij! tUIXH(H) :'IP~
~ .JIM::' p'~l
Cy1Jpa, . ,JJfli1dJKYYJl8X
de line to r ,lay
polite Imperative in, "h. second-p rson singular and plural i;
1'1 rrn I d by adding .. ,u-q: (~OO1J-I "'H'lI ~I -1:1111) lOI the v ~ b stern e.g ..
CDBCDQ'Q (pl ,_'9,') li ten
M~....",BJl X3J18:1.D: 'rEIlIlI (pleas ) repeat for me,
Ty'y:uki:e-aa B.J: yaYYJl33"!
Please show it (that thing of yours) tOI me!
Ta 3B3 CONRBOO BanBJ!': oren! S' 'YDWB&A erse,
Give m this paper (of your: )! I'll give (it) when. I V._ read (it),
,r8.JIT TSpsr DB n:ar fiOUDO,. T8 Dp BarDII3I'Jlt81t CJ)TaB'I! It's time for the trai to leav J plr lase board your carriage:
III suffix ... cas; (~COR, ""GBR, -csa) add ed to 'the verbal noun 60-l1'0 ' ~ trodi ees a wish ': ,r wan': TS113mK. p41_Uaurrd 10", r9" IIWYYSU . 1JOXCOB 60JJO'B yy1 'I wonc -r if perhaps I COLl d ask you whether th TIC is .' . prin, at 11 .relj.' This construction ~, quite C 'Immon in
ornbination with the conditional conver ,'. e.g, BBJl; KeBreTa,ti 60J1 1liRB9 'np aaaxcau 'If we had some money (lit 'If we w r-e with ~I oney') We. would lik ·0 ouy a Drew g ~
100
Use of ablatl e case
One way of turning cardinal numbers pH.: e 43) into U1 dii Dum oers is to add to t __ e stcm without fleeting n the suffix .. ~., ( or front vowels) or ~;uan (for black vowels):
11 . l!i,.' '" d hi' d
HB~'· " rl,. e.p~ fL en _ '. :' .a.BA" "t ' I. ; ~,epeB
'f ·tlrU ' etc.: lhe stem and sui x ar _ S: '-m ti ne . w itten separat (Dr ~3 , xotip A8Xb, etc.),
. . t. that l _ ask a (1 uestion 'front' someoru 1 u· ing the a bla .I'Ve -.; ae, ~oc~ etc.):
III T&HaaC Dr 10" aCIyy:Maap 0' altu a, [ would Iik . to ask you ,om· 'thing.
E C T BlJlil&CI1 101' :IRS BOMLIr ,1lUlCBE Y1 rS(lK acYJB~ Bat a· k ad me whether I had read tbi b· .k ..
o .' ina] nurn b ers in 1f!!]J?JKI... .". c are 'us ed for five days 01 th· '\\~C~ th . nu 'berm beginning from Monday: D,~X SJJ;OP 'first d y.
1,( 1 I be plural of yyJl mountain the text cited giv 51 J]'1IrC, but sam I·:_ ak r . :r . fer yymt-yyu: wi h 8,_ eting n: '.~ 'in the mountains')'. Til word Go .j (re . s) las a plural too (the M'ongols s'y there t re 3_ differentG .. bi .), 'u,l there is no awe·. ment on which plural f rm ~ s corr ct: fODaYJA rDBBJiQfYA or rOBllYA,.
SaLUr ay and Sunday h: \'Y'. V r are [lot six f:C and 'seventh do but . tarac caiiR BAsp ~ h I F good day and (fi"'fT.JH· ca:h 'XI:
I (whole) good day! I no doubt rcflectin the five-and-a-half-d working wee . which has been in force for rna 1,1), y,e211·S. These naD1U are u red in narallel with It' Ilbet .n-based nam I •. C -a', e 74).
I 1_ dialog ue c nt _in· . everal _ tamp es of the U 0 the topic ind i-
iator ··'f em'.' tir P ~ ticle '"~[I::' ,'epl ;D;axL BJT 6on .. ,. ryp".
Jl;1n ,B]1TRr Doa .,. laMPfLDITLIB Dr oanaor fiOB ... It 'P'lLrpOSC is to en] hasi e tln t . ie, usually 1I:h subject, and in some circumlance' to identify it 60JJ may be trans ~ ted 'as or': O~OD 60JI I inwadavs' .
.,.
The p rticl s 6o.n6oJI and as are used or the ame purpo e,
xcept that :H& also suggests belonging to O'Jr being part of s me~hiTlg::MIa raam -t morrow Mapr,' I m 'the n' ·t lay'.
Reflecting 'tile duplicati m of the principal compas p int (s~ pa 5);0 sam 'main u Lldi· isi TIS have multiple forms includin
th · followins:
6aPYYH xob"o/6apJYH YMDp/J)dap alpHa north-w st
!Iyy& XO,DO
6apyya s.MBs/6apYYB JP~
3 I ' = 9lmO/arlD YP;U;
north« a. t outh-we -I. south-e list
Fhe nega ive present-Iuture verbal noun DQJloxryA bas double n,· gative corn oin a ions: Jill " W11'yH '. 50x) OOJlO!Xl'Yi: or mt $.( go.' Ba ~ 9I-I['y'i (60-JI) DOJIOnyl ~l 'must cor e' where' he Ii teral mes nin
j' .... at ·oing is not allowed, I~ etc, lienee olJllJIrYi" Don OOJloxryjt
11'11 visiting not permi .ted' mean ,·You.) r . Ily must vi it!"
Sometimes the present-future vel bal nounuffix ... xryH' may epla ce "',JD'ylt:
. p '.1 X9Mlf[9D a:aaxrya 6 D1I OOJIoxry1i.
Measures 01US't be taken. ~N. t [akin is n· t allowed,'
As with . h To ,p~ jnci 'al pin" .~ cae suffixes indicat. ' I· ati .
tion: 3JYB ~o,lbnoor' . 1 In . r' b - as t" sV!H xoABo'c .. rot
north-east', 3YYK 'Yparmaa 'to the south-east'. 6apyyu. 'JPA syrr '111 . ~l· 0 nh-west "apJYB fJMRe~ in the south-west' etc.
101
Exercise 1
following direct SPI : ch into Mon 1-i n: 1 J ULlE: 'D11d yo 11 LInd en ''I." nd?
BAT: ~ ¥ So 1 understood.
.
2 D vlD:-Wbat boo: ar YOll reading 1"
J I : J' rea ing r suidebook foot tourists in Mon olia .. 3 Dxvro: .... :,bow m h tr
B'A~ ,: I~Wailt , bit!'
4 J ULI, : ~I ow do :_'S one go \0 Karakorum?
D -"I... RMA:" 'n - c -"'Y CaJ" O'T by plan '.
5 The guidet 0- S~,": 'Th - urvan S, .. ,J18- mount" in are sit ..
ated in South Gobi P--'I I ince.'
Exercise 2
nan ' I "t ~ t e oll i ndirec - sp eecl into Mongolian:
_ Julie asked whether h had und .r to d~ Ba r slie '_ that he h L:U1d erstood.
2 David asked, what ok she was reading. Julir answer' ~ t ~ t
, - 'Yla· Ie dins guidebook f T tourists in -- on o lia "
3 D, eid ask: d H, t t i show him that 'I ~ t tel ~ himn to wait a bi · 4 Julie a 1<. dhow ' ne couf g: to 1'" arak 'r.um~.'elgml 'S, sal one could go by 'car or by plane.
5 he guid book said tha the Gu van Saikhan m untains wer in South t obi pr . vin .
Translate th foUowmg se - t nces using the poli( e j :c, perative: ] Please h, w it (ilia)!
2 Give lat t tis book of ours!
PI, 'a ' that again! Pleas hoard the busl lease go, by airl ('Ia Fe a
,
.. '
103
ialogue 2 m
- ~)CR" .lpp73n XSP-OPKF(lf 6aJix .,'1 ow long ,ill vou "t',v in Khsrkh'orin?
'1 lthou! Bars gui(/ela 'k ill Bra Lil,11"'. ann',' mak up' their min '!J~ I (Jut Theil trtp u M t flg lia S unci, 'Ill' capital.
r: Ta Hal) MOllJ(OJ1~ P1pC9~p Y.iQ8JK 6aMH __ yy?
~ I 0 HHll: Hq Y n3,a.Hbaa ra PT np C~ sp ry [JBaH AOJ1OrO 'XOHor rapar 60JT)E cam a. A»rnn !lpf33P MOHOJ1;ll, -;n,aa,
napa P1p- , D3Jma. ,!-'i"H',' vnaa
;U. Y j ....... 0. ypvanyr,l . p ,'apb1H
XOPTm.}I irpcsn.
fa HP',,, P HMapl 3>KMJI-, rOJIJJOlf a ~r .a plI 6aitna? _: H OR I ~l pea ap M onron yncsnr ~!'yx,' i1 1i3Jr HOM X.HHJK 6 ,K]] a. Mana OIO)'THYY)]\a)l x p2lrr.s,g ID -!
IT yr HJ. I.J _ 6 OJIH 0 /l;rO, Q !
T HAM 3a!]), K3,n;3H C~, H ' ," 00 OK1-l_, P men "
o 'OK 60J1TOJ) cy_ B. If a :,IB,au H3r3 'Ca,phlU[{C3:JP ROMOO 6~ ~yycax X3P~1~ 'K 6alma,~
Ta ITa ~'@.PXOP' 1 pyy 33,:3 asaxaap mlal1~ '8,A
6aima?
mBi:ll~~rVB 6aliHa. Tai bIT aMpaJrra~ asaan Hpr-J'
T B1I1d naB.1l a· HOlf)t Y3hC. Bl'I!l e EJ eene p 11JKKJ:[ t-'X X,9 p 3rT~ fir 6a, rna.
sri,e, T _c', , e. Mail, at VB H39.C9;, 6aHHa yy?
Y'fr~H:!):!)cl~ x 'JI::lJIIYH' JL', ,B 1 Ilasc ,-Mld:B3JI YYCT __ JI ,~_l: ,'IJI XlIHB3,. )4YYCTfLJl r,.rr~r 0113 ,'[{3'?
How long have you b een :st~yin8 ill Mongolia?
~e carne to Ulan. Bator more than. three we.eks llgO. J come '0 M',o,1-' -olia ' n busi tess quise often. This time I " r: iv sd , 11. 2'Ot}l Iune.
I i~ T~
,I BRA:
.~'AT:'
I VrD~
DELGE~A:
DAVID:
DELG'El{MAA~
BAT:
DAV,m:
BA :
DAV I:
BAT:
D'NJU:
What w· rk hav, ,)'Q,11l been cone ntrating on situ: j you came?
Sin. r., the beginning of th ye~_ ,/ have been wrai: abo' k abou: M,on.golia .. My students need iJl That ,!~ a big' job!
YeL~ ind 'I dl For . several mont hs I have at \jV" itin nly book until kue It 11' nis hi. 1 must finis h wrlting III boo: b'y the end .f· o vemb Yo
1-1 a v e y,o&t dec i d ed ,~hen you are go i n.lj I Kharkh (J rin?
W. hav en't decided yet. We wanted to stay in tOl n until y 1£ return [rom holiday.
How I ng will you na ~ there?
I don It know exa. tly. What doe that book I~ay? ~Vllicf1, book? Explain,
Let nu hav. IQ IJ/( at your . uid b. ok. We must decid tod. ,y~
Yes.- ~ys. Her, YOll are. Are' Ott ~'l' rious ?
OJ" course L'rn serious. Don't t'lley ~'t~Jit never (It th.in,g~~ by halves? (lit, 'If yon add salt let it dissolv ~ · ._ d k ~"..' b ., I')
if Y . U I ,0 wor nms - - t t .
IUT.BH Yr VDC~· . ·'ulsr•
~~ XB,pnsp ~a.nT ,aIlXl.apU
ra];J'&U
lllJIJIQ]1
J.IYl HE
Md
O!OyraH
on business holiday
to pay attention ov er, m ar _ than m inly
11 uge, i mm nse here you are student
t s make cl ar repeated ly
to stay! take time to dissolve
to reach. a .'~ I'Ve busine .
L decide late at night
Lan,guagle points
Ihe converb addin -eaap (-coop -csep:! "'C991') to the verb stem I scrib _ S ~ continuous action going 011 from the beginning nf th
I Hun a cti )11 ince ~ . :
Ta MOBrO~ UPC9BP y;u: 0" . yy •
How JODI· have you been staying in Mongolia?
(How' long is it that you are staying since you came ro
Mongolia? )
011 rapea pine . til eginning of tEl year
BB YD' (iUTl.pT apCg~P rypB8H lI:HJI rap),. 60JIJfoo" It's more than three years, since I came to Ulan Bator.
rnbine with calix the continuous converb m. ',an .. ps ll. ~ ro :
QC93IP calHa keeps 011 corning
BB TIt-a iii or xy'H39C3~p 6t¥iH8" I have _c-: n wai ling [01." him,
.r{omrap c' , 9cceep If)aux yy?
WiLl. 'th dollar exchange rate ke: pi on growing?
TyyJl romdK ycmd T8BIIITIIHU' B9ld9l"AmJ<3P 6aba-
L_ VI 1 . f Tun. rive's ill rising (n. \V' paper head ines ..
1 he con ver in "'T-8Jl (....rooD "TaD, JfSJI) d scri be s n ction whi _ h III· - . ts ano h. r 8_ ti n u ~ iJ :
B'B XBJ.1BB cap DOMon DJrlC33P meBS opo' f)OIITOJI CfY1I .. 'For several months [ have sat 'writing my book until late at night. (i. ... sal going on 'writing rny b: ok until it became late i .')
XOwp;a;yr-up 'secont I ~ rrP8IJ.ll3Taap " Ull ',- ~ )l;SPBBJQ'I99p itO ur!!. ,e, C.,
'sixth' and 'seventh' (3yp'r~p, ,llOJlllJT,aap) are slightly irr gular, dropping vowels: I.PBaH 31yprfijUTaap 3DH 'the 16th c- ntury',
Mant'hs of the, year
Ordinal numbers in. ''''~&lPI/!!!A,~P are used for months of the year, the num bering, beginning from mm~!tp cap 'first moon/ month' or 'January' and ending with apBID XOiepmTUp cap 'December',
Cardinal numbers (with f[tH~'tin.,g n) plus the dative/locative suffixes ~T/~A are' used to indicate 011 which days of the month an event look. pla,ce:' :IllS ca~plim ID:r3BJ: on the first of this month', xoePT (or xocpo~) 'on the second', rypBaa;n; 'on the thi rid ", XDPBB.J:J; 'on
I 2'0' th'" 'onth "JiG h
[ le' ,:.. , 1*)"ffiH-",Q; on t -=- e ~: t" '.
