Bai gidng sé 19 PHUONG TRINH VA BAT PHUONG TRINH DAI 56 Bai ging nay a8 cép dén mt trong nhing noi dung cha yéu duge a2 cap dén trong 48 cuong én luygn mén Toan vao cdc trutmg Bai hoc, Cao ding do Bd Giéo duc va Dao tao ban hanh: Phuong trinh va bat phuong trinh Dai sb. Céc d8 toan ve loai.nay thudng xuyén xudt hign trong céc dé thi tuyén sinh nhimg nim 2002- 2009, ‘Trong bai giéng nay, ching t0i trinh bay céc phuong phap co ban dé gi phuong trinh va bat phuong trinh dai s6. §1. HE PHUONG TRINH KHONG CHUA CAN THUC A. HE.PHUONG TRINH 861 XUNG H@ phuong trinh déi ximg la hé phurong trinh 06 tinh chét: Néu ta tréo déi vai tro gitta cée an x, y, z... cia hg thi hg khéng thay déi. dc hé ndy ngudi ta hay sir dung dinh Ii Viet dio hoge thye hign cde phép bién déi tuong durong dé dura vé céc hé don gidn hon. Sir dung dinh li Viet dio giai cdc hé d6i ximg. é sir dung durge phurong phép nay, ngudi ta phai tinh x+y va xy, sau 46 sé sit dung dinh li Viet déo. Xét cde thi dy sau: Thi dy 1: (D2 thi tuyén sinh Dai hoc khdi D - 2007) xedeyetes « Cho hé phurong tri Jue 2)ve2. vithé he(1)@) @ {87 "=% eo fuv=8—m w +? -3(u4v)=15m-10 333334 Tir dé suy ra hé (1) va (2) 06 igm khi va chi khi phuong trinh: f(t) =8-5t+8—m=0 6 hai nghigm théa man [t|> 2. Ta c6 P(t) = 2t- 5 va cé bang sau: "| 2 2 s to 2 PO. = iene +. 2 +0 1 NN te Vay cd gtr cin tm cia m lim 22 hate 7 t=1 Vay hé (7) (8) (tic fa he (1) (2)) €6 nghigm duy nh (x; y Thi dy 3: (Bé-thi tuyén sinh Dai hoc Héi Phong - 2006) w4yexty=8 (I) Giai hg phuong trinh: { aytxty= Q) a eo [(#ty) 21+ (x+y)=8 (3) Tacé (1) (2) if sey) ‘a Thay (4) vao (3) va 06:x22 ene =m(x-2) {rors (5) xy=Il (6) xty=3 (7) fe. (8) Lép lug nhur thé dy 2 suy ra hg (5) (6) vo nghigm, cdn hé (7) (8) 6 nghiém (% y) = (15 2) va (% y) =; 1). Bé ciing ld nghiém ca hé (1) (2). Thi dud i thé suy ra: (1) (2) <> (x2 +y*)xy=78 0) xt ty! =97 (2) Giai ar (@) Tacd:(I)(2) <2) 8 t¥ (x2 +92) -2x2y? =97 (4) ‘Thay (3) vao (4) va c6 (2 +9?) -2 6084 (x +y*) Gidi he phuong trinh: | 7 co +y2)! -97(x2+ 92) = 121680 2 2 (x? +y?) =169 2x +y? =13. x+y=5 way? =13 y? —2xy = xy=6 y?=13 Q, [(x+y) -29y=13 | by xysy xy=6 { Lép lugn nhur trén suy ra hg (1) (2) 06 4 nghigm sau:(3; 2), 3; 2); (-2; 3) Logi 2: Diing phép bién doi tuong duong quy hé d4i ximg vé nhiéu hé don sian: Tthi dy 1: (Dé thi tuyén sinh Dai hoc khéi B — 2003) y+2 yea x42 7 Gi Tir(1) Q) suy rax > 0, y>0, do d6 Do 6: (1)(2) <>. Giai hg phuong trinh: 3x= 335Byx?