EFFECTIVENESS OF ROOF INSULATION IN TROPICAL CLIMATES

Ar Chan Seong Aun

ABSTRACT

This article examines the importance of insulation in tropical roofs in reducing heat gain
through the roof. It evaluates the different types of commonly available insulation materials
and compares their effectiveness. The energy saving potential in reduced air conditioning
energy use by using roof insulation is also illustrated through an experiment carried out at
UITM. The effectiveness of the relatively newer aluminium bubble foils insulation is also
studied and a recommendation for computing the U-values of roofs using these types of
insulations is made.

OVERVIEW

The typical Malaysian terraced house receives most of its solar heat gain from the roof. This is
because the horizontal surface receives the highest solar radiation, peaking at about 350
Wh/m2 at mid-day in the tropical sun and it continues to receive the highest solar radiation
level throughout the day. Add to that the higher ratio of roof to building envelope area for low
rise buildings; the typical roof receives from 50% to 85% of the total solar radiation as shown
in the table below.

SOLAR GAINS IN TYPICAL MALAYSIAN HOUSING TYPES

Single Double
Storey Storey Five Storey Eight Storey
Terrace Terrace Flats Apartments
Gross Floor Area 880 1,408 60,500 81,680
Roof/Envelope Area 68% 45% 30% 18%
Wall/Envelope Area 32% 55% 70% 82%
North-South Fronting
Roof Solar Gains-kWh/day 30 24 363 306
Total Solar Gains-kWh/day 35 33 726 908
Roof/Total Solar Gains 86% 71% 50% 34%
East-West Fronting
Roof Solar Gains-kWh/day 30 24 363 306
Total Solar Gains-kWh/day 40 43 842 1,141
Roof/Total Solar Gains 76% 55% 43% 27%

Reducing the solar heat gain through the roof should therefore be the first priority for keeping
the home cool. For sloping roofs the following if implemented correctly can reduce inside
temperatures by as much as 4 degrees centigrade.

1. Use lighter coloured roofing or better still slightly reflective type roofing.
2. Apply aluminium foil insulation under the roof tile to reduce radiant heat gained by the
roofing from being radiated to the ceiling.
3. Ventilate the loft area above the ceiling and below the roof tiles. Measurements taken
in this loft area have been found to go as high as 45 deg.C for outside air temperature of
35 deg.C for not insulated roofs.
 4. Apply a layer of rock wool insulation immediately above the ceiling to prevent the heat
from the loft area from being radiated and conducted into the living area immediately
below the ceiling.

For apartment buildings, although the roof area is not the largest building envelope area,
depending on the building height, solar gain through the roof can be 25% to 45% of the total
solar heat gain. It is therefore important to apply at least 50 to 100 mm of polystyrene
insulation above the concrete slab.

INSULATION MATERIALS AND THEIR EFFECTIVENESS

The most common types of materials used for roof insulation in tropical climates are listed
below:
1. Aluminium foil
2. Fiberglass wool blankets
3. Rockwool
4. EPE Foam
5. Cellulose insulation
6. Aluminium bubble foil

Aluminium foil. These foils are engineered for use as roof, wall or building insulation. They
are usually applied on rockwool or glasswool . They are available in single sided, double sided
and tear-proof woven foils. They are most commonly used in tropical roofs due to their lower
cost and effectiveness as vapour barriers

Fiberglass wool blankets. Fibreglass Wool Blanket is manufactured from a mat of glasswool
bonded with a thermosetting resin, forming a lightweight and flexible insulation material.
Apart from providing thermal insulation qualities, it is also an effective sound absorption
material. Fibreglass Wool Blanket is commonly used for the underside of metal roofing in
industrial projects for insulation purposes.

Rockwool. Rockwool are lightweight mineral fibre products made from limestone and basalt
used mainly for thermal insulation purposes. These products provide both thermal insulation
qualities and sound absorption properties. These are usually supplied in rolls for installation in
large areas or in sheet form applied in places where a more rigid product is required.

EPE Foam. EPE is non cross linked, extruded, expanded cellular polyethylene foam. It has
innumerable tiny closed cells, which have very fine and uniform structure available from 3 to 7
mm extruded thickness. It is used in the same manner as fiberglass and rockwool insulation

Cellulose insulation. Cellulose insulation is similar to fibreglass and rockwool except that it is
manufactured from organic materials.

Aluminium bubble foil. These products consist of polyethylene bubbles sandwiched between
two sides of aluminum foil. The air bubbles serve as thermal break as well as a vapor barrier,
while the two outer aluminum foil layers reflect up to 90% of radiant heat. Multiple layers of
the polyethylene air bubbles serve to increase further the thermal insulation.
The most common question that arises - are they effective? How much insulation enough?
What is the best type of insulation material?

The only measured result comparing insulated against not insulated roof on air conditioning
energy use is the measurements carried out by NZ Zakaria, etl [1] .
In this experiment, they measure temperature profiles and air condition energy use in two
identical air conditioned cells as in the picture below. Test cell-A was the control and test cell-
B had 75mm thick mineral wool roof insulation.

Although Zakaria was testing the effects of various roof angles on energy use, the test results
can yield some other usefully insights. The insulation below the roof tiles reduced the attic
daytime temperatures. The peak difference is 1.9 deg. C. The attic temperatures were also
higher than the outside temperatures after 15.00 hours. As shown in the average 24 hours
temperature profile below.
The diagram below shows the daily energy consumption for Test Cells A and B at 10 deg. of
roof angle for 10 days. On the average, the energy consumption of air condition system for the
insulated roof is lower than non-insulated roof, with a maximum different of 1.75 kWh on Day
1 equivalent to 8.93 % of energy reduction. On the average, insulated roof of 10 deg pitch
angle reduced the energy consumption up to 0.79 kWh which is equivalent to 4.13 % savings
per day.