Other paints
onfused about 'which book Julie is speaking of, Ba says: oAPyyn15ax1' 'Explain?' He is using the conditional converb (page 82) of file causative verb (pag,€ 88) TCJUJ'JJJlU ~ to clarify
from TO;D; 'clear'), 'if made clear?' -
'l ranslate the following sentences into Mongolian using 'the continu) U Sl, COIl verb:
I~]rJW long has b been staying in Mongolia?
The ambassador 'has been in Ulan Bator more than Jour years .. ~ It's been snowing since the beginning; u.f the year,
I They have been w~.iting fur me,
Delgermaa has been reading her gujd, bOQ,1' ~
lIercise S
lrartslate the following sentences 'into Mongolian using the terminal mverb:
Please wait until she eomes How long shall we stay here?'
Bat 'will stay in London until 'th e spring, We worked together until Blat went home,
~ When I left home i.~ was snowing ..
lranslate the following da tes into Mongoli an:
My birthday is 24th Jun .
Monday is the first day or the week ..
'101
1D8
3 They arc coming on Wednesday 3r'o October, 4 People's Revolution Day i ] 1 [h July.
S The 13th Deceml er was ,8 Sunday,
,Dialogue 3
.... ........
Onoo .flU BW!J3,?'
Wh',at'5 to be don~ n'o'w7
Bat uses the guidebook to persuade David thes there rnig}zt be son', thing to .. see at Karakorum after tlll~
3a, JIl1BJIllX HOM;ct ~~'_a.pXOtn[HLl ~3'Pr3a ]2,20 (M1fI3T xoe:p 3'YYH XOPHl1) Og~ Anc Aopuo]l, ~YJfJJ:aJI; A,3f11 g,Qpn'OA EBp10n-'bu:[ xYAaJI,IaaHht 3,aMhlE, YYJl3B;! p ~:3:9Ip xYJl,aJ.llAa a, rap V,MnJJ:]l3pmlH TOMoaxa H xo XapxoPYM 6iaidryYJ1llT)I)I_{33» F:3)I{ 6,pJ'q)K:tI~.
Ah, the guidebook S(]ys~ 'Near Kharkhorin a big taWl1 of trade and handicrafts named Karakorum
IT snrs P"M" aa ~
M~-·' ;. ~l r . I~j- '!!I
:DAVTD::
'lvas fOMltf.tied' in 1220 at; the junction of trade routes from the Far Eas). Central Ajji~ia and' Eastern E u rope. ~'
That chap ter continue s, /Saying' that Karak. 0 rum
jl,. I ~ 11 I" F. he ti l' OI.~II' .... '1 I!II
oecame fl€ ,COU,11:try 5 coptta; m t e. ttmes t)" :ige,uel
Khan and we'l'll 0'1 growing and developing until
1235.
But the guidebook emphasizes that in the 16th century K ara ko rum t[}'wn WQ~\" destro y d in a (milltary) campaign and now aU that' remains at its palaces is the foundation stones! There '9 nothing there!
11LqERM'AA:: IOn the other hand the nest chapter confinn» that in: 15B5 one o] t'lLr8 M'(J'n,goliQn. 'yellow .ftlil'h! j firs; monasteries called Erdene-Zuu was built near the place where Karakorum had been.
B \T: Correct. It says that there are three temples inside Q white high'="If1)ullfl,d' compound. 'Ill these temples are many artistically made gold anti silver stupes, tsam donee rnQst;s and costumes; and ,golci and silver ornaments set Itvitn pre ·tot~s stones.' \¥o,tderjitll
J II ~ J What:$' to be done' nOHJ? Shal! we get our tickets to Kharkhorin booked IclOW'?
N~lle~ 'The ~yellow faith' is the Gelugpa or ~'ye.l]ow hat" fo:~;m of TIbetan Buddhigm \ Inch was encouraged in Mongolia aftar Altan Khan was converted in 1578 by the I 11L:lBll leader SOI:1sm G'YDJSO" to whom Altan Khan accorded [Ire title Dalai Lama
Yr
_ cabulary
JI .
rr(m)
u '(BId) n~,
PH'm'"A~ll&'X'
- ~JII·I
" at gold first
to build
to develop ticket chapter
to get booked amy
orn amen
'llfn&n, ~
'war
camp 811lgn trul y~ re ell f correct object century palaces
The modal converh is formed y adding -H t tne verb stern. Ste en· ing J!l, a consonan or soft sign. need a linkin ' vowel: -as,
-tm~ -,3B .. It j .. widely used in various com bin iti t . exn ,
sc 1 ion 0 earring imult neou ly orm ~rging with hs L of t - m
v rb, P -evius exampl we have se n includ ~ IOU buy", 's Iling take', where &VABJI.aH is the m dal converb 0 th verb xy;u:~, 'to ,·U" and I:YDH au ~'[O receive', receivln
tak ''I XfD~·:J. comin from -IX 'to r eeive 'wait for', n
combinations c -: ,t new w !rd. in E glish: anoth r . xamol XllMTPW: aH(0mIax Ito c . ~ . , ate - I 'actin "ointly work wh
XBMTp8X means 'to act jointly" In th case a 30UOH 6· 'to org nize', 'composing build' the modal conv rb 30· ·0' derived Ire m SODO m .anlng 'to cr 111'_ 'O:8e~
p. icularly polit . v erb MOpWJ:O~ to deign to is combined its modal converb Iorm MOpmIO with other v· rbs to make requ ~ e.g;" 'MopB1loll 01'110 'J'1? 'Would you be so kind a, to enter? D confus _ this converb in vowel plus !!OB with the present-future Len in - ,- p] us vowel: TuTd Mopmmo yy? i' translate ~: "Welc' m (,urraB means pl. sant un listur bed'] "
rCausative verb:s
We saw (page .' .,.) tha the derivational suffix "'YJJI~ B' 'tached to th verb st m erea e a cl ass of c u '. tive vel ''I Indica ing tha actic n \\~ iscaus d (Of' permitted .~ In 'his di 1 guethere i a 1110 comple x exanrpl ,:' epreavrJmB 6apllDrsZYYJIcaap 6a1bt me: nit 'went on growing and developing', Iere apraxyyDm is the me converb of . he causativ epre_.;- ~.-c-_:_~l[9', ~t,. grow 'broaden r epr8JJCHX to . tpand'; and fiapwn" ", , caap i· the eontin {
deri v tio al uffix r,a; - ~s the ~ u il one E. r fo_ ming the ~$ive .~g. 10 Dial. - ue : 6aAI·Yy.u-· ·,·3 W s f ur ded', from ~ '.", ~\. - 'to be founded" from 6a117yn8X 'to bui d'~ als . r't" I nd, o[r ranize '.,.lb' r example :u to open,' Kl9r~!t 'to bt I I n ed ~, Ta__&'lI8X to to Ii k e ~ TllJIBrJl;.-x: ~ to le as 'to
The agent of a passive verb is. in the dativ /1.: ative ca se: BDXO~
• ~ca xwmra 'the door . mened - he dog .
. '- few passh ·~rre form -d with th _: • ~ , -~ vati mal sufnxes -~- . .a,
~lp;OX [ om WI(l- 'to find- and ~ e.g. TaX from . [ .ax "to fa te riO
. arm ,I numbers (pa .. e 43) for 40 to 9 ' re as folh ws:
40 P1811(1IlI) SO T,II.&(TaBIIR)
.0 lDP(aa) 70 ~(8l[)
80 Bl1B(K) 90 -p(911)
J~ ed to ,g' the' with 3JY(B) hun ed' and : ". I -~'I(H) 'thousand' we I 1 indicate the ye' , (the Ole _ ling n Is present when counting lllj ~ cts, bu t 110 t for MJDIl'I.wJ)cn counf ng years)':
in 9t 7: ,... - I eCB sty,a e ~ ea ,llOJIO'-:., (J~
ardinal numbers (without 1', eting n) plus the dative/locativ e suffix, '-]I. indicate L_ 'which year, O].~ at which '[lumber room Of' house ~ apBB,D; '[a t No, 1 0 ~ ,:·OpBH lm~ in I. (19) 2 \ 171iJ11)1; in ;'30·, . ~ t. ,
lranslate tlie f llnwing S: ntences using modal converbs:
The -, han received him on Sunday ..
e Gr,'8 Khural c rganized a QI. W . O'V rnmen i ie teach r 'will buy, 'new book on Monday
J Mongolia and Great Britain are cooperating"
J ulie was 10 ring in fright at Begtse _
~'1
'112
Exercise 9
I .. reate the passive (ann, of the following active verbs:
1 M3JlI:9X. ~ to know 4 COHCOX.' -0 bear'
2'. ,. 'It r: "1'1'
aJl2hX to ~ 1. _I "1
5 H~3X 'to open'
Translate the following sentences with numbers into Mongolian: 1 Temfljin became Genghis Khan in UOCi
2 My birthday is 22nd April 1989~
3 You should travel by train. No. 0.3.
4 OUT univ _ rsity has in thOU'S3Jld stu dents,
5 Bat has four thousand six hundr d and .fifty sheep,
Dialogue, fair comprehenslon 5
ne~m:;It.: }K10JIP]':
1llJd, H:Map HOM Y:EUUH.lK 6a.MHJ:1 B;J'?
"'I:" M - -11' ~fjT":"lII'TQ·a ~]£'lIjJlfJtTrLT'L,[, T':'l'~r n. .aunax
N I .U': Buyant- Ukhaa is the lucation of Uh,n Bator aj rport, 20 minutes" drive southI u[ the town centre,
::.;] ""l"A tn" ~ 1111 If'!
'I. TAN .:
hq JF:
I STANT:
'l :
. ~
'Wh.at do," '. [hf word -MIA. "mean?
MIA is the name oji the Mongolian ctvit uir tran .. -. port company.
Now if's your turn.
How rna.y J h lp you?
ti'l:' would like to book two seats [0 Kharkhorin. Whi ''11 day are YOH thinking oJ'ft_ying?
an 'wt! take (go by) the plane the day a.ft' r tomorrow?
Certainly. Til plane leas e' Buyant-Ukhoa at 8,,30 am. ·low much l .. ' '(1. ti k, 1 _ st?
~' ing!« tl, ket is 10;000 togrog, but lor signer: have' I ptl:J~ in greenbacks.
Well) how many dollars?
A return ticket Is 200 dollars.
OK, let nu have OiVD' tickets. Ho '€ are 400 dollars. How many kilos of' be. gage. can y. u take on the plane?
TW'enty kilos per person .
What time should we be at. the airport?
¥rJu musi be -I the airport 'In' hour b -fore (.1, partu, e time ..
, <,r
cabulary
'117
I I ,p (T8.~m)'
air baggage dollar eivi I(i an
cash desk kilo (gra.m .. ' mpany
. lIy
118
to pay
_ sistanee meaning should (u 'word
of whi 11 dat · n c· ssary
tomorrow TYC
queue; urn yrnI
morning '~d
in ten ti 'n yr(:s:)
sea: XB~. f.WI" ~' ~
tugrik '. Mongol c ~rrency~P3rn
ee not below)
NOlte: Althengh togrog is the correct translit ration [rOITl ~'" M.o~goHan. r~th the speUiog tu_grik~ derived earlier 'V~..I Russian, Is still ~o~uul til En~hs,h IPllb~lC[ltlun ·,,~rucb void t~ . use of d '. ri'Hcs Bolli forms aile used interchangeablj m LJ:n bu,,~
ornss
~A"IT '-~I~"
mrper
Multipl,e imp:rfect:ive CO V' rbs
Th,e IvIlAT a . si . tant a ' .. .', J le TBEQl " ,am 'rYe 60JIo.· ~,COl[ DOH? 'm8Y I' . Ip you? ' In t. first part 0,· this questi n Jl8.lI[ is, the inl'p_, feetive e nverh of sax !ltOI do what? and 'TJC lTI am help' or ~ aSS1 tanc '" Alter ativ _1 Tan;lII'·,· ' TJ08JDK 60JJDXCOB oon?1 uses imp. rfecti e con' rbs (TYClI"·. means 'to assist'). Toward the of the dialo ue there i an tbe r I.' .. ,' . pl. " f' multiple 0., of im .
