GUIDING QUESTIONS

1. A) THE AMERICANS
NATIVE WERE TAKEN AS SLAVES AND INDENTURED SERVANTS BY EUROPEANS DUE TO

THEIR NEED FOR LABOR.

B) DISEASES CAUSED SICKNESS AND A LOT OF DEATH IN THE NATIVE AMERICAN COMMUNITY. THEY WERE

SPREAD THROUGH COLOMBIAN EXCHANGE, WAR AND COLONIZATION.

C) VERY BADLY. (ESPECIALLY ACCORDING TO ZINN!) THEY ENSLAVED NATIVE AMERICANS, AND INFECTED
THEM WITH DISEASES. THE EUROPEANS INVADED THE NATIVE AMERICAN’S COUNTRY AND TOOK ALL OF IT,

FOR HEAVEN SAKES. SOME THOUGH, LIKE WILLIAM PENN ENCOURAGED GOOD RELATIONS WITH NATIVE

AMERICANS TREATED THEM NICELY, AND MAINTAINED GOOD RELATIONS WITH NATIVE AMERICANS.

D) SOME OF THE TRIBES MADE TREATIES AND TREATED THE EUROPEANS VERY NICELY (LIKE THE TAINO,
WHO TREAT COLUMBUS REALLY NICELY), AND SOME RESISTED. (SEE METACOM IN KING PHILIP’S WAR)

2. A) TRADE- THEY WANTED TO SELL THEIR GOODS (TO EXPAND THEIR MARKET), AND TRADE THEM FOR

GOODS THAT WERE NOT AVAILABLE TO THEM. TRAVEL- PEOPLE WERE CURIOS WHAT WAS ON OTHER AREAS

(AND IF THERE WAS GOLD) SO THEY SET SAIL TO OTHER LANDS.

TECHNOLOGY- MORE INVENTIONS WERE
BEING MADE MAKING TRAVEL EASIER AND SAFER.(CARAVEL) COLUMBUS MIGRATED BECAUSE HE THOUGHT
THERE WAS GOLD. HE ALSO WANTED TO ASSERT CHRISTIAN DOMINATION. CORTES WANTED TO SET UP

TRADING POSTS IN NORTH AMERICA (MÉXICO). SMITH WANTED TO COLONIZE FOR NATURAL RESOURCES.

SMITH BECAME INVOLVED WITH PLANS TO COLONIZE VIRGINIA FOR PROFIT BY THE VIRGINIA COMPANY OF
LONDON, WHICH HAD BEEN GRANTED A CHARTER FROM KING JAMES I OF ENGLAND.

B) PURITANS WERE HARASSED IN ENGLAND BECAUSE THEY WANTED TO DISSOLVE THE CHURCH OF THE
COUNTRY. QUAKERS ALSO HELD SOME CONTROVERSIAL BELIEFS, SO THEY LEFT ENGLAND, LIKE THE PURITANS

ALSO DID.

3. A) MERCANTILISM IS THE BELIEF THAT A COUNTRY’S ULTIMATE GOAL IS SELF-SUFFICIENCY AND THAT ALL

COUNTRIES ARE IN COMPETITION TO ACQUIRE THE MOST GOLD AND SILVER. THIS THEORY INFLUENCED

ENGLAND TO ESTABLISH COLONIES FOR ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITY. SO, MANY COUNTRIES COMPETED TO

ACQUIRE LAND IN NORTH AMERICA. INSPIRED BY THIS THEORY, NATIONS CONCENTRATED ON BALANCE OF

TRADE. THUS, BRITAIN LOOKED TO ITSAMERICAN COLONIES AS A MARKET FOR BRITISH GOODS, AND A
GREAT MARKET FOR THEM. THE BRITISH SAW THEIR COLONIES AS A VESSEL TO PRODUCE GOODS, AND THEY
HAD MANY RESOURCES NOT FOUND IN EUROPE.

B) BECAUSE COLONIAL TRADE WITH OTHER FOREIGN COUNTRIES NEGATIVELY AFFECTED BRITAIN, PARLIAMENT

THERE RESTRICTS COLONIAL TRADE WITH THE NAVIGATION ACTS.