=y?+2 [3yx?=y?+2 (1) @) € 43xy? =x? + 2-€9 13xy(x-y)= x>0,y>0 x>0y>0 3yx? = y? +2 Byx? ay? +2 €24(x-y)(Bxy+x+y)=0694x-y=0 x>0y>0 x>0,y>0 x=y>0 1 (x-1)(3x? +2x +2) ‘Vay hé da cho cé nghiém duy nhat Chit y: © day ta 48 sit dung luge 43 sau: lees eee) 2 Q1(%y)=Q2(%¥) ~ [F.(%¥)-O, (uy) = 3 x 43x y43y Giai Tidy 2 Gi reine Ta.cé hé: (1) 2) x? +3x = By xP 43x =8y Q) © (ev) 130-9) =8(y-9) 7 |lx-y) (Peay ty? HH 3y° A —+11>0 V x,ynén x xy nai Dox'+xy+y*+ 11 -(+2) mel oPry x 43x=8y” [x(x?-11)=0 Tir dé suy ra he (1) (2) 06 cde nghigm: (0:0); (Vi; vi1);(-v11;-ViT) x-3y=4% (I) Thi dy 3: Gidi hé phuong trinh: 7 y-3x=4% (2) y x? —3rysdy (x? -3xy=dy Tacd he (1) 2) € y? ~3xy=4x > 9(x-y)(x ty +4)=0 x#0y40 ' [xe0ye0 336xt-3ryady [fx=y20 x=y*0 2x? +4x=0 | [x? ~3xy =4y 2 x+yede0 x#0,y20 B. HE PHUONG TRINH DANG CAP Hg phuong trinh ding cép (hay chinh xéc hom la he phuong trinh ma cée bhuong trinh vé tri a ding cép) la ede he phuong tinh trong 46 vé ph Phuong trinh la céc biéu thie khéng chira bién, con vé trai cila phurong trinh la cae da thite chira bién ma moi sé hang cia n6 déu ciing mot béc. Bing phuong phép cng dai sé tir hé phuong trinh da cho ta luén thu duge ‘mt phuomg hg qua c6 dang f(x, y) = 0, trong dé f(x, y) la bigu thie: gm cae sé hang cing mgt béc (gid sir e6 bie k). Thy hign phép chia cho y*(hoge x), sau 46 khio sat xem y = 0 (hode x = 0) €6 théa man hg hay Khéng, ta d3t an phy tex + thode 2) vase thu urge mot phurong trinh di véi t. Gidi phutong trinh nay va i méi nghigm t tim duge, ta tim durge mot phép thé x = ty (hode y = tx). Tir d6 sé dé dang giai dugc hg ban dau. Thi dy 1: (Dé thi tayén sinh Cao ding khéi A-2005) Qwytxy?=15 (I) 5S. (2) Gia X61 6 ding cap bic ba (1) (2). Ti (1) Q) bing phép céng dai sta 66 24x! +3 y"— aay Txy?=0. (3) Ro rang y #0 (vi néu y= 0 tir(1) ta c6 0 = 15 va dé la didu v6 Ii). Chia cd hai Gidi he phuong trinh: Bx? ty? vé ciia (3) cho y' va dat t= *, ta c6: y 24-14? 1+3=0 eo (t-L)fase -6t-' 337vay yay oo 272" ° 2 * 8x? +27x3 =35 Lép lugn tuong ty ta 06: thi he (1) (2) v6 nghiém. +Néut +Néut : thi N61) @) 6 nghigm x => ‘Tom lai hé (1) (2) €6 hai nghigm (1;3) va Gs 2). Thi dy 2: sya 3x? 3 (I) Giai he phuong trinh: 9y? +1 Ixy -8x? =6. (2) G ‘a c6 sau khi thyc hign phép cng dai sd xy +y'=0G) r Lap tugn nhu thi du 1, dé