The results of the experiment show that roof insulation reduces the attic temperatures and
consequently the spaces below insulated roofs. Measurements of air conditioning energy use
show conclusively that energy consumption is reduced for insulated roofs on average by 4.13%
for 75 mm thickness of mineral wool. Zakaria’s research also concludes the best roof angle for
optimum thermal and energy performance in Malaysia’s local climate is at 10 deg.

How much insulation is enough? Is there an optimum? How much insulation to install would
depend on the target overall insulation the designer is aiming for. This can be calculated for
difference thickness of insulation as shown in the table and diagram below. Simply increasing
the insulation is therefore not the best strategy for optimization.
CONCRETE ROOF TILES WITH INSULATION
Component (outside to inside) Thickness Conducitvity Resistance
mm w/(m.K) T/C
Outside Solar absorption 0.700
Outside Surface Resistance 0.055
Roof tile at 25 deg slope 12 0.836 0.014
Reflective foil
Air space non ventilated with Alum foil 1.095
Fiberglass 75 0.035 2.143
Asbestos Free Ceiling Board 12 0.108 0.111
Inside Surface Resistance 0.148
Total Thermal resistance 3.566
U-value (W/m2K) 0.280

U-values VS Insulation Thickness for Tile Roof

0.8

0.7

0.6
U-VALUE OF ROOF W/m2K

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
FIBERGLASS INSULATION THICKNESS mm
CONCRETE SLAB ROOF WITH INSULATION
Component (outside to Thickness Conducitvity Resistance
inside)
mm w/(m.K) T/C
Outside Solar absorption 0.700
Outside Surface Resistance 0.055
Cement sand screed 25 0.533 0.047
Polystyrene Foam 100 0.035 2.857
Bitumen Felt Layer 5 0.5 0.010
Reinforced Concrete slab 100 1.442 0.069
Cement sand plaster 12 0.533 0.023
Inside Surface Resistance 0.148
Total Thermal resistance 3.209
U-value (W/m2K) 0.312

U-valuse VS Insulation Thickness for Concrete Roofs

2.5

2
ROOF U-VALUE W/m2K

1.5

0.5

0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
POLYSTYRENE INSULATION THICKNESS mm
ALUMINIUM BUBBLE FOIL INSULATION

Unlike fibreglass, rockwool and EPE foam, which are the more traditional forms of insulation,
aluminium bubble foils are relatively new. These foils depend on the aluminium foil to reflect
the radiant heat energy as opposed to conventional mass insulations that work by slowing the
transfer of heat by having a higher thermal resistance. The air bubbles serve as the thermal
barriers, but as they are typically 4 to 8 mm thick, they do not have the thermal resistance of
the mass insulation and depend on the air space in the attic for their thermal resistance.

Some manufacturers of these aluminium bubble foil have made exorbitant claims regarding the
thermal performance of their products. Until strict testing of the performance of the products
have been carried out as by Zakaria etl [1], designers would have to depend on the
recommendations by AIRAH [2] and ASHRAE [3] to compute the U-values of the roof
systems with foils.

Some early testing by Terreal Malaysia Sdn Bhd, a roof tile manufacturer at Tampin Hospital
[4] gives very encouraging results for the performance of the material as an roof insulation as
illustrated below.
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Model B - Inside and Outside Air Temperature (⁰C)

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14-06-10
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15-06-10
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VENTILATED ROOF SPACES

Some roof tile manufacturers have also been making claims that simply by ventilating the attic
air space the roofs can be adequately insulated. Using recommendations from AIRAH, the
following table illustrates that the roofs would not be able to meet the minimum standards
required of MS1525, the Malaysian Standard for Energy Efficiency of Non-residential
buildings for U-values of 0.4 W/m2K for light weight roofs.

CONCRETE ROOF TILES WITH VENTILATED ROOF SPACES

Component (outside to inside) Thickness Conducitvity Resistance
mm w/(m.K) T/C
Outside Solar absorption 0.700
Outside Surface Resistance 0.055
Roof tile 12 0.836 0.014
Reflective foil
Ventilated reflective air space 90 1.423
Asbestos Free Ceiling Board 12 0.108 0.111
Inside Surface Resistance 0.148
Total Thermal resistance 1.751
U-value (W/m2K) 0.571
REFERENCES

1. N. Z. Zakaria, A. Zain Ahmed, N. Ibrahim & S. Syiful Irwan. “Roof Angle for Optimum
Thermal and Energy Performance of Insulated Roof”. Proceedings of ICEE 2009 3rd
International Conference on Energy and Environment, 7-8 December 2009, Malacca,
Malaysia.
2. AIRAH. Australian Institute of Refrigeration, Air Conditioning and Heating Handbook
3. ASHRAE. American Society of Heating Refrigerating and Air-conditioning Engineers
Standard 90.1-2007
4. Terreal Malaysia Sdn Bhd. No. 25, Jalan TPK 1/5, Taman Perindustrian Kinrara, Seksyen
1, 47100 Puchong, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
5. AS/NZS 4859.1:2002. Australian/New Zealand Standard. Materials for the Thermal
Insulation of Buildings.