Turbidity 1.

25 NTU
TSS 1.25 ppm
Colour 12.5 hazen
pH 6.89
collidal silica 1.7 ppm

Cations ppm as CaCO3 Anions ppm

Ca 317 792.5 CO3-- 1.7
Mg 228.1 950.41667 HCO3- 142.74
Na 321.6 699.13043 Chlorides 1229
Potassium 0 0 Nitartes as NO3- 67.3
Copper as Cu++ 0 0 Sulphate as So4-- 500
Iron as Fe++ 0 0
Iron as Ferric 0 0 Reactive Silica 73
Zn++ 0 0 MO Alkalinity
Total hanrdess 1742.9167 PH Alkalinity
Calculated TDS 2807.44 Total alkalinity
TDS (Given) 2880
Free CO2 10 0.9090909

Ca Alkalinity 117
Mg Alkalinity 0
Na Alkalinity 0
Ca Non-Carbonate Hardness 675.5
Mg Non-carbonate Hardness 950.41667
Total Non- Carbonate Hardness 1625.9167

After Cold Lime Process

pH=11 ppm as CaCO3 ppm
Ca 805.54167 CO3-- 1.7
Mg** 1645.9167 HCO3- 0
Na 321.6 699.13043 Chlorides 1229
Potassium 0 0 Nitartes as NO3- 67.3
Copper as Cu++ 0 0 Sulphate as So4-- 500
Iron as Fe++ 0 0 MO Alkalinity 0
Iron as Ferric 0.1 0.2686246 PH Alkalinity 0
Zn++ 0 0 Causticity
Total hanrdess 0 2451.4583 Total alkalinity
Reactive Silica 73 60.833333
Calculated TDS 2119.7
Free CO2 0 0.9090909
** section 53 - Mg & causticity

Ca Alkalinity 55
Mg Alkalinity 0
Na Alkalinity 0
Ca Non-Carbonate Hardness 750.54167
Mg Non-carbonate Hardness 1645.9167
Total Non- Carbonate Hardness 1625.9167
as CaCO3 Cations Eq. Wt. Anions Eq. Wt.
2.8333333 Ca 20 CO3-- 30
117 Mg 12 HCO3- 61
1735.8757 Na 23 Chlorides 35.4
54.274194 Potassium 39 Nitartes as NO3- 62
260.41667 Copper as 31.75 Sulphate as So4-- 96
Iron as Fe+ 27.92 Reactive Silica 60
60.833333 Iron as Ferr18.613333 MO Alkalinity
117 Zn++ 32.695 PH Alkalinity
0 CO2 11
117

as CaCO3
5

1735.8757
54.274194
260.41667
0
5
50
55
 CTBT Waste water
Name Feed Feed
Flow 650 630 1280.0
NH4 0 0 0.0
K 0 0 0.0
Na 98.46 551.76 321.6
Mg 48.62 413.3 228.1
Ca 120.24 521.04 317.5
Sr 0 0 0.0
Ba 0 0 0.0
CO3 2.48 0.85 1.7
HCO3 244.02 36.6 141.9
NO3 12.4 124.01 67.3
Cl 177.27 2314.17 1229.0
F 0 1.9 0.9
SO4 240 768 499.9
SiO2 100 45 72.9
Boron 0 0 0.0
CO2 2.89 0.32 1.6
TDS 1043.51 4776.66 2880.9
pH 8 8 8.0

Stage 1 - Reaction with dissolved CO2

CO2 + Ca(OH)2 = CaCO3 + H2O
44 + 74 = 100 + 18
10 + 17 = 22.73 + 4.09

Stage 2 - Reaction with bicarbonates

Ca(HCO3)2 + Ca(OH)2 = 2CaCO3 + 2H2O
162 + 74 = 200 + 36
438.3 + 200.2 = 541.1 + 97.4

Mg(HCO3)2 + Ca(OH)2 = CaCO3 + H2O + MgCO3

146 + 74 = 100 + 18 + 84
306.6 + 155.4 = 210.0 + 37.8 + 176.4

Stage 3 - Reaction with magnesium carbonate

MgCO3 + Ca(OH)2 = CaCO3 + Mg(OH)2
84 + 74 = 100 + 58
176.4 + 155.4 = 210.0 + 121.8
50.1 56.8 42.1 + 72.5
Mg(OH)2 + SiO2 = MgSiO3 + H2O
58 + 60 = 100 + 18
121.8 + 126.0 = 210.0 + 37.8
72.5 + 75.0 = 125.0 + 22.5 back calculation

In this stage pH varies between 10.5 - 11.5.