thay y #0, nén sau khi chia ca hai vé cho y t=1 Sxy-4y? Xét hé ding cap bac 2 (1) (2). va ditt= tacé phuong trinh: 2° +t+1=0 <> fl +Néu = 1 x=y. Thay lai vo hg (1) (2) va c6 xzy + Tuong ty néut= +4 y=-2x. Thay Iai vao hé (1) (2) va e6; ‘Tom Iai (4) (5) 1a bin nghigm cia hé (1) (2). €. CAC PHUONG PHAP CO BAN GIAI HE PHUONG TRINH KHONG CO CAU TRUC DAC BET Dudi day ching ta sé xét cdc phrong phép co ban gidi céc hé phuong trinh khéng c6 cdu tre dje bigt nhur tinh di xting, tinh ding cdp... da trinh bay trong mye A va myc B. ai 1: Sir dung dinh Ii Viet 48 gidi céc he phuong trinh: Xét céc thi dy sau day: 338Thi dy I: . x(2x+3y)(x-I)=14 (1) x ex43y=d (2) Gidi x(x-1).(2x+3y)=14 (3) x(x-1)+(2x+3y)=9. (4) Tir (3) (4) va theo dinh Ii Viet dao suy ra x(x ~ 1) va 2x + 3y la ede nghigm 2 cca phuong trinh —9t + 14= oes Giai hg phuong trinh: { renner o ft t=7. Tir dé ta 06: (1), (2) <> Vay hg (1) (2) 66 4 nghigm ké trén. Thi du 2 Giai hg phuong trinh sau (3x+ yy’ -3(9x° - y*)-10(3x-y) () 3 2 ne ye Q) : ‘Giai ‘Digu kign dé (1) (2) 6 nghia la 3x - y #0. Khi dé: (22) =33X4¥ song (2xt¥a5y Sxty (1) @) ee r™ 3x-y ee EnY 3x-y 1 3x. 3x+y+ =6 way Bx-y Ce) ae @) (Gx+y)+5— 6 (4) oS y (3: 5, (x+y) 4 ay (3) (6). Gxrntsty 6 (6). 339Tir hg (3) (4) va theo dinh li Viet dao suy ra 3x + y va — 18 ede nghiém 3x-y > t=2 cin phung inh = st+6=0 6 [> f. 5 2 WO) 2 | 1 ‘Tong ty suy ra hg (5) (6) e6 cde nghigm (ban doe ty nghiém Ky) set 33+ vil) xaStetly ON 27" 4 (8) 3-vn 3(3-Vil) Vay he (1) (2) c6 bon nghigm bigu dign bai (7) va (8) ni trén. Thi du 3: . xty+z=6 () Giai hg phurong trinh: {xy + yz~zx =7 Q) weyreald (3) Tach G) & (xty+2)2ay + yzt nye 14 a) Tir (1), (4) suy ra: ny + yz + 2x= 11 6) Tir QS) suy Fa: xy + y2=9 © i fy+(x+z)=6 Vay eC. (6 sey ea (xrz)=9 Vi thé theo dinh ti Viet dio suy ra y va x + 2 la nghigm eGia phuong trinh F-61+9=0 o> t=3 Do dé y=3 vax +2=3 a” Tir (2), (5) ta 66 x 8) Bay gig tir (7) (8) va theo dinh li Viet dio suy ra x, y la hai nghigm eda e =2 ‘Tom Iai hé (1) (2) (3) 66 hai mghigm (x; ys 2)= (1s 3; 2) va (xs ys 2) = 25 35 1). Logi 2: Phuong phap thé va dat an s6 phy Nhu da biét day la m6t trong nhimng phyong phap thong dung nhat dé gi phuong trinh néi chung va hé phuong trinh khéng chia can thi ndi riéng. 