"Cu6n sach nay diroc xuat ban trong khuon khd Chuong trinh Dao tao Ki str Chat

hrong cao tai Viet Nam, voi sir tro giup cua B9 phan Van hoa va Hop tac cua Dai SU quan Phap tai mroc Cong hoa Xii h9i Chu nghia Vi~t Nam".

"Cet ouvrage, publie dans le cadre du Programme de Formation d'Ingenieurs d'Excellence au Vietnam beneficie du soutien du Service Culturel et de Cooperation de l'Ambassade de France en Republique socialiste du Vietnam".

194 - 2006/CXB/18 - 323/GD

M§ s6: 7K484T6 - DAI

Dien tit hoc 1

•

(Tdi ban ldn thu tu)

Diroi su huang dan cua JEAN - MARIE BREBEC

Giao sir giang day cac lap du bi dai hoc tnrong Lixe Saint - Louis 6 Paris

PHILIPPE DENEVE

Giao sir giang day cac lap dtr bi dai hoc twang Lixe Henri - Wallon 6 Valenciennes

THIERRY DESMARAIS

Giao sir giang day cac lap du bi dai hoc tnrong Lixe Vaugelas 6 Chambery

MARC MENETRlER

Giao str giang day cac lap dir bi dai hoc tnrong Lixe Thiers 6 Marseilles

BRUNO NOEL

Giao sir giang day cac lap du bi dai hoc tnrong Lixe Champollion 6 Grenoble

CLAUDE ORSINI

Giao sir giang day cac lap dtr bi dai hoc twang Lixe Dumont - d'Urville 6 Toulon

Nguoi dich : NGUYEN HOD HO

NHA XUAT BAN GIAO ouc

•

Nam th(f nhat MPSI· pesl PTSI

~

Electromagnetisme

sous la direction de

JEAN - MARIE BREBEC Professeur en Classes Preparatoires au Lycee Saint - Louis a Paris

PHILIPPE DENEVE Professeur en Classes Preparatoires au Lycee Henri - Wall on a Valenciennes

THIERRY DESMARAIS Professeur en Classes Preparatoires au Lycee Vaugelas a Chambery

MPSI· pesl PTSI

MARC MENETRIER Professeur en Classes Preparatoires au Lycee Thiers a Marseilles

BRUNO NOEL Professeur en Classes Preparatoires au Lycee Champollion a Grenoble

CLAUDE ORSINI Professeur en Classes Preparatoires au Lycee Dumont - d'Urville a Toulon

ITTH=H HACHETIE InttJj Superieur

BQ giao trinh nay co lien quan den cac chirong trlnh moi cua cac lap du bi van cac tnrong dai hoc, diroc ap dung cho kl tuu tnrong thang 9/1995 doi voi cac lap nam tlnr nhat MPSI, PCSI va ITSI, va cho kl nru tnrong thang 9/1996 doi voi cac lap nam thu hai MP, PC, PSI.

Theo tinh than cua cac chtrong trlnh moi, thi bo giao trlnh nay dira ra mot sir d6i rnoi trong viec giang day mon vat If 0 cac lap du bi dai hoc,

• Trai voi truyen thong di'i in sau darn net, theo do vat If bi xep van hang mon hoc thu yeu sau toan hQC cac hien nrong di'i bi che HlP boi khia canh tinh toan, cac tac gia da: co gang thu xep d~ d~t toan hQC vao dung chb cua no bang each uu tien cho sir tu duy va lap luan vat If, dong thai nhan manh van cac thong so co y nghia va cac he thirc da: ket hop chung lai voi nhau .

• Vat If la mot mon khoa hoc thirc nghiem nen phai diroc giang day theo tinh than do. Cac tac gia da: quan tarn dac biet den viec mo til cac thiet bi thf nghiem nhirng yin khong bo qua khia canh thuc hanh. Mong sao nhirng co gang cua cac tac gia se thuc day thay va tro cai tien hoac tao ra cac hoat dong thf nghiem luon luon day chat sang tao,

• V~t If khong phai la mot khoa hoc coi thirong vat chat, chi chu trong den lap luan triru nreng rna dung dung voi thuc tien cong nghe. Mbi khi thay mot van d~ thfch hop thi cac tac gia da: danh mot cho xirng dang cho cac ap dung khoa hoc hay cong nghiep, dac biet d~ kich thich cac nha nghien ciru va cac ki su nrong lai.

• Vat if khong phai la mot khoa hoc thuan khiet va vinh hang, rna vat If la san pham cua mot thai dai va khong nr tach ra khoi pham vi hoat dong cua con ngiroi.

Cac tac gia khong coi thuong cac cu lieu v~ lich sir cac khoa hoc M mo ta sir bien d6i cua cac mo hlnh If thuyet cling nhir thay the cac thf nghiem trong boi canh cua ho,

Nhom tac gia rna lean-Marie Brebec da: phoi hop, gom cac giao su cac lap du bi rat tung trai, da: co mot be day kinh nghiern trong cac kl thi tuyen van cac tnrong dai hQC va co nang luc khoa hoc cao diroc moi ngiroi nhat trf cong nhan. Nhom nay cong tac chat che voi cac tac gia cua cac bo giao trlnh cua Durandeau va Durupthy cho cap hai cac tnrong trung hoc (nrong dirong trung hoc pho thong cua Viet Nam).

Sach cho cac lap du bi da: ke tiep hoan hao sach 0 cap trung hoc ca v~ hlnh thirc, noi dung, lin y nrong. Chung toi bao dam rang cac cuon sach nay la nhfrng cong cu quy bau cho sinh vien d~ chuan bi co hieu qua cho cac kl thi tuyen, cling nhtr d~ co diroc mot sir trau gioi khoa hoc vtrng chac,

l.P .DURANDEAU

Cac phep doi xrrng va bat bien cua cac phan bo di~n tich va dong cho phep nghien ciru Jan hrQ1 nhirng tinh chat cua tnrong tinh dien va cua tu tnrong. LUll so bao toan va nghien ciru thong IUQ11g cua truong tinh dlen dan t61 khai niem ve the (va the nang tinh dien), va t01 dinh II Gauss. Dinh II Ampere dUQc phat bi~u sau khi nghien cuu hru so cua tir truong, Nhieu mo phong ducc dua ra nham thay ro han cac topo va cac tinh chat cua hai trurmg nay. Sau do nghien ciru cac tnrong (va the tinh dien) tao ra bOi cac lirong cue tinh dlen va cac luong cue tir, dong thot nhan manh vao tinh glong nhau ton tai giua cac truong tl;!O ra bOi cac luang qrc.

LOi noi ddu 5

Mu« luc 6

1 Cac phan bel dien tich 7

2 Twang tinh dien 19

3 The tinh dien 39

II Dinh If GAUSS 61

S Luo-ng eve tinh dien

80

6 cae phan bel dong

100

] Tit twang 115

R D~nh Ii AMPERE

143

1. Luang eire tit 169

PhL;lIL;lC 1 : G6e dac 185

PhL;lIL;lC 2 : On tap to an 188

CAC PHAN 80

~ ,

BIEN TICH

-

v fit chat xudt hien nhu mot tap hop cac hat nhu cac electron, proton va notron " chung la thanli phdn cdu tao cua cdc nguyen tic.

De giai thich mot vai tinh chdt cua chung, cdn gan cho cac hat d6 mrt dai IU9'l1g dac trung goi la dien tich.

SlJ: mo ta nhting tap h9P dien tich, eon so! la cac phan b6 dien tich, se dan toi xac dinh pham vi nghien cuu cua dien tit h9C rna ta se chap nhdn trong giao trinli nay.

M u C

TIE U

• Chon mot rna hinh d~ rna ta cac phan bo dien tich.

• NMn biet tfnh doi xtrng cua cluing.

DIEU CAN BIET TRl1aC

• Nhtmg thi nghiern sa cap ve su nhiem dien a cap trung hoc.

1 f)i~n tach

1.1. Sl! nhi~m di~n - f)i~n tlch nguyen t6

1.1.1. cac thi nghi~m dinh tinh

Cac thi nghiern ve SI! nhiern dien da diroc biet tir thoi c6 xua : chung cho thay nS mot vai tinh chat dien cua vat chat (xem trong cac lap hoc duoi) :

• mot so vat lieu (thuy tinh, plexiglat...), sau khi diroc CQ xat voi cac vat lieu khac, co tinh chat hut duoc nhtmg vat nhe. Ta n6i chung da bi nhiern dien.

• Nhong tac dung co hQC quan sat duoc gina cac vat mang dien cho thay c6 hai loai nhiern dien : cac vat tich dien giong nhau thi d~y nhau, trong tnrong hQ'P nguoc lai, chung hut nhau.

SI! nghien CUu dinh hrong cac dinh luat hut va d~y da diroc COULOMB thuc hien va dua ra dinh luat nrong tac mang ten ong vao nam 1785.

1.1.2. cac hat so cap va di~n tieh nguyen to

Tir cac thi nghiern a cuoi the ki 19 (J.J.THOMSON, J.PERRIN) dan toi su giai thich vat chat bang cac hat so cap mang dien tich duong hoac am.

Don vi cua di~n tich lfl coulomb, ki hi~u lfl C.

• Cac proton, tich dien duong, cung voi cac notron, khong tich dien, tao thanh cac hat nhan nguyen tu.

• Cac electron, tich dien am, tao thanh lap va (dam nUly electron) cua cung nhung nguyen tu d6.

• Dien tich cua electron bang -e = -1,602.10-19 C. Dieu d~c biet la dien tich cua mot proton lai dung bang nhung trai dau voi dien tich cua electron, va bang +e.

Trong nhtmg thi nghiern Cel ditn ve su nhiern dien, cac dien tich duong, gan voi hat nhan, van a lai trong long cua cac hat nhan (nen vat chat). C6 SI! nhiern dien duong hay am cua v~t thi nghiern khi cac electron bi birt ra khoi vat hay diroc mang them toi vat.

Cac di~n tich quan sat thay luon luon la nhiing bc?i so nguyen 13n di~n tich nguyen to e : di~n tfch da b] luong ttl hoa,

ChU thich :

Duoc biet hien nay, cac hat quae La cac thanh phdn cuoi cung cua vat cha: hat nhan, mang nhung difn ticii La boi s6 nguyen Ldn cua ~.

Chung khong duoc quan sat mot cacti rieng re, rna 6' ben trong cua nhiing cdu true co dien tich La boi s6 nguyen cua e.

1.2. S", bao toan di~n tieh

Dien tich la mot dai IUQ'ng co ban tham dir trong cac bieu tlurc cua tnrong dien tir tao ra boi cac phan bo dien tich dirng yen (tlnh) hay chuyen dong (dong dien).

Han mra, moi nrong tac duoc biet cho toi nay deu co tinh chat bao toan dien tich. Dieu nay da duoc kiem nghiern khi cac hat va cham nhau trong cac may gia toe hat, cac phan img h6a hoc, v.v.

Doi vOi mot h~ kin, tire h~ khong trao d6i v~t chat vOi ben ngoai, di~n tich luon khong d6i.

Dien tich la mot dai hrong khong phu thuoc vao he quy chieu quan sat.

2 Cac philn bo di~n tlch

2.1. Cae di~n tieh di~m

Noi chung, mot hat la mot vat co klch thuoc khong gian rat han che. Kich thiroc cua mot nuclon (thanh phan cua hat nhan nguyen tiT :

proton hay notron) chang han, vao co fecmi hay femtornet (10-15 m). Cac dinh luat cua dien tir van mo ta day du hanh vi (d~c tinh) cua cac hat mang dien chung nao nhtrng khoang each dang dung con Ian han khoang each nguyen to nay.

Nhir vay, voi mot su gan dung thich hop, co th~ coi cac hat sa cap mang dien Ia nhung chat diem mang dien tich.

Mot phan bo cua N dien tich di~m se duoc xac dinh boi t~p hQ'P cac vi tri rj cua cac dien tich q j , i bien thien tir 1 to; N.

2.2. Mo hinh h6a mQt phan bo di~n tieh 2.2.1. Thang vi rna

• a thang vi mo, dac tnmg boi mot chieu dai ki hieu d, cau tnic cua v~t chat la khong lien tuc.

Trong mot moi tnrong co d~c (ran, long), khoang each nay se vao co mot vai chuc nanomet, vi kich thuoc cua mot nguyen tiT la vao co a,lnm.

Trong mot tinh the, nhtrng khoang each giua cac nguyen tiT hoac cac ion bien thien vao khoang nr a,2nm den lnm.

Doi voi mot ngiroi quan sat co kha nang quan sat moi tnrong mot each rat tinh te, thi 0 thang vi mo, moi tnrong nay co th~ co dang ve giong nhir hinh ve 2.

Chu y

Dung mot kinli hitn vi hieu ling duong ham cho phep thiec hien loai quan sat nay. Cluing han, nho dung C1:l nay, fa c6 tht quan sat M mat cua mot Vt,lt rdn dt phan biet cac lop xep chong cua cdc nguyen tu cdu thanh vat. Quan sat nhiing kit qua cua Sl! tuong tac giaa s6ng dien tu voi moi truong ding cho phep dat toi nhimg chi titt vao co dt) Ibn caa buoc s6ng cua buc X(l dang dung.

M.(q.)

r r

Hinh 1. Phdn bO' cua N dien ticli diem.

Hinh 2. Phan bO' cac dien ticli b thang vi mo.

,

Apdyng 1

CO' Ion cua d trong me)t platma

Hay urrc luong co Ion cua d trong mot platma, moi truimg ion hoa gam cac electron va ion c6 mat d(J giong nhau 11 =11. =1021m-3

e I •

Neu gan cho moi hat mot the rich turrng dirong voi d3 thi mot ClY 16n cua d III :

d I 0-7 2

= -=1 m =10 nm

V;;

2.2.2. Thang vi rna

D6 la thang dac trung cua thi nghiern, duoc xac dinh boi mot chieu dai ky hieu la D. Trang da so cac tnrong hQP, chieu dai VI mo D nay Ion hem rat nhieu chieu dai vi mo d.

MOt S1)' quan sat moi tnrong a thang VI mo se duoc mieu ta tuong nr nhu hinh ve 3. Chang han, tren hinh ve nay, nhtmg mien darn (hoac nhat) hem nrong trung cho S1)' tap trung dien tich manh (hoac ycu) hem.

2.2.3. Thang trung rna

51)' mieu ta tren day Hun xuat hien nhtmg thay d6i a thang VI mo cua mot dac tinh (hanh vi) CI,lC bO trung binh,

Dac tinh duoc mieu ta III CI,lC bO chimg nao a do dai luong tuong trung co kha nang bien thien lien tuc, va c6 the dang kc, a thang VI mo.

Goi la trung binh vi ta ngam gia thiet rang cac mien dam hoac nhat hon giai thich mot each dung dan S1)' tap trung cua dai luong mieu ta.