4. A) THE CASH CROP WAS THE BASIS FOR THE ECONOMY IN THE SOUTHERN COLONIES. CASH CROPS ARE

CROPS SOLD SOLELY FOR SALE, AND NOT PERSONAL USE.

B)PLANTATIONS DEVELOPED INSTEAD OF TOWNS. SINCE LONG AND DEEP RIVERS ALLOWED ACCESS TO
OCEAN-GOING VESSELS, PLANTERS COULD SHIP DIRECTLY IN WATER, SO WAREHOUSES AND THINGS LIKE THAT

WEREN’T NECESSARY.

5. A) NATIVE AMERICANS RESISTED SERVITUDE AND SLAVERY, SO THE EUROPEANS TURN TO AFRICANS FOR
LIFE-LONG SLAVERY. ALSO, SINCE THE NATIVE AMERICANS KNEW THE LAND BETTER, THEY COULD ESCAPE

FROM THEIR MASTERS. THE PRICE OF INDENTURED SERVANTS WAS RISING, SO THEY STARTED GETTING BLACK

PEOPLE TO WORK. THE TRIANGULAR TRADE ALLOWS FOR A SMOOTH, EFFICIENT WAY TO TRADE SLAVES AND

OTHER THINGS LIKE MOLASSES.

B) THE MIDDLE PASSAGE WAS THE VOYAGE AFRICAN SLAVES TOOK TO THE WEST INDIES AND AMERICA. IT
WAS CRUEL. PEOPLE DIED, GOT DISEASES, AND WERE WHIPPED. THE SLAVES WERE BRANDED BY HOT

IRONS FOR ID PURPOSES.

C) THEY WERE SLAVES, SO IT WAS HORRIBLE. THE STONO REBELLION IS AN E EXAMPLE OF RESISTANCE BY

THE SLAVES.

6. A) NORTH DIDN’T PLANT CASH CROPS BECAUSE OF CLIMATE. THEY ONLY GREW THINGS THAT REQUIRED

MINIMAL LABOR. FARMS IN THE NORTH PRODUCED MANY DIFFERENT TYPES OF CROPS. LIVESTOCK WAS ALSO

GROWN.

B) THE MOST INFLUENTIAL CITIES IN THE NORTH WERE NEW YORK AND PHILADELPHIA. THIS IS BECAUSE

THEY WERE PORT CITIES; CENTERS OF TRADE.

7. A) FRANCE HAD A COLONY IN NORTH AMERICA CALLED NEW FRANCE. THEY HAD LAND IN PARTS OF
CANADA, AND SOME AREA IN THE MODERN DAY UNITED STATES, NEIGHBORING THE BRITISH COLONIES IN

MANY CASES. (INCLUDED THE LOUISIANA TERRITORY)

B) TYPICAL FRENCH COLONIES INCLUDED FUR TRADERS, MISSIONARIES AND PRIESTS. THEY DID NOT HAVE A

DESIRE TO BUILD TOWNS OR URBANIZE. THEY ALSO HAD FRIENDLY RELATIONS WITH THE NATIVE AMERICANS.

C) LAND CONFLICTS CONTRIBUTED TO THE START OF IT. AN EXAMPLE OF THIS IS IN OHIO, WHERE

CONFLICTING LAND CLAIMS BETWEEN THE BRITS AND THE FRENCH LED TO BATTLE.

8. A) BRITAIN BANS SETTLEMENT WEST OF THE APPALACHIANS WITH THE PROCLAMATION OF 1763, BUT THE
COLONISTS IGNORE IT. AFTER THE WAR, THE BRITS NEED TO PAY OFF THEIR DEBTS, SO THEY IMPOSE ACTS

COLONISTS DO NOT LIKE.