CaCO3 ppt 815.9 ppm

MgSiO3 ppt 125.0 ppm
MgCO3 ppt 17.6 ppm
Ca(OH)2 consum 429.3 ppm

Ca removed as CaCO3 235.805177442 94.322071

Mg removed as CaCO3 146.000935939 35.040225
Parameter Value
jh 7.75
Total dissolved solids 2880 ppm
Calcium hardness 792.5 ppm as CaCO3 317
Magnesium hardness 950.41667 ppm as CaCO3 Ca
Mg
Sodium 321.6 ppm C
Total alkalinity 117 ppm as CaCO3 O2
Bicarbonates (as CaCO3) 117 ppm as CaCO3 CaCO3
Carbonates( as CaCO3) 0 ppm as CaCO3 MgCO3
Chlorides 1229 ppm Na
Sulfates 500 ppm CO3
Silica 73 ppm HCO3
CO2 10 ppm Cl2
Temporary Hardness 117 ppm as CaCO3 SO4
Permanent hardness 1625.9167 ppm as CaCO3 SiO2
Na Alkalinity NIL CO2
Total hardness 1742.9167 ppm as CaCO3

1st reaction:
CO2 + Ca(OH)2 =
Mole. Wt. 44 74
Stoichiometric 10 17

2nd Reaction:
Ca(HCO3)2 + Ca(OH)2 =
Molecular weight 162 74
Stoichiometric 1283.85 586.45

Mg(HCO3)2 + Ca(OH)2 =
Molecular weight 146 74
Stoichiometric 1387.6083 703.308333

3rd Reaction:
MgCO3 + Ca(OH)2 =
Molecular weight 84 74
Stoichiometric 798.35 703.308333

Mg(OH)2 + SiO2 =
Molecular weight 58 60
 Stoichiometric 551.24167 570.25

At the end of the 3rd stage:

Lime Required 2010 ppm as CaCO3 627.0841
CaCO3 precipitated 1924 ppm as CaCO3 600.1509
MgSiO3 precipitated 950 ppm as CaCO3 296.53
Mg(OH)2 551 ppm as CaCO3 171.9874

AT this point, 2P=M

Ca as CaCO3 10
Mg as CaCO3 855.375

Parameter Value
PH 7.75
Total dissolved solids 190 ppm 234.295 ppm
Calcium hardness 10 ppm as CaCO3 4 ppm
Magnesium hardness(10% redn.) 855.375 ppm as CaCO3 205.29 ppm
Total hardness 865.375 ppm as CaCO3 ppm
Sodium 9 ppm 4.14 ppm
Total alkalinity ppm as CaCO3 ppm
Bicarbonates (as CaCO3) 0 ppm as CaCO3 0 ppm
Carbonates( as CaCO3) 0 ppm as CaCO3 0 ppm
Chlorides 29 ppm as CaCO3 10.295 ppm
Sulfates 8 ppm as CaCO3 5.12 ppm
Silica 7.5 ppm as CaCO3 3.45 ppm
CO2 5 ppm as CaCO3 2 ppm
Temporary Hardness 0 ppm as CaCO3
Permanent hardness 865.375 ppm as CaCO3
Na Alkalinity NIL

Total Dissolved solids 228.845

 H 1
He 2
Li 3
Be 4
Mol. Wt. B 5
40 C 6
24 N 7
12 O 8
32 F 9
100 Ne 10
84 Na 11
23 Mg 12
60 Al 13
61 Si 14
35.5 P 15
48 S 16
46 Cl 17
44 Ar 18
K 19
Ca 20
Sc 21
Cr 22
Na 23
Fe 24

CaCO3 + H2O
100 18
23 4

2CaCO3 + 2H2O
200 36
1585 285.3

CaCO3 + H2O + MgCO3

100 18 84
950.416667 171.075 798.35

CaCO3 + Mg(OH)2
100 58
950.416667 551.24167

MgSiO3 + H2O
100 18
950.416667 171.075

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