Phuong phap nay co the chap nhan diroc neu ta dinh nghia them rnor thang thir ba, goi la thang trung mo, xac dinh boi mot chieu dai l, trung gian gitra cac thang vi mo va VI mo.

MOt mat, neu Iia Ion so voi d, ta c6 the xac dinh mot each thich hQP gia tr] trung binh CI,lC bO cua mot dai luong, vi mot the tich cc ,3 chira mot so Ian cac thirc the vi mo.

Mat khac, neu I rat nho so voi D, thi the tfch nay van la nho a thang VI mo. Khi do, gia tri trung binh tren cho phep mo ta kha chinh xac moi tnrong.

Voi dieu kien ton tai mot thang trung mo sao cho d« l« D, ta se co the thirc hien phep toan san bang (danh b6ng) cac dai luong nghien cuu va chap nhan S1)' rna ta nay bang til moi tnrong lien tuc, du chinh xac cho mot nghien cuu a thang VI mo. Hinh ve 4 torn tat S1)' mo ta moi tnrong bang cac gia tri CI,lC bO trung binh.

Chinh trong khuon kh6 mo ta nay rna ta se Hun viec til nay ve sau :

6 mot thang vi md cac phan bo di~n tich, cac thuc th~ vi mo, se dune mieu ta nhrr mOt dal IUVng san bang & met thang trung mo : mat de) dien tich,

10

D

Hinh 3. Quan sat o thang VI mo.

D

Hinh 4. Cac thang vi mo d. sail bang l va VI mo D.

Cha y:

• Su mo ta bang cac gia try san bdng nay (mat d9 difn tich, truong trung binh. .. ) don gian hoa su Mp qln cua chung ta d6i vOi mot su nghien cuu trie: de o thang vi mo. Nhung rna ta lai mdt di thong tin v~ d{:ic tinh CIlC bp cua moi truong dang mo ta va c6 lac ta se phai thua nhdn cac d{:ic tinli cua tong thi vi thieu m9t su nghien cuu tinn te cac cO' che v(in dung & thang vi mo .

• M(it khac, ta cang se phai thuc hien mot phep toan san bang thu hai. Quan niem v~ difn tich diem chi la mot su ma hinh hoa don gian va se phai thay the hinli ilnh dO bang hlnh ilnh mot dam may tich di_en khong dinli vi.

r

Apdyng 2

Dong c6 nguyen tIf so Z ::: 29, c6 khot Luong phan tit M = 64 g.mol-1 , c6 khoi Luong rieng

).1= 8,9.103kg.m-3.

1) M.ot qua cau nho bang Mng 00n kinh a = 1 mm duoc tich dien o difn the v = 3000V (& ben ngoai. difn truong cua qua cdu c6 thi gtiy ra su ion h6a khong khi bao quanti no). Khi do, dien tich cua qua cdu la Q ::: 41t E oa V , trong dO :

_1_=9.l09SI. 41tEo

2) Su mang toi mot difn tich nguyen to keo theo mot su bien dang cua cac dam mtiy electron Ian qln qua cdu. Dien tich co du nhu V{1y xudt hien khong dinh. vi, duoc san bang CIlC bp tren mot the tich c6 kich thuoc d{:ic trung vao co 10 nm. Hoi cac gia tri bang so dua ra trong de bai nay c6 phil h(7{J voi nhang bdt ddng thuc giiia d, I va D khong ?

1) Qua cau chua:

N = N A (~;m3 ); nguyen tl'r dong,

trong do NA =6,02.lcf3m:r' la s6 AVOOADRO. V~y s6 proton chua trong qua cau bang Np = Z.N = 1022. S6 electron cung nhu v~y neu

qua cau trung hoa dien. Dien tich duong Q mang 00i qua cau tuong img voi mot SI! giam s6 electron (tu do) bang :

Ne =Np - Q =1022 _6.1012

e

Ta nhan thay SI! khac biet tuong d6i gina N p va

N e rat nho : moi truong it bi nhieu 00i dien tich, 2) Ta co th~ xac dinh mot chieu dai vi mo d bang each gan eho moi nguyen tl'r dong mot

th~ tich vao co d3 , nrc la

Nd3 = _i;m3

3 '

,

. ( J1) 3 -9

suy ra. d::: NA- M =0,23.10 m=O,23 nm

Khoang each dac tnrng eho SI! trai ra cua dien tich co du eho phep ta xac dinh mot thang I d<) vai nanornet, rat 1611 truce d va con rat nho so voi thang VI mo, chang han, xac dinh boi ban kinh cua qua cau dong.

2.3. Cae di~n tieh khoi

SI! co m~t ciia cac dien tich trong mot rnoi truong, noi chung duoc mo hinh h6a bang mot di~n tich khong dinh vi, san bang, mo ta 00i mat do dien kh6i p.

D6i voi mot moi tnrong tich dien co th~ tich V, SI! phan b6 dien tich YJ khi do tuong ung voi dO' lieu cua p (} ben trong m~t S chira V (hlnh 5).

Dien tich chua trong mot the tich nguyen to d T (nhe d' thang vi mo,

vao cO' [3) bang : 0

dq ::: pd T. Hinh 5. Phan bo khoi cua cdc

M~t de) di~n khoi p dU'Q'c do biing C.m -3. dien tich.

2.4. Cac di~n tich m~t

Giil su phan b6 dien ttch QJ co hinh dang cua mot lap tich dien : mat dO dien khoi khac khong 0 ben trong mot lap vo co be day h rat nho 0 thang VI mo dang nghien ciru (hinh 6a).

Voi mot dien tich nguyen to' dS cua lap nay, dien tich mang boi th~ tich d r = hdS nrong irng bang dq = p.d r = phdS.

Be day h rat nho, ta hay xet S,! mieu til gioi him "h tien toi khong" voi dien tich dq khong d6i d6i voi mot phan tu dien tfch dS da cho. Tich ph, se diroc ki hieu la a, phai duoc giu khong d6i khi xet S,! mieu til gioi han nay cua phan b6fJ (hinh 6b).

Ta da co mot phan bo be mat cua cac dien tich, co mat dO 0:

Dien tich mang bOi mot dien tich nguyen to dS (nho trong thang VI me, va cO' [2) khi do bang dq = odS.

Ml\lt dQ di~n mat udU'Q'c do bang C.m -2.

I'

Apdyng3

B~ day cua lop vo tich di~n

Khi him bi bang dong trong tip dung 2 duoc tich dien, thi cac dien tich c6 du c6 khuynh huang duoc phan b60- Ian can M mat cua him bi. Bang cacti xem xet cac gia tri bang s6 0- tren va gan mot dien tich nguyen t6 c6 du cho m6i nguyen uc dong cua l6p nay, hay dua ra mot su danli gia v~ M day h. Binli ludn

S'! nhieu loan cua moi truong do cac dien tfch co dir la rat nho, Vi vay be day h cling phai nho so voi ban kinh cua hon bi, sao cho the

tfch cua lap vo tich dien dp xi bang 41ta 2 h .

, NA(41lX1.2h)f.1.

Lap vo nay khi do chua

M

nguyen til dong. M8i mot electron co dir duoc

o

Hinh 6. L6p va tich dien (a) va sie mo hinli h6a b~ mat (b).

giil thiet lien ket voi mot trong cac nguyen tu nay, be day h duoc cho boi:

eNA(41lX1.2h)f.1. [;oVM

Q = , hay h = --"--

M af.1.eNA

Tinh toan bang sO', ta thu duoc h = 3.10 -14 m . Gia tri bang sO' nay ro rang la vt: IS' : no rat nho han kich thuoc cua mot nguyen til dong!

Gan mot dien tich co du echo m8i nguyen tu dong cua lap tich dien dl nhien la rat qua rmrc, nhung ro rang fling ngay crt khi phan be dien tich co du nay tren mot vai ti nguyen tu, ta cling se thu diroc mot be day h C,!C nho. Dien tich be mat khi do co ve la mot mo hinh phil hop d~ mo til S,! phan b6 dien tich mang boi vat dan.

~ £)~ luy{m t~p : BT6

2.5. Cac di~n tich dili

. Theo each nrong nr, khi QJ co hinh dang mot soi chi, thi ta coi no nhir mot S,! phan bo dien tich thea chieu dai doc thea mot duong cong (({, nrong irng voi mot dien tich tren mot dan vi dai A (hinh 7).

Dien tich mang bOi mot doan dai nguyen to dl bang dq = Adl.

M~t dQ di~n dai A, duoc do bang C.m -1 .

~ £)~ luy~n t~p : BTa.

-

r

o

Hinh 7. Dien tich dq = Adl tai M.

3

Tlnh doi xung cua cac phan bo di~n tich

3.1. Oac phep doi xung thuong dung

Ta se nghien CUu anh huang cua cac thao tac dan gian (cac dich chuyen) tren mot phan bo dien tich riJ. Cac phep doi ximg co ban, c6 loi cho phan tiep thea cua giao trinh, se la phep doi xirng phang /Jl, phep tinh tien ;Y hay phep quay ;Jj? xung quanh mot true,

3.1.1. Phep doi xli'ng ph~ng

G9i x, y va z la toa d¢ Descartes sao cho (xOy) la mdt phdng d6i xung (hay phang - girong) cua sir phan bo, ki hieu la II(hinh 8).

G9i M la mot diem cua phan bo 1]" c6 toa d¢ Descartes (x, y, z) va M' c6 toa d¢ (x, y, -z) diem doi xirng voi n6 qua mat phang II.

SI,l' phan bo la bat bien doi voi phep doi xtrng qua mat phang II = (xOy) neu cac mat d¢ dien tich tai M va M' 111 giong het nhau.

Di~n tfch ella mQt phan b6 bat bien d6i v6i phep d6i ximg phang qua m~t phang (xOy) neu nhtr :

p(x, y, -z) = p(x, y, z)

3.1.2. Phep phan doi xli'ng ph~ng

Ta n6i mat ph~ng 1ft phdn do'i xung (hay ph~ng - ph an gunng), ki hieu IJ* = (xOy), neu SI! phan b6 thoa man:

AM') = -AM) hay AX, y, -z) = -AX, y, z)

Hinh 8. Phan bti btit bien d6i voi phep d{fi xung phdng.

3.1.3. Bat bien do phep tinh tien Hinh 9. Phdn b6' btit bien do'i

Ta noi phan bo Ia bat bien do phep tinh tien song song voi mot true voi phep tjnh titn d(JC theo mot

khi mat d¢ dien tich la nhu nhau tai mot diem M cua phan bo va tai true.

moi di~m M' c6 diroc bang phep tinh tien song song voi true ay.

Ta hay chon mot moe la true (Oz) song song voi true ay :

M~t dQ di~n tich ella mQt phan b6 bat bien do phep tinh tien theo true (Oz) neu nhir :

AX, y, z) = AX, y)

Htnh 9 minh hoa cho tnrong hop nay : phan bo dien tich chua trong

mot hinh tru c6 cac duong sinh song song voi true (Oz) Ia bat bien do phep tinh tien song song voi true (Oz).

LUll y rang moi mat phang vuong g6c voi true nay deu tao ra mot mat phang doi xirng cua phan bo.

Cha y:

Ta cung co the se gt;1p nhung truong hop cdc phan b6' iii hiit bien d6i voi cdc phep tinli tien gian doan doc theo mot true. Cac phan b6 nay Hinh 10. Phan b6 bat bien do

se mo ta mot dac tinh tudn hoan doc theo true nhu hinli 10 minli hoa. phep tjnh tien.

3.1.4. Tfnh bat bien b~ng phep quay

Mot phan bo .@la bat bien bang phep quay xung quanh mot true (Oz) neu mat dO dien tich la nhu nhau tai mot di1!m M cua phan bo va tai moi diem M' tim diroc bang mot phep quay bat ki cua M xung quanh true. GOi (r, B, z) la cac toa do 1:r1) true (Oz) cua di1!m M. Doi v6i mot phan bo nhir the, str phan phdi cac dien tich phai khong phu thuoc vao g6c fJ.

Dien tieh cua mot phan b6 la bat bien d6i v6i phep quay xung quanh ffi9t true (Oz) neu nlnr p(r, B, z) = p(r, z).

Chu y rang moi mat phang chira tfl,lC quay tron (Oz) la mot mat phang doi xirng cua phan bo dien tich (hinh 11).

cno y .

Ta cung co the se g(1p cac truong hop nhung phan bo bat bien doi voi cac phep quay gian doan xung quanh mot true. Mpt t(ip hop ba dien tich gidng nhau nam tai ba dinli cua mot tam giac d€u la bat bien doi

voi phep quay mot g6c a la bpi so nguyen cua 2; xung quanh true

vuong g6c voi mdt phdng cua tam giac va di qua tam cua n6.

3.2. cac phan be dei xung bQi

Ta se thuong gap cac phan bo bat bien doi v6i nhieu phep doi ximg ca ban. Ta cung da luu y ding cac phan bo Mt bien doi v6i phep tinh tien hoac phep quay, co vo so cac mat phang - guong.

Ta con neu ra hai loai phan bo dien tich dang chu y bOi do doi ximg cao cua cluing. Viec su dung cac tinh cMt tren day cho phep chung minh cac menh de sau day.

z

Hinh 11. Phdn bo bat bien rioi voi phep quay xung quanh mot true (Oz).

3.2.1. Phan bo co tfnh doi xling tru

Phan bO doi xnng tru la bat bien doi voi phep tinh tien song song voi Hinh 12. Phan b6 d6i xung tru. mot true lei hieu (Oz) (moi mat phang vuong g6c v6i true (Oz) deu la

mat phang doi xirng) va quay tron xung quanh true do (moi mat phang

chua true (Oz) deu la mat phang doi ximg).

SiX dung cac toa do tru, true (Oz), ta co (hinh 12) :

Phan bo d6i xung tru : p(r, B, z) = p(r)

3.2.2. Phan bo co tinh doi xling cau

Phan bo d6i xtrng cau la bat bien doi voi phep quay xung quanh tat ca cac true di qua tam doi xirng.

Hon mra, can chu y rang moi mat phang chira goc deu la mat phang doi xirng cua phan bO.

Sfr dung cac toa do cau r, () va ¢ voi goc la tam doi xtrng, ta co (hinh 13) :

Phan b6 d6i xung cau : p(r, B, ¢) = p(r).

~ De luy~n t~p : BT 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 va 7.

Hinh 13. Phan bo doi xung du.

fJ/€U CAN CHI NHO

• el~N rlca

• Don vi cua di~n tich la coulomb, ki hieu C.

• Cac di~n tich quan sat dU'Q'C luon luon la cac bQi so nguyen Ian di~n tich nguyen to e : di~n tich bt lU'Q'Dg tif hoa,

• Doi v6i mQt h~ kin, tuc khong trao d6i v{lt chat v6i ben ngoai, di~n tich dU'Q'C bao toano

• su PHAN BO el~N TiCH

a mQt thang vi mo, cac phan bo di~n tich, cac thue tht! vi mo, se dU'Q'c mieu ta nho vao mQt d~i lU'Q'Dg san bang (Y thang trung mo : mat dQ di~n tich.