 B) GREENVILLE GEORGE III. GREENVILLE PUSHED ENGLISH
WAS A FINANCIAL EXPERT HIRED BY KING

PARLIAMENT TO PASS THE SUGAR ACT WHICH PUT DUTIES ON CERTAIN IMPORTS, HALVED THE DUTY ON

FOREIGN-MADE MOLASSES, AND ALLOWED SMUGGLERS TO HAVE TO BE TRIALED IF THEY WERE CAUGHT. THAT

REALLY ANGERED COLONISTS.

9. A) INCREASED MILITARY PRESENCE IN BOSTON CAUSED THE BOSTON MASSACRE. THE TOWNSHEND ACTS,
WHICH RAISED TAXES ON TEA, CAUSED THE BOSTON TEA PARTY.

B) PARLIAMENT REMOVES THE COLONIES’ SELF-GOVERNMENT AND OTHER BASIC RIGHTS BY PASSING THESE

INTOLERABLE ACTS. THESE ACTS INCLUDED THE QUARTERING ACT, WHICH AUTHORIZED BRITISH
COMMANDERS TO HOUSE SOLDIERS IN VACANT PRIVATE HOMES AND OTHER BUILDINGS (TAKING AWAY THEIR
PRIVACY). THE COLONIES GOT PISSED, OBVIOUSLY. THE COMMITTEES OF CORRESPONDENCE WERE SET UP TO
COMMUNICATE TO EACH OTHER WHEN THREATS TO AMERICAN LIBERTIES WERE OCCURRING OR GOING TO

OCCUR, SO THESE ACTS TRIGGER THE COMMITTEES TO ACT. THEY QUICKLY ASSEMBLE THE FIRST

CONTINENTAL CONGRESS.

10. A) COMMON SENSE WAS A 50 THOMAS PAINE CRITICIZING BRITAIN’S

PAGE PAMPHLET WRITTEN BY

CONTROL OF THE COLONISTS THAT SOLD NEARLY 500,000 COPIES. PRESENTED THE AMERICAN COLONISTS

WITH A POWERFUL ARGUMENT FOR INDEPENDENCE FROM BRITISH RULE AT A TIME PEOPLE WERE STILL

HESITANT TO DO SO. HE ALSO ARGUED THAT INDEPENDENCE WAS AMERICA’S DESTINY. HE SAID THAT IF

AMERICA COULD GAIN FREEDOM IT WOULD ALLOW FOR THE CREATION OF A FREE, EQUAL, SOCIETY THAT
WOULD BE BETTER FOR EVERYONE.

B) ENLIGHTENMENT IDEAS SUCH AS: HUMANS HAVING NATURAL RIGHTS, EQUALITY FOR EVERYONE, AND THE

IDEA THAT EVERYONE SHOULD HAVE “LIFE, LIBERTY AND THE PURSUIT OF HAPPINESS’’ (LOVE THAT MOVIE!)

THESE WERE LARGELY INFLUENCED BY ENLIGHTENED PHILOSOPHER JOHN LOCKE.

11.A) REPRESENTATION - PROPORTIONAL OR EQUALLY MANIFESTED

B) COULD SUPREME POWER BE DIVIDED? IN OTHER WORDS, WOULD ONE GROUP IN THE GOVERNMENT HAVE

THE MOST POWERFUL STATUS, OR COULD THAT STATUS BE DIVIDED BY MORE THAN ONE FACTION OF THE

GOVERNMENT? (IT WOULD BE SHARED WITH THE ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION)

C) WHO LANDS? - LAND WEST OF THE APPALACHIANS (WHAT WAS TO BE

WOULD GET THE WESTERN

DONE WITH IT? – NORTHWEST ORDINANCE (THE PRIMARY EFFECT OF THE ORDINANCE WAS THE CREATION
OF THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY AS THE FIRST ORGANIZED TERRITORY OF THE UNITED STATES OUT OF THE

REGION SOUTH OF THE GREAT LAKES, NORTH AND WEST OF THE OHIO RIVER, AND EAST OF THE

MISSISSIPPI RIVER. ON AUGUST 7, 1789, THE U.S. CONGRESS AFFIRMED THE ORDINANCE WITH SLIGHT
MODIFICATIONS UNDER THE CONSTITUTION.) , LAND ORDINANCE OF 1785( THE IMMEDIATE GOAL OF THE
 ORDINANCE WAS TO RAISE MONEY THROUGH THE SALE OF LAND IN THE LARGELY UNMAPPED TERRITORY WEST