.. ctive converbs ~ ( 8.lilD.) an JJBX 60-JlAOF. In this ,."'. UN IT aBU' 'to take' and ,JIlUII from DO: 'to go' are combin d with 60-~' from _OlIO· to become' 'be peru itt. d' to me." "takin lain ·
regul '-Iy pe rrni I ted
Ver'b II nou 'plus -can
In t11', MIA . R',· istant's ques i.' n the ad itL n f the suffix • (page 99. to . he . rb ] n un 60J10~, (DO:llDXCO') modifie
meaning: would like to have don, "
Fin,al particle 60JJ
I, e 60' '. at the end . the assist: - t's question, play: a differ ent r
from th conditi am 1 l(jon: (pag "3). ding a sentence, cox is
final particle expr ' ung uncertainty - 'perhaps? ,
'TIl, refore T,ltBll S&Z TJC 60'JlOXCQH 60Jl? breaks down as ' 1 you doing what .ass is ane - (1) would lik to re ader perha expre sing' pojte bt t t .. ntative inter st.
olours
MI, assi .tant ,F! ks . r somol[ n em .'; it slana te m meani 'J I II ars, R· r l e .- .. - ongols CO'lOIilTS . eBr8) hav irnportan t traditional rssociations, We Itu:lv,· already not d ma,&m ma.UHM· 'the yellow nith (L' rnai rn} and a Mongolian lama is sti I sometim s c. lled
r p . - .' i, 'person -~ri' h a yellow 11a.' (MI.JIr. .' is 'hat'), to
1 L inguis h him perhaps fr r c an. yJli S.H M8DllliT' ~ person wi th a I d hat or m« fo med Bu .. dhist, D '. ring the c mmu n ist y. ars there were lIOrOOB Manr~ too ~ the security police. Black
p me ~ n 1 ay(i tf 10 eeu ar' (at lOp - o . ed t:, map) or '! -d' ,j 'be
'hard we rk'. 01' th '.' ber hand X8.·LID· , 'l1tL
I k f '"']"" h ·
II~C. _'aII [] JS s' amaursn ,
TIle red . r 'the communist revolution is reflected iU.YJr&8D6uT p 'town I f the red h ro' (or possibly 'heroes'] the Mongolian I ital Hd'CB3D '. ~i_93 'capital mon sstery' renam d in 1:24 at er ,1 _ YJIaaBTaH . ~ ymtem,-ExlB t e R,d ~ bad beat n I th Wl1it ,'I Of
f18.BT8B., 'The Altai mour tains ar _' th 'golden' m nmtains from (B)~ and the first. se I tlem m [J Mong:,] ian 'soil t I e captur d the r volutionaries in 1921 is now called Al anbulag
AnTaK6yJIIr ,olden 'IP in, '). 111 word for 'silver Bare gav
I I name tc ~1110 ev' ani to what us ed t . b Monsolia's s nallest
. ,-
, ins: 100 Me -: == 1 T8rp" r, The . rd T8rper' means round' ~
Returning to raditic n 1 themes, YJlBaB 1IJ{33 'red food' i. meat, It) contrast to ~araBII B'J'.(~9 'which is what the Mongols call 'butter l c ;"O~ cream and other milk produ 'Is j - eluding .' _- .. ar koumis
fermented mare's milk: these 2_ I_ mo' tJy conu - ed in . b.
rmrner Dl0 ths, There ar _ .' condary m . miners for, ", ,I.R t . :
Il ure 'I e. g, Il:i. laSH C-:JTr9n or ~1JlH cmal ~ go • d nature ,·ats'o 'flat 'I ~ I. :qarSIH SaM 'a smooth road' or 'bare', 'open', e.a, ~araaB '~UIP , en ceuntry',
descri .. , th. eolourc Lsomething YO'UI rna 'S~ y that it is 'with . 1, U usins the comi a' ~v. ease: MI1',HHI :MInrd: - ·~ap, eBF9T3A Iy ha is' . lack.
11· b IJ form
id . i oi' ', .... m~~ Lin11~., the card nal num .' -r~ n_
ut : __ rting :n I'f the fix -raa
.hree tim, S '0 '[ tirn_.
ten tim s etc" fired three times
~epBeBTee IPB8ItTU.
rypBliB'lia~ 6~cfJl[
Addi ti.. n .' - til. u fix ..If m an' 'wi th tho nurn ber x ~ii
with the num ·e - 10 10 'ogrog bankn te
Note however )Dr 'uo¥eplillI 1PoIITJIsa.6yc ~a No, I trolleybus
Other points
Th:_ multi -1 omoound r" I, 1 brk - 1 .• wn '1 ( II , ranaa.ul ~ .. ' tern 1 'f r. ign ~ rillB8JtMR ~- J
". r tgn', ra;J;~ ~ e pi ... f til for rign (part 1
rawt8JJ;MBXaBQ'J; ~10 people of foreign parts' ( .. ative/lcca ·.VI cas e word OO"iBP is. from the .. nssian D1lBP&p;b meaning both: urn a d . queue: there is also a Man .01 wo d for q' eue: AAP - (verbs: A' Pa&JIlXt A&p88JI8lI soeeex).
~SM·.JlT 'Yr
Addition'at vocabulslry
.heck r igulati n umrner
to f ,11 _.r
'fii-·ht international ticket
XGJUll,·XJBalp./xY~IJB,ap QIDaL:
. 'IHI"JlI3JJ:
~ . mov'e timetable
d partment direction
epJlO . 'O-BtJmr
D-JlO1l JnChlU 1]",aCBJI6ap
OpD& ayrarr
ap xymaapBap
.2u.6.
1.3.5n 1.3.5 ..
.2h5,." .2 .. 5."
.2" S ..
J .. 4.. 1 .. 4.6.
1.~4 ....
.~ ' •. 6, .. 1.~J",.6 ..
1 .. 3.5~. .. 3,,5 ..
~2~4.6~ .2~4·.·, .
.2.4.6.
..... AI," .J; !l!iIi.f!l . ·11
1.3.5 ..
13 I.,.
•.• ~ II.
.2 .. 4.6 .. .2.4 ...
.. 2 . .4J;I~ .2.4,.6-
09 40
OR ,:0 it 25
08 20 10 SO
09 50 11 35
09 05 11 201
OB 40 11. 25
-9. 40 12 20
08 '0 12 45
07 ~O
08 00 12 45
U8 00 1- 35
OB SU
~ .. u6. m I DO
12 ~4567 07-40
1.23 . 567 09 50
121
1O~12) -12)
Y~EYMlar-T·4J, to 12) T~'wI1r-SyJIraH -YB (444~ 10-12'
B-M~p~H (5511 'II-24)
Map(n~,_' (5518, A 1 .. ,- 4
-AJl'L: ft {551~ AI ~24 A.lITaH~YE (5.52. AH .. 24)
YB .... 9MHaro:BlEI yp .. oaas M- raro Ii Typ 6 as-.
nly on· int mal air' . irvice op rat. s daily: where to?
,n whic . d· Y e .her iahts tOI Khovd?
I Whi h 8i thts from Ulan Bator go to the Lak Khovsgol r a'?
Who n do f:li hts leave 'J ai for Ulan Bator?
W11en. could you fly from . "au Bator l the' Karakorum are' 71 OJ] which days doe: :M1AT fly '-om Beijing to Ian Bator? On which I 3,Y" are rhere 'ill ht fr01H .. 1,11 Bator' MOS'COl¥,.
123
12,4
Don ~t:' worrv!
Duvi(l and julie arrive at the hotel in Kharkhorin.
" 1'J;'U''I!ilII' rr~ ~~D.~ijII~,~
)Kn_}j{Yl{p ~
Ae,BRJ].:
J(eB~~ )i{JrIYVP:
~ 'U"I; I'""F'D ~ ~(U!ll!j_If.JJ~
JKJOJIH::
JKmKyyP~
. . ... _ ~
J1CiOJrn: lK'J.IXlIYP: ~eBHll;: ,>t.~K>K'VY]J :'
geBHJl: :>K1nIcyyp:
-D' ,.:t,V',:, "rT""Ii ~
- r"ri·· II~III
RBCEPTi0NIST:
DA"V.: to:
I .' II!
DAVID:
RBCEiP'TIONJST:
Jut re:
Tanaitrt cyn ElPBB 6,aiHa yy?' Ta YPBI~ tl11naH saxaanc ~H yy'?
1:JY'JIYYBhl BaT l13,1 - xoep XYH,:u:a e peel saxnaneaa, MHlilm B3P o:Pi,yB.
II. epee 3axH&rlCaH 60!UlBll OR D~ TaHlI! CUIO,X:ry:ki 'i5afma.
3a~ Ta Bne'px:,a:nral1 aHM,arr CYYX JJ;yp'"ra,f[ jny t T,m,1H Ba,T 6IdJlxoep nar ITYTrnibtx. 'precT' oono..nq eepui.JI BYTa:r~
DOl you have Q'ny rooms available? Have v.au b oo ked?
----- oJ' - ----
ChU!UU'lY Bat booked a double room by phon My name. is Brawn.
You m.ay have booked a room' but 1 can't find III booking form.
A re you sure?
Don't worry! 'We"v!e lots Qf· rooms a vallable.
You t11~y have lot'S of rooms available .DU,t iB th ~f any hot w,ater1
pilenryl Your room is room SOlon the fifth flour. Th is is the (i ts ) l{leY;
lULU;:':
I~ FCBPT'lONIST~
May J see our room?
Of course ,you mayl We have 30171&; rooms a hit cheaper hut 'we don't have any' better rooms. How much is this room IJ'{!r nigtu?
Fifty dolla rs a night Pay il:>l adva-nce.
LetJJ take it. We would like to Sl'lly for three 'lights. Please fill in the registration [orm,
OK., Do ,YOM like living in 01/iJrkhangai?
rt)ur Ba: and 1 are from the same locality. lt~s our own locaiitv; thorns and all!
IljLIE:
1 . [CE]~irJ:O'N] ST:
I JA,VID:
Ii I ... , 'EPTlONlS;-r:
I' r\VI D:
1\ [.CEPTlNnrr:
',9 Yr Vo'cabu/a',v
a bit (more etc.) loIillin
regi s tratien
,..,:lM - 'I
!!;.lIon" .' .. ,
cyn TrJDIYP YP1¥l:~:P ~lIX X'OBc.rr xyy;qae(:o) XXM,'[t
9Jl03r' ~II09r
available, lree k.ey
in ad vane ",'
to do be Ioreh and n i lib t .24 hours form, she et cheap
'pllt!'l]ty
ll'W"Ulirh .. ~~.& I..P'
receptionist to worry sure
one's own thorn
11R6X II
• pub
III 9C(JI)
'nguage points
I he concessive converb, form d with the suffix ""Bill! (~Uq~ ""gBlJ~ "' ~ '~91P1) added to the verb stem. means 'although': the forms JIO,S'! nom 100nox and min 'but' or 'although (said) from mx'
1 ~ he most common - we have already 'Seen mn in earlier lessons:
(Th- - ~ . . '-1-' '.' Uk-" ~ .' h=-·· . - . -. .' E" ·,t - " ,." lu .. , b . t )
.-e11e·$ DO pace re orne or as, west, .. omea nest.:
H. Ii .
Verbal SU- rxes In '~HTrYH, '"'J[TU, ... .rrry.n.
You. might u- e the imp erative T8 Syy SDB (SOBO,. ~'O worry'), b a eomme n way of saying "Don't worry!' is CaJH.8 30BOmry:i whe 90BOJrITYi; rs formed with the suffix "'Jll'tyi ~ houldn't' ~ 'needn' The suffix may also a.ppear attributively C .. g"
The suffix '~JlTait means 'must be', 'must have , .. m' e~g ..
Note that 6DJIIDmoft, means ~il looks as if~ (Uac oPOX DO-JlOlITO • However it can be negated with the ward ,.HH!ryi: 'un ik ly':
Dirac opox. D3-1Yi DO,JJ.~mo:i~ It doesn't look like snowing, In attributive use:
~ driva ble road
The suffix ~,Jnt~ri
-"g ..
dfti.~~ ~~ -~ ~
,,:f "::'n'''1T1fI''t~ umlI U~!.:.f.lL
means 'likely to .. , '. ~
likely 1 . be unlik ly to be
Mo'r'e about colours
The Mongols are attached to Iex or dark blue, : ince the beginnin 0': their Iristory t'hey 'have called themselves the 'Blue Mongol
und their sky god W2lJ. Mau mx. Tam'3p 'Eternal Blue Heaven', The Inner Mongolian capital, Iounded by Altan Khan, is XBD,QT.' I BI u.e Ta"~11 ' '.
The-re is a separat word for 'light 'blue" ~HdP., 'Grey" eaapaJl~ came up earlier with reference to 'the 'grey building' caap8Jl 01'-1JIH or state palace (page' 53)'1 but grey .. haired is 6YJPIJI.
There is a wide range of verbs dealing with colours e.g, 'to turn rod' ynab, etc, ~ and special terms for 'rho colours of female animals ['_g .. JlI~ yam 'a red COW' ,IPr~ raxait)f(OIJr 'year of the white S{lW;~ mxOJ:ifDD for an. animal's coat means 'grey'
,_djectival ending -arap
lhe suiilx ...,aTDJ (--BTOp) modifies the '[lames of colours to Indicate
. '. .. ~. t . 'L ,d' , c"·d di . 'h! , II. .. 1--' , , 'it, ,.,
U 11 approxuna e ana 'e e~g" fie ms , ye lDVIlS 1 ''/ etc.:
xap ,_ xapUTSp
blackish
JJlI.aH ~ YJIaaBTap reddish
mal' ;000 D_lSpU,rap yellowish
UOroOll = 110 roOB,TOPI greenish
Other suffixes playa similar role: rtaraaD .... 'D;ar.au&lI "whitish" xsx xexu;yy' '(dark) b uish '~'lIXBp, - ~HDPJll:YY' ~(light) bluish', TIlle I irm YKO,ap for 'reddish' also exists, and with map !;ylello,w'~ produces JdlfLp map 'orange", The fruit is aMTlIT Ef.PlK (or 3yp.z).
The suffix ~BTapl can be used 'wi th oth r adj cti V. $;1 e, g" ,;rtVJIaSW ~aaBTap 'warmish', 'upHilu: """ 'll&prinap 'thinnish' 'semi-ftne' fleece)"
ooked briefly at word-pairs (page 29) ln w:tlich two nouns with til r rent meanings w ben. combined create a thi rd (usua 11y colle cU \ ) me aning:
UKra xBJIfiara, ran SY]1X
nlll€;!; further examples:
g1 ass, spoon := tableware fire stove; = 'kitchen
g, 3'3lfl r II ye
fa tiler' mother == paren ts land water '::= place
· components of other word-pairs however iave 'mot. or less III same meaning: XOF HOBm 'rubbish' Q Jlll\o. 'magic', etc.
~'tlne apparent word-pairs result frorn unexpected combinations , with pap as an attributive:
xo 'POC < 1~1 )
district
distri et ~ snbur b
A,djectivll ilntenlsifi ers
p xymiima - .. ' ',1" 6,,,,(&)
. ,Harm: .op:&,
ox mouse = rat
ox gun =:: artillery marmot horse ;:;; pony
Intensifiers are placed before adj ectives (repealing the first sIy11 a pl us ~B!) e~giO "deep blue ', 'bright green' ~ etc,
xu 'up
YB JIlu" maa map
BOB Roraoa 'OD :lex 1I;,8'B D;r9HX9P q,u, naraaa
pitch black
dee. red
bright yellow bright green deep' blue, intense pia le b lue pure white
~rhu words, as the name suggests, are' tho second halves of the urd-pairs 'which reflect the sound of the noun the y foll,w (the I po si te 0 f in '[en sifters ). The initi aJ consonant eh Mges to 'M ( 0 r if II iH M to 3) .. The m eaning is !O and suchlike ~ 'that sort ,of thing':
d Illli- .. I! ...
cups a:n _, SlllCL _ ,t\e
chairs and the like medals, decorations meat ani' similar
. ~aHJ];~ M3FQ1;aJI O~OB MO,A;C'H
Intensifiers may be used with other adjectives besides colo e.g, ItBB, ,~Bg:p 'quite clean', ,XIIB lUlTfY 'very hard, 'strong'. IIJlIEI!ij brand IlC'W" - etc ..