• cec di~n tich khoi

Dien tich chua trong mQt tht! tich nguyen to dr bang :

dq = jxJ:r.

M{lt dQ di~n khoi p dU'Q'c do biing C.m -3.

• cec di~n tich be' m~t

Di~n tich mang boo mQt dien tich nguyen to dS bang :

dq = odS.

M{lt dQ di~n mat (J dU'Q'c do bang C.m -2 •

• Cae di~n tich dili

Dien tich mang boo mQt chieu dai nguyen to dl bang :

dq = NIl

M{lt dQ di~n dai A duoc do biing C.m-I.

, ,,', ? , " ,,'

• TINH eOI XlJNG CUA CAC PHAN BO

• Di~n tich cua mQt phan bo la bat bien boo phep doi xung phang doi v6i m~t phang n = (xOy) neu nhir :

AX, y, --z) = AX, y, z).

• Ta noi m~t phang la phan doi xung (hay phang - phan guong, ki hieu rr' = (xOy) neu phan bo thoa man:

AM') = -AM) hay con la AX, y, --z) = -AX, y, z) .

• M{lt dQ di~n tich cua mQt phan bo la bat bien doi v6i phep tinh tien theo (Oz) neu :

AX, y, z) = AX, y)

• Di~n tich cua mQt phan bola bat bien doi v6i phep quay xung quanh true (Oz) neu :

Ar, ~ z) = Ar, z) • Phan bo co tinh doi xung tru (cac toa dQ tru) :

Ar, ~ z) = Ar). • Phan bo co tinh doi xung cau (cac toa dQ cau) :

Ar, ~ rji) = Ar)

Bai tQP

, J " ~

AP DUNG TRlIC TIEP HAl GIANG

1 Chiec vang tich di~n

C6 nhung phep doi xirng nao cua sir phan b6 vong tron diroi day?

y

x

2 Qua cau tich di~n deu

Cho mot qua cau ban kinh Q, tam 0, mang mot phan bo dien tich be mat (Y.

Hoi c6 nhtmg phep d6i ximg nao cua phan b6 dien tich nay?

3 L~p phU'ong tich di~n Cho mot l~p phuong canh Q. Cac mat ABeD va A 'B'CD' mang cac dien tich be mat deu, trai dflu o va -0:

c

Hoi c6 nhtmg phep d6i ximg nao cua phan b6 nay?

4 Qua cau phan cue

MOt qua cau ban kinh a, mang mat dO dien mat : (Y = (Yo cos B .

Hoi c6 nhung phep d6i xung nao cua phan b6 nay?

5 Trl:J co 10 h6ng tich di~n

Mot khoi tru vo han true (Oz), co chua mot 16 hdng hinh tru true (O'z), mang mot mat d<) dien khoi deu p.

Hoi c6 the gan cho phan b6 dien tich nay nhung phep d6i xung nao ?

z

6 Mo hinh hoa mQt mat dQ di~n tich

m~t

Ta da ngam gia thiet ding su' phan b6 dien tich la deu 0 ben trong 16p vo day h, dieu nay la khong can thiet, Ching han ta hay xet mot moi tnrong chiern rura khong gian z < 0, tich dien 0 Ian can be mat cua n6 voi mat dO dien khoi

P= Po ex{~).

trong d6 h la mot khoang each nho 0 thang VI mo.

1) Hoi voi dO sau Zo nao cua lap bao ham gitra z = ° va z = Zo thi lap chua 90% dien tich mang boi moi tnrong ?

2) Xac dinh mat dO dien mat nrong duong. 3) Hay binh luan tlnh hu6ng gi6i han Po~oo

va h ~ 0, voi P oh = (Yo = ete .

.

z

Po

P

A A' J ,

VAN DUNG VON KIEN THlIC

7 £>U'ang dinh OC vo h~n

Sa do duo; day mo ta mot duong dinh 6c true (Oz), tuung img voi t~p hop cac di~m c6 toa dO Descartes:

pB (x = RcosB, y = RsinB, z = ---) 27r

khi B bien thien nr B min den B max :

x

z

y Duong dinh 6c nay mang mOt mat dl) dien dai deu A. Hay dira ra nhung phep d6i ximg nao cho mot phan b6 nhir the ?

Hay xet tnrong hop mot duong dinh 6c vo tan.

8 cac lop tnrot

a)

- + +

Sa d6 a rna ta mot qua cau tam 0 ban kinh R rnang mat dt) dien mat (j'= a 0 case.

Sa d6 b rna ta hai khoi cau ban kinh R, co cac tam Um hrot la 0+ va 0_ co cac hoanh de> +a va -a

tren true (Oz), tich dien deu voi cac mat de> Ian hrot bang +e; va -Po'

Hay chtmg to rang phan bo tlur nhat co th~ thu duoc nhu la gioi han cua phan bo thu hai khi khoang each a tien toi khong, voi dieu kien phai ap d~t mot he thirc dac biet noi Po' a va a 0 .

UJI 61AI

4- MPt do di?n milt kh6ng phl,l thuoe vao goe cp: phiin b6 la bit biin d6i v6i phep quay xung quanh true (Oz). Thay

d6l e thanh 7r - e, a dllO diu;

milt phing (xOy) = II*, tuong img voi

()=!!.-,

2

la mr,5t milt phing phiin d6i ximg ella phiin b6 di?n tich x nay.

5 Phiin b6 nay Ja bit biin d6i v6i phep tinh tiin song song v6i true (Oz). Milt phing (xOz), ehtra trl,le (O'z) ella phlin [6ng, la mot milt phing - gwng ella S(l phiin b6; do la mot milt phing d6i ximg ella cic di?n tieh. SI! phiin b6 Ja kh6ng bit biin d6i voi phep quay xung quanh true (Oz) niu 0' khae o.

6 1) Ta nhpn tMy ring phiin b6 thea ham mil ella di?n tieh tuong img vai b~ day if do mpt do di?n tieh nhanh chong kh6ng dang ke'if ben ngoai do siiu h

(P= Po khi z s U; Po khiz=-(I,6)h; Po khiz=-7h).

5 1000

Di?n tieh nlim trong mot tM tieh hinh trl,l true (Oz), eo day dS va

z

1 Cae milt phing (xOy) va (xOz) u cic milt phing _ guong e6 b~ day -s; bling dQ = 1P(z)dSdz= poh[l-eh ]dS v6iZ <0.

ella Sl! phiin b6: dola cic milt phing d6i ximg ella cic di?n tieh.. Milt phing (yOz) la mot milt phing - phan guong : d6 la mot milt phing phiin d6i ximg ella esc di?n tieh.

2 M9i milt phing di qua dJim 0 tiim ella qua du d~u la mot milt phing d6i ximg ella esc di?n tieh.

3 Milt phing Y song song voi hai milt dang xet va di qua tiim 0 ella IPp phuong la mr,5t milt phing phlw d6i ximg (sa dd a) (Y=II* )eaemiltphing.'1), ,12, '13,.14 (.Jj= IIj)ehlro tren sa dd b d~u la cae milt phing d6i ximg ella cae di?n tieh.

C

) .~
A'B'

0 x
V C'V' b)

a AB

2 - me N TV HOC 1

No bling dQtot = p ohdS niu M day la v6 tPn va 90% eiia gia tii nay v6i Z = Zo = -hln(lO) = -2,3h. Nhu vily ta thiy rling phlin ehU yiu eiia di?n tieh ella m6i trur'mg la nlim trong M day eo dr,5lfm vao ea h.

2) Nlnr vily Sl! phiin b6 eo the'dlf9'C coi nhll if tJi:n M milt niu h dii nho :

adS = fO p(z)dSdz = p lxlS voi a= poh

Loo 0

3) Tlnh hu6ng gi6i hf1Jl nay ehila mr,5t su Ii tui'mg h6a t['lUng h(JJJ Oii xe~ va a 0 trimg v6i milt £16 c!i.en m;it dlf9'C xae dinh tru6t: do. CM f r!ing eaeh viit h -+ 0 ehi eo f nghia if thang vi m6 : h la vao ea I (ehi~u dill vi m6).

7 Ta e6 the' nghi t6i cae phep d6i ximg sau diiy:

• bit biin d6i voi phep tinh tiin, song song v6i trl,le (Oz), mr,5t dosn bling bpi s6 nguyen llin buoc pella dwng dinh 6e ;

• d6i ximg d6i v6i mpt milt phing ehtra true (Oz), hay t6ng quat han, d6i xtmg trim xoay xung quanh true (Oz).

• d6i ximg d6i v6i mpt milt phing vu6ng g6e v6i true (oz), cit dwng dinh 6e thanh hai phlin e6 eae ehi~u dai bling nhau.

Tren thI/C ti. mot su khao sat cin thPn han cbo ta thiy duimg dinh & hiiu hen kh6ng eo mot phep d6i ximg nao eJa eae phep d6i ximg co ban nay. Ensmg dinh 6e v6 tpn chi e6 phep d6i ximg dliu tien trong ba phep d6i ximg da gQi [a if tiin.

8

dS

[cos 0 I

Xec m{jt ph§n til di~n tich dS cila qua du, duoc dfmh diu bOi cac g6c trung binh e va rp: dS:::: k sine.de drp

Ph§n til nay mang di~n tich :

dq :: atiS> a ok sine case de drp

Bay gia ta hay xet hai kh6i du mang di?n. Trong kh6ng gian chuug cila chUng, di?n tich toen phJn bJng kh6ng. Ninr v!1y, khi a tien tm kh6ng, cac di?n tich cila phan b6 nay dlIrlc dinh vi trong m{jt mimg mong, Jan ci1n M mjt cila qua du tam 0, biin kinh R, mang milt do di?n kh6i + p 0 ha~c -Po' thea diu cila z, tiic cila case.

Ph§n til thi tich dr baa ham giirJ hai qua du nay. tfen do, v6i a « R, no cit fa cimg m{jt dj~n tich nguyen t6 dS (so d6 c) bJng :

dS.a I case I

Ph§n til nay ch(ra dj~n tich dq= Po case a dS

So sfmh hai bilu thiic cila ph§n til dj~n tich dq, ta co thi thay dlIrlc ~~~~a~~~$~~~~~~khi a ti~n tm kh6ng v6i dieu ki?n fip d~t P oa = cte = a 0 .

"

THUO'NG

6111 ~

TINH BIEN

-

Lieh

..

?

SL(

Sau khi da d(it co sa cho li thuyt: v~ sue ben vat lieu (1773), nghien CUu su ma sat ran (1779), sau do ma ta cac dink ludt v~ su xodn (1784), Charles - Augustin COULOMB (1736 - 1806) hieu chinh mot chiec din xodn rd: nhay, cho phep ong mo ta tuong tac gitia cac hat mang ditn dung yen.

Dlnli luat ma ong ph at bitu vaa nam 1785, mang ten ong, tit do da duoc kiem nghiem voi mot dt) chinh xac tang ddn

Truong ttnh dien fa d6i tuong cho phep mo ta anh huong ala cac dien tich dung yen ten khong gian baa quanh chung.

M u C T

E U

• Tuong tie tlnh di?ll.

• Truong ttnh dien.

• Cac tinh chat d6i xung,

DIEU CAN SIET TRU'OC

• Sir phan b6 dien tich :

• Cac rna hinh hoa.

• Cac phep d6i ximg.

1 f>inh lu~t COULOMB

1.1. LlJ'c tuonq tac gifra cac di~n tich dung yen

Hai di.en tich diem ql va q2 ' cO dinh tai cac di~m MI va M2 me dung len nhau mot II)C:

• ti le voi tich cua cac dien tich ;

• ti Ie nghich voi binh phirong khoang each giua chung.

• huang song song voi M 1M2.

LI)C nay la II)C d~y neu cac dien tich cling dau, la II)C hut neu cac di¢n tich trai dau,

Ll!C COULOMB do di~n tieh ql hie dung len di~n tieh q2 (deu nam trong chan khOng) bang 7 = Q1.th el~2

1~2 41r& (M M )2

o 1 2

el~2 la vecta dan vi huang tir M 1 sang M 2 (hinh I).

- -

Lire nay ngiroc voi lire do q2 tac dung len ql : f 1~2 = - f 2~1 ; va tuan

theo nguyen If Il!C va ph an hrc.

Ta nhan thay co sir tuong tlf v€ m(it hinh thiic v6i dinh lua: hdp ddn, neu thay cac khoi IUQ11g hap dan ml va m2 (luon luon duong) bang cac dien

tich ql va q2 (co dau thay d6i) va hang sO' hap dan G bang hang sO'

tuong tac tinh dien _1_.

41r6"o

Hang sO' 6"0' hang sO' dien moi cua chan khong gan bang va do

361rI09

bang F.m -I, F la farad (dan vi dien dung).

Hang sO' dien moi E cua khong khi xap xi bang 6"0 (6" = 6"06" r : voi

6" r = 1,0006), dinh luat tren day van con gia tri trong khong khi.

I'

-Ap dyng 1

CmhtgdQ

cua cac 1l!C tinh di~n va hap dfin

Hdng s6 hdp ddn bang 6,67. 10-11 SI.

H!ing s6 tuong tac ttnh difn bang 9.109 SI.

1) Hay xac dinh cae dan vi cua h¢ dan vi quoc te tuong ung v6i hai hang s6 tren.

~ sanh cae tuong tac hap dan va tinh dien giua hai electron.

Cho : dien tich -e = -1,6.1O-19C va khoi hrong m = 9,1.10-31 kg.

1) MOt II)C duoc bieu thi bang kg.m. s -2, ta c6 :

Hinh 1. Luc tuong tac giaa hai dien tich dung yen ( ql q2 > 0 ).

[G] = U\lC x khoang each 2 x kh6i ll.J9T1g -2 ]

k -I 3-2 = g .m.s

va[_I_] = [l1)C x khoang each 2 x dien rich -2 ] 41tEo

= kg. C-2 .m3 .s-2

Dan vi bieu thi a tren la d6ng nhat, nhung dan gian han ca la nho lay dan vi nay.

2) Su phu thuoc ella cac nrong tac nay vao khoang each gina hai electron la giong nhau, nen ta c6 ngay:

~= (~)2[_1_J = 4,2.1042

fg m 41t1,~G

Co 100 nay giai thich tai sao khi nghien cuu chuyen dong cua cac hat mang dien, n6i chung viec tinh den cac II)C hap dan la hoan toan vo Ich,

1.2. Truang cua mQt di~n tich di~m Lire tac dung len q2 duoc d~t diroi dang :

" q, M,M2

f'~2 =q2E,(M2),vaI E,(M2)==

41rco M,Mi

E, (M2) la tnrong tfnh dien tao ra boi dien tich q, tai diem M2 trong chan khong (hay trong khong khi).

Truong tao boi qi d~c tnmg cho anh huang cua dien tich nay len khong gian bao quanh n6.