OF THE ORIGINAL STATES ACQUIRED AT THE 1783 TREATY OF PARIS) AFTER THE END OF THE

REVOLUTIONARY WAR. OVER THREE-FOURTHS OF THE AREA OF THE CONTINENTAL UNITED STATES
ULTIMATELY CAME UNDER THE RECTANGULAR SURVEY. THIS WAS IMPORTANT BECAUSE IT PROVIDED EASILY

RECOGNIZED LAND DESCRIPTIONS, WHICH IN TURN CONTRIBUTED ENORMOUSLY TO THE ORDERLY AND

LARGELY PEACEFUL OCCUPATION OF THE LAND. PEOPLE COULD BUY LAND FOR REALLY CHEAP).

12. A) BIG STATES WANTED PROPORTIONAL REPRESENTATION FOR THE LEGISLATURE, AND SMALL STATES WANTED

EQUAL REPRESENTATION. THE VIRGINIA PLAN CALLED FOR PROPORTIONAL REPRESENTATION BECAUSE IT WAS

BIG, WHILE LITTLE NEW JERSEY WANTED EVERYTHING TO BE EQUAL.

B) MA BOY ROGER SHERMAN COMES UP WITH A “GREAT COMPROMISE” WHICH SETS UP A BICAMERAL
LEGISLATURE, ONE HOUSE HAS EQUAL REPRESENTATION, AND ONE HAS PROPORTIONAL REPRESENTATION.

C) THE SOUTHERN STATES WORRIED THAT CONGRESS WOULD WANT TO DO AWAY WITH SLAVERY, SO THEY

WERE WORRIED. CONGRESS WAS GIVEN THE RIGHT TO REGULATE FOREIGN TRADE, SO THIS COULD HAVE
COME TO BE. SO, CONGRESS IS PREVENTED FROM INTERFERING IN THIS ISSUE FOR 20 YEARS. ALSO, THEY

DIDN’T KNOW WHAT THEY WOULD DO WITH THE SLAVES FOR REPRESENTATION AND TAXATION PURPOSES.

D) THE THREE-FIFTHS COMPROMISE ALLOWED FOR 3 OUT 5 SLAVES TO BE COUNTED FOR TAXATION ON

REPRESENTATION PURPOSES.

13.A) FEDERALISM IS A SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT THAT DIVIDED POWER BETWEEN THE NATIONAL GOVERNMENT

AND THE STATE GOVERNMENT. GAVE NATIONAL GOVERNMENT CONTROL OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS, NATIONAL
DEFENSE, AND MAKING MONEY. GAVE STATE GOVERNMENT CONTROL OF EDUCATION AND MARRIAGE LAWS.

THE US GOVERNMENT STRUCTURE WAS INFLUENCED BY THIS.

B) THE LEGISLATIVE BRANCH A.K.A CONGRESS IS RESPONSIBLE FOR ENACTING AND REPEALING LAWS.
TODAY, THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVE HAS AN EXCLUSIVE POWER TO IMPEACH A PRESIDENT, WHILE THE
SENATE APPROVES PRESIDENTIAL APPOINTMENTS. THEY ALSO DECLARE WAR, AMONG SOME OTHER THINGS. IT
CONSISTS OF THE SENATE AND HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES TODAY.

C) THE EXECUTIVE BRANCH EXECUTES AND ENFORCES LAWS. IT CONSISTS OF THE PRESIDENT AND HIS

CABINET.

D) THE JUDICIAL BRANCH ENCOMPASSES ALL FEDERAL COURTS, MOST NOTABLY THE SUPREME COURT AND
APPELLATE (CIRCUIT) COURTS. THEY INTERPRET THE CONSTITUTION TO MAKE DECISIONS IF ISSUES PERTAINING

TO THE CONSTITUTION ARE RAISED.