340 ne2-0.0[17Dé gidm n sé cita hg phuong trinh co 1é khéng 6 phurong phép néo don gian va t6t hon phuong php the, cén vige dat an phy thich hgp sé lam cho hé phuong, trinh tré nén gon gang hon, Thi du 1: (Dé thi tuyén sinh Dai hoc khdi D— 2009) x(x+y=1)-3=0 (1) (x+y) - Gi he phuong Gis Diéu kign dé hé (1) (2) c6 nghia la x # 0, Sau khi chia ca hai vé cia (1) cho x, tad (i) eo xtytl-Se0eoxty= ‘Thé (3) vao (2) va 6: 2 (2-f-Sn-004 + Khi x = 1, thay lai vao (3) va cd, + Khi thay Iai vio (3) va e6 y Vay (1:1) va Qs 3 ) ta hai nghigm ota (1) (2) Thi dy 2: (Dé thi tayén sinh Dai hoc khdi B - 2009) xytxtl Ty () hg phuong trink:} xy? bay tle Dy? 2) Gi Giai Ré6 rang y = 0 khong théa man (1) (2), nén ta c6: a” [[s-t}- 6) Gayo 4 oh Tir) suy ra Bar-(x« ‘| oy y y, ‘Thé (5) vo (4) va 06: (6) (sesame “ie weuty u=0 usvel 5 7 ° wonI-y-06/ +)Néu w= 0 thi (6) cov Tit d6 dya vio phép thé, ta c6 hé sau: w+y=0 5° xy=-5 ar) +) Néu u=v + 1, thé vao (4) ta 06: (vtlP eve $e(2v43) <0ev--35u 342‘Tir phép dat an phy, ta cé: ° 3 8) (x=1)(2x? +2x+3)=0 Vay hé (1) (2) 06 hai nghigm (7) va (8). Thi dy 4: (Dé thi tuyén sink Dai hoc, Cao déng khdi B - 2008) pe saenaay xte2eyrrty?=-204+9 (1 isi hé phuomg trinh: ee o x? 4 2xy =6x +6. (2) Giai ee 2, 2 oy (<2 +99) =2x+9 (3) macseney oft ery txe9 pene x7 4 2xy = 6x46 K+6“x? Og ye @ ‘Thay (4) vao (3) rdi riit gon ta cé phuong trinh, : x=0 XA 412P +48x? +64x=069] Xo +12x" +48x4+64=0 x=0 x=0 ° (ica? oe. R6 rang x=0 loai vi khéng théa man (4), cn khi x = —4 thay vio (2) ta c6 a Vay (4; a ) la nghigm duy nbét cia hé (1) (2). Thi da 5: (Bé thi tuyén sink Dai hoc khdi A - 2003) 0) Tir (1) 0: x-y- Tir (3) xét hai phép thé sau: 1 Néu x= y, thay vao (2) va cd W-2x41=069(x- IP +x-1)=00] 1a 5 ae. 2INéu 1+ ‘Thay vio (2) ta 06: 343A 21y 1y 3 touaedo(t!}(atfeteo eo Do (4) v6 nghiém, nén truémg hop nay v6 nghigm. Vay he (1) 2) 06 nghigm aan La V5 =I 2 2 Tht du 6 2y? +xy-x? =0 qQ xPoxy-y?+3x+7y+3=0. (2) Gia Tacd(1) oy’-x ty’ +xy=0 (y+x2y-x)=0 (3) ‘Tir (3) suy ra hai phép thé WNéux+y=0 y=-x. Thé vao (2) ta c y y=3ox=3. 2/Néu 2y—x=0 x= 2y. Thé vio (2) taco: “+ A5F Gidi hg phuong trinh: { Frtysde0e[ x=-13+ 157 y+1By+3=00 aby 157 x =-13- 57. Vay hé (1) (2) 06 4 nghigm ke trén. §2. PHUONG TRINH VA HE PHUONG TRINH CHUA CAN THUC PHUONG TRINH CHUA CAN THUC Trong myc nay, ching t9i trinh bay cdc phuong phép co ban dé gidi phuong, trinh chita can thie. Logi 1: Phuong trinh chita cn thir quy vé hé phuong trinh khéng chifa cin thir. Quy mét phuong trinh