Cung vay, truong tinh dien tao ra trong khong gian boi mot hat mang di~n q, c6 dinh tai diem g6c 0 cua he toa dO cau, c6 bieu tlurc (hlnh 2) :

ECr)=_q_er =_q_.!_=_q_ OM

41rco r2 41rco r3 41rco OM3

2 Truong ella mQt phan bel

2.1. Nguyen Ii chong chat

Thuc nghiern dan toi tien de sau : cac urong tac tinh dien c6 hieu ling tuyen tinh.

Thi du, lire do mot tap hop N dien tich q, ' q2' ... , qN tac dung len dien tich q la tong cua N IIfC do tung dien tich qi (i = 1, ... , N) tac dung len khi chung chi c6 mot minh truce dien tich q.

V(ly tnrong tao ra boi N dien tich bang tong cua N tnrong tao ra bai tung dien tich.

S,! tien de h6a tinh tuyen tinli caa cac hieu ung chinh la noi.dung cua nguyen Ii chdng chat.

2.2. Truang tao ra boi cac phan bo di~n tich 2.2.1. cac di~n tich di~m

Sl'r dung nguyen li chong chat, ta c6 ngay :

Truong tinh di~n E tao ra tai M bOi cac di~n tich q i khac nhau, nam tal cac dit!m P;, cho bOi :

N ~

- 1 " PM

E(qi' i=l, ... , N)(M) = -4-L.qi _I -3'

!lco i=' P;M

" \ t I / ;t
-,
,......_ ~lL ~
- -
~ /r"~ ~
/1 \ \..
+ "-
/' Hinh 2. Truong caa mot di~n tich diem (q > 0).

• M
•
PI(ql)
•
-
rl
0
Hlob 3. Phd!! b6' cac di~n tich
diem. M

2.2.2. T6ng quat h6a eho cac phan bo di~n tich . Ta se ap dung nguyen li chong chat cho mot ph an b6 dien tich (!JJ sau khi da phan tich n6 thanh mOt tap hQ'P cac mau nguyen t6 mang dien (trung

mo) duoc coi nhir cac dien tich diem. Hinh 4. Phan b6 di~n tich ~

GQi P HI mot diem vach fa khong gian chiern b<'ri phan M. MOt pMn nguyen to cua 9)), bao quanh P, chu-a mot di~n tich dq p va tao fa mot

tnrong nguyen to' dE tai di~m quan sat M. Truong toan phan tao fa Mi phan b6 9)) tai M thu duoc bang su chong chat cac tnrong cira tung phan nguyen to cua 9)) :

- 1" e p~M 1" PM Eq; (M) = -- L..J dqp --2- = --L..J dqp --3

41f&o Peq; PM 41f&o PM

Ta chi con phai xac dinh phan til tich phan dq p thea ban chat cua phan M dang xet.

• Phan be theo the tich

MOt the tich nguyen to dr chea mOt dien tich :

dqp = p(P)d. ;

Vay, ta co :

- 1 III PM

Eq;(M) =-- P(P)--3 d.

41f&o PM

q;

• Phan be theo be mat

MOt dien tich nguyen t6 dS chu-a mot dien tich :

dqp = CT(p)dS , va tnrong tao fa Mi 9)) t~i M la :

- 1 JI PM

Eq; (M) = -- CT(P) --3 dS

41f&o q; PM

• Phan be theo chieu dal

MOt doan dai nguyen to dZ chu-a mot dien tich :

dqp = A(P)dl

nghia la :

eM)! :

• Nhu mot dieu tien nghiem, cac bieu thuc nay chi ap dung duoc cho nhung truong hop cac phan b6 eo kich thuoc huu han (phan b6 v(1t li), de dam baa S(.l h9i tt,l ella ticn phan do eo S(.l dong gop ella cdc diem "(J xa". Tuy nhien. cang eo nhung truong hop cac phan b6 eo kicli thuoc v6 han rna voi chung cac tich phan tren h9i tu.

• Trang truong hop mot phan b6 di~n ticn thea the tich p( P) huu han, eo

- 1 Iff PM

kicli thuoc bat ki, ticii phan E(M) = -- P(P)--3 d. h9i tu voi

41£&0 PM

,

lip dvng 2

Tinli truong t{1O ra boi mot ban cdu, ban kinli R mang di~n d~u mat d¢ dien md: 0; tai "tam" cua no.

Truong tao ra tai M bci mot phan ti'r be mat, vi tri xac dinh boi cac g6c B va cp (hlnh 5), c6 dien tich :

dS = R2 sine de dqJ

b' - 1 e

ang : dE~(f)=---O"dS-r .

4JrGo R2

De vach ra ban cau, g6c B bien thien til' 0 den !!._ va goc cp til' 0 den 27r, voi

2

er =sinB[coscpex +sincpey]+cosBcz· Truong roan phan tai 0 se duoc mang Mi true (Oz) :

a Q1C C1C . a

va: E=--- 2_ _ smededqJcose= --

4Jr£o -0 -0 4£0

Vay :E(O) = -~e .

41: z

o

z

y

Hinh 5. Truong t(IO ra boi mat ban cdu tai "tam" eila n6 : a o.

~ f)~ luy~n t~p : BT.1

x

3.1. f)uang SUC cua truang 3.1.1. Djnh nghTa

Truong luon luon tiep xuc voi cac duong cong goi H1 cac duong sUe cua tndmg (hinh 6). Cac duong sec nay dUQ'C djnh htr6ng bOi chieu ella truong.

3.1.2. Sl! lam hi~n r6 cac duo-ng sue cua truo-ng b~ng thuc nghi~m

De tMy ro cac duong sue di~n tnrong tinh, ta e6 the rAc cac hilt each dien,

trung hoa (cac hilt bot mi, hay cac hilt nhe) len be mat c~a mot chat long trong E

d6 (va otren be mat cua chat long) c6 mot dien tnrong E.

3 Tapa eua trU'ang

Duungsui: ctla trutrng

Hinh 6. Duong sue eua truong,

Cac hilt nay c6 tinh chat sap xep thang hang, song song v6i_ tnrong E nho str xuat hien mot str mat d6i ximg ve dien tich gay ra boi truong E (hlnh 7).

Ron mra, su phan b6 cac dien tich con cho phep cac hat sAp thing hang

n6i duoi nhau doc thea cac duong srrc cua tnrong (cac dien tich trai dau Hinh 7. CIl the h6a m9t duong sue

hut nhau). eila truong.

Nho c6 chat long rna cac hat dinh huong "de dang" han la tren be mat nino Khi d6 moi hat duoc coi nhu mot phan ti! dM song song voi truong dia phirong tai M.

3.1.3. Phuong trinh cua mQt duong sue truong

SI! lam hien ro a tren cho phep ta khang dinh rang mot phan nr dai dM doc thea mot duong sue tnrong la song song voi tnrong E. Do vay, phirong trinh vi phan (vecta) cua mot dirong sue tnrong la :

-

dM I\E=O

Ta se thu duoc duong sue tnrong xuat phat ur mot di~m ban dau da cho bang phep !try tich phan phirong trinh vi phan nay.

Vi du, trong toa dO Descartes, ta viet:

dx dy dz

-=-=-

3.2. Ong truang

Tap hQ'P cac duong strc tnrong tua tren mot duong cong kin (hay duong vien) C tao ra mot mat /7 goi la dng truong, duoc mo ta tren hinh 9.

Hinh 8. Giua hai ban song song mot chdi long each di¢n mang nhung ha: rdt nhe. Khi cae ban c6 dien ap, cae ha: duoc xep thdng hang thea huang cua truong ttnli di¢n.

3.3. Cae di~m truang bang khong, cac di~m ki di Hai dirong sue tnrong khong edt nhau tai mot di~m M a d6 dien tnrong tinh la xac dinh va khac khong (hinh 10) ; neu khong, huang cua tnrong, nrc chinh ban than truong d6 se khong xac dinh tai di~m M.

Hai dirong sue tnrong co th~ dt nhau tai diem M neu :

• tnrong bang khong tai di~m M : M diroc goi la diem tnrong bang khong Hinh 9. 6ng truong.

(hay diem dung) .

• tnrong la khong xac dinh tai diem M : tai M c6 mot dien tich di~m, hoac M nam tren mot mat hay mot duong mang dien.

MQt s6 duong sue tnrong cua mot h¢ hai dien tich diem q va Q diroc mo ta . tren cac hlnh 11 a (tnrong hop Q = 2q > 0) va 11 b (tnrong hQ'P Q = -2q < 0). Ta c6 the quan sat thay rang cac dirong sue tnrong phan ki ra tir cac dien tich dirong, hoi tu ve cac dien tich am, hoac "di ra" vo cling. Chung dt nhau a ngang mire voi cac dien tich cung nhtr a cac diem

tnrong bang khong A va A'. Htnh 10

Hinh 11. Cdc duong sue truong cua h¢ hai di¢n tich diem q va Q. a. Q = 2q

b. Q = -2q

,

Ap dyng 3

(J day, ta khdng dtnh ding truong la bang khong tai A va A'. Hay nghiem lai ket qua nay bang each tinh toan vi tri cua chung nho vao cac du kien va bang cacli so sanli v6i cac sa d6.

GQi (Oz) la true mang hai dien tich va chon goc la tam cua cac dien tich rna cac hoanh dO la +a doi voi Q va -a doi voi dien tich q. Cac diem dung se nam tren true (Oz) vi cac tnrong cua hai dien tich phai cong tuyen d~ c6 th~ trier tieu Hin nhau.

Tai mot diem dirng c6 hoanh dO -a < z < a, ta

c6: Q q = 0 , hay la :

(z-a)2 (z+a)2

(Q - q) z2 + 2a(Q + q)z + (Q - q)a2 = 0 Biet so rut gon cua phuong trinh bac hai nay bang A' = 4qQ. Truong hop nay dir tinh xay

ra neu q va Q la cung dau, vay & day Q = 2q. Khi d6 phupng trinh tren day tro thanh z 2 + 6az + a 2 = 0 (1)

Nghiern narn gina -a va a la :

z = (-3 + .J8)a ;:: -0,I6a.

Tirong nr, mot nghiern & ngoai khoang tren thoa man :

(Q + q) z2 + 2a(Q - q)z + (Q + q) a2 = 0 Truong hop nay dir tinh xay ra neu Q va q khac dau nhau, nrong irng voi Q = -2q, dieu nay cling dan toi phirong trinh (1) rna nghiern chap nhan duoc bay gio la :

z = (-3 - .J8)a;:: -5,8a

Viec nghiern lai sir phu hQ'P gina cac ket qua tinh toan va vi tri cua cac diem A va A' c6 th~ diroc tien hanh tren cac rna phong cua hinh 11.

~ D~ luy{m t~p : BT14 va 15

. 4 Cae tfnh ehat doi xU'ng ella truimg 4.1. Su dl:lng cac tinh doi xung va phan doi xung SI! tinh toan gia tri cua tnrong, tir cac tich phan, thirong la kha vat va. Tuy nhien, ta se thuong gap cac tinh huong rna sir phan bo dien tich c6 cac tinh doi xung dang chu y.

MOt vai phep dan gian h6a (khir di mot so toa dO cua di~m can tinh toan M, loai 00 cac thanh phan cua tnrong ... ) c6 th~ duoc thuc hien rna khong can mot phep tinh toan nao, nho vao cac nhan xet ve tinh doi ximg ; vi vay, duoi day ta nghien ciru cac tinh chat doi ximg va phan doi ximg cua tnrong tlnh di~n.

4.2. Cac phep doi xung co ban 4.2.1. Phep doi xung ph~ng

Phan bo (l la bat bien doi voi mot phep doi xung phang /j' qua mot mat phang 17.

Tai mot di~m M cua mat phang doi ximg, ta hay xet nhtmg phan d6ng gop nguyen to dE p (M) va dE P' (M) vao tnrong toan phan cua hai phan til c6 cung

th~ tich d. g:in vao cac di~m P va P' = /f(P). T6ng cua chung dE p + dE P' la mot vecto song song voi mat phang 17. Tinh chat nay van con dung doi voi moi cap di~m doi ximg P va P' vach nen toan bo phan bo. Do d6 :

Tren mot mi)t phang - guong Il cua mi)t phan bo di~il tich !!IJ, trtnrng tlnh di~n tao ra la song song v6i m~t phang Il.

a)

b)

Hinh 12. D6i xung phdng

a. Cae phdn dong gop nguyen t6 cua r v«»:

b. Truong toan phdn tren mat phdng - guong.

T~ cac di~m M va M doi xUng qua mat phfu1g - guong II cua mi)t phan bo di~n tich i}JJ, cac trutmg tinh di~n E va E'· la d6i xUng v6i nhau.

,

Ap dyng 4

D6i xung ph~ng va truong tinh di~n Nno mpt t(ip tu(1n tuang tll nhu tren, hay so sanh truong tinh di_en tai mot diem M v6i diem dol xung M' cua n6 qua ma: phdng - guong cua phar: b6, khi diem M nam tai m9t vi tri bdt ki trong khong gian.

Hinh 13 minh hoa cho tinh chat tim duoc : ~g E' tai M' Hi d6i ximg vecto cua tnrong E t~iM.

Nhu vay ket qua tren day Hi tong quat.

E~ ~E

M' M

a)

II

b)

II

Hinh 13. Dol xung phdng va truong tinn di_en

4.2.2. Phan doi xung ph~ng

V oi mot phan b6 q; co mot mat phang phan d6i xtmg II * va d6i voi mot di(~m M cua mat phang nay thi trong cac lap luan & tren, ta chi can doi chieu cua truong nguyen t6 dE r Khi do, ta CO (hinh 14a va b).

• *

Tren mot m~t phang - phan guong II cua mot phan bo i}JJ, truong

• *

tinh dien tao ra vuong g6c v6i mat phang II .

Tong quat hon, neu HlY lai ap dung 4, ta cung co th~ khang dinh ihinh 14c) :

• • *

Tai diem M' doi xUng cua diem M qua m~t phang - phan guong II

cua phan bo di~n tich i}JJ, truong tinh di~n E' hi vecto doi cua vecto

d6i xung cua truong E rao ra bOi phan bo tai M.

Vi du ve mat phdng - guong II:

Tren hinli 15a, bon di.en tich diem duoc d(it trong mat phdng (xOy), -q tai (2, 2) va (-2, 2), 2q tai (1, -1) va (-1, -1). M(j.t phdng (yOz) la mat phdng - guong cua phan btf nay. M!5t vai duong sue truong do. duoc vi? tren mat phdng (xOy).

Ta nhan thay cac duong sue truong tien Iai gan mat phang (yOz), n6i chung, tiep tuyen voi mat phang d6 : tren mar phang - girong, truong tinh dien tiep tuyen voi mat phang. Chu y rang tai di~m A, a d6 co bon duong sue tnrong vuong goc cat nhau, thi eo hai trong cac duong nay vuong goc voi mat phang - guong. Dieu nay khong mau thuan voi truong thuoc ve mat phang nay, vi di~mA Ia mot dit~m tnrong bang khong, Diem A' la mot diem tnrong bang khong khac.