E) CHECKS AND BALANCES IS PRESENT IN THIS SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT, AND IT ALLOWS FOR EACH BRANCH

OF GOVERNMENT TO CHECK EACH OTHER, AND THEREFORE BALANCE THE POWER. IT PREVENTS TYRANNY

FROM OCCURRING.
14.A) RATIFICATION IS THE FORMAL APPROVAL OF A PROPOSITION, IN OUR CASE THE PROPOSED CONSTITUTION.

NINE OF THIRTEEN STATES HAD TO RATIFY IT FOR IT TO GO INTO EFFECT.

B) FEDERALISTS LIKED THE PROPOSED CONSTITUTION, AND BELIEVED THAT CITIZENS’ RIGHTS WERE

PROTECTED BY THE CONSTITUTION. THEY BELIEVED THAT SINCE THE CONSTITUTION DIDN’T TAKE RIGHTS

AWAY FROM PEOPLE, IT WAS JUST FINE. THE FEDERALIST WAS A SERIES OF ESSAYS PROMOTING THE

FEDERALIST ARGUMENTS.

C) ANTIFEDERALISTS BELIEVED THAT SINCE NO LIST OF RIGHTS FOR CITIZENS WAS IN THE CONSTITUTION IT

WAS NOT GOOD ENOUGH, SO THEY ONLY WANTED RATIFICATION IF THEY COULD GET THAT LIST OF THINGS

ADDED.

D) THE FEDERALISTS AGREE TO A BILL OF RIGHTS (10 AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION THAT LIST
PEOPLE’S RIGHTS) BECAUSE THEY WANTED RATIFICATION OF THE CONSTITUTION TO OCCUR. THIS MADE THE

ANTIFEDERALISTS HAPPY, SO EVERYONE WENT HOME SMILING, AND HOPEFULLY NOT LISTENING TO KE$HA.

15.A) HAMILTON: WANTED A STRONG FEDERAL GOVERNMENT, A GOVERNMENT RULED BY THE WELL-EDUCATED
ELITE, FEARED MOB RULE, HAD A LOOSE INTERPRETATION OF THE CONSTITUTION, LIKED THE NATIONAL BANK

AND THOUGHT THE ECONOMY SHOULD BE BASED ON MANUFACTURING AND SHIPPING. THOUGHT THE FEDERAL

GOVERNMENT SHOULD TAKE ON STATE DEBTS IN ADDITION TO THEIR OWN, JEFFERSON: WANTED SHARED

POWERS BETWEEN THE FEDERAL AND STATE GOVERNMENTS, A GOVERNMENT RULED BY UPSTANDING FARMERS

AND TRADESPEOPLE, FEARED ABSOLUTE RULE, ARGUED AGAINST A NATIONAL BANK BASED ON A STRICT

INTERPRETATION OF THE CONSTITUTION AND WANTED AN ECONOMY BASED ON AGRICULTURE.

B. HAMILTON PROPOSED TO PAY OFF THE FOREIGN DEBT AND TO ISSUE NEW BONDS TO COVER THE OLD
ONES. HE SAID THAT THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT SHOULD ASSUME DEBTS OF THE STATES. THIS WOULD
INCREASE THE FEDERAL DEFICIT, BUT WOULD GIVE PEOPLE A REASON TO SUPPORT THE NEW GOVERNMENT.

SOUTHERN STATES DIDN’T LIKE THIS BECAUSE MANY OF THEM HAD PAID OFF THEIR OWN DEBTS, AND NOW
THE STATES WOULD HAVE TO SHARE DEBT. HE ALSO PROPOSED THAT THE BANK OF THE UNITED STATES

(NATIONAL BANK) SHOULD BE ESTABLISHED. IT WOULD BE FUNDED BY THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT, BUT
MOSTLY BY WEALTHY INVESTORS. PEOPLE DIDN’T LIKE THAT BECAUSE THE INVESTORS HAD WAY TOO MUCH

POWER. THE BANK ALSO HANDLED TAX RECEIPTS, ISSUE CURRENCY AND HANDLE GOVERNMENTAL FUNDS.