chira cn thire vé vige gidi mét hé phuong trinh khong chia cn thie la vige thudmg xuyén khi gidi cée phuong trinh chira edn thire. Sau khi quy vé m6t hé phuong trinh hitu ti ta s8 sir dung céc phuong phap da trinh bay trong §1 dé gidi ching. Xét céc thi dy sau day: Thi du 1: (Dé thi tuyén sinh Bai hoc khéi A - 2009) Giai phuong trinh: 23x —2 +3V6-5x -8=0 (1). Gia Didu kign 8 (1) c6nghia 6 Sx>0.<> x<$ @), 344. 2ut3v=8 3) Khi 46 dat u= ¥3x—2 v= V/6—5x vata di dén hé sau: . 0) sue+3v?=8 (4) Ta) suy ra v= 828 . Thay vao (4) ri rit gon ta 06: ISu'+ 4u?—32u + 40=0 ¢> (u + 2)(15u?~ 26u + 20) = 0 cout2=0 (do 15?- 26u +20 >0 Wu) ou=-2 v=4, vines oe V6-5x=4 ~ (6-5x Vay x = -2 la nghiém duy nhat cua (1). Tht dy 2: Gidi phuong trinh:,x + VI3— 1 [xtytxy=ll Q) ae 2 (x+y)?-29y=13 @) ‘Tir (2) suy ra xy = 11— (x+y). Thay vio (3) va sau khi rit gon ta c6: xt+y=5 (x+y) +2(x. +y)-25=060{ Vay ta di dén : (2)(3) <> Vay x Thi du vax Gi La nghigm ca (1) phuong trinh: {18—x +Yx-79 =5 (1), G Dat u= Vi8—x 2 0,v = Vx—79 20, tir (1) taco he: wives utes 2 ut v4 97 e24[(usy)? -2uv] -20°v? =97 CCK Peneryy 345utv=5 utves wae u20,v20 <2 {(uv)? -50(u.v) +264 = 0 <>| ; utv= u20,v20 weds u20,v20 Vay nghigm cia (1) li x = 2 va x =~ 63. Thi dy 4: Giai phuong trinh: x? +1 = 29/3x-1 a Giai Dat y= Y2x=1 khi do tir(1) ta co he: w4la2y [xel=2y x +1=2y (2) 7 7 2 2 y+l=2x wyb=2y-2x” [(x-y)(x? ayy? +2)=0(3) 2 5y2 Doxttryty'+2 =(n42) +22 2250 (vayhntn ameter, ‘Vay phuong trinh e ba nghigm x = 1; x= Logi 2: Sir dung phurong trinh hé qua hod phuong trinh tuorig duong 4& gidi phuong trinh chira c&n this: ‘Diéu quan trong nhdt khi sir dyng phuong phdp nay la cn phan bigt cho 15 dau la phép bién 44i tong duong, dau la phép bién ddi kéo theo (hay cdn goi 1a phép bién di hé qui — Néu ding phép bién déi twong duong thi sau khi tim duge nghigm ta khong cn thir lai vao phyong trinh ban dau. — Néu dang phép bién déi kéo theo, ta chi thu duge phuong trinh la hé qua cia phuong trinh ban ddu va vi thé lic nay vige thir lai nghiém la can thigt, Thi dy 1: (D8 thi tayén sinh Dai hgc khéi D — 2006) Giai phuong trinh: J2x—1 +x? -3x+1=0 (1). Tacd (1) <9 V2x=1 3463-5 cg «MNS x=l ey 2 2 2 xt 6x? +11x?-8x42=0 — [(x-1)'(x?-4x+2)=0 Thi dy 2: (Dé thi tayén sink Dai hgc khdi D — 2005) Giai phyong trinh: 2Vx+2+42Vx+41 -Vx+1=4 (1). 