Nlur ta eta ilia y a tren, tai hai di~m M va M' doi xtmg voi nhau qua mat

- -

phang (yOz), cac tnrong tinh dien E va E' doi xung voi nhau.

*

Vi du ve miit phdng - phan guong II :

Tren hinh J Sb, bon difn tich diem duoc d(it trong nuu phdng (xOy) : q tai (2,2), -q tai (-2, 2), -2q tai (1, -1) va 2q tai (-1, -1). Ma: phdng (yOz) fa mat ptuing - phan guong cua phdn bo nay. M(Jt so duong sue truong aa duoc Vi? tren ma: phdng (xOy).

Cac duong sue tnrong cat vuong goc voi mat phang (yOz) : tren mat phang - phan girong, tnrong tinh dien true giao voi mat phang.

Chu Y rang tai di~m A eo bon duong sue tnrong khong vuong goc voi (yOz) cat nhau. Diem A la mot di~m tnrong bang khong va tnrong thi van ctr vuong goc voi (yOz).

Tong quat hon, tai di~m M' doi xung voi M qua mat phang (yOz), dien tnrong tinh E' la vecto doi cua vecto doi xtmg cua tnrong E tai M.

~ £)~ luy~n t~p : BT2

dE

H.14a. PMn dOi xung phdng.

H.14h.

Hinh 15a. Su dd: xung efta cae truong E va E' .

H.14c.

Hinl~15h. Truong tinh ditn E' la vecto doi efta doi xung efta E.

4.2.3. Bat bien voi phep tinh tien

Khi mot phan bo q} La bat bien voi mot phep tinh tien L1z song song voi true COz), thi mot quan sat vien se nhan thay cung mot phan bo neu ho dung tai diem c6 toa dO Descartes (x, y, z) hoac tai mot diem cho bei phep tinh tien tren c6 toa dO (x, y, z + nL1z), trong d6 n la mot so nguyen. Nhir vay tnrong se giong nhau tai hai di~m d6 :

E (x, y, z + n&) = E (x, y, z) (hinh 16)

,

Ap dunq 5

Phan bo bat bien

vrri phep tjnh tien song song v6i mot true

Hay chi ro hinh dang cua truong tinh di~n tao ra boi mot phan b6 bat bien v6i moi phep tinh tien song song voi true (Oz).

Su bat bien vdi moi phep tinh tien cung c6 nghia truong la nlnr nhau tai moi diem c6 toa dO (x, y, z) voi moi gia tri cua z, vay

- -

E(x,y,z)= E(x,y).

Moi mat phang vuong goc voi true O: deu La mot mat phang doi xung cua phan bo va tren mat phang nay, truong song song voi milt phang.

Cu6i cling, truong c6 dang :

E (x, v, z) = E (x, y) = Ex (r, y) ex + Ey(X,y)ey' Hlnh 17. ~ Phan b6 bd: bien v6i phep tinh tien song song v6i mot true.

Hinh 16. Phdn b6 bdt bien v6i phep tinli tien.

eM thich :

Dang nay la dang aa dan gian hoa, nhung cung khong can tao ra dang tong quat han cua truong tao ra boi mat phdn b6 bat bien voi phep tinh tien. Trong thuc te, truong hop mot truong tinh di,en duoc han cM han nhieu :

truong tinh E co nhieu tinh chat phu, ma ta khong khai thac o day, lam cho cac thanh pluin Ex(X'y) va ny (x, y) khong dpc tap v6i nhau. Ta sf: tro lai diem nay o chuang 3.

4.2.4. Bat bien vol phep quay

Bay gio ta xet mot phan bo q} bat bien voi mot phep quay &l, mot g6c a = 27r (n nguyen) xung quanh true (Oz). Hai nguoi quan sat dung a cac

n

di~m M va M' = &l(M) se thay cung mot phan bo (hlnh 18 da ve tnrong

hQ'P n = 6).

Cac truoug tinh dien tim thay a cac diem M va M deu c6 cung cac thanh phan trong cac he toa dO (Ox, Oy, Oz) va (;fc(Ox), &l(Oy), &l(Oz» tuong (mg.

Truong tai diem M' cung giong nlur tnrong tai diem M voi mot phep quay xung quanh vecto e ; sai kern mot g6c a.

Oy

R(Ox)

-

E'

--\-

00

M' 000

- .

Hinh 18. Plum b6 bat bien voi phep quay.

I

Apdyng 6

Truong cua mQt phan bo co tinh doi xting trim xoay

Hay chi ro hinh dang cua truong cua mot phan b(f co tinh d6'i xung trim xoay d6'i v6i true (Oz).

Chay:

Cung nhu d(fi v6i ap dung 5, cdn luu y rdng cac thanli pMn E r (r, z) va E z (r, z) ctta mot

truong tlnh dien La khong d(Jc lap.

D6i voi mot phan b6 tron xoay xung quanh true (Oz), moi mat phang chua true nay la mat phang d6i xung, vay :

E(r, B,z)= Er(r, B,z)e + E7(r, B,z)e7·

r ~ ~

Tlnh bat bien d6i voi phep quay mot g6c bat ki xung quanh true (Oz) chi rO them rang cac toa dQ tru cua tnrong khong phu thuoc g6c quay e.

Nhir vay, tnrong cua mot phan b6 c6 tinh d6i xirng tru c6 dang :

E (r, B, z) = E, (r, z) er + Ez (r, z) ez. (Liru y ding vecta tnrong con phu thuoc VaG

g6c e do SI)' dinh huang cua e r ) Hinh 19. Truong cua mot phan b6 co tinh dOL xUng tron xoay.

4.2.5. Truong tinh di~n lit mQt vecta cue

Nhnng nghien ciru tnroc dan toi mot ket luan dan gian : khi thao tac phep d6i ximg (d6i ximg phang, tinh tien, quay xung quanh mot true) cho phan b6 dien uch ct, truong tinh di~n bien d6i nhir mot vecta "thuc SI)'''. Khi d6, ta se n6i rang :

Truong tinh di~n lit mQt doi tU'Q11g ba chieu co cac tinh chat doi xting cua mQt vecto Cl!C hay vecto "thuc su",

Cha y,'

Co the nhu mot didu duong nhien neu noi E La mot vecto. Tuy nhien, S!l' nghien cUu tIA: truong Sf! cho ta thdy cd~ nghien cuu cac tinh chd: d(fi xUng "co ban" nay mot each din than " mot S!l' SU dung chap nhoang nhung nhan xet vd tinli d(fi xung cho phep co the du kien mot didu nhu La di~u trai nguoc v6i n6.

,

-Ap dyng 7

TnrO'I1g tren true

cua m(lt rna mang di~n

Tinh truong trw ra boi mot dia ban kinh R, mang miu dp di_en miu a = ete, tai mot diem tren true cua n6.

True cua dia la mot true tron xoay cua phan b6 dien tich. Tai mot di~m M cua true nay, tnrong phai bat bien doi voi phep quay xung quanh

true tron xoay, vay E (M) = Etrw.ez.

V6i cac ki hieu cua hinh 20, thanh phan true cua tnrong tai M la :

ff} a ds

Etruc (z) = ---? eosa .

. a=O 41U,0 r-

2;rz2sinada voi ds = 27I z tanccdtztancc) = -----

eos3a

va r = -"-' - (voi z > 0) eosa

Hinh 20.

Khi do, ta thu duoc :

a

Etmc(z) = --[1- eose]

. 2&0

= 2;J- ~R2Z+z21

Han mra, tai diem doi xtmg cua M d6i voi mat phang cua dia, ta se e6 :

Etn.~c( -z) = -Etrw(z)

dieu nay cho phep ta viet mot bi~u tlnrc cua Etr~c(z) e6 gia tri voi moi dau cua z (hlnh 21) :

a d< ([ I 7 I 1

Etruc(z)=-- au z) 1- I - .

. 26'0 vR2 + 72

nghla la

• neu z > 0, e, = _!!_[1- z. ]

r!K 2 I ') ')

&0 v z: +R-

• neu z c 0, E,rnc = --"-f 1+ Z J' .

. 280 \ ~ Z 2 + R 2

E(Ml

Hinh 21.

4.3. Cac phep doi xUng bQi

Cac tnrong hop nay urong ung voi nhieu phep d6i xung co ban.

Thuoc ve truong hop nay can c6 cac phan b6 bat bien doi v6i phep tinh tien song song voi mot true hoac tron xoay xung quanh mot true.

Ta hay neu them hai truong hop d6i xung eao rna ta se trinh bay nlnr S1,1' ap dung true tiep cua viec su dung cac tinh chat doi ximg co ban :

• tnrong cua mot phan b6 e6 tinh doi xung tru, true (Oz) (S1,I' phan phoi dien tich chi la ham ciia khoang each toi true (Oz» trong toa do 11l.1, e6

dang E (r, e. z) = E(r) e r .

• tnrong cua mot ph an b6 c6 tinh doi ximg cau tam 0, trong toa dO cau, e6 dang E (r, e. rp) = E(r) er .

~£)~ Juy~n t~p : BT 3 va 4.

30

fJ/€U CAN CHI NHO

• £l~NH LU~ T COULOMB

Luc COULOMB, luc tuong hie tlnh di~n do di~n tieh ql hie dung len di~n tieh q2 (hai di~n tieh d~t trong chan kh6ng) bang :

f- - qlq2 el~2

1 2---

~ 4m::o (M1M2)2

• TRlTONG CUA MOT PHAN BO

• Truong tinh dien E tai M tao ra b&i cac di~n tich khac nhau qi nam tai cac diem Pi eho b&i:

N

- _ I" 11M

E(qi' i=l, ... , N)(r) = --L.Jqj --3·

4m::o j=l 11M

• PMn b6 theo th~ tieh : F;(jJ(M) = -l-flf p(P) P~ d r ,

4m::o (jJ PM

• PMn b6 theo be mat : E'lJ)(M) = -l-ff cr(P) PM3 dS.

4m>o (jJ PM .

• Phan bd theo chieu dai : F;(jJ(M)=_I_f t.(P) P~dl.

4nco!Jl PM

• Truong tinh di~n ciia mC)t phan b6 di~n tich flIJ eho b&i :

E!Jl(M)= _l_ L dq ep~M =-l-Ldqp PM .

4m>o Pe(jJ P PM2 4nco PM3

• cAc TINH £lOI XllNG ClIA TRlTONG

• Truong tinh di~n la mQt doi tuong ba chien co tinh chat d6i xting cua mC)t vecto cue hay vecto "th l,lC su" .

• f)o; xting phting

Tren mC)t mat phang - gurrng n elm mC)t phan bo di~n tich flIJ, truong tinh di~n tao ra song song v6i m~t phang n.

Tai cac di~m M va M' d6i xting qua mQt m~t phang - guong Il cua mC)t phan bo di~n tich flIJ, cac truong tinh dien E va E' la doi xung v&i nhau.

• Phim do; xting phting

. *

Tren mC)t mat phang - phan gU'O'ng n cua mC)t phan bo di~n tich flIJ, truong tinh di~n tao

. *

ra vuong goc v6i m~t phang n .

*

Tai di~m M' doi ximg v&i M qua m~t phang - ph an gmrng n cua mC)t phan bo di~n tieh flIJ,

- -

trmmg tinh di~n E' la vecto doi cua vecto doi xting etia trurrng E tao ra b&i phan bo tai M.

Bai tc)p

, " , ..

Ar DUNG TRUC TIEr HAl GIANG

1 TruOng tao ra bOi m¢t doan dai tich di~n

1) Thill tnrong tai mot di~m M co toa dO tru (r, B, z). tao fa boi mot doan cua true (Oz), c6 mat dO dien dai deu A, bao ham gitra cac di~m PI va P2 c6 cac

hoanh dO zi va z2' dUQ'C xac dinh vi tri boi cac goc /31 va /32'

2) Bien Juan tnrong

hQ'P day thing vo han

tich dien deu.

2 Truong tao ra tal tam ella m¢t qua e8u

tich di~n

Gia sil nguoi ta co th~ tich dien cho mot qua cau tam 0 voi mat dO dien mat a= a 0 cosO (toa dO cau true (Oz)

voi goc tai 0). Hoi gia tri truong cua n6 tai di~m 0.

3

Truong ella m¢t phan bo co tinh doi xung tru

Hay chi ro hinh dang cua tnrong tao fa boi mot phan bo c6 tinh doi xtmg tru true (Oz).

4 Truong ella m¢t phan bo co tinh doi xung e8u

Cung diu hoi tren doi voi mot phan bo co tinh doi ximg cau tai tam O.

5 Tlnh doi xung va tinh bat bien

Cho mot mat phang duoc xac dinh b&i cac true (Ox) va (Oy). MOt dien tich q d~t tai P tao fa tai M mot

tnrong tinh dien E. Ta hay thuc hien cung mot phep bien d6i cho cac di~m P va M.

Hay nghien ctru tnrong E trong phep bien d6i nay, trong cac tnrong hQ'P sau :

y

_---

,

,

I

I

I

\ \

x

,

,-

,,' ....... _---

, -:

"

... _-----,,'

Trmrng hop 1 P,M tinh tien f1, Ml

Trurrng hop 2 P,M quay goc a P2, M2

Trmrng hop 3 P,M doi xtmg qua (yOz) P3, M3

Truong hop 4 P,M doi ximg qua 0 P4, M4 6 Truong tao ra bai m¢t qua e8u tich di~n

deu tren be mat

Cho mot qua cau tam 0 ; ban kinh a mang dien tich duoc phan phoi deu tren be mat (mat dO di~n m~t a).

1) Sil dung cac nhan xet ve tinh d6i ximg, hay xac dinh tnrong cua qua cau tai tam O.

2) Hay nghien ctru tnrong E (sir dinh lnrong va cac thong so rna no phu thuoc) tai moi di~m trong khong gian.

7 TruOng ella m¢t m~t bang (dai) tich di~n MOt bang c6 be mat vo han, dU'Q'C rna ta tren sa do, mang mat dO dien mat deu a 0 • Hay tinh tnrong tinh

dien tao fa boi bang tai di~mM(O, 0, z).

8 TruOng tao ra boi met yang tai met diem tren true cua n6

Cho mot vong day hinh tron ban kinh R true (Oz) mang mot mat dO dien dai khong doi A..

M

z

Hay tinh tnrong tao ra boi phan b6 dien tich nay tai mot diem M tren true cua no.

'" ",''',

VAN DUNG VON KIEN THUC

9 Tnronq tao ra boi mQt ella tai met diem

tren true cua n6.

Bang each sir dung cac ket qua cua bai tap 8 (vong tich dien), hay tim lai tnrong tao ra boi mot ilia ban kinh R mang mat dO dien mat deu (J", tai mot diem M tren true cua no.