16.A) JEFFERSON SUPPORTERS WERE DEMOCRAT-REPUBLICANS, AND HAMILTON SUPPORTERS WERE FEDERALISTS.
THEY ARGUED OVER THE POWER AND SIZE OF THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT IN RELATION TO STATE AND LOCAL
GOVERNMENTS.

B) A DIFFERENCE BETWEEN VIEWS OF POLITICAL PARTIES.

HAMILTON BELIEVED THAT THE FEDERAL
GOVERNMENT SHOULD BE STRONG AND TAX PEOPLE, SO… IN 1789, CONGRESSED PASSED A PROTECTIVE

TARIFF, AN IMPORT TAX ON GOODS MADE IN EUROPE. SECRETARY OF STATE HAMILTON PUSHED THROUGH

AN EXCISE TAX – A TAX ON A PRODUCT’S MANUFACTURE, SALE OR DISTRIBUTION – TO BE LEVIED ON THE

MANUFACTURING OF WHISKEY. MOST WHISKEY PRODUCERS WERE SMALL FRONTIER FARMERS. THEIR MAJOR

CROP WAS CORN, BUT IT WAS TOO BULKY TO CARRY ACROSS THE APPALACHIANS AND TO SELL IN
 SETTLEMENTS ALONG THE ATLANTIC. SO, THE FARMERS DISTILLED THE CORN INTO WHISKEY, AND THIS WAS

THE MAIN WAY THESE FARMERS MADE MONEY. HAMILTON KNEW THE EXCISE TAX WOULD MAKE FARMERS
ANGRY, BUT HE WAS LIKE ‘WHATEVER. I DON’T GIVE A
SCHNITZEL.’ OUT OF ANGER, FARMERS IN
WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA REFUSE TO PAY THE EXCISE TAX, AND REBEL, BEATING UP FEDERAL MARSHALS IN
PITTSBURGH. WASHINGTON CALLS 15,000 MILITIAMEN TO PUT DOWN THE REBELLION, AND THEY DO SO.

17.A) SECTIONALISM IS PUTTING THE INTERESTS OF ONE REGION OVER THE INTERESTS OF THE COUNTRY AS A
WHOLE. THIS OCCURS IN THE PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS OF 1796 WHEN EVERY ELECTOR FROM THE SOUTH

VOTES FOR JEFFERSON, AND EVERYONE FROM THE NORTH GOES FOR ADAMS. THE NORTHERNERS LIKED

JEFFERSON, AND THE SOUTH LIKED ADAMS SO THEY WERE VOTING BASED ON WHAT WAS GOOD FOR THEM,
NOT NECESSARILY FOR WHO WAS BETTER FOR THE COUNTRY AS A WHOLE.

B) FRANCE DEMANDS MONEY FOR THE US FRENCH FOREIGN MINISTER. THE FRENCH SEND 3
TO SEE THE

NEGOTIATORS TO THE US, SO LOWLY THAT THEY’RE CALLED X, Y AND Z. THESE THINGS OFFEND

AMERICANS, AND BEGIN A PERIOD OF ANTI-FRENCH SENTIMENT IN THE US. FEDERALISTS BELIEVE THAT
FRENCH AGENTS ARE AMONG THE PEOPLE OF THE COUNTRY, AND NEW IMMIGRANTS WERE TARGETED
BECAUSE MOST OF THEM WERE DEMOCRATIC-REPUBLICANS. BECAUSE OF FEAR OF PEOPLE GOING AGAINST

THE GOVERNMENT, THE ALIEN AND SEDITION ACTS COME TO BE. THE ALIEN ACTS ALLOWED FOR THE

RESIDENCY REQUIREMENT FOR CITIZENSHIP TO BE RAISED FROM 5 TO 14 YEARS, AND IT GIVES THE

PRESIDENT THE RIGHT TO DEPORT OR JAIL UNDESIRABLE IMMIGRANTS. THE SEDITION ACTS SET FINES AND JAIL

TERMS FOR THE ACCUSED. IN GENERAL THE ALIEN AND SEDITION ACTS WERE ENACTED TO REDUCE THE

POLITICAL POWER OF IMMIGRANTS.