7 nanef [vrin} x2-l ° period Mees e x2-l 121 ° 1=2¢x=3. often) vaste Deere Thi du 3: Giai phutong trinh: Y2x—5 + Y3x+7 =¥5x+2 (1). Gia Tacd(1) <> (VRS + Box 7) = 5x42 (2x +5) + (3x47) +3(YIR=S +I T) DRT SAIC T = Sx 42 2x-5=0 © (92-5 + Y3x47)V2x-SY3x+7 =0 @ | 3x+ 2x-: Nhiin xét: — Thi dy trén ta da sir dung phép bién doi tuong duong. = Chis ¥ ring f(x) = g(x) <= £°(x)= g'(x), nhumg f(x) = 80%), Pox) = 8°00. Thi du 4: Giai phuong trinh: ¥3x+1+Y/2x-1 =¥5x+1 (1). Lap phuong ca hai vé cia (1) ri rit gon, ta c6: Mo (%6x-1 + ¥2x=1)¥3x=12x=1 =1Q) Thay (1) vio (2) ta 06 phuong trinh hé qua sau: Y5x4143x—1.4/2x-1 =1 3) €9 (5x+1)(3x—1)(2x-1)=1 €> 30x9 -19x? =0.¢> 347+) Thay x= vao (1), taco VT (1) =-2, VP (1)= 1 x =0bj loai, 5 +) Thay x = vio (1) ta thdy tho man vi VT(1) = VP (1 Vay (1) ¢6 nghigm duy nhat x = z. hain xét . Vi day la phép bién ddi hé qua, nén vige thir lai nghiém 1a can thiét. Néw khdng thir lai ta sé chép nhn nghigm x = 0 mac dau dé la nghigm ngogi lai. Thi du $: Giai phyong trinh: 2x +3 + Vx +1 =3x + 2V2x? +5x +3 =16 (1). G Dat u=V2x+3 + Vx+120 khi dd ta cé: u? 23x 444 2V2N7 +5x 43 = 3x + 2V2n? 5x43 16420 (2) Thay (1) vao (2) ta 06 u?=u +20 <> u’—u-20=0 - 0) Vay tir(1) din dén phuong trinh hé qua sau: V2x43 + Vx+1=5 €> x=3 (ban doc ty kiém tra Iai) Thay lai x = 3 vao (1) thay théa man nén li nghigm duy nhat ca (1). B. HE PHUONG TRINH CHUA CAN THUC Phuong phép co ban dé gidi cae hg phuong trinh chira ean thie la quy nd vé hig phuong trinh khéng chia can thir va giai ching bang ede phuong phap 43 trinh bay trong §1. Thi dy 1: (Dé thi tayén sinh Dai hoc khdi D — 2008) xy +x ty =x? -2y? 1 Giai hg phuong tinh: {© *** au o x =2x-2y (2) Digu kign dé (1) (2) c6 nghia la x21, y2 0 (3) (xt y)#(xey)#(x-y)(xt y)=0 xy2y- yVx=T = 2x-2y [(x+ y)(2y+1-x)=0 x=2y+l (4) fee | w3y-yx=1 =2x-2y (5) (vix> Ly20= xty>0) ‘Thay (4) vao (5) va cé: (2y+ 1) 29 ~ yy =2(y + 1) 9 (y+ I) y2y =2(y+1) V2y=2 doy+1>0)e> y=2 > x=5. Vay hé (1) (2) ¢6 nghigm (5:2) 348 Khi do (1) (2) o|Thi dy 2: (Dé thi tayén sinh 1 ge khdi B - 2002) ravi Gidi hg phurong trink | R-yave-y |x+y=Jery2 (2) Bat u=QYx—y 20, khi d6 (1) 06 dang: Dat v =x + y, khi d6 (2) 06 dang: v20 Wel Tir 46 suy ra hé (1) (2)<> Vay hg (1) (2) 66 hai nghiém (131) va (34) xvy+tyve=30 (1) xVxtyvy=35 (2) . Giai Diéu kign dé hg (1) (2) 6 ngha la x2 0. y > 0. atu=Vx,v= Jy (u,v 20), kidd wee? =30 — fuv(uty)=30 (DQ) 6 que =35 one Thi dye 4: Gidi he phurong trinh: | uv20 uv20 w(usv)=30 (yy os oyea 2 fue) =125 ofw=6 & [e y uv20 av20 7 2x+ yeh =1 L Thi da 5: Gidi hg phusong trinh; {¥7** YE VEY wy Bet 2ya4 () Gia Datu = 2x4 y+ 20;v= Jue y 20 Khi dd tir (1) (2) ta 06 he furvel a u-vel feo [2xtytled ° ° 2 wa? (u-vP?