I) am just too busy to go to see fi1m'5 and things,
The 'two 'wards eep
There are two words sap" meaning 'self' ,and, 'other':
Bap 'self \' alsc 'oneself ~ is found in such constructions as eoll"M'l'Ul'" 'to oneself, 98pm:1ra9 'oneself', aopuiiB 'one's own', in expression like eopc.A;Hb :qLJ]J~p 'unaided' (i.e, 'by means, of one's ow power"), and the verb o o,pmiMoo x .. "to feel at home",
aap bother" has the form sap ISOp 'various' (doubling to indicai plural), also a a postposirio cc "apart from,' as in TIYH:2J3C e9,p 'oth I than that', and there is, a verb aopua 'to change' Ito make other
II~' form XllUOMDOP Da.tHa, is the feasibility, 'would like' form 'up; ''''~Il, etc.) of KOROX 'to spend th . night': IJ:pu' XODOM'OOP
m L'] wall ld like to stay t hree nigh ts,': a, XOHOF hi 24 hours and
~ nJlOO :lOHOr a wee k m
[Jeri ved from the word lQTar "locality' or 'horne territory' is 'of the locali y' and IQfrrrdux 'Iocals".
129
13:0
E1tercise 6
You are booking, into a Mongolian hotel .. How would you ask: 1 Do you have a single room?
2 What is 'the number ·01' D1Y room? 3 What ii.oar ls it on?
-4 Please give me some toilet paper,
5 What time does the dining room open?
Evarr-~~.a ,~ ~II~ . ~I~J~ II'
1 How much is the cheapest room at the Ulaanbaatar otel? 2 Which hotel is near 'the British Embassy?
1 think: that Erdene- Z,UU mo nas t e,l' is near the ruins (~f K urako rum.
'Wh eft! is Bat Js guideboo k t
,A.lth(Jlj~gh; Bat brought fii·· guidebook to thle U!aJ1 Bator hotel J jilrgot it.
l read it at Bat's flat but I don 'it remember,
It doesn't matter: Wherlf'ver ,you go around Khujirt an d K h(JI~~ kho "in there are p! en ty a f DId mo nit mei ~ is", Which is the best 'I/ti'tij' to go?
Ill1,.IE.:
I) v ,0:
~ I LJE: 11l,vm,:
'3~
Jtr E:
Fir. t ~ -e ~Ihall ,0 to Karakorum by car. ond r/1 Irom there to Erdene-Zua Ion f-001'.
• )1
It, gone nine. o 'clock and the driver hasn ~1' C01J1 '
It' only he would COt11e now!
I] only it would Blet warmer! It J' cold today.
'-, ,_. soon as OUf driv r C(J,1'l, s lei ~ go to ,'ri ne-
monast ry,
Hello! Y;·,ll must b the Browns. 111'1 Y' sur driv ,'. HQUZe is Muunokhoi
Hella! We have been waiting far you.
Sorry! 1 tI,.enl ttl It/ell/Ie car but there was Ill) per 1, there petrol n(J'~)?
Ye,'\'. Shall we go?
JULJE:
DAVIn:
Ju re:
M' , OKI~OI::
DAVJL :
MUtJNOKl'l '1:
NO't~:. M uunokhoi ~~ici{lus d?~f nl.ay seem ~, ~ln;~.nge name, but Mon olians hu lrad]tlonall,.. been gwen such La boo names 10 avold raistort une MU evil fuse Rpiti'[. Oi(h~r exampl s ~nc1 ude lbxmlT ~ jl1eepsldD~ ~ EbpFy.a ~'DO name' 1I M»;g;aXlyl Ldun'1 know._ There ~is ,9 range of names ending in the negative
Xysti1OI[ "not a hum n h in, . :.'. 'RII[ 'no ady ~ DrrtlBDT 'n { at ;;IU' ~
'not his 11, and Tsp6:mn 'not th L one •
6eH:fBB fio~o:x JK0JI40'r MD:pTRX
petrol to think
~-ary,yp xwaaryi'
which way?
il doesn't matter 'fuel
.
" river
to f or et
to rernen ber
DlllT~YVV1R'
~JlrI~
3xmr·
E
t r ne In
Lanm age points
More enneesslve eonverbs
Dia logue ,: COil rains further examples of concest i ve converb constructions ("'U1.I) S ne with the pe fective verl 'al n un:
BaT J[8BJ]8X 0' 00 sO'Dl;L\ ,6,~, aBUPCIll DOJlOJA DB' MapTlKg9,~
Altho ugh B at 'brought his, guide look to th _ hote 1 1 ~orgot it. or Bat brought his guidebook to the otel iut r forgot it.
Althou 11 it has gone nine o'clock th =- drive r "tin ba - 't em, .
&I Tl-YtI MAL' J8 I U ex fidem Gao, 08 l was reading it but can't remember,
133
he ot,: tive con, et 'b -aacaa
Il e opta 'iv" onverb ieaning rif only', eXpires. lug a W1- h ror the I hird p T~ on, i f :rm· d b'~ adding te the verb stern the suffix , .. aaeD {aacO'il, -,BClit" -39-03a) according '(0 'the, stem vowel:
HP9!1C!J" ! (I', wish he/she/i /they 'W ld cornel BOlIOOCQI--,! If only he! -11 Ii /they would beeom ... !
I should like to meet my father. [ wish (he) w uld com I -
t " a"
, .
~au&ap rynraMaap oaitRa :c;ac HX opooco:il
1 should like to 010 skiin '~ If only it would snow a 10' I
J~ur the negative add DltTId be fori the op a tiv ,:
T3P fiX"'l'ltll 1lfft~~rortli .1 I h pe he 't 1
,.u.¥.:iJ.:i!!~ ., '.'w. ,. oes,n '·fit;.
'he temporal, converb -'XJ1aa
I te temporal converb translated 'when ill ': h of as, -I,' n
a ~ means that one (;J ction is follow d los sly by anorh er. It is lOT ied bv ar ding the suffix "'X1IBap (··x.uoop, ... xnaep "XJ]3311) to the verb stern; 'i . the 'WO clauses have different subjects tbe subj ct uF the subordinate claus e 'will attract the accusath e-case. ending:
BaT lIo.:M:hm can BBDrA»XJl~gp T3HJ11 OplK C3'I'lNytJI Y S,U I kI,M,~ As soon HS he library W'a8 open,e, . Bat went in and read
Let's meet at break (a- '- on as there r., a, break).
13··: .
,
~ Ta ,,0333 Ia3P3X 931
- 9apllmH' fi,sUeyynanm 8H8SpaXf13iJ,p
WIlen are you going to wake up? As S DOD as 'perestroika 1 has p assed,
G3p'~X 'to 'wake up
eap.tqJXeH 6aJl:rvvnwrr
9Hrerl'8X to pass
- ~
pe res tro ika (economic ren ewal]
Because the meaning of the temporal converb in "XJI8ap is rnuc the same HS the verbal noun in -x plus the instrumental case endin in -aap~ the latter construction is sometimes, used 'instead:
B'ap, rap~aap JJ;YJlaS'B 6QJQ;or;o
It grows warm when/as soon. as the sun rises,
li'ap, r.apaxu;p AYJIUD OOJJ;D;or..
'It grows warm by me ans of/thrOUl,g'h the sun rising,
Alternatively, ill colloquial speech 'the construction ~u,d 93p3
is found (~p9r meaning 'as 'soon as' ~ 'the moment that'):
~~JI !QlJCI1P.rra.xJtup 'YYJIIU.; Let- s mee' at break, ,~~l'.J[ 9UClIpmtXTai: 99p~:r YJ1(3WI'~
Another temporal eonverb, adding the suffix. '""1IBrJl; (":MOrJl~ ~Mart\, .... EDt) 'to the verb stern, also has much the same meaning;
~ar lema: 6allMo~ X8~al .DB'I."
('We) 'Shall go to the country as soon as the weather 1S flne
JYy:Em:ir BJJM3rQ, 6H;JJ;, JUttlDHJI, 1IBC&d~
As soon as (he) cam .. · .. W,c went '·0' 3 film"
AHY ... aac IIPMS~m ,3ux8:lDtlr 3 O'P BIlO 0 ..
A~, soon as 'he arrived from tile U-A (he) set off for Zavkhan "
t-~ H.p(H) fUtBcapnax :JOpHX_
,X.H~~9Jl fanio(~l)
lesson 11m
sun
to 11 a ve a. b teak [0 set ofr
NuLe that xaaryyp meaning 'which way?' 1,,:, by what route?' ~umprises X81 'where? and the suffix ... m Lin .. ked by the cansouant ~r... to separate th two long vowels, Similar constructions lnclud ra.Jl:YJP 'outside' (ext mal) and AOTfYP 'inside" (internal),
l"r anslate into 'Mongo] ian:
If only he would go and. put some petrol in the car! 1 hope it won t snow a Iotl
If only David wouldn't drink vodkal If only the weather would improve! If only the new ·· . hop would open!'
, Karciss' 10
I Jse the all rnative forms described to translate four different ways
(11' aying: 'T'll meet Bat as soc)," as the train comes,' -
The weather is fine'. Tile sky is clear [cloudless) ,1110s1 days oJ' the ,lela}'" in Mongolia.
Isn't thsu why' Mongolia is called title land of blue skies? Yesterday there' liVQS II calef wind and dU~1 storms. Today the win d htl$ drop ped.
,A.ltAoug,h, itlls spring it's quue warm like summer. Todl~JI it's .. pilus 15 degrees.
Did Yf}U listen to tne weather [orecast? Wh,,., did they sav iJ would be like tomorro ~v?
~ ~
They ;~ay the weather will turn bad. There's g,oing Co be
Q thunderstorm ( rain with thunder and Lightning) ~ Black clouds are gathering from the' north,
Is rite weather goil1.g to clear up?
Perhaps. It ~ (Jl~ly in July an.6l August that it rains heavily. The signs are that' (J cold winter's coming.
Which montn does it get 'Very cold?
lt gets very cold at the beginning o] the 'nines I'. The cold in the [middle I three 'nines' is very di:fficull. III reach es minus 40 and' the rivers freeze.
Does it snOllJ (J lor in winter?
Over most 0.1 the territory of MO'1go,Ua there's little S.I10'W (only ~ a. feat's hoof). S orne 'winters there is black: zud, My favourite season is 'golden autumn',
Note: 'T]lC 'nines' are the ~1 days after the winter solstice emn,is; BI]] ~ 9JtDI1I, 'Mongol herdsmen use the word l.th,i to describe eenditions w.h;~ch prevent their
139
140
livestock hom, grazing nor.maHy~ TI1e anlmals m,a~ starve if not moved elsewn or fed lrom fodder reserves, There IS 'black zud' when there hi ]'jU]~ snow in wi and the pastures are '[00 dry~ 'Other kinds, of zud are caused by ice formation. ex ample, 0]" l)ivergra.zm,t.
Questions: (a) If there is 'blac "" zud' when there is little snow wh
III !of is a s· ying in Mongolian about the foreshadowing of even s: t pOOmiJ: -rypY¥ CIJIXJt, OOOXOBH 'TYPJY x~'pa'!I 'the wind before the t III~ the crow before the wolf' (6ooxoit is a taboo, name f·OF wolf),
VIl~X '/~eK
to reach mHpVVC3X to grow stronger
metres per second: 1 m/sec ~ approa. 2.25 mph
Ius and minus
II giving a temperature above freezing it its usual to say 'ES,O and u many degrees warm':
pl us 15 degrees
r I he temperature is below freezing the verb XQ,Ca.l[ "to subtract' pl,,~y8 the part of 'minus':
minus 40 d grees
Note that the weather forecaster was reporte d to say (page that 'th • intensity of cold will d cline by 3=5 degree's I:
Xyif1:A 0 !I:, 9J"If 3 ... 51 X3M331' CYJiapBa~
Le, H 'would b,e 3~5 degrees warmer (but still below Ireezln
Simple arilhlmetilc
The basic verbs of arithmetic: are as follows:
!lmd:9X to add yp~ to multiply'
xacax to subtract
t ....l:'-1 xyoa&X _0 urvine
When you add 'to thes the word apra, 'me thod you obtain noun forms: DM9r· apm 'addition' xaeax apra 'subtraction t Wh 11 you add the WCi] d T31(lX:tr 'sign you create the mathem
The verb 'r.IHU;9X means ~1to equal' ~ but 'equal' 'is T9au:y( and t equals sign is T9:nu:yyrQug T9~r; yn;c:a,x is 'to remain', Various coustructions rule used for simple arithmetic:
Sin] p 1 est of all yo u can say "I)p.a B.B ,QapBH i H_ tapll:1&B xoep;;
14· ~ 7 == 2:
AP,BaJ1. ;r(OPSI:. JliCI,JlOO~ XJBal.X~ (or xyaufiu) xoep 6D':rm:O~ or ApBiB ~OPBBAt xya&aX m, JlO:.D:oa T3Bll,YY' (or T3B@X m)
mi!p ..
o divide .into four is J];OPBB 6omOB xyBlaX .. However DOm'OB fa also mean 'each ~ every'; capl 60JIr0B 'every month' ... xyH DOJIrO
ryone' as well as "in h role of' ~ 'as'. in expressions like a:MIU:I::I ~ as an. example' ~
.L
rlbutiva nume "als
III Mongolian equivalent of 'one each', two each', etc, is Dr I'l , :loep xoep and. so on, When distributive numerals are used I '1 ~ I utively (before a noun) the object noun may be in the instrun 1 III ~11 case:
r mr(.9B) ,3JYCM33'p! (I[OMnop~ etc.) on, p~' ce (book, e c.), each
two noteb oks each.