1 OTrucmg tao ra boi mot ella tal mQt diem tren true cua n6

Hay tim Iai tnrong tao ra boi mot ilia ban kinh R

\ mang . mat dO dien m~t deu (J", tai mot diem M tren true cua no, bang each sir dung cac goc dac,

11 TruOng t~i tam cua mQt I~p phuong

Cho mot lap plnrong canh a, rna cac mat ABeD va A 'B 'CD , mang cac mat dO dien rna; doi xirng (J" va -(J". Hay unh tnrong tai tam cua lap plnrong.

z

3 . DI~N TU HOC 1

1 2 Truong tao ra tai tam cua met qua cau

tich di~n rnet phan

Tinh tnrong tao ra boi mot qua cau ban kinh R, mang mat dO dien mat phan b6 deu tren be mat cua no nam gina hai mat phang eo dO eao Zl va Z2

(-R S Zl S Z S Z2 S R),

z

tai tam 0 cua cau. Hay tim lai tnrong hop ban cau tfch dien ca gap trong ap

dung 2.

y

13 TruOng cua met chiec yang, met rura tich dien + A., mot rura tich dien am

-A., tren true cua n6 . .

MOt chiec vong ban kinh R, tam 0, true (Oz) mang mat dO dien dai A. dau (v), A la mot so khong doL

Hay xac dinh hu6ng cua tnrong tao ra boi vong tai mot diem M cua true (Oz). Tinh tnrong tai diem M.

y

x

A

1 4 Phuong trinh cua met dUOng sire

truOng cho m9t t~p hop cac di~n tich

N dien tich ql' ... , qN duoc phan b6 tren true (Oz). Chung t6 rang phuong trinh ciia mOt duong sire tnrong co dang :

N

Lqi cosBi = cte i=l

trong do cac goc Bi duoc xac dinh tren sa d6 sau :

I I I

I

1 5 cac ducmg sue tru6'ng cua met h~ hai

di~n tich ellng dau

Hai dien tich di~m qj va q2 cling dau diroc d~t tai A va B tren true (Oz) co hoanh dO Itm luot la D va -D. Gee 0 dUQ'C chon la diem giea cua A va B.

MOt vai dtrong sue truong cua he nay diroc mo ta tren so do a. Chung duoc ve cho tnrong hop q2 = 3qj .

Trong mat phang cua so do b, phuung trinh cua duong soc tnrong c6 dang ql cosB] + q2 cosB2 = ete (x. bai

tap 14). Hay giai thich tai sao cac duong soc tnrong lai nhan mot phuong tiern can 6 vo cling. Ta se ki hieu 0 o

la giao di~m cua tiem can voi true (AB).

..

• 1

, r ,

.1 b)

y

..

, , , ,

.0

Ti~m c~n cua

dLlang suc trLlang /

, , ,

,

.0

..

..

o

D4 a.

• 0

1 •

Ta quan tam den mot duong sue tnrong xuat phat tir A tai d6 n6 hop voi true (AB) mot g6c a. Hay xac dinh g6c B a hop boi tiem can (6 khoang each 16n) cua duong sue nay voi true (Ox). Suy ra g6c BL dac tnrng cho gioi han ngan each cac duong sue tnrong xuat phat ur A va cac duong sire tnrong xuat phat tir B, 6 khoang each Ian. Thuc hien Sl)" ap dung bang so doi voi tnrong hop da mo phong va kiern lai gia tri nay tren hinh ve.

Chung to rang moi duong tiem can deu dt nhau l\ll cung mot diem, nghia la diem 0e khong phu thuoc

vao B. Hay gii'ti thich ket qua nay.

UJI GIAI

1 1) Ttinmg teo ra tsi M Mi m9t ph§n til cua day did dz, co vi trf xac dinh Mi a, Ia m9t ph§n til dai dE :

d E(M) =_l -Adz (eosa.er -sina.ez)

4JZ'C'o d2

Vpy ttinmg tsi M n§m trong m~t phing (OM, Oz), va ta co :

- 1 IZ2 (cosrz.e, -sina.e,)

E(M) = -- Adz '

4JZ'£o Zl d2

si dz dt. ) rda va'd=_r_.

v 0'1 = \[ tan a = --2-

eos a eosa

Kbi do, ta dur;rc :

E= [-I-~l[(Sin/32 -sin/31 )er + (eos/32 -eos/31 )ezl. 4JZ'£o r

2) Ta thu dur;rc tiuimg hop s(li day va hfln b§ng each Iiy giai hfln /31 tiin toi - JZ' va /32 tiin tai JZ' , tUr: Ia E= _A_er.

2 2 2JZ'£or

2 Ph:in b6 m.en tich Ia trOn xoay xung quanh tmc (Oz). Tsi dim o thu9c hai m~t ph§ng d8i x6ng (xOy) va (yOz), tnimg tTnh di~n phili song song v6i hai m~t phing nay, ~ay song song v6i true (Oz) .

Milt phing (xOy) ciing Ia m9t m~t phing d8i ximg cila phan b6 di~n tich (thay z thanh -z tUr: Ia thay B thilnh JZ' - B). Tsi dim 0 thu9c m~l phing d8i ximg nay, trur'mg tinh di~n ph/Ii song song v6i m~[ phing do. Nhu vPy, khang dn tinh tosn, ta thu dl1f7C E( 0) = 0 .

JC

3 Hai m~l phing d8i ximg chUa m91 diem M : miit phing ill chUa M va true (Oz) Ia m9t true d8i ximg tron xoay cila phfin b6, va m~t phing Il 2 chUa M va vuong goc voi true (Oz) .

A z

I

1 0

Tui M, trtnmg E song song voi hai m~t phing nay, v~y fa ttuimg xuyen tam. Nghia fa, trang elie toe d(j tn,l :

Br.O, z) = E(r,e, zyer.

Phan b6 fa bit biin d6i voi phep tinh tiin song song v6i true (Oz), va d6i voi phep quay xung quanh true (Oz), ta thu duve hai Sl! dan gian h6a phil :

- -

E(r,e,z) = E(r,e) = E(ryer.

4 Xe: hai m~t phing vuong g6e ehlla tam d6i ximg 0 va diem M, chiing fa cae m~t phing d6i ximg eua phiin b6 #n tieh. Cae m~t phing nay ehfra truimg tsi diem M. Tir d6, trong esc toe d(j du, ta suyra:

E(r,e, rp) = E(r,e,rp)er

Phan b6 da fa bit biin voi tnoi phep quay e6 tnu: chiie diem 0, ta thu ducc :

E(r,e,rp) = E(r)er.

Chuin eua trutmg phil thu(je T, huang ciu n6 phil thu(je e va rp.

5 E1 =E;

~ thu duot: b§ng phep quay E m(jt g6e a quanh (Oz) ; E3 la ddt xung cua E ddi voi (yOz);

-

E4 =-E

, chu y r§ng tnsmg E chiu cling m(jt phep biin dol

y \"";

M2

---

........

:

...........

6

1) M9i m~t phing ehfra tam 0 eua qua C§u dJu fa mi)t

m~t phing d6i ximg eua esc di~n tich. Nlur v~y E mang bOi giao tuyin eua hai m~t phing nay, a day phai thu v~ m(jt diem, tir d6

E phai b§ng kh6ng ui 0.

2) Ta hay nghien cin: uuong E tsi mot diem M trang khong gian. Cic phep d6i ximg eua esc di~n tfeh d6i YO; m§t mit phing ehlTa die'm Mfa: tit ca esc m~t phing ehfra cic diem 0 va M d~u

1.1 esc mit phing d6i ximg eua esc di~n tich. EO-cae giao luyin

- -

eua cluing duo; mang b6i OM, v~y E::: Eer .

Phep d6i ximg cliu eua cae di~n tieh bu(x tnimg nay chi phil thu(x VaG :

OM = r, nghia1.3 E =E(r)er

(Te se con thiy r§ng ngoai ra tnsmg E con b§ng khoIlg tsi moi diem ben trang qua du) ..

7

• Tim su dinh huang cua tnrong

Mpt phing (xOz) 1a m(jt mpt phing d6i ximg eua cic di~n tidi, v~y truong tinh di~n phai n§m trang mpt phing nay. M~t phing (yOz) ciing fa m(jt mpl phing d6i ximg di~n tlcb, v~y truong tinh

di~n ciing n§m trang mpt phing nay. Nlur v~yvwng E duve mang bOi giao tuyin eua hai m{jt phing nay E = Ez.ez .

Phan b6 di~n tieh fa bit biin voi phep tinh tjin thea true (Ox) : ttutmg nay kh6ng phil thu(je VaG x. V~y ta e6: E= Ez(z)ez.

x

x

• Tinh tnrong

Ta OJ thiy a bai t~p 1, tnrr'mg eua m(jt sai day vo hiJIl mang m~t d(j di~n dai A bling E = _A_e. Ta hay st! dung kit qua nay bling

27r£or r

each phan tieh dlJi bang thanh m(jt day lien tiip cae day vo hiJIl r(jIlg dy mang m~t d(j di~n dai nguyen t6 etA = a od y, nlur OJ chi r6 tren

hl'nh ve. lfI'nh eMu ciis tnimg nguyen t6 nay tren true (Oz) cho bOi :

dE =~ cosa dy z 27r£0 r

B ,; c z, ( , d da) ,

leI rang r = -- va y = ztana tuc y:= z-- ,tntOTlg

eosa eos2 a

,',' , Ez (To 1 2"" (To 1 (To

plJw um bang: =--, cs uuY=-, da=-L'a

~z ~~ 'l=_ ti~ ~

~ ..... "'() hlr~

L1a bie'u thi g6c toan phfin du6i do ta nbin bJ tong cila biing tir die'm M.

N hi. l' -E' (To {a)_

gnuue : =-areta -ez'

ffe a z

• Nghiem lai

Tnsnh phfin ciu tmimg theo (Oy) cho bOi :

(To r sinady (To r '

E y = - --Jb~ r(ing-- = - --Jb~ r(ingeosa smada

2ffe a bang t 2ffe a bang

Lla

_ (To [Sin2a]+T _

- -_ -- -0

2ffeo 2 _ Lla '

2

8 r xae

R

• Si'r dung cac phep d6i ximg

Mt» m!it phing chUa tJ11c (Oz) (v~Y chUa M) 1a mOt 11l!It phing dai ximg di~n ticb.

Vay tmimg mang b6i tJ11C (Oz), tir do E(z) = Ez (z ),ez

• Tinh roan trui'mg

Xet tnsmg h9P z > 0 : tuimg dE £;10 m t;1i M b6i m;X m,en tid: nguyen ta Mi, mang b6i m;X philn tir &Ji. dl cila yang t;1i dim P, cho b6i :

dE'= Ad.I epM, 4ffeo PM2

Vay phfin dong gop cua no t[en tF[.JC (Oz) 1a : dE = Ad.I eosa,

z 4ffeo [2

V6i mpi diem P cila yang, a va [d~u nlnr nhau, tird6 c6 biiu thUe

'" "h( R)

cua tnnmg tong 9P [= -,- :

smzz

Biiu thUe t[en ciing dung v6i z < 0 (Ez <0),

9

• Si'r dung phep d6i xfrng

Moi mat phang chua (Oz) (v~y chua di~m M) dbu Iii mot mat phfuJg d6i xfrng dien tich, V~y trui'mg mang bOi true (Oz) :

E(z) = Ez(z)ez'

• Tinh roan trui'mg

Xet tnsmg h9P z > 0: tnnmg cfin tim 18 S!1 ch6ng chit cua nhiirlg tmimg nguyen ta tso [a b6i cac yang co cimg tJ11C.

Csc yang nay 18 esc phfin di,en tfch nk gifra hili yang tton bsn kinh t vs [+ dr. MPt d(J di~n dill t[en esc yang nay bling dJe = oiir (ts ciing co 2ff r di. (T = 2ff r d Je). Biet [ling tnrr'mg nguyen ta cua m(Jt yang ban kinh r cbo b6i :

dJe zr

dEz=-' ,

2eo ~

(} +(2)2

ta thu dllt)'c :

" t~: fa" ;:0 7" 3 d[~ ;:0 [1- 0}

(} +?)2 -,

Ta OJ tim 1iJi dung gia tii cila truimg :

, (T( z 1

neu z > 0: Ez = 2£0 I-J}- + k ;

( \

~ (T z:

neu z c O: Ez=-- 1+ [F:i1 \,'

2eo }+k I

)

10. Sir dung cac phep d6i ximg

Mo: mjIt phing chUa tF[.JC (Oz) (viiY chUa diim M) d§u 111 ll1(Jt m!It phing dai ximg dfen ticb.

-

Vay truimg mang b6i tJ11c (Oz) : FJ,z) = Ez(z)ez.

• Tinh roan truong

Xet tnrr'mg h9P z » 0: dE til 0 [a tsi M b6i dfen tfch otis, nJm tiJi P, cho b6i.'

dE= ods PM 4ffeo PM' .

dE~

I Z

I_

dE

V~y phfin d6ng g6p cua n6 vao tnrong 0 tren true b~ng

dE =_5!_ dS.cosB =_5!_..I1I

Z 2 W~.

4ll'£o r 4ll'£o

voi cK)., la g6c d~c du&i d6 ta nhin phfin tiI dien tich d S tai P tll'

di~m M. Tir d6 E=_5!_n, v6i n, la g6c d~c du&i d6 ta nhin 4ll'£o

di~n tich cua rna tir di~m M. Bi~t r~ng g6c d~c dinh ra boi m(jt hinh ch6p c6 nira g6c 0 dlnh a bang n = 2Tr(1 - com), 0 day:

z

cosa= ~;+K- .

Ta lai thu duoc dung gia tri cua tnrong :

,'mO E'~2;Jl ~):

, a [ z 1

neu z < 0: Ez = - 2£0 1+ ~; + K- .

11 Ta xet cac m~t phang khac nhau qua 0 : • cac m~t ph~ng d6i ximg di~n tich :

(xOy) va (yOz), v~y E duoc mang boi giao tuy~n cua cluing, nghia la Eo = Eey ;

• cac m~t phang phan d6i xirng dien tich :

(xOz), E dung la vuong g6c voi m~t phang nay.

A

D

• Tinh gia tri cua E

Ta hay tinh tnnmg tao ra boi m~t ABCD tai 0 : dE tao ra tai 0 boi di~n tich adS, n~m tai P cho bi'ri :

z

dE= adS OM . 4ll'£o OM3

V• h~ d' , , 'b~ dE a ct.s:con a..lll lIY,P an onggopcuano ang = -----=--w ... ,

4ll'£o r2 4ll'£o

v6i d n, la g6c d~c du6i d6 ta nhin phfin tiI dien tich d S tll' di~m O. Do d6i xirng, tnnmg tao ra boi ABCD cling b~ng tnrong tao ra

boi A'B'C'D', lll'd6 E = _5!_n, vo; n la g6c d~c duUi d6 ta

2ll'£o

nhin dien tich ABCD tir di~m O. Cac g6c d~c du&i chung ta nhin 6 m~t cua I~p phuong d~u giong nhau. Bi~t r~ng g6c d~c cua roan

khong gian bang 41[., nen tnnmg dn tim b~ng E =.!!_ ey.