-2uv=5 lw =2 vel |xtyel 349ex Thi dy 3: (Bé thi tuyén sinh Dai hoc khéi A - 2006) xty-vay=3 (I) Vx+l+Jy+1=4 (2). hé phuong trinh: { Tu (2) > xt y+242Jay+ (xt y)+1=16 (3). Datt=Jxy 20 xt+y=3 +t. Thay vao (3), tacd Ostsit ° 3t? +26t-105=0 2 Peetaut-teof =6 Tir d6 suy ra:(1(2) €2 fe yo ox wy=3 3. Vay (3; 3) 1a nghigm duy nhat cita hg (1) (2). §3. BAT PHUONG TRINH CHUA CAN THUC Dé gidi bat phuong trinh chita cn thite ngudi déu quy vé vige gidi bat phuong trinh khéng chita cn thire (dc bigt la quy vé bat phuong trinh bac hai). ‘Dé lam diéu 46, ngudi ta thu’ng ding cdc phuong phép co ban nhu: Dat an phy, nhan lién hgp ho&c bién ddi tuong duong dé lam mat céc cfin thire cé mat trong bat phuong trinh chita can thite ban du. ‘Cain Iu y hai dang co ban sau cia phuong trinh chita cn thire: f(x)20 V SFO) 8*(x) 2 F(R) >2(x) <> Xét cde thi dy sau: Thi dy 1: (Dé thi tuyén sinh Dai hoc khdi A - 2005) Giai bat phuong trinh: V5x—1 -Vx=1 > V2x—4 . (1) 350Dé thiy: Sx-120 x-120 (1) €@ V5x=1> Vx=1 4+ V2K=4 e249, gg . Sx~1>2x-5+2V2x? -6x +4 x22 eo 27-x x? -16) >10~ Tach (1) 42.4V2(¥ 16) #x-327-x | Y2(x? 16) >10-28 x>3 x33 (x? -1620 x>3 5 10-2x<0 x x>5 | [3100-40x 47 Thi dg 3: Giai bat phuong trinh: 20 (1). =x < Tacs (1) <2 147% 79 oof perisx< v4. fx+2]2]x]~ |x? 44x 442’ Thi dy 4: (Dé thi tuyén sinh Dai hoc khéi D ~ 2002) Giai bét phurong trinh: (x? -3x)/2x? -3x-220 (1). 3512x? -3x-2=0 [s Tacé: (1) | (2x? -3x-2>0¢> x? 3x20 Vay x< i hhoge x > 3, §4. PHUONG TRINH VA BAT PHUONG TRINH CHUA THAM SO Myc nay danh dé trinh bay cée phizong php giai phuong trinh va bat phuong trinh khéng ¢6 cain thire va c6 chita cdn thite trong 46 c6 mat tham s6. Bé la cdc bai todn ddi héi bign ludn theo tham s6 nhiing tinh chat nao 46 dat len nghigm cia bai toan. Hai phyong phap hay ding nhat la: — Phuong php chiéu bién thign ham sé. — Phuong phap tam thite bac hai A. PHUUNG PHAP St: OUNG CHIEU BIEN THIEN HAM 5G Day la phuong phap hay ding nhat vac higu qua dé gidi cdc bai toan trong cée d& thi vao cée trudmg Bai hge, Cao ding trong nhiing nam 2002-2009. Thi dy I: Cho phuong trinh: 2x + V2x +24/6—x2V6—x =m (1). Tim m dé (1) c6 hai nghigm phan bigt. Gidi Bigu kign xac dinh cia (1) li Ox <6. Dat f(x) = V2x +2V6—x va g(x)= 42x +296 —X, voi 0 sx <6. Knidsq) © (eae f(x)=m 0 h(6)) Tir 46 suy ra (1) c6 hai nghigm phan bigt khi: (0) 2(V6+¥6) lfc gi trent cia tham sb m, Thi du 3: (Dé thi tuyén sinh Dgi hoc khdi A — 2007) Cho phwong trinh: 3Vx—1 + m¥x+1 = 20x -1.