143
. '~~31 3" a,y.:a mrps1r(eap) arqu .. l ~ te) gave (ins) children 100 togrolg e ach,
II I h L; distributive numeral itself is, the object it takes the accusative I I" suffix':
~~~. ~~
·oel' xoepldr uaapu~
Take two each ..
of rrrar
J h e postposition m HI' bas the sense of 'as \ 'like': 3)'KrnHj; 1tYn'SEtXa1![ ..s:a 'It's as warm as summer,' -imi1ar construcrions include IfiynJ; I I xyHnuq "all as, one man. 1 and 9;D:Sp.1uur capYfJlX&R mwe II • ht as bright as d,2IY' .. In other construetions it implies some III · ~rtainty".g. ea;fhr XIB 'J 1110 [. 6uflHa, "seems like a decent chap' ud TID Mapraam m BP3.' HIMt' oatu.a 'It seems, h,'II come ( tlll arrow .. '
t\nm MOPE. 'qHHlul MO.Pl! ,lIn'l~ xJP-n;,m"
,I LlI horse is as fast as (like) elder brother's,
When lUIHt' is used with personal 'pronouns, it attracts; their l~l~ ique stem' forms: III,Ie :111111' 'Iike 'M. "~, '11M 1 II III W" 'Iike you',
J " · 1 ... ';: t, does tl "11 ill " d j!
not ter postposmon WillCJ[1. I toes t ae same ss ',0:1111:, tow,ar s ,~ Tn',R
itm'towards him',
The variant WM 'fll1lJJr Jl tneans 'as if . ~ ,i didn it: ~ ,. ,.' e.g, M3~11'_yA, II Ii HI" X' xapB1xcaa "a m wered as if ( be) didn 't know ~ ~
The postposition should not be confused with the diminutive ;1 ftix in -'IIIIIHt' e,.g. )'pT 'long" Jl)TDlIlIr "longish',
ogu ,2
... L£.I
Some . f the verbs w, h ve u ied in thi e son are d, riv. a j ctives and share he same ending in ~pax:
M}'YXaipax '(0· irsen' from MJY 'bad' an ,'1 MYJ?Xd ugly· GfU'tapax to improve' from cab 'good'
XfiiTpn: 'to grow cold' from xyiT,3H 'cold.
~aaplX 'to grow warm' from J\YxaaB 'warm'
An,' th zr gr. up 0 v rbs deriv d from adjectives - nd in -TI'IX ypT,aTrax 'to lengthen' (from YPT 'long') and 50nmoTl'O shorten' (from '601"lIBO ~sh, It').
"loOP'1 l: top! We would like to have' a look inside tt herdsman's ger,
.' .. ',:. (to he h crdsman) Secure your
dogs!
How are you?
Fine .. How lIr€ you?
146
BA'U rNNYA1W.:' JtJLl ~:
BA.U~.NNYAM:
JULiE.:
BALJTNr~NAM :
I'm fine 10,0. May we have a IOtJ'k ;",\4 Y,f)ur ger?
You may! Y,Q'U are welcomel Dines", ~t it ,ge1f cold in lJ ger?
In the summer itJ· cool in tile ger. III summer (/1(1 gel hos only one layer tel r co Vi! ri 11g, .
Is it warn'l' inside the ger in winter: ill the wluter there are four layers; ger is suued 1'0 noma d l C 111. o V€"111Bt1 I! geT is actuall)}i t:l suitable (lwollin",g fa'" he rdsman ~
Wl1at heating does the ger have? We heat the sto ve' ltV iln dried dung
r c
Inside the ger there's {J place for the
places [or the beds; and the chests. trun and so on I'zU1/1f! their fixed places,
Th e ge [ do () r (J, 1 H!.fJ ys fa ces so u! 11 . Flow rnQfly livestock d(J1 yOli~ 1l01Jf?
1 have around a hundred sheep' alm sixt» ,gOll ts; se¥e'Tt.l l co w S~I just' on e ca m Ifln.ly five khain ag,~ and more than fi horses,
What do yo« g'et t,on1 tne livestockr 1 gel WOQIl'~ cashmere, s ki ns an ,l hid tc., from the livestock,
D'A:V1'D: fulill~MAN~$ wura, MONK.HOO:,
BAlJINN'YAM::
DAVID':
BA.UINNVA'M::
JUL[E:
BALJl~NVAM:
-mRBS Yr' Vocabulary
lQ,ap
apran 8p&C(U:) llmP 61lpax
aJP~X (i;yp9IC(B)
JUUlPU ~p
~
mqy'
chest, box
•
dried dung
kins and hides to pitch a ger to cover covering
'to fe e 1 cold, ~a.yer
single; 'Simple. mID re, over
capl1!DH T01TOX 1'10]01,01:
TOXIQlOMll[ T¥ImII(n) 1'31tm3 YBB~
cool to. fix
to be suited suitability fuel
camel
cow
yak-cow cross heaLing
to heat
Jlrnm
u,
10
, ,
12
herdsman cashmere hair 'wool
dog
to nomadise dwelling
&apn 1:0pm: ~ee.H ~ 9crBA
to secure several actually felt almost
XQflJIJI tll xmlaD:'
mauy
1
.2
4
o
5
s
•
'7
B
9
r!3P
DDD
I l
Ihe ger walls are made of wooden lattice sections (xwa) - five o-f lhem for' the standard-sjzed ger (T!IB8B XlBaTait: :r9,); the xaol, upport the roof poles lor rafters (Jm)~ For key see p, 148.
141
148
Key to drawlngs:
1 ';myyF3S 2 WI.ltap 3 BBnlII nm-pg9 caFJ~8Jl low ta bl e and stool s
As' ed by David ]lO'W many livestock he has Ta X»;m:3a: YaJlTd the herdsn an Baljinnyam replies BJI s:rYl'aan: X-OllL(TOH) i '" " ~] ha about 100 sheep . II ,,"" Note the ... r- between the long vowels, 1b giv an appro .imat number Hk 'this." I8Idd the suffix ~~ etc, I to th numeral's stem:
;ltB'!S8;n:'OBor 6loJloo~ . '. om 3 40 days later
The same suffix is used for 'the years '1808 and '90s,. etc.:
JEnULIA CHi t he ~ 80s epS!l;It ttE;;Ll; In the ~ 90s
How to say 'anly' witlh numbers
This is, done 'by adding th e suffix ',,;D.1I!ll (~XOH" -xo." -UB) to the cardinal numb r . t ]]1:
,qepO'UXBa apl.BX8B
only four only ten
The same suffix n1.8,Y also be added to the approximate numbers or the t ens:
D:pa a&AXBB XOPKO;n;xD!l
only abou 'ten only about twenty
only seven together
r ~al nouns of agent
I mgolian has regular ways of forming nouns from verbs Of' other 1 III n l' to describe the' work. or activity of indi viduals, N OUIlS may lurm,Ed by adding &'N to the verb stern:
i'Hlm"TiI'D'V l~l~ ".lL~
to translate to study'
to serve
to, sell
translator student, pupil
. I
waiter
shop assistant
to be in charge epXJnr! manager
I lIDS may also be derived from noun stems, by adding ~"I(BB):
reins, steering wheel rade
cauldron
. I La-WI revolution medicine livestock migration
[mao
OmJDlI :alDiM'sllq. TOrooli.
driver' trad r cook
J;yHwrl.JN. rev olutionary
aMI!: doctor
M'8J!1iDIR herdsman
~ IlOIDad
I ittle caution is necessa:ry- beca use the nouns in ~" are not always I -ople: TO~: is a record player and mpr8n is at refrigerator!
.ther methods of noun deriv,.tion
nouns 111 .... nra.~ x~a,
f.HTpaama
heating, from xanaax 'EO heat
light swi tell, from YBTPaa.x to t urn off
.
nouns In .. IN:
tly1l1hq D8J1T9lJllI
bracelet, from. ,5,11. 'wrist condom, from ,fieDBF genitals
,
nouns m ''''Y'YP:
• I •
a-a.JH11P Toa~ooJtJYP
XJBBJIYYP
electric plug, from BIJIrIX to connect computer 'from TOOlllI0o,J10X ILo calcula te
d li j ,~~"", to mul ~ 1
up JCaLOr~, rrom xyBEJW![ ·tOI mu tip y
The stove and hearth Most 10 - the r:Jp these days rave a stove ('.,', "')', a rou meta box with a place or a large, basin on top for boill water, a small door below for adding fuel', and a chirnn pipe whi'ch runs out through the TOOHO in the roof (s p. 147). 'The fual for the S O'VB inl the north may be 10 firewood, in the. so th ssxaul or other Gobl shn bs, . m in urban settlernerrts coal or spllt logs,,, bt t Olver ml- ch l'Ao,nQc,Ha the stove fuel ms. aprmJI Dr dry animal dunq. It I gathered from the open steppe where it has dried naturally lt burns with a Igreat heat like coke land is odourless, gath,er a~glal is apran TYYXr and thls is, done' with a wood pitchfork: and special basket on the, gatherer's back,
In. the old days the' ge" had an open hearth (ran rono crafted from iron bV a local blacksmith tuapxm'r and t hearth is the svrnbcl et Mongoll t aditlon: the vounaest w,as the guardia,n of t B hearth, that is, he horne territo '
There are various constructions to, do wit I fire: rWl lIB 'to catc h fi re,' ~I ran -rymJ,X 'to. fu el (feed) ill 11 re', ran raprax 'to -:-_ ake a fire', one can a so say ran raanax 'to make a fire', but this alsc means 'to shoot', and ran ,a~ is 'to op fire' .
,H9M9JlT Yr
Ad·itional vDca-.-ulairy
With their orientation It wards traditional practices and tIl, natur cycle of animal life, country folk have different hcuseh rld eq ui rnent an' fo dstuffs from 'h'~ir _ wn c u ins. 1 e herdsman's '
, uipm .. nt is for hers ' management ..
bridle he bhle saddle whip
,ga, yypra .n p
hitching line Lasso pole
. ',.' lrrup
xaaaap ':1IH,I('(J1 P M3~JI Tllmyy]J
The - omad's maio summer f 01. .' r rtarlAB II;lT;S3 as it is call d ·0 i, t of a variety of home dairy P'-- duce:
--_-
I~UIPU
- 0 U[ mille curd cliit d cr-eam utter
d ~ d d' 11" ,e· un
iheese sour milk cream
T C(l)
~ eral 0' her kinds of homemade food are als . a regular fie ture " , life:
I IIIW
boiled me a t durn plings for sou p.s
fried pastr-y DOP,JJ;
"1 amed 'meal 1 umplings K}:ry£UYY'
air-dried meat strips fri d meat du rplings
U 6( pC)i'nts
n "me'> I tl1 .".' n ~ ye ,t- r· yl ortoday'- are use d
It h ut case suffixes: 3YB mans 'summer at in ummer' .
Ihe Mongols use the. term ~ JlW\JY HaJJ 'flv 'kind: of live.• r~ to describe their J11am flocks and herds (.·own ac ually
II t ns, muzzle').
ongol eu rd logs can 'b.' fierce, .' d it is a wise pr icaution t I I the own '_f ,'. .ie th m u.p before you get out of the car ~ hence I 1{~ call HOXDirOO xop:& or Hoxoi::opo!:
I r nslate into Mongolian:
[ have only two childr -D.
.', elger as ha~ almo t .. n dogs, tat h .S only abou 7 cow:', Tomor ha '. fewer than 30 sheep.
I was born in the horse year. in the first month of spring. My 'I~ifi was born in the doe _) as: The triplet. are loxe:tl ..
Sitle€! there are man .. y of y,DU it must cost a' lot surely? Wl1at S yo,~'r monthly salary?
I don 't have a salary. I am a herdsman; an indep nd« nt herder. 1m ri '12 in livesto. k but J am quite ill
, 'or 112 n in mone» term ""
How mu. ,I is a hors worth in O~{j'k.han;Qi
province?
A horse is wortb six sheep: Alrhollt~gh I used to get a small wage when I was Q; n sgdel membe 1 have' flOW
had no money for thre - Yc. UT.'. B ut I did get some prize m ,ru::y on .e!
Realiy? What prize'!
I have t.he title 'froni-ranki. 19 herd" man and in 199. the MOllgolial-l Presi deeu ow' rded 'TIf! lite Order ,of the Pole Star. Let' mes how you the "I e id ni l decree. Please do! What does vour decree ,ay?
The decree says that for ma king' an important contribution to the development of livestock l' ro duction
Davaajavyn Baljinl~Y{if.fn is to be awarded the Ordei of the ~~.1' tar.
What did y ,l~'"' wife' ay?
,Ali [5'00.11 as she heard the decree on the radio the '~1!~fe said to me someth ing strange: ilyou can lead a horse
to wale,' .. ,.
l s: TIle proverb in fun says: 'Don't press the head of an ox tha: doesn't drink, d ui'I stroke the head 0 ' a man' hal doesn't know,'
The uegde! or he rding ICOOP sratives were the 'basic SUUCUlf€' for collective 3.ll.i111aJ, iw bandry Imrn the 19505 ooti], tbey were disbanded in the 1990s. TIu: ind:epelldc_D,'f 11 nlers are &P'.' - c,'~ r or 'people's en erprise pe .scns".' ~ Order 0 the I I. Star 1 AMp fBAaC the uclden stak _") i one O~ Mongolia's top awards fo,
r ices to the stat .
Exercisf! 8
Identify these ten articles and ist hem in Mongolian as equip ent orb) herding 1 quipment:
.'1.3, :IP mt.rlau 6araH3" yypra K,,'XYYP TOOHO~ 1:f,a;u;ap~ xana
\ In:
I IJNN"YAM:
,I. I 3
I-I _ 0- ue ,I
II It :
MUlIJp 6a.m~ Msmweg gltyy' Rich ;n livestockl! p100r in cash
I ~INNYAM:
David and Julie . 'antinue their chat with herdsman Baljinny« 11 discuss s' me of the hardship» O!-QUl1Zry life.
!l,eBH~:
Ba'J]~cl"L ... n'.rMi. r~
__ ~_I"~ .l1D.n.l:_.,.I .•
Ta .1M a p 1KHJlT9H B "? B:vr MOllb'foit Xaapsru T~prYYH capn 'lSpCelL M ~Xl . "1' HOXOHTOH.. fypRa ~ I. , "p XYYX8'll YX3P r . O_,'J1aa ~OJJOXODp ]I" M' "r OPEC tiIl3? Ta capn SMa tl2lJIHHTllQ .13. ~ nil' nanBHrYl1. Bfl MaJPnm XVt]~ ap.Il'hlH aJK axya Manaap Q,i m r3E"tJ MeRr6ep flJlYy taa xyH 6 -11 '9no,p', ~aHra.H aiM arr H3r NO ph I.,' lap· 3::9 ... 8
SF M', ';D sypraan OHbTOH T9~3Iig. 13r, I r8WYYH t5,a~aa Gara uannn alfll o3k.ca.u OOJJO 0)];00 rypBaH JIi{If.U E[,matM XMap '1 M9n.rfl 6a.i'Kl oa.nna. ,;. apaa maraansm MeHTa asr rnaa T HM - V! ilMap m - an! 611 ,apryya, Ii M3.JIT.Imi U;OJIT'O,H~ olac 93 OH~ Mo 1
Y JICbIH Ep a BXMlfJIBr"'I H&MHitr «Anraa ran PI
(l';J:OHFO op ura aac 8, 'i TalIJ]; Epe {X11l1Jr,e ritl1fKI1 3,Bl' J I J Y3VYJIbe?