C) NULLIFICATION HELD THAT IF A STATE HELD A CONGRESSIONAL RULING WAS UNCONSTITUTIONAL, THEY

COULD DECLARE THE RULING NULL AND NOT FOLLOW IT. JEFFERSON WRITES A RESOLUTION FOR THE

NULLIFICATION OF THE ALIEN & SEDITION ACTS, AND KENTUCKY APPROVES OF IT.

18.A. JEFFERSON REDUCES SIZE OF THE ARMY, PROMOTES FREE TRADE, WALKS TO HIS INAUGURATION, AND

LOWERS EXPENSES FOR GOVERNMENTAL SOCIAL FUNCTION. HE REDUCES INFLUENCE OF BANK.

B. JUDICIAL REVIEW HOLDS THAT THE SUPREME 2

COURT CAN OVERRULE RULINGS OF THE OTHER

BRANCHES IF THEY FIND IT CONTRADICTED THEIR INTERPRETATION OF THE CONSTITUTION.

IT CAME ABOUT IN
THE LANDMARK SUPREME COURT CASE, MARBURY V. MADISON. IN THIS CASE, WILLIAM MARBURY WAS

TO BE APPOINTED TO A FEDERAL GOVERNMENT IN THE LAST DAYS OF JOHN ADAMS’ PRESIDENCY. HIS PAPERS

WERE NOT DELIVERED ON TIME, AND JAMES MADISON, WHO HAD TO APPROVE THE PAPERS, DIDN’T WANT TO

APPROVE MARBURY. SO, MARBURY TRIED TO GET THE SUPREME COURT TO FORCE MADISON TO PUSH HIS

PAPERS THROUGH, BUT THEY RULED THAT MADISON DID NOT HAVE TO. THIS WAS A CASE OF THE JUDICIAL

BRANCH CHECKING THE EXECUTIVE BRANCH.

19.A. BRITAIN WAS BLOCKADING NAPOLEON’S EUROPE: SEIZING US SHIPS AND CONFISCATING THEIR
CARGOES. IMPRESSMENT: THE BRITISH DRAFTED AMERICANS AT SEA INTO THE BRITISH NAVY. THE
 CHESAPEAKE INCIDENT IS THE FINAL STRAW: THE
COMMANDER OF A BRITISH WARSHIP DEMANDED THE
RIGHT TO BOARD AND SEARCH A U.S. SHIP FOR BRITISH DESERTERS. THE AMERICAN CAPTAIN REFUSES,

THE BRITISH KILL 3 PEOPLE AND WOUND 18 MORE PEOPLE.

B. THE NATIVE AMERICANS FEEL THAT THEY’RE BEING EXPLOITED BY THE

AMERICANS. THEY GIVE THE US
SO MUCH AND GET NOTHING IN RETURN. TENSIONS RISE AND THE US AND THE SHAWNEE NATIVE
AMERICANS, LED BY TECUMSEH FIGHT IN THE BATTLE OF TIPPECANOE. THIS WAS FOUGHT AGAINST
INDIANA GOVERNOR WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON, WHO DIDN’T WANT TO GIVE IN TO THE NATIVE AMERICAN
LAND CLAIMS. HARRISON PERSUADES A GROUP OF THE NATIVE AMERICAN CHIEFS TO SIGN AWAY 3 MILLION

ACRES OF TRIBAL LAND TO THE US GOVERNMENT. HARRISON BURNS THE SHAWNEE CAPITAL, BUT A LOT OF

AMERICAN TROOPS DIE. THE NATIVE AMERICANS GET WEAPONS FROM BRITISH CANADA.