3£0

12 . SiI dung cac tinh d6i xirng

Di~m 0 thuoc v~ cac m~t ph~ng d6i xung (xOz) va (yOz) cua phan b6 di~n tich : tnrong dtroc mang boi If\IC ~z), tCrc E~)=Eez'

• Tinh roan tnnmg

Truong dn tim la S\l' chong chap cua cac tnnmg nguyen t6 tao ra boi cac yang c6 cung true (Oz). Cac yang nay la cac phfin dien tich, tren m~t du, dinh ra boi khong gian (g6c d~c d n) n~m giira hai hinh n6n c6 nira g6c 0 dinh a va a + cIa (d n = 2TrsinacIa). Mat d(j di~n dai tren cac yang nay b~ng :

dA=aRdf] =aRsinada (taciingco R2dn.a=2ll'RdA). 2ll'

Bi~t r~g tnn'mg nguyen t6 cua m9t yang ban kinh r = Rsina cho 00i :

dE = dA cosasin2 a

z 2£0 r

ta thu duoc :

d Ez = -'!!_cosasinada = -.!!_d(sin2 a),

2£0 4£0

- a[~ -zfL

E= ez'

4£oK-

tll' d6:

y

Cho toan b(j qua du (-Zj = Z2 = R), hi~n nhien ta c6 tnrong bang khong tai tam, va cho niIa qua du (Zj = 0, va Z2 = R) ta tim lai duoc :

- a _

B/J)=--e. 4£0 z

1 3 . Sil dung cac linh d6i xUng

M thuoc vE m~t phling phan d6i xtmg (xOz) cua phan b6 di~n tich. Truong tai M, vuong goc v6i m~t phang nay, se song song v6i lOy): E(z)=E/z)!:y

• Tinh roan tnnmg

GOi z (z » 0) la hoanh d9 cua di~m M danh d~u di~m P vach ra chifc vong nhu Qa chi ro tren hinh ve coa & bai.

Ph~n dong gop cua hai nrra vong la nhlI nhau : v~y truong toan phfm b5ng hai Ifm ph~n dong gop theo true (Oy) cila ni'ra vong tren,

P Adl

~ dR.,

o l~.

----------~--~

dE, dE

Phftn dong gop cua truong dEy = dEyey do m9t phfm til dai dl, n5m tai P IR cos a, R sin a, 0), mang dien tich ",at, bang :

dE u Ad! ep~~y. /. p" 2 .-J. 2 (m'=-----. vm 'M =1("+7:

Y 4nt:o PM

,_ _ RsirIJ

va ep~M'ey=- PM .

Tathud\J\.Yc Ey (tcimphlmtiliz)= - 2~" r sinade=- AK '1 •

4BolM 0 llEoPM'

1 4- H~ Iii tron xoay xung quanh true (Dz) va cac dlIimg suc inrong &u n5m trong cac m~ ph~ng chua true tron xoay nhir la m~t ph~ng hinh ve,

Tnnrng tao ra tai M, co toa do tru r va z, boi N men tich di~m co toa d9 Zj b5ng:

- ~ qj sinej!:r +co13j!:z

E.(M) = L.. .

I i=14nt:o [i +(z-z/J

Y6i mot dich chuy6n nguyen t6 dr = dr'!:r +dze, doc thea m9t

-

duiJng sire truimg dr 1\ E = 0, nghia III :

_ ~ sina,dz-cosOjdr ~ n!z-(z-z)dr

0- L..qj) 2 L..qj 3

. I r+(z-z')'1 -

1= 1 1= [2 ( )2 J 2 r + z- z1

_ l:LN [ (z-z) ]

- - qd

r. 1 I

1=1 1 , -

[r ' +(z- ZjrJ2

N

diEu nay dam bio cho k~t qua Qa yeu c~u :L qjd(co13) = 0 i=1

1 5 (; khoang each 16n, m9t ngum quan sat se chi nhin th&y phan b6 diroi dang m9t dien tich duy nh&t Q = ql + q2 a

I

khoang each (i + ;-) 2, , sao cho cac duiJng sire tnnmg khi do gfm nhir xu yen tam va ta se thira nhan co mol lurong tiem can (sau nay ta se th~y SII tbn tai cua mot tiem C(ln khi xac dinh di~m 0e')

Phuong trinh cua duiJng sire truong dang xet la :

ql cosal + 'l: cosa2 = cte= ql cosa + ql'

(; khoang each 16n ql cosel + qz cose2 "" (ql + q2 )cosea ' vay : (ql cosa+q)l

cosea = - .

(ql +q2l

Khi goc a vach ra khoang [-n," x], thi goc e bien thien trong khoang

[ a a j ,. a iql-q2i N.; " , " s: '

- L; L VOl cos L = . UVl VOl truung llap uil mo

iql +q2i

ph6ng, eL = arccos( ~) = 60° . Phuung trinn duimg sire tni:ll1g HI:

ql(Z -D) q2(z+D)

I + I ql cosa+q2'

[r21+(z-D)2j2 [r2+(z+D)2j2

Tiern can nhan mot phirong trinh co dang r = (z - 'ill tane, trong do 'il la hoanh d9 cua di6m 0e .

Thay r b5ng bi~u thirc nay va khai tri~n phtnrng trinh tren thee mil , 1

cua -, ta duoc : z

(ql cosa + q2) = (ql + q2 )cosa

+ co13sin2 a[(q2 - qll ~ +(ql + q2) ~ J+ ...

B5ng each dbng nh&t cac s6 hang bac khong, ta tim lai duoc giil tri coa cosS da xac dinh, Bay gia bhg each dbng nh&t cac s6 hang

hId D(ql-q2) Y' . , ., d" 0

t eo -, ta II<;YC 'il = . ay V! In cua tern 0

z (% +q2)

khong phu thuoc VaG goc e.

K~t qua nay la kha tu nhien : a xa hai di~n tich, ngiroi quan sat kham pha ra rnoi truong r~t gi6ng v6i truong tao ra b6i m9t dien tich Q = ql + q2 dat tai tam d cu ciia ql va q2'

.... '

THE

- ....

TINH BIEN

-

Truong tlnh di,en c6 the duoc dac trung mot each don gian nho mot ham s6' goi la the tlnh dien

Vitc chon danh tit nay se duoc giai thich. ro boi ham so' nay co quan h.e voi the nang cua mot dien tich d?it dum tac dung ala truong tuong (mg.

M V c

TIE U

• Luu so cua tnrong tinh dien

• The tinh dien

• The nang tuong tac tinh dien,

• Truong tlnh dien

• Gradien

1

Luu so cua tnronq tinh di~n

1.1. £)!nh nghia

Xet mot dirong cong rn6i IH~n hai di~m A va B. Luu s6 C cua mot tnrong

vecto E , tren duong cong r, tir A toi B, duoc xac dinh hOi C ABC n = f: EdT,

cn

trong do dl la vecto dich chuyen nguyen t6 dQC thea duong cong r(hlnh 1).

1.2. Luu so cua trU'Cmg cua mQt di~n tlch di~m 1.2.1. SI! baa toan luu so ella tnronq

Truong E tao ra boi mot dien tich diem q, d~t tai diem 0 duoc chon lam goc, trong toa dO cau, bang: E(M) = _q_l.

4;r& 0 r2

Luu s6 nguyen t6 E.dr lien ket voi mot chuyen doi nho dr bang:

- _ q e r _ q dr q (1 )

E.dr = 4;r&0 -;Tdr = 4;r&0 -;T= 4;r&0 d --; .

Luu s6 ur A toi B tren duong cong F (khong di qua 0), do vay, bang:

f:(l) E.dr = 4;£ J r~ - r~)-

N6 khong phu thuoc vao su lua chon dirong di C (khong di qua goc 0) phai thea de di tu A toi B: C ABCl) = C AB(T') .

Luu s6 cua tnrong, tu mot diem A toi mot diem B duoc bao toan khi ta chuyen tu mot duong di F sang mot duong di F" n6i hai diem do : luu so eua truong La baa toano

1.2.2. Truong eo gradien

Luu s6 nguyen t6 cua tnrong la E.dr = -dV(r), voi VCM) = _q_+ cte

4;r& or

Ta co the d6ng nhat tnrong tao ra boi dien tich diem voi mot truong e6 gradien E = -gradV

1.3. Luu so cua tnnmq cua mQt phan bo 1.3.1. Luu so baa toan ella truong

Nguyen li chong chat cho phep ta thu duqc truong tao ra boi mot phan bo bang each cong cac tac dung cua cac phan nguyen to cua phan bo,

fB - -

Luu s6 A E.dl co cung mot gia tri d6i voi rnoi duong di n6i A v&i B,

(n

dieu do co nghia la :

Lou so cua trmrng tlnh di~n dU'Q'c b30 toano Hay, dieu nay urong duong voi :

Lou so cua trmrng tlnh di~n tren mOt dwng cong khep kin (dwng vien) Mng khong :

A Hloh 1.

Khi ve cac duong sire tnrong, ta ean chu y toi mot he qua cua tinh chat LIen : mot duong sue truong tinh di~n, khong tM co dang mot cai vong khep kin tren chinh no. Thuc v~y, hru so cua tnrong tren yang, da dmrc dinh huang boi tnrong, chi co tM la mot so dirong (neu khong truong phai

. bang khong LIen toan yang hoac khong xac dinh tai mot vai diem, dieu nay khong eho phep eoi Yang nhu mot dirong sue tnrong mra).

~ £)~ luy~n t~p : BT12

1.3.2. Tfnh lien tuc cua thanh phan tiep tuyen cua tnronq khi di qua m9t m~t mang di~n

Ta se thay 0- chuong 4, tnrong tinh dien la gian doan khi di qua mot mat mang dien. Tuy nhien, thanh phan tiep tuyen cua n6 lai van lien tuc, dieu rna ta sap clurng minh 0- day.

Muon vay, ta hay xet mot yang nho (duong cong khep kin) Fnhu oa chi ro tren hinh 2, di qua ill phia nay sang phia kia cua mot mat ; mat nay co the mang mot mat dO dien mat o va ngan each hai moi truong, ki hieu CD va @.

Tren yang kin nay fJ.dl = O. Neu kieh thuoc dl cua yang la du nho, thi

co the coi tnrong nhu khong d6i tren cac phan cua yang va duoc ki hieu la E] hoac E2 tuy thea moi tnrong, nghia Ia :

- --

E2.dl +CBC +E](-dl)+CDA =0

H011 nua, ta se quan tam den he thuc gina cac truong 0- hai phia cua mat phan each nay. Khi h tien ve khong, thi cac truong E] hoac E2 van bi chan (X. Chuong 2, ap dung 7). Cac luu so C BC va C DA bang khong. Cac phan dong gop chii yeu vao hru so cua truong tren yang khi do tuung (rug voi cac phan

~ ~ -

AB va CD 0- hai phia cua mat phan each, vay (E2 - El )dl = O.

Su dinh huang cua ph an tu dl la bat ki trong mat phang tiep tuyen voi mat phan each, vi vay :

Cac thanh phan tiep tuyen cua trtnmg la lien t ... e khi di qua mOt m~it mang di~n ho~e khnng :

E2// = E1I/ hay (£2 - £1) 1\ til2 = 0

lil2 la vecto don v] true giao v6'i mat, hurrng tll moi trmmg CD sang moi trtnrng @.

2

The tinh dien

.

2.1. Luu so cua trU'Cmg va the 2.1.1. Ham the

LUll so cua tnrong tinh dien la bao toan, ta co the dinh nghla dai IU'Q'ng

CAB = S: E.dl , doc I~p voi duong di ill A toi B de tinh luu so cua truong.

Cnng nhu vay, ta e6 the dinh nghia ham VCr) boi VB = VA + f: - E.dl , gia tri cua ham so nay tai A co the diroc xac dinh mot each tuy y (hang so tieh phan),

Hinh 2. Thank piuln tiep tuyen caa E Iii lien t~c khi di qua mot mat mang dien.

Ta goi dai luong V la ham tht ttnh dien, duoc xac dinh sai kern mot hang so:

Hieu di~n the gifra di€m A va B la :

rB-VA - VB == JA E.dZ .

,

,lip dyng 1

The ella mQt soi day th~ng v6 han

Hay xac atnh tht lien Ut v6i mot S0 day thdng va han mang miu ap dien dai a~u A. (Truong cua phan bo nay da duoc tinh 6' chuang hai hili tap 1).

Ta da biet tnrong cua phan bo nay, trong toa dQ tru c6 true (Oz) trung voi soi day, c6 bieu

hu E- A -

t LTC =--.er

2m'or

Bieu thirc cua mot dich chuyen nguyen to la : dF == dr.e, + rdfJ.e() + dz.ez

Hinh 3. The cua mot dien tich diem v == _q_ , 41rsor

6' va cung V = o.

Trang toa dO tru, ta thu duoc :

VB = VA + 1- E.di

= VA + rB __ A_dr = VA __ A_ln[rB]

JA 2lr&O r 2mio rA

Chu y rang doi voi rno hinh phan bo vo han nay. ta khong the chon the bang khong a vt: cling. Ching han, neu ta chon V = 0 a each day mot khoang R. ta se c6 :

V = - _A In[!...]

2mio R

Hinh 4. The cua m(Jt soi day (hang va han V == __ A_ln~. Ta lam ro ddng the 06' khoang

21rso R

each huu han R cua day. a va cung, V la va cung.

~ De luy~n t~p : BT1.

2.1 .. 2. Tn.remg co gradien

Liru so nguyen to cua tnrong, sai kern ve dau, dong nhat h6a voi vi phan (dung) cua ham s6 V(M) :

E.dz = E dx + E dy + E d; == -( av JdX - (av )dY - (av JdZ = -dV

x Y z ax Oy az

Chu thich :

Su chon ddu tru luc nay la uiy y ; tuy nhien, ta se thd» n6 cang rat thich hop cho mot S(l' lien Ut true tiep gitia tJ:t tlnh di~n va khai niem tht nang.

Truong tinh di~n la mOt trmrng co gradien, viet lit :

E(M) == -gradM V(M)

Phep tinh ve gradien nam trong phu luc 2. Nhir vay ta co the nhan ra :

M(lt truong vecto E co luu so bao toan la mi)t trinmg co gradien

~ D~ luy~n tfip : BT 4 va 13.

2.1.3. Sl,I' bat bien v6i rmrc (jauge) '111e tinh dien duoc tao ra ill khong duy nhat,

The tlnh dien durrc xac dinh sai kern mot hfu1g so.

V' (r) == V(r) + Vo (Vo ill mot hang so tuy y) III mot the khac co the chap nhan duoc,

Sir chon goc nay, con goi la chon muc, khong Hun thay doi tnrong, dai hrong vat li co the do dUQ'C bOi nhnng tac dung cua n6 (hrc COULOMB) :

Truong tlnh dien la bat bien V01 muc, nghia la vot moe d~ ttnh the.