AJ1u "-H T3r3~q. 3ap.m err TaHb my 'P9Jx: owrc -H ORB T •
IIINNYAM:
""\17 .... -1T'JAr. L&-IU.!.L.U I'
I I IE:
I l.J] NN'YAM':
)l{[~1LK:
Bam-
h I ~ I s:
I H"..JNY.AM:
X!OJJH:
- -
aJIJKBHlN .:: . :' ap lIIT Man ax< aXyHH yBY.ij],l3,gPJ13_ IHH 1
xe rx{yv J13X31)J: tJrYX-l t X,YB,f~ H~MJ) P opyy nell
to cost Ieading; I J I producri n strange run to develop con tribut i 1 \~lage, sa I a r titje important a.w',ard
paor
MIUI ~ u_yi DaJID
r8..I.aC(S) ;o;apo:
,9SPJlBr
lUJD:9X
mmp
rypBllB lEIBP ,Hsr~ o~ol[(r)
Drzyy.JI9X, XJl3i. DSIM3'p IWUlBfr) Qon
~ Wur.HWI
Language points
An'im,al cal- ada I
The dialogue begins with a short exchang , about the years of bi of Baljinnyam and Iris 'wife, using the traditional animal nam Colloquially you, ay the year's animal name in the comitative c, B. MOP:DTDit .. "I hor e-with', 'I 'W;3S bOIrR in the horse year.' Thetwcl yea,fs in the usual order, with the current equivalents, are as follo
Th calendar is the lunar calendar" and the y' ar changes with the new m,OOD in late January or early February and. is c I· 'brat d in, a festival called :Qaram cap"
twelve animal years are combined 'with live elements ~)>i each having its own colour, E ell . lement and colour I Idls for two years, 'he colour names having in the fir. t year usual forms and in the second year forms used to describe II ,I I.: animals (in brackets):
f II~ suggests that the years are alternately mal. and f smale OT I I raps the animals, although this is disputed, There are special
~ . f .c 1 ~ . ..,.,1 • 'Ii ~~- i;,;:'
I- uu rn current use or rnany rema e arumais, lnc.I,UUJLllg 'pwa 'cow
I rtnr" . , b t, not P 0' for ,~, ew' e· ., Jt!j,'ii._;1' v:o- i'I!:1i"L
I J. .'1,.1 -mmre 'II . U ullJ., ~ .. ~.. u, , ..' - .. '. ~ ,g,QI ~. '.oD~
r h ~ animals aile usually referred to 'by the element 1U, 'male' II: and 'by the colou in 'female' years: '99617 is 'fire mouse' 11, 199718 'red CO'W~ year, 1998/9 'earth tiger' year, and so on, (Ior
~11111er details, see Grammar summary),
I U~ animals, and. Iernent s combin -d . real' at cycl of 60 years II x 5) be E01r'~ the combinations begin to repeat themselves, This " 'I~ is called a lKapm "60'~~ The first lKI.p8ll began in ~027 and 111 1 current cue (XV) in 1987 (yearn- of the hare).
Note that when used attribu tively nouns with fleeting 'D display it: pllH ZHll,. XOHilLlH lImlI~ MBiI!BB ZlIJI,. i(,DAOB .MaX6oJJ:~ "cm MutloA.,
-~ Ii I f h
dltlona names Dr months
111 j traditional ,-,: ames -or the 'months ar als in use with the lunar ~ ulcndar, They a.r.e lin s equence 'the leading', TSPrrYHl middle", ~ BI1 and 'end', ~ months of 'spring' (DBap) , summer' (ayn), uutumn' (BlIMl.p) and, 'winter' (9lI8Jl) respectively:
UPliIlI 'T!!Pryra_ cap ·upam: ,~RA cap Xl-BphIH ~ ca,
S"RbI T3pry-ra, cap 9J1Ud- ;QJ'HA ca.p
9y1lY 8Jtar cap
eBJIHiin' T3pryyB' cap, 8 lUI wi A ~ leap 8BJ1B I; II lAST cap
aMp-.m T3PE1YB ca,p HaMp:JdH ~ capi HaNpldlll BI(ar' cap
I 1 e names of the days of these 'months also r _ tale to the animal cycle, as do U1J. traditional 11 0 ur of the day' (. 'ee page 242),
156
Baljinnyam says tha ~'fHA ,SO€JD as his wife heard the deere n radio' (saIUDn+dr PSABoroOJ1 COBCO:uryyr) ahe cited a pro' Here. are some more . amples of what is, can d the successt eonverb (stem plus ... Bt)1'T/-BIl1T):
Au~ JIBIllHI7YT ~9l1£ ap;Jm~1.
As soon as (my) fa her had gone (m.y) mother arrived.
The successive converb em also attract tl1 reflexive s~ wh the subjects are the same:
Hp9Bl"Y'r mJ HaJJ; UJI99p;il1l .. Tell me as soon as be arrives,
.Hp:gmyyr33 . = 1Ut num9.Pli~ Tell me am soon as ytlU arrive.
"Let it be 50'
Resolutions, decrees and other official deeislon , add stem the voluntative suffix ''''QYrai~ --CyrBi!. 'Let u ~. ~", 11]e form active, but translates better as passive "X is '0 be . ii .'):
A B··!!:IiI~IiFI<.iiFIt.'1FIf'!i .. ,I;, ........ iGD' r .. ··~····' .~~ o···~-,n.'rrrInnp mTT'l'·D~!i~aJ\t.
- ,- I~~ ~~,.~~ - ~ " . UD-I,UU . ~~rw._Jl'.& .
~'. - - .
L'el us 2IfWB,rd D~ Baljinnyam the Order of the Pole Star.
D~ Baljinnyam is to be awarded 'he Order of the Pole Star,
Fur the r' examples (see below the presidential deer es on arnba sadors) include ~["'f UtUaac. "'I8Jlas.1IGyrgli 'is tc be released fret (Jus) dutis 8, ~ :UO.Dl the verb .8JIa&oo· and TOJdJJJ]cyrd 'is 'to t appointed' from, 'T10MBllOX.
S {( CO BrnI:IO» ~Vy'p3:r r~cHHir {C'COHI'KHO x.aipx an» AYYP3r e e pl.HUIlCyr~H.
Exercise IJ
Exercise 9
Match the. animal years and elements e,"g~ 1997/8 ~ red (fue)
1 2003/4 2 2007/8
.3 2000/1 4 2005/6
3 200213
Dialogue for comprehension 1 m
e D88)lfJ P T~Br3<p 5F.M.ap 6atl:HJ;;].?
T ... t: ..
"~Kr!)p caaxan oaana, MOHrO'JI,JI; )KHJlmrn HX
e)l;IBlp ]"lJJE::IT3P ~~lB1:3Jr f5·a~aT. T~r~~~ Monronsrr x T3Hr~p'R1iH open rsnar 10M:!
Mapraarn JJM'~p 6aHx DOH?'
Tsnrsp 'MfyxaHpHa rSC3JI. )_lYfT,ui 601000 O]}OX, f3H Horeaaep T';!lHr.:alj apId'J18.X conos yy? Ma.raWV-i" X yff"r3H IS sen con ox lilllt:DK T~H~ €I B en llyn 8,.3:Xal[ 68XrtSr yy 7
HI aJ01(lfQlUIM: 6']B.e,n: .fYP B rul jta.e·xa.p f)YPA:!JIl" 10M.
~ eU1J;m;: I'a pT }1M,2Il P X 8.]UU1JIT'a T' ail 6 an-,rrar :S!SI'?
MasaiiXaajJ.' ~"'_ .',' ~S3P9Ji! Please call again I
Btu and Delgermaa are out shoppin - and decide to try a H:W gr store.
A~JIT3PM ,8:
BaT: ~:mJ[r~pi'aa :
Tn,~ri .~ w ('
"JJUJ!U~ lll, BE:llli JJ;'JIrYVP .HB ax s r :
illammll A3Jn'iYp~,~,? lOy lB3? me mira A:~Ul"FyVp r!9;0;3r 60JI xopaa p;epu,AII lUlrr1
,Il. 'JIT9pMa a:
Bar:
. ~
U:Al!J!!_ua. , : ell V1 ty
black (pe> e) [I,~ ,
sa:
= ..
aJICm1,nar,aaT,atH XyH CHMlI Jli3.JIr1fVp.
a xoevnaa 10., lOY aaax fh1Jl3a?
~H;n;:lnIJl, aB8.X lOMIW X" caarrr 6aiITfJ,fll.
'. ,el 3yKT3H'. EQ: ,xa.paalaX,~S~ aHXYY o:aM,
lKI.axa-f:J YX]J1f[&H Max, T9Me, JJYYBaH~ 6a~aa, Tap ril)i ~ 6 SIlKFra ~ Aa (58.e 1 a,p a n aa.tlhl LJJdHn' I nm " ar X3p:3rT9ir 0 6afu:ra. Mans i1 )' OPJl Hl11 r3p3.Jl manlJ'::caB ..
LIn ynnaa, ,Y'YX lOM~,a OJPIHX33 M,apTca T.' caNHa. 3a H9rm'BJI «Barn 6at-fJtH» ,alPXH rsr TImJI naraan ;rn\aLPC, ;n;ep.sBn can pauraan yc ,Hl'B1JX. MUUlH;D; ail 6HH 1O.y?
I ·
I I t ERMA,A,:
R:MAA:
I 1':
s 1Ij" 'TI,:
.... _ .~~ l.ft.
oc.but_TY
Sri" Oml. ,t,nrr;n;epKirn TaJTX gyycaaryu 6aHCaH. Xap I nsr '_.' .10 CaHXa:H r'a;ro:'fll '_ M.. aBnJI.
.srse, T3!'lf.. fa.:,uJIJl -; YH!lT.')H 6 .8 _ llrYV. ll'lr lOIno :D.I.I 91r MIDIra )]Ie DBen 3yy:H, rerpe r r3.)K Gan a. 3 a o~o 0 xc e'YJla,a aaec pyy Oll2.[K}1{ 6 JFJ VV JJ:Le~ SIll: - H T ,.rp·' r 60JJX 6amaa Go.n?'
3ypraaH"JIHT Hai. ::H .,YY , c. lE;rtmH' TerpBr. 38l 6 3llPJtlJ1 aa ! Ii aJIpT, .H!
BaH PTI:H! M Il-laixalap ~aXK~~ 'VR.Tl-JJ1'yy.J1~3pS'H ~
hall we go to the new night shop?
Night shop? What s that?
The nig} ' , hop is Q ,"r-Of7.1 Sf re (f. od shop) which works 24 hours,
So what Qt. the l'wo of us going' to buy] We do have a shoppieg list ..
O}-" risht! Let 111e tak a look: It says bla k tea rice, , om. be 1, potatoes earn ,'ts, cabbage, and sour
ere ant. It and (we) t, ee ' a 60~11/' tt li . hi bulb. TI1l! light in our lavatory has burned (JUt.,
You forg,o& to write down the drink: ~
Welt {1 bottle of I Ha',tJ bandi - vodka, l bottle of white wine and four bottle' of mine» ul water: Do w have any bread?
Yes yes" Yesterday s husnJI been ,fi,n,i hed. Bu: let's odd a kilo of l1iCI(! ban ana»,
OK, 'K', Bananas o re certainly expen ive One kilo (of th,' n) is 1 4fJ'O tuuri " .
SO "~OI\!I fer", the two of us go to' the cashi, I (checkout) (UlU get our bill. How mucn (many , ugriks) migtu that be?
6,840,.
Thank you. ",oodb ,e.
'joodbye. Please call again (lit. be served by u again),
, , g' tune 's bill
an am
162
Bat says BH ,.p'L~~ -t t me 'lake a. 100 • This fu u-p v Iunta ive fo In us d f .! ' b '" ions ,·8 COD: tructed with d, .rivat onal suffixes allt8X- (-OOAox~/~e;!l;:·:x .. l-99lJI.9'.X- .', plus voluntative suffixes giving ~~,U'1dI ("'OO;AO ..iH/",ea.u;9x"Le/-a..:JI,l.u., y) ad ed to the verb stern (in this case' 'ap fro :mp,u:):
ltD -lP.f9~Jt9ne!! L' t m,. jo it down, (fro DBNifiIX) H,' Dpoo;rto-rLi~ Let me p "p in, from opox)
'or short actions, a '1. with the voluntative tonm abov th· e r
three second-pars .. n im eratives:
~~ ("'OOJl;Q', ",eOA8X~ "~AgX) the stern impera .ive ~aaAa-'Iaa:rl ,'. ""00;0;0 :0011, ~Q9A9IlEJa~ "'U;ttSD3IQ) the polite ~ -. :tI
The vel bs 5~BX and yjbpmyyJlB '. are cau - ative verbs bas.' respe ctively on t5JrQJIX 'to writ,' and y.lJpumx 'to serve': to have some ne write something (I.e, the bill), land tc ba-' e someone SI' s m_ n( . l, ~ he shopper ..
I II pre, ti v:_ ' .. r'- al noun ma1£'YlHXCBK i' d erived from 11l.TIX ~'t ~ 1111 out 'burn up' by in sertion of the derivational suff ... 1iIJIX!~ cribing a sudden or unexpected action, seepage 87)::
It's rurned out
1JIST3ii .Q'BC(H)
.
expensi
Io . dstuff lamp
]i- ht bull to h ITn
re is a similar f rm based on the pe' feetive onvern; '8'ThIF Bp3XB~' DD.1~qH:x,aq fideD",
When Bat arrived i was (had) burned out,
. her paints
~ II word fiBflI1lX3:J u . d - Iy D elg ~ rrna a if' ~ . nt- rut U re ve r b a l'
11 lUll 6ltux plus th .. , reflexive (accu ative) ending ~93: You hav ~ I 1 g tt n your writing I. f the drinks ~aa yyx ,IOMU being also i I.h refles i e .., - C' •
" in icated by the final fion Del termaa 's question to the cashier I rather tentative (see age 11,·): ~ II I DOJIll Smal, ,dOH? . ( ow ruch) might that be?"
llsrr:isfl. 1
transla : .. into Mongolian:
Potato s :- re not .' xp n ive, n y s 'If T500 or half a kilo . . D,', we have ! ny br ~ .. "~ 'N,",. 1'L'·1· rd· y. br ·_,d Js ·lnill.~d~ I Whe re i '. th" heck ·U'_? Let s go and pay.