20.A) COTTON GIN (SPEEDS UP COTTON PRODUCTION BECAUSE IT REMOVES COTTON FIBERS FROM SEEDS, AND

NOW PEOPLE DID NOT HAVE TO DO THAT. COTTON IS AN IMPORTANT CASH CROP), INTERCHANGEABLE PARTS

(THINGS COULD JUST BE REPAIRED, INSTEAD OF NEW ONES HAVING TO BE MADE.)

B) PRODUCTION OF THINGS LIKE TEXTILES IS HASTENED BECAUSE THEY BUILD FACTORIES WITH MACHINES
(THEY MAKE THINGS REALLY FAST!) IN NEW ENGLAND. A LOT OF PEOPLE COULD GET FACTORY JOBS.
YIPPEE.

21.A) IN THE SOUTH THEY GREW A LOT OF CASH CROPS ON PLANTATIONS THAT REQUIRED A LOT OF LABOR. IN

THE NORTH THEY GREW CROPS THAT REQUIRED MINIMAL LABOR ON SMALL FARMS.

B) SEE 20A. SINCE COTTON PRODUCTION COULD HASTEN, THEY NEEDED SLAVES TO PICK AT A FASTER

RATE SO THAT DEMAND FOR COTTON WOULD BE MET. COTTON WAS A STAPLE CROP. THEY ALSO WANTED

THE SLAVES TO PICK MORE. SO, AS A RESULT OF THE INVENTION OF THE COTTON GIN, THE DEMAND FOR

SLAVES INCREASES.

C) SLAVES WERE OFTEN SENT TO PICK COTTON, SO, LIKE, A DIRECT EFFECT. PLANTATION SYSTEMS WERE IN

FULL EFFECT.

22. A) IN SUPREME COURT CASEMCCULLOCH V. MARYLAND, MARYLAND WISHED TO TAX ITS LOCAL BRANCH
OF THE BANK OF THE US. THE SUPREME COURT DIDN’T ALLOW THAT BECAUSE IT WOULD LOOK LIKE THE

STATE HAD THE ECONOMIC AND TAXING POWER OVER THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT, AND THEY DIDN’T WANT

THAT. SO THIS DECISION STRENGTHENED THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT’S ECONOMIC POWER BY REACHING THAT

DECISION.

B) IN FLETCHER V. PECK, GEORGIA LAW THAT VIOLATED PEOPLE’S

THE SUPREME COURT NULLIFIED A

CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS TO ENTER INTO A CONTRACT. SO, YEAH, THE SUPREME COURT WAS LIKE ‘NUH-UH’

TO GEORGIA, TAKING AWAY THEIR POWER TO HAVE THAT LAW, THUS LIMITING THEIR POWER.
23.A) SOME MOVED TO ESCAPE DEBTS AND THE LAW, BUT MOST PEOPLE MOVED TO TAKE ADVANTAGE OF THE

FERTILE LAND, WHICH WAS PLENTIFUL. THERE WAS ECONOMIC GAIN. PEOPLE COULD GET NEW JOBS, AND RISE

SOCIALLY, TOO.

B) THEMISSOURI COMPROMISE SAID THAT NEW STATE OF MISSOURI COULD BE A SLAVE STATE, AND THE
NEW STATE OF MAINE COULD BE A FREE SLAVE. THEY WANTED EQUALITY BETWEEN SLAVE AND FREE STATES,
AND THAT WAS THE CASE, BUT IN THE END TO ENSURE EQUALITY THEY CAME TO AGREE ON THE MISSOURI

COMPROMISE. IT SAID THAT THE LOUISIANA TERRITORY WOULD TURN INTO TWO SPHERES OF INTERESTS, ONE

FOR SLAVE OWNERS, AND ONE FOR FREE SETTLERS. IT ALSO EXCLUDED SLAVERY FROM THE MISSOURI

TERRITORY NORTH OF THE PARALLEL 36°30' NORTH (THE SOUTHERN BOUNDARY OF MISSOURI), EXCEPT
WITHIN THE LIMITS OF THE PROPOSED STATE OF MISSOURI. (BASICALLY NORTH OF THE SOUTHERN BORDER

OF MISSOURI, SLAVERY WAS ILLEGAL.)