Veiculos Electricos Final

Electric Vehicles
where to go
Jorge Martins
(Un. do Minho)
CIENCIA 2009 Veículos eléctricos e novas formas de mobilidade – Gulbenkian, 29 Julho, 2009
1
Electric cars
What existed
max speed: 100 km/h

Le Jamais Content
1899
2
Electric cars
What existed
max speed: 60 km/h bateries: 1800 kg

Lohner-
1901 4 motor-in-wheel
Porsche
3
Electric cars
What existed
max speed: 13 km/h range: 36 km

Lunar
production: 4 price: 380 000 000 $
Rover
4
Electric cars
What existed

Sinclair
production: 12 000 price: 400 £
C5
5
Electric cars
What existed

Segway
2 motor-in-wheel price: 6 500 €
6
Electric cars
What existed

GM
1160 buit; 1990 price: 34 000 $
EV1
7
Electric cars
they are here and they are good

Tesla
0-100km/h: 4.0 s price: 100 000 $
6831 batteries
450 kg
500 sold
8
Electric cars
they are here and they are good

Lightning
0-100km/h: 4.0 s price: 155 000 €
9
Electric cars
Some were sold by the million
Honda Insight Toyota Prius
10
Electric cars
some are small, city cars

Kewet
0-50km/h: 7.0 s price: 28 000 €
(Buddy)
11
Electric cars
some are small, city cars

Mitsubishi
available from 2009 price: 25 000 €
iMIEV
12
Electric cars
other are commercial vehicles (including milk floats)

Edison
price: ~60 000 €
Ampere
13
Electric cars
some are getting visibility with the London tax

Reva 2500 vehicles built price: 9 000 €
(30000/year potential)
14
Electric cars
Who are making electric cars? Batteries companies

Electrovaya
price: 20 000 $
15
Electric cars
Who are making electric cars? Chinese Companies

BYD
0-100km/h: 8.0 s price: 22 000 $
16
Electric cars
Flybo
17
Electric cars
Huoyun
18
Electric cars
Jiayuan
19
Electric cars
Who are making electric cars? Traditional OEM

Mini 500 vehicles for
0-100km/h: 8.5 s
test (2008)
20
Electric cars

Smart innovative drivetrain 200 vehicles on
design tests (2007)
21
Electric cars

GEM
for sale in Portugal price: 14 000 €
(Chrysler)
22
Electric cars

Aixam
quadriciclo price: 12-20 000 €
Mega
23
Electric cars
Extreme electric vehicles
400m: 270 km/h; 4.7 s power: 350 kW

Killacycle 990 A123
0-100km/h: 1.4 s
bateries
24
Electric cars
Extreme electric vehicles
max speed: 508 km/h 10 000 batteries

Buckeye
300 kW batteries: 900 kg
Bullet
25
Electric cars
Concept cars

Eliica
0-100km/h: 4.0 s 8 motor-in-wheel
26
Electric cars
Concept cars
1997 range: 500 km

AC
0-100km/h: 4.0 s batteries: 317 kg
Propulsion
27
Electric cars
Concept cars
stackable
MIT City Car
2 motor-in-wheel
28
Electric cars
What do we learn from these cars?
 performance is not an issue (except range)

 electric motors do not constrain vehicle design
 no conventional design
 market niches
 energy storage is the main problem
 charging is a constrain
 several technical solutions for charging (including
range extenders and battery replacement)
29
Electric cars
How to improve?
 energy storage
• better batteries
• supercapacitors
 intensive regenerative braking
 energy control
• efficient control of load
• efficient charging
• system capable of absorbing extreme power (regenerative braking)
30
Electric cars
How to improve?
 “in vehicle” energy production (extended range,

fuel cells)
• high efficient ICE
• cheap fuel cells runing on liquid fuel
 weight
• lighter energy storage devices
• lighter construction (materials, manufacturing processes)
• energy storage vs in vehicle energy production
 powertrain design solutions

• motors with capability for extreme power (regenerative braking)
• motor-in-wheel units
31
Electric cars
What are the challenges?
 batteries with better power density than supercapacitors

 supercapacitors with better energy storage than batteries
 minimizing recharging time without straining the grid
 very efficient “in vehicle” energy production
 powertrain moving parts exclusively within the wheels
 compact, efficient, powerfull and resistant motor-in-
wheels
 eco-friendly materials intensive use
 body and frame design
32
thank you
33

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Electric Vehicles

max speed: 100 km/h

max speed: 60 km/h bateries: 1800 kg

max speed: 13 km/h range: 36 km

max speed: 24 km/h range: 80 km

max speed: 20 km/h range: 40 km

max speed: 130 km/h range: 150 km

max speed: 200 km/h range: 390 km

max speed: 209 km/h range: 300 km

Honda Insight Toyota Prius

max speed: 80 km/h range: 100 km

max speed: 130 km/h range: 160 km

max speed: 80 km/h range: 160 km

max speed: 50 km/h range: 80 km

max speed: 55 km/h range: 190 km

max speed: 160 km/h range: 400 km

max speed: 150 km/h range: 250 km

max speed: 120 km/h range: 110 km

max speed: 45 km/h range: 50 km

max speed: 50 km/h range: 80 km

400m: 270 km/h; 4.7 s power: 350 kW

max speed: 508 km/h 10 000 batteries

max speed: 370 km/h range: 200 km

1997 range: 500 km

 performance is not an issue (except range)

 intensive regenerative braking

 “in vehicle” energy production (extended range,

 powertrain design solutions

 batteries with better power density than supercapacitors

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