4 Hov much w auld that b _., T8." 743?
How many IdoUaIS, is that? TB,743 is about 11 dollars,
Compared with. b efo re, food supplies in Ulan Bator hav ~ imprt , ved. Now one an buy anything' at all. Whi:"'h ls th, . est ,-10·, d market?
, . .
In Ulan Bator there are. many food markets the 'Four Mo,u'1tains~1 the 'Sea MothF-'. -, the 'Karakorum'. But th.ey say chat the S a Moth. 'r market is the best. Wiler, i: the 'Sea Mather market?
Th - '. ····'ea Mothe»' marl et is soutlr of the state dep« tment . tore In the w,esl side of the' stat circus . Why do they say lhiJ, market ill' eood?
The [oreigners who live in Ulan Bator VeT])' much like to viii this mark et and buy their foodstuffs ther . This is bee tu. e til, i choic l, as tt' . fi odstuffs. For exampte. from all so rts of' m eat an d milk products fr~tit~ vegetables, all kinds of swe'et~s and jams, you can chaos whi ~h you want .. Ther ' are all kinds of world famou food produ. 1/1 there ..
What are the prices like? is it a hit ch .apt!r th'01!1 the eth" 0" 11] .?
ILl - '-r'!Il
A"ctuflfly not bad. If y . u buy in bulk there are' g,(Jlod,
redu cti 011S •
We would like to o u the 'Sea Mother' market tomorrow I iorning,
While you're ('11 ,)lour w,ay to the Sea Mother~ mar" et please drop in, tlf the i Mongo I B 0 o k s h.C?P~ Pleas e buv me' a co:PY o.f Altanger, -tl.~ M,ongol-Ert -lish dictionarv.
. 'enainly.
6eeXfJ9p fi'l[73:9~~ :rB.iltryI:
~
wna0rln ~ap~ e:p m
bulk, whclesale product
not' ,ad
to caIJ world-Iamous actually
caITd cOm'O-DT COlin'll: rom (B)
good as to selection to choose dietiona 0' supply
to reduce pnc
~u :Q;HPE 'q'IlIJaJP
,
ClfCU:S
sweets
JKMI l1W9r )kAlIll ))~uD-]JI'
.
Jam
for example market
39X,
Language points
Delgerrnaa says: YlIS-8W'WlT,lpr ,H9r ye3 OOJIB'DJI xyBm4HI: .ZaHr-..' ,_ ]Df, caIrB fiDJEJlf9!J1I As DO;oJlOJl (!iif YOLl reckon', conditional converb of tio;o:ox) can mean 'compared wi h' and Dr yB9 fjo~OJI mean 'compared with one (i.e, earlier) time', the sentence reads:
"Compared with before, food supplies in Ulan Bator have greatl improved (become very good),' Delgermaa continues: OI~OD lOy fio[[ my' IJJll 6onoxDop 6atna~ Here my' J1 60D my is 'the obje c of the verbal eonstruction and means "anything at an; while as tlOBOXgOP DaDa. (the verbal noun bOll,OX 'to become 'plus th instrumentat case ending) indicates bow things have turned out: 'Now one can buy anything at all.'
Attributive nouns an fle,eting n
When nouns describing subs .ances 01' materials are used a; tributiv lyfleeting n will app at' (see page 56)~ Further examples:
MUIII' X,DOJI
cyp: fi,yrn~.:r~,xyya:
- - .
meat dish (MU) milk products (cyy)
, ' , ' ,d" u "d f~-' - itu ", (' ,,-, ',- )
woo _ en goo .S, urm re ,uo;o:
horsefhead) fiddle (MOP")
·MO~OB: 9JU1M KOP-Kfl IYYP
However, an attributive Heeling n is sometimes coined for words which don't have it: YYP!lB yrac 'cell phone' (m). and even for
I u sian words: fiaTO - 0: mp,aam 'concrete garage (6eToB)~
cTMacem ~OBX 'pla 'ti- window' (mIICTMBCC) , tc,
~ .' ing the op;partunity to d'D some, -hing -nraa
I hls is a, form of the verb which suggests thata person, should take III ~ ntage of one action to do another, The subjects of 'the; two luuses h,.2IV6 to be the same .. This so-caned 'opportune converb is II rrrned wi· h the SWllX -araa (-aroo, "'Hr88~ -'iU99):
Ta 3B.J:: :pn 01ll!DrOO AmJIrfYPT OpOO.l: JlBupd!
While you're on YOllI way to the market call in at the shop,
in 'flaB PYl' JIH&DrU Cy:x dB" ,O~'QOP 6AbEl.
. s I'm going to tile bank I'd like to call 0111 the Suld1.s,.
-Iigure numb rs ~lr,e spoken 3_1; three groups of double figures
XX XX d I, fl' b ~ ·X X"X"·'~
. -'~'-.-._:~; ano ive- 19ure num ers as A.A='·'::_-,,::_' ,~:
MonBo~i.fln has acquired from Russian many everyday words as well as technical and political vocabulary Several have alreac ,y appe a,red, in earli r lessons (IalCC" o 01[Q' 't ,Ulroi5yc) TO]lT),. 0 tten they describe clothing, furni UTe~ "food, etc, introduced into
Most words beginning 'with the letters x, rr, p and cP have from R ussian, but they have acquired Mon go 1 pronuncia til T1 in som cases their spelling has changed, Note that nap.: can
park' e.g, soomp ,~ but that I.BTOrrapa means: 'vehicle fleet I i
HOUSEHOLD:
UllHIK (nnarxa) hotplate cooter nnill OaJIJIOH gas cyhnd
Like the present-future verbal noun t1~!j (Dialogue 1) t reflexive (accusati ve case) is used wi th 'the pe rfec live ve rbal n 0 U ~~8C wm ,xycmnaa CO!ElrO'Z 50DBO. This means that from am 0 the foregoing list of items (the last 'having the ablative suff .J '0 could chose whichever (~) one wished (xvcc9ma). Note am 'which of them?'; in, ~ ca.iiu: aJIL Db B3'1 'Which of th rn l
the '] est? ~- ~- d "iEii'"ii"Ii'llio.~ - - ----- ~;;. , 'kl4. b ~ f' Ii"'b ~
The Mongolians have made a joke of the word 'OBJidD[: OJ] th that it consists of two Russian words :om horse' and 10[ and can, therefore be translated into Mongolian as MC'Pr:. c.apn
I J mprehension exercise: See how far you, can follow this- cartoon Illry which, illustrates the colloquial use ,0 several verbs in, -1IHX-~ I h imperative and the past eerfect,
XKTa I lEX Gono toop al aD qaHa' MYYTaH 6'a11;Di,ar r3Jl~'[" '(OM. TmDf yqaa. I ,apaif '.Kl\Ql ~ amra a l-OM.
sa ' DOn: V1 9T~H Hb nssp 6· 3 331,
R3T' ~ BrSq . a eaMU Y33J1{ aBaapaH. ):lOJIOO '.'KMlKH or-ron l':3:E .' OlfrOJThIH eaaxaa yr 6,I-KrIJ,ar Se aa, 6,a.xpJIlln,a.a. Xapaa Tl'mM myy. 'I'a M, PTYY3a.B!
"a H2liiMaH -'fYE]: T. :per ereap~ ~ .
aspnanaa, E HlJPTiH.
JiH TYl] (rvprsa Y1DP-m:JIr33Ud D:3ir)-:9iC 511 a:BMaap 6dH~1.. Hsr d{aMe,1[» HHlKYYP lUy;IL3H3 eree'~I . .JlMap yH3t<r ··ru ~9? . _call gyyH T. rp . IDVJ:l3H-- oplm TOlrp.], e en 3YYH XOph. H:9 r J121a3. ««Pam a»)' ei 'ildX. «t1)a:n,Ta~> Il;OJIOOH 3YYIf Torper.
...
. 3, MaR ~l13 TaBaR M.IDIraa rerp
'. apHYJlT M6Br6@ ~ IL pa1l.y . BaH MHH:ra I'
3YYH HJ1Jm .. ' p, _ ~
3 a, fhtH pJlWIa a ~
How much ar .. tlz Sf!' grapes? Grapes . re eight (hundrec tugriks), Are there allY cheaper (r mes)?
es; L ut they'r. . hin Sf. Wh'at do you mean Chinese? ft m ans that because they're Chinese the qualit les .eood Cmore bad') .. That's why they're _ J,le(l~ In- that c sse (if that' how it is') the exp l 'l on es tire certa in (y bette r: Let me h a L)'e (~gi v me a kllo. Take a good lao - before y .IU buy", There is a m Mongolian SCI' ing: 'M east r, seven times b 010
ou (,ulJj J
'·,h w,ell, than',", You can say that again!' Mind you dan. If forget!
So that's ("pIJ,ease, tv . me ) BOO tus -iks .. Thank you.. G:o· dbye.
J wan·! to buy som cigarettes at the 'fo. ~t' f. rvic point' (kiosk). A (packet af). ame! cigarett ~ and a (box 01') matches. How much is that?
2: Here; your change, 1380., ,A.h: ,t hank: you ..
JKIOJIFI ..
;n:eBHtt: )K1O,mf~
1=}J XYJl_: J1 -rq:
JKIOJm:
AeBlt;J1;:
)[(Jo.rw:
2 - P XY].I;a.rr;u;:arq: )KroIOC
2=p X,y~':,:~arq~
JULIE:
S LL R 1:
JUL -- :
SE· H 1:
DAVID:
SELLER 1~
JUL :
D'A,VIDm JU" ra:
SEl.LE (;t, 1:
JULl :
S~ELI Fi. 2:
·,1 Yr
- bular,Y
hanknote can. 'Lin
t, u
quick, 'a' 't grlilpe(s) chall'e.
(.. measure (sal ,. "p' tn
quality
tiDal emphatic rnatchn s)
ci arettefs)
~r 1IfI!Ba:p
;]]..-88
II P'!-.J
I lyJIT MmlrU
guagl8 pnintt
ani- ory I orm af t_~,e 'verb ~YY3aH
Ii . says to D~ vid, To Mapl),YSaB 'Mind you d n't for et! The III fl'l -"3d ("'Y1'3!'i) is added to the stem (in this case _ aPTU '110 forget'). Other possible translations include "Make
- ;liMak d 't· '!I' I" It
you _ ,e not " . ~ 'I -',' . ..e Siure you ru In ,. .. ... ore slIlr _ no .ro
hen may be transla ed by id ing rh . ativr /lo atl .. . ase ending (J ppropriate vowel plu .~) t . y. rb ilnouns: 6a__itx;"'BJl when being', J lit: 'tense is gov .. me d by that of 'th tinal 'Verb. Where the two laus s h v' di'f' r. mt '. ubj cts, a 'W _ have seen, one of them is i ~D the a ccusatlve _ ase . nding:
HllM· '6sra 6~ ,MaB '. :,BAse 6 dcaH "
Wilen I was little, my family lived (were) in the country,
BaTLIr -:.PT3S O'IiI11tO~ ~!uIr9PMaa 6dxry:i 6 . ICBH .. When Iat wen home. Delgerma, wan t th re .
114
If ,- e subject of both clauses is, the .,. me, a reflexiv ..
a tded . 0 the ver ·31 n un after the c atr :_/.} '" ... ti ~ .....
v.. e S,ll.l..ll1A ~
BaT rnpn3 .·;8pBXJlt-.a xypJXaR De '1"' ',; When Bat w. 11 'h me he walked quickly;
when/while a stud nt,
• I~
In· becomina a stu en t
Vow. lis in Russian words
In 'R " i n word tr' is unmarked an irr gular. The
fOJ 'garage ~ (:rapax), I' tresse . the second yllable, is.
rapaam in Mongolian, The sp lling of words of Russian uri Mongolian often does .110'1 conform to the Mongolian rule hut an: back vowels do not mix in th same word. For I. am pi wo d K)'pC meaning 'c urse' see t I b a back-vowel 'W takes the dural uf -'. ""m Ll ed with out-vowel word: ...... " ....... xy:pe.yyAab: "of th cou .ses', etc. ompare this with the. W.· r
·.Ku'rd(ish)~ 'which bas the regular plural QP~(YII). 14Ysei 'museum form'. ':11· plur ' .MJ3B~.
·.n· ther example f mix d vov els is rl. und m raTU~Yl?l rimean _artars'~ ."11 Mongol words th 1. t r,· : p only In t.h. ccusative and genitive back-vowel .uffixes, Khanate of Crim a. founded in- 1441.' as one of the successor st
o . the Mongols' ,] en Horde be am' a vassal of the 0 t
Turk in 1- 75 and th .. rime an artars "lit· grac ually Turku 111 ,,- rim . a was anm ·d .. R ssia by Cath lin the Great ill I
_ some Mongolians insider that the w' .rd·· P:MM and KP (Kremlin) were both originally Mongol, d -"V'I d from 'k meaning wall o. caad 1 j monern Mongol XSp9M - the wan. hina is called lijD"8.8B D'9M.. he white lirnesto e of the orig ill a! MOB cow Kremlin were buil in 1.' 67 an ,,' by the Mo~.go~s ill 1382., The . ~rimean Tar ars trle - twice L . capt Moscow ill 1571 when they d _.S·ITOY· d everything . '. " ~ L th and in 1··~ _I} when their at' ack f ilec ~
q Sf' JI rilK 6aHHa. Axaaca acyycaBI'YH ,~~3 raa, By.5rH:
rax B· axaacaa acyyraapai r3B.. (Yprs, 'JI fJIIH)
~nl' .... jp,lI,l'l
ry.\m3(:a)
~ai
C osed: COVeT· d restaurant
to distri ut to depend ()II tesponsi hi Ii l
1
T¥11J9X ~JIU:
': :'. PIlJID.J18l".a
h t on pane 175 show -I .~ ervices 13 vailable in _ 1 an Bate I ., -year holiday:
11 wh '. h day! will th ~ f o mark t'~ cl ' .. d?