(1) Tim m dé phuong trinh c6 nghiém. Giai Diu kign dé (1) 06 nghfa fA x > 1. Khi db 353(1) 3%! maa! @ xel xal (khi 46 0. 0, phutong trinh luén cé hai nghiém thr. Tacé (1) €2 (x-2)(x+4) = Jm(x-2) fe (x2) (x+4)? x>2 (2) f(x) =x? +6x? -32=m (3) Ta c6 P(x) = 3x7 +12x >0, Vx> 2, nén ta c6 bang bién thién sau: x 2 0 ae) + 7) _ 0 Do £(2) = 0 nén tir bing bién thién suy ra véi moi m>O, hé (2) (3) luén c6 mot ghigm, tie 14 (1) ¢6 hai nghigm thye voi mgi m>0 dpem. Thi du S: (Bé thi tuyén sinh Dai hoc khdi B- 2004) Cho phuong trinh: (vive vi +2) avin? + Vie? Vie? 1) ‘Tim m 46 (1) 06 nghiém. x22 ° [fee see -12-n)ea ° { 354patt= Vix? — Vix? (khi dé ¢2 0). st=2-aWi-x' <2, vay0< t< V2 ?. Khi dé (1) c6 dang 7 Tacting 06: 2Vi-x4 =2 : . “rts? mit+2)=-t+tt2 — d e t+2 peop ai ton thin Timm céehigm ots v2 én thién sau: Vay V2-10, v2 0). Khi do hé (1) (2) e6 dang uty fuevel wsv=l (3) wiv ancl(re)-sw(eee- imeem (4) uv20 [uveo luveo (5) Tir d6 suy ra he (3) (4) (5) 6 nghigm (tite 18 hé (1) (2) €6 nghigm) khi va chi hi phuong trink: °—1+ m= 0 (6) 06 hai nghigm khong am. Didu dé xay ra khi va chi khi (do $ =1 >0) ie 20 { -4m20 © P20 |m20 30 o neo} (@) Bai todn tré thanh tim m dé hg (2) (3) €6 hai nghigm xy, x» sao cho 1 met 4), xP m2—> . ‘A>0 : ' (4) xay ra khi va chi khi: (s+4)(u+d}20e natn +7 (1 +%2) +420 x) +xQ> xy$x2>-1 0=>A>0) Chit ¥: Céc ban hy so sinh véi Ibi gidi cing cia thi dy nay bang phuong phap chiéu bién thién ham s6 trong thi dy 2, myc A. BAI TAP TY GIAI Bai I: 2492 tyt=l Giai hé phuong trinh: {* *™ ay? Dap s6: (130) va (051) Dap sé: (3:2), (-2; -3), (3; -2), (2:3) Bai 3: (x-v)(v-¥")=3 Giai hg phuong trinh: (x+y)(x?+y?)=15 (132), (231). 356Giai he phurong trink ‘Bai 6: ‘Qxy +y? ~4x-3y+2=0 hg phuong trinh: pone fever ane Déip sé: (133), cine ). voi a tiy ¥ thude R Bai 7: Gidi phuong trinh: xifi6— 3 (x-+Yi6—x?) 16 Dap Bai 8: iT Gidi phuong trin Dip s6: x =4; x=1 Bai 9: Giai hé phuong trinh, { 4 i Dap s6:(-1;-1) (2:2) Bai 10: Giai bat phwong trinh: ———*— <3. 1 Sxso 2 Dap sé: | x40. 357