1 which days will th - f '0, shops b e closed?
. hen will the . rolleybuses run Ion .' til p. bruary?
.1111 . ter distrf ts have a water suppl lover the holiday?
·11 flat dw II 11 be able to register 18. complaint about th 1 ., ting - n· hot w, t supply'?
.
open open-an
bud
BBXOIL
~ Iii .1
punt n view
channel
nctwo ,'k, 'S yste rn
. - 1i'll!1Il!IIi'lll'fif,'ll ~'&iII.
r . quest line, route ,hilt; turn
DQTIM 99J1l1[
CJBBr C¥"" ,9
Cap UIHHIIHH fiaxp: 01" eratin hou s of markets pharmacies
~ -. j
and services OVCt the n ew-year 1._ · lid, Iyr IJ;~ ,.' cap. e
ABCD£JT'Iep (from the English -Id I. , ate],' r ) r- . an 'con ell r E tercise 9 for comprehension practice.
cise 70
Other points
En' tish:
The _ 'p e: sion xa.p c nd1M mn 'but certainly' man 'Y u 8ay that again!' .. r 'You'v said it!' Note also the terms ~lpi!MJ Mome !;. hang ,0' WI ron: y and 3a,.u;rd M9Br8 small chI n
'. H~ X Om:IHHIOO c roy alq amar nanar thI.TI~9.'?' ,[~Ioo .
I I'~~ TSP3f f5 zyraa;p Ca.PhrH 12- • I ~ c 'XJJ'!JH Y rUtlLH6aa rapaac II \11' B ra pJ.IfT 8. -0 S. llan HBJK, I. 'J )I{FllJ)l Baacaa ra,pH'TIIinI j 3 narr 01JOrJA .6~~)IUIHI'~~C
, yean p capsm 2. Q.~'HOOC ;:JiXJlSt'H t I r Map rapRrBfm 7' i 40 narr lit .-1(" 'y rr a~u::[6 tUllTap:T Jlxarsa
I I II rtIiH 1.3.161 U:,a_rrr ~Em.
" Mocxaa - YJ),r},aHEIaaTap,h1H
h ,~}Taa:pl faJTT T]ip~ r 61 ;Jzyraap It Elm 9 -ne Be 9XH;GH
J~ ~U1H'6a a'rapr Ilaaaa J MJITMa:p I I ~l flTi-ri H 7 ~ 3 81 uarr TfP »t~ vJlaa}1l'i5aaT3];MlaC Ilanaa, 6aM6a I 1 . lrrlfRH 11.,20 ..FJ;,aL" H.EI.Ila.
1 YJI~,U1El,i5,a,aTiap ~ ,IJ:apXaHI.I
(1 up OHJt HB ax .212 ;rmyra.3.\p r anr l'IP:Jf 6- Aj:raa.p eapLm 6"'Baac I'I,W:=;U 9;1l,e'lJ 6yp Ilapxanaac 2,.20 narr g 9}X, Y naaa6,aaTap1' ~ . 30 QarT 11:m:~':8,~" 211 ;r(yr]3P 'lurr T~'P~r Y nm.a.H,6,a,aTap,ai,aC ] 5.50 ~aI'T 51]3:1)[; Aapx:~ 20.25 uarr ()"lHO.
AOIl)zyrsap capA 10 _ )];,8.' ',. A ~ _ '9a U3BT3JIA~X Xyp~3J]!lEll MO'HrOJ1bIB Tynrap I' 6aH-ryynar~camJ' 790~ A PJ1\L m XYU:bCrMblH
lIOUlu:HH aim aaallaM 60J1 co . Y ,_ aM)x_l1.aJI e"
YlI_ aBMrHl1H ann p:qoJIToi 512 6s'x 30,D,rn
Tl3JlT3" Maa:
,J..il, Jt'"
- ----- -- ...
H3--0H .n;a.saa 3XJla' 3,11; 9VVl a Jl.h' H M, naan
, HrOJ] YJlChIB. '_ JIM. pHis '3," Til I~ JJ:351ap
;nyypc arnax p;aJlaH ~aJIH aa pxar a c apr B 8.5fIDt{ U:X r a paD .fy pl~lh tn ;U,.aH aaI-~'D;; raaan aspara, H3f ape JIa.H 6ap_L1J as» r::HK 6Fl1!:fC~H fiaHHa.
l-Iaa;I{-Mt,m : .~ 9)l;'9p Mo tron Y r IfLr ' 'p'IH' '"'nerq
Which are the 111.'(Jst popular sports ill Ad ongotia?
W res ttl -lR, an ~h ry an d horse raci r • -. Th. se thr e a re
"ailed the thy, I manl sports. The n adam is held ever: . ea in Iulv: H aven ~l' , ou seen it?
No, how could I (s e it) ,; I am flell'" in Ulan: Bmor in Juiy.
There WQ'~ ,,- big n adam in Ihi! central ,wdi;:Ulfl " 11 the' 79'Oth anni ersary o] th« fOLl.nding ·1' th· newl»
stablished Mon: olian. state and til - 75th anniver .. saTY of the people's revolution; In accordance with tradition 512 wrestlers l,1\lith national and provincial rank and till s ptu 011 their w' estle s jacket« ..
The newspap. r Ardyn Erkh said. Wh}Il' th first round OJi the powerful WJ~e~ tiers - competition b eaa "everywhere celebrau d whole ocean sacred giaru" Mongolian Hero 'f Labour B'ayQflnlOMkl1 stepped out tM the l- it wing 8 leading wr-e tler: 1 z the third round fiv ' jJ giants' and a 'lion" 'wre' tl, d.'
, /11 th -! firs: day o] Data am. the M', .I,ng lie 11 President
took Qll inter - sr in tile archery and In' f. the archers. Young archer Davaejargelfram the capital's KhanUul district camefir ~t [in 'lb' women" chery] wilh
3.2' hits it h r 3'16 arro'Ws ..
183
'-84'-' .. -
.. ,
Ardyn Erkh said, i Early in the morning o] II, nearly 630 .fast stallions went clockwise A.idaL~·yn Davaany 01'00 (' fear pas's eairn' moved O;ff~ [back] towards the SUlrtin.g line. Th lot the f(lst stalli. '.M,$ to come in: Q light b'lJ~ H' white nose and a blaze on tts forehead, cope I 24.6 k. i 10 m etre road I rou t .. ]' in ~33. ,28 mu 1 u t es. ' J would like to ride Q fast Mongolian horse [t',
D A. "il. j r n-'"
~v "".!
Nate: Soviet-style urles like XIJ;n;DltMupBlb .sH~nll:p 'Here oJ Labour' and I .......-
MI.tTe-p 'Master of Sport'. ~dopt~d during the communist period, are still at 'TIle anniversary m the 'people's revolution' of 1921 js marked 0'0, 11t'~ July, .Erlch "People's Power' .ns 'l1"H~ JjoV"cr-nmc~l~ da.i[.y.
fflUH3 Yr Voca,bula.ry
6ap~
Sex
~p
;n;wm JJjy_p~
~1Ilr8p:t_x. MOp. JP8JlA;S!X
to wrestle wrestler everywhere whole
to be r~ mous
to spread
horse racin g traditiorral games clockwise
archery
TO~OX 'TlVTn"I'riIlP'
~J~-W-"
to go round _r18W]Y estahl ish to cover (di:nun
'Tl.ifUli1!'Qi'll" ~~~'!!I-~~
TVP\PtJbX to COInB first
ynaMHWM: eeoop by tradition
yaax to ride; [0 rall
Xll\mp XJ'BIT
.a'II U3~IX
~~II
For additional vocabulary see boxes below.
nose powerful title stadium
Dltp aOB
Languagle points Wlr·estlillng gia -lt8;
Wrestling is the Mongols' favourite sport, and 'there a 'e special terms f'OI~ 'the kit and the various levels of skill, During a con pc tition several bOU1S take place simultaneously, and the re are 11 'W,· ight categories" Wrestlers who have won in 'the fiftb round .1 called DatUm 'falcons ~ those who hav won in the sixth or seventh rounds 'become !EI8H 'elephants', and the apCJtID 'lions' are thos
... _. -
H' have survived into 'the eighth and ninth rounds .. The a,para IIlN are the country's top wrestlers who have been the victors t ve r8JJ naadam. Supreme champions are accorded the ti Ue I ;tlVJpc~·ax ~analt J];aJIH ;o:apx;au ,llBspra. ~ ~v:erywherl c el e-
II II whole ocean sacred giant', which i the top grade,
wrestling ~eading wrestler
round second lion falcon
wrestler S trun ·'8
1185
Jlm.Baa JRCwn a.pCJI ~IJI( r) Stt1ll1H
I III
L
grant
elephant wrestler's jacket
nrvvnar J iJ ~IIrdL .
r ld s eeing fair play for his wre: tl r ( nd hoh ling his hal), H is I jo11 of the i. econd to procl irn his skills and issu ch sllenges on t I ' ln~ half. By tradition til wrestlers enter the arena from the left' I he 'right', the 'left' being the north-east (sunrise] corner. Before 111 I after each bou .. 'the- wrestler performs a short dance with arms utstretched HkJ:~ a bird's wings irl representation of Garuda King l f Birds (IallrapbiEI:).
~1 mgolian archery is a 'port for 'men worn n and children, and, .iE h~, not lost its popularity despite some interest nowadays in I ~ II ~ d ern 0 l ympic target s 110 0 U ng. The archers shoot bo ne-hea ded
II r ws from traditional Mongol compound bows at a target 'J 11 sisting of leather rings (CY]l) stacked in ,,1 'wall 40-50 cerr ;; metres II~h and up to four metres 'wide (xana U1'O&l). Usually men shoot IU arrows from 75 metres and women 20 arrows from 60 metres. III e umpires S' anding to 'ei ther side 01' the. target sing out the score
III tJ long d raw ling It bart t C,21 lle d yyxait
,cyp CyM xapaaa
archery; J e ath er rin ~ tar ge t M3 prsa crack sh at
arrow JzyM bow' x:ap.Bsa,q archer
shooting OHO:X: [0 hi'[ the target
H ,.
orse rac,lng
F he horse races for naadam ar • run cross-country from the horse .. herds' summer camp not far from Ulan Bator's Buyant-Ukhaa
18
airp rt. TIle rae ... are run . v r distanc -: up tiD ,30 kilornetr · according to the h t, ses' age, For exampl ~ the race f.. r ~t~ ll twice a long as the ra e for colts, T - e ride - re rnostlv bo se ween. ix and, twelvr E The hors " in .. aeh category are" taken
the starting line tOI S m designate d landmark a suitable di
away, and tho race back, The first n·ve horses in each L
(the rkoumi 'S five or .IF'Il·M,1 H TaB.· , re Jed a s pecial eer
in which koumiss is poure over th h, ad and crupper, n winning horse i I honoured with SOD,gS in praise of it owne trainer,
with a blaz amble ..
____ ..... r
aaap'ra(II, .oa'lI'Op
rapaa lIb] aYllxai
, tal lion light : 831 tartiug 1 in. JOI
ta -raCu) , .]lTaD
:KOpOO
Decimals,
TIle t x c antains I WO exampl of the us. of decimal : 24 fj SaM ~2, ~6 tnt road' nd 33,2,8 MJlH,YTSJJ:· 'in 33.28 minutes', Mong ls .. nit a comma were we write a decimal point, but
don t say 'I omma' as We . y point ~ Ithough sometimes the
6yxsn 'whole' is used. Thr numbers 1. ss than on, an broken . into tenths hundredths, thousandths. etc:
A,ilnilar practic is follow, d in forming fractions, Although word XBro·C ,is, sam times used for hal' (e.g, D.rIC ~ ~'llalf a hour xarac Gab· e~8p 'Saturday'), 'one h.anf' is .xoepBld mJ1r e
two one )-one third' rp]J"&1DW' ~ r ('of thn c' 11e~) ~'6v. i h 'n. •
B,afrMm,r '£·":1 I Jive and four ninth, .. T8B8B DYXS,JI ,·CHuA JJ;8peB~ r-
In p'r., etice o ly those for million and billion are in wide use, - ut ther - are special words for' arg numb rs:
'ell 1 What}, the matter 'with 'U' (wh t hurtint )7 M leg hurts. Does it hurt a lot' Where' doe'! it l'tUft? It hurts here. Ye I rday / jeU ,f}.lr· my horse and inju ll1.y " ne,!).
The pr ' a er thing Il,. auld be to h. we an x-ray. It's a swollen. Does it hurl hi re? Not much. But J feel 'l.izzJI (my lh ead is oing round And 1 can 'it sleep,
J want to take your (blood) pn ssure. LeI m .' just ~vra (this) rOlJ1Za your arm. Di,1 you bangyour head Q' ~)V(!lI Ye~\~ I did.
Right. NOH) pu! the thermomet r und 'f you» tongue, ·.·,·K
Right. Temp ratur - IS 11,(J'I'T1al~ Now 1 want to examin ~ you· eyes. ,: ook up" down, le.ft, right ..
I ln o Ice' my glosses, too.
Right. 1 am holding a watah ne I to your left ear. Con you h. 'ClJ the watch': tick? Right ear?
Yes, I can hear it.
,XaBlQY.1t Druax
to insert, tuck if) to reak thermomete
leg fo. t
n . rrm 1 (state) watch
tickin l'
ear
t· r so round
. 0 get up LO inju. e
t hav an x-ray
• !Ii
prescript 'on
) eye
1"...u.~fIo.i2'···3 mom s pectacle 5
to wr p 'round ro hu L
(H brain
I' ):lax to swel 1.
I i11i1J1
'9
DB.ili a_an
~
JlOIIDIT
TIIJ1(B '.
. gU·. 'gl points
I he verbal TI, un ere, .. used as an auxiliary (h elper verb when I he action ['1. main ver is carrie' out for th,· b. nefit 0 s· m one 'Iller than the subject (I.e, doing'. icthing ~ r someon )~ Whe n I he doct I~. y:' to Davitt Tla;n: ... ':op OU'lWW; amB ~] n write you II prescription' I he combines erex with tm'llll:m Mor ex unples:
Mo~oJl " DOPTYH TYXaH HP ere . . : I. my~?
Won t y' u tell me abou Mongo r~11 ·,POTt?
Till .M'kUitUa DRm!l-or enrelK ereIl"yA lOyl!
. auld you (couldn't you) bang up 'my coat (for me)?