,

lip dvng 2

The lien ket V01 mi)t truong d~u

1) Bang each bieu thi tich vo hu6ng can dao ham nho cac toa do Descartes, ta co

1) Tfnh grad(EO.oM), trong do Eo la mot luing vecto:

2) Hay bieu thi the lien ket voi mot truong tinn d(en deu Eo

.

(r == OM):

a - a

-(Eo·i) == -(Eoxx + Eo"y+ Eozz) == Eox

ax ax' '

, , ,

,

4 _

I I I I I I I

I I

t I "

I I "

I I "

I I ,

-----------------~

y
M
r/
x ~ Z
0 z

y

x

Cac ding the'

Hinh 5

Thanh phan cua gradien tren (Ox) da bang Eox' tren (Oy) se bang EOy va tren (Oz) bang Eoz.

Va y ta tim duoc :

- -

grad (Eo.1) = Eo

Ket qua cuoi cling la doc lap voi hi; toa dO da chon de thuc hien phep tinh.

2) Chi can dung bieu tlurc cua tile theo luu so cua tnrong, ta co :

VB = VA + s: - E.dl = VA - Eo (; B - ; A ) nghia la : VCr) = -Eo'cos() + ete

Ket qua nay phil hop voi phep tinh sa cap a tren.

3

The tao ra bai m{>t phan bo di~n tich

3.1. 51! chong chat cua cac tac dl;.lng

To~l.11 tu gradien la mot toan tu tuyen tinh nen ta cung co tile thu duoc tM tinh dien cua mot phan bo bang SI)' chong chat cac phan dong g6p nguyen t6, urong tv nhu tM tao ra (sai kern mot hang so) boi mot dien tich diem:

bY(M) = _1_ 8q P (moc tile khong, a vo cling) 41l'C'o PM

Bi~u thuc tfch phan cua the, trlet tieu (Y vo cimg, tao ra boo m9t phan bo di~n tfch Ijj) eo kich thunc huu han, eo dang :

V(M) = Hi _1_fxJp

~ 41l'C'o PM

Chi con phai xac dinh phan tu dien tich doi voi loai phan bo Ijj) dang xet, va tuy theo tnrong hop neu ra, ta se su dung mot trong cac bieu tlurc sau day cho tile tinh dien tao ra boi Ijj), sai kern mot hang s6.

3.2. Cac bi~u tlurc cua the

• Tap hop cac dien tich di~m :

V6i cac dien tich qi dat tai cac diem P, N

V (M) = 'L,_I _ __!!j_

i =1 41l'Eo Pi M

• Phan bo di~n tich theo th~ tfch :

V(M) = IIi _1_ p(PYLT qJj 41l'Eo PM

• Phan bo di~n tich theo b~ mat

V(M)=fI _1_G'(PYJS qJj 41l'Eo PM

44

Thanh phan cua gradien tren (Ox) eta bang EOx' tren (Oy) se bang EOy va tren (Oz) bang Eoz.

Vay ta thu duoc :

- -

grad (Eo.f) = Eo

Ket qua cuoi cung la doc lap voi he toa dO da chon de thuc hien phep tinh.

2) Chi can dung bieu tlurc cua the thea hm so cua tnrong, ta co:

VB = VA + I:-E.dl = VA -EO(;B -;A) nghia la : V(r) = -Eor cos() + ete

Ket qua nay phil hop voi phep tinh so cap a tren.

3

The tao ra bai mQt phan bo di~n tich

3.1. Sl! chong chat cua cac tac dvng

Toan til gradien la mot toan til tuyen tinh nen ta cnng co the thu dUQ'C the tinh dien cua mot phan bo bang su chong chat cac phan dong gop nguyen to, urong nr nhu the tao ra (sai kern mot hang so) boi mot dien tich diem:

J:'lr 1 Oqp .<.- :z..'

uv (M) = -- -- (moc the khong, u vo cung)

4JZ'eo PM

Bieu thuc tich phan cua the, trlet tieu <Y vb cimg, tao ra bOi mot ph an b6 dien tich I2J) eo kich thurrc hiiu han, eo dang :

V (M) = fF _1_ 8q p

J~ 4JZ'eo PM

ChI eon phai xac dinh phan til dien tich doi voi loai phan bo I2J) dang xet, va tuy theo tnrong hop neu ra, ta se sil dung mot trong cac bieu thirc sau day eho the tinh dien tao ra boi 12J), sai kern mot hang so.

3.2. cac bieu tlurc cua the

• Tap hop cac dien tich di@m :

V6i cac dien tlch qi d\it tai cac diem P, N

V(M) = L_1_..!!i_

i=14JZ'eo Pi M

• Phan b6 di~n tich theo th@ tfch :

V(M) = ffT _1_ p(P11r

J@4JZ'eo PM

• Ph an b6 dien tich theo be mi;it

V (M ) = fT _1_ a(P 11S

J@4JZ'eo PM

44

• Phan bo di~n tich theo chieu dal

V(M)=f _1_ A(P) dip

fli4Jr&o PM

Cllu J!:

• Truce het, de dam bao clio cac ticn ph (in co y nghia, cac bieu thuc tren chi duoc ap dung cho truong hop cac phan bo co kich thuoc huu 1!I,m. Trong truimg h9'[J nav ta chon the Mng khong {J v6 cung cho cae lJilu ,Ihu£.

• D6'i voi truong hop day v6 han da duoc nghien cuu tr,oag fly dyng 1, Sit (1p dung bieu thuc cuoi cung sf! dan toi YIl(Jt Sf! phdn ki log,Q cua, itch ptuin, nuic ddu tich phdn tuong ung voi truong lai h9i tu. Ta da~l:Jie! each thuc giai quve; kho k!uln nay va aa nh!,'ln thd» doi voi mo hint: tren Ihl khong

rM chon V = 0 {J v6 cung. Hmh 7.

• Cang ve Sf! hpi tit caa ticb phan, mot van dee' khac nay 8tnh fleut£l muon

tinh the tai mot diern cua phan b6, nghia la tai mot diem ma PM = 0 khi

tinh rich pluin. V6i mot phan bo thea the tich, ntu khong co cae di¢n tich

(J v6 cung thi tich phan se hpi tu.

3.3. The tren true cua mQt dia tich di~n

• Ta hay thuc hien phep tinh the tao fa boi mot rna ban kinh R, mang mat dO dien mat a= cte tai mot diem tren true cua dla.

V 61 cac ki hieu tren hinh 7, the dUQ'C viet la :

V(M) = r _!!__ dS ,

a=O 4Jr&0 r

. ') sina z.

v(y, dS = 2.n(ztana)d(ztana) = 2rcz- -- da va r = -_. (v61 z > 0).

cos3 a cosa

a ~ 2 ')

Nlnr vay.fa co : Vtruc(z)=-( R +z--Izl)

. 2&0

• Khi di qua mat tich dien, tnrong tinh dien (y tren true (dtroc tinh (y chuang 2) chiu mot su gian doan hnu han [ ~ )e z va the HI lien rue (hinh 8).

CM thfeh:

Cdn nho ding viec biet gia tri caa the {J tren true cling kh6ng eho phep xae dinli truong (J tren trw nay: V(O, 0, z) da biet va ta chi co the tinh :

E.(O,O,z)= 3V(O,O,z).

~ az

Tuy nhien, vi true (Oz) la mot true Iron xoay caa phnn b6, nen tren true 'lily E; = Ey = 0, ta da xac dtnn xong truong tren true (Oz), phu hop v6i

kfr qua aa Ihiel l(lp {J chuong 2.

Khi di qua mat mang mot mat dO dien mat a, the la lien tuc ; dieu nay cho ta khang dinh :

The Iii lien tuc neu no dmrc xac dinh

~ D~ luy~n t~p : 8T 2 va 7.

45

E V

z

Hinh 8. The la lien tuc khi di qua mot m(11 mang diin.

4 Topa ella the tinh di~n

4.1. Cac m~t dclng the cua mQt phan bo 4.1.1. f)inh nghfa

Mot mat ding the, co the Vo, duoc xac dinh 00i phuong trinh V(M) == Vo . Hai mat d~ng the tuong (rug voi cac the khac nhau khong tM cat nhau.

4.1.2. Cac m~t d~ng the va duong sue truOng

Xet hai dj(~m rat gan nhau nam tren cung mot mat d[mg the co the Vo (hinh 9). GQi M Ia diem thir nhat, N Ia diem thir hai. N co duoc tir M bang mOt phep dich chuyen nguyen t6 di c6 hu6ng bat ki trong mat phftng tiep tuyen voi mat ding the tai M. Theo dinh nghIa cua dien the V(N) = VM - E(M).d~ va thee djnh nghia cua mat c1~ng the V(N) = V(M). Yay truong unh di~n true giao voi mat c1[mg the (tinh chat cua gradien) ClIIAlMch:

Tong qual /1011, mot miu xac dinn boi fer) == ere nhtin vecto gradf nhu II1pt vecto true giao.

Bay gio ta xet mot dirong sue tnrong gap (noi chung Ia vuong goc) hai mat ding the. co cac the Vj va V2, tai cac diem Mj va M2 (hinh 10).

Ncu tnrong huong theo duong nr Mj den M2, ta co:

V2 - VI == V(M2)- V(Mj) == S:2 - E.di < 0

1

Truong lit vuong goc v6i cac m~t d~ng the va cac dtrimg sue trtrimg hurrng theo chieu cac di~n the giam.

ChI) J' :

Gin nho nhung kel ludn tren day de thuc hifn cac hinh vi? dinn tinh cac duong sue truong va ma: C(Ii OlC miit dang the tren mpt hinh vi?

Tuv nhien. pluii can tium : truimg tinn di_en, biuig kh6ng hal' khac khong, deu vuong g6c voi cac mat dang tM. C6 the ta se g(1p trUOng h9'P mpt duong SLI'C' truong kh6ng vuong goc voi mot nuit dang the, khi diem ma no toi nuit nav La mot diem truong bdng khong.

Hinh 9.

Hinh 10

46

no bang R = I~ ~ dl

2) Dang the v ::: 0 bao quanh dien tich -q. Hoanh dO Zc cua tam ciia no la duong, vay

Q > -q. Ta co the doe thay ti so _B_, bang

I Zc I

I!LI ' bang ~. Hlnh 13. Htnh dang cua cac duong sac truong.

Q 3

3) Hinn 13 eho hinh dang eila cac duUng sUe truong

~ D~ luy~n t~p : BT 6, 8, 9 va 10

,

,tip dyng 3

Mi;it the kheng

cua mot h~ hai di~n tieh di~m

1) Bang each chon Ihe khong (1 va cung, hay neu aay au a(1c tinh caa m(11 ddng Ihe v ::: 0 cua m(J1 h~ hai dien tich aiem Q (> 0) tai 0 va -q « 0) tai diern c6 hoann a(J d tren Ir(tc (Oz).

2) Tren hinh vi? 11, cac vel cua cac m(11 ddng 1M aa duoc vi? trong mot m(11 phdng chua true (Oz).

Dang Ihe V::: 0 duoc ve bling mau nhat. Hoi ve gia tri IUy~1 aoi, ai~n tich nao lon lion. Tim gill

tri caa u so I~I.

3) Hay cho dang ve cua cac duimg sac truong neu Q> O.

1) Dien the tao ra tai mot diem M co toa dO

• 8 b' Q q ,.

eau (r, ,<p) ang v::: _- - --, vO'!

411"l'or 4;rcor'

1

r':::[r2 -2drcos8+d2]2. Mat co the bang

khong tuong (rug voi !_::: Q (dieu nay chi co

r' q

nghia neu hai dien tich ngiroc dau nhau). Neu q::: Q, d6 la mat phing trung true cua hai dien tich. Neu q ~ Q, d6 Ia mot qua cau. Trang toa dO Descartes, phuong trinh cua n6 la :

x2 + y' + [z+ ($" -1)]'= [~:2~r '

tam cua no Ia mot diem co hoanh dO Zc ::: d tren true (Oz) va ban kinh cua

[1- ~: 1

Hinh 11. Dang Ihe co 1M V ::: 0 fa m(J1 vong Iron co duong kinli AB, voi A(+6) va B(+12).

Hlnh 12. Sa do nay cho thay ro dang 1M Iron V::: 0 (mau dam V> 0 va mau nhat V < 0).

4.2. Cac nhan xet ve tinh doi xling 4.2.1. TruOng vo hu6ng

- -

Luu so nguyen to E.dl lien quan den tich cua hai vecto (C\lC), va c6 tinh

chat doi xtmg cua mot tnrong vo huong,

Ta c6 tM se chon moe (hang so tich phan) de thu duoc mot the VCr) c6 cac tinh chat doi xtmg cua phan bo dien tich.

Vi du, trong tnrong hop phan bo qj) nhan mot mat ph:lng phan doi xtmg [J * , ta se chon V = 0 tren mat phang d6. Tai mot diem M va tai dH~m doi xung M' cua n6 qua mat phang [J * , thi the khi d6 co cac gia tri doi nhau. Trong tnrong hop phan bo @ nhan mot mat phang doi ximg [l, thi the tai mot diem M va diem doi ximg M' cua n6 qua mat phang [l, co cung mot gia trio Cac tinh chat doi ximg cua the cung co the co diroc dua vao tinh chat doi ximg cua tnrong tao ra boi phan bo dang xet, Doi voi cac phep doi xung thong tlnrong, thi cac tinh chat cua the thu duoc ngay bang true giac nhu cac vi du duoi day se minh hoa.

4.2.2. Cac bat bien

Ta hay nghien cuu bieu thuc tong quat cua the doi voi cac bat bien khac nhau : • V oi mot phan bO bat bien d6i voi moi phep tinh tien song song voi true (Oz), tM chi co the phu thuoc vao cac bien so vi tri x va y. Dieu nay co the duoc khang dinh bci ket qua da thu duoc (y chuong 2, cho dang ciia truong :

E(x, y, z) = E(x, y) = Ex (x, y)e x + E; (x, y)ey

• V6i mot phan bo c6 tinh doi ximg tron xoay doi voi true (Oz), thi thay ro ngay ham tM chi phu thuoc van cac bien r va z cua cac loa dO tru, true (Oz), phil hQ'P voi tnrong da thu duoc :

E(r,(},z) = Er(r,z)er + Ez(r,z)ez

• V6i mot phan bo c6 tinh doi ximg tru truc (Oz), thi ham the chi co the phu thuoc vao khoang each r toi true (Oz)

V(r) = V(r,(},Z) = V(r), phu hop voi dang cua tnrong :

E(r,(}, z) = E(r)er.

• V ot mOL phan bo c6 tinh doi ximg cau tam 0, thi ham the chi phu thuoc vao khoang each r toi tam 0 :

V(T') = V(r,(},cp) = V(r).

Va chang, tnrong cnng c6 dang :

E(r,(},cp) = E(r)er .

5 The nang tuong tac tinh di~n

5.1. The nang cua m9t di~n tfeh d~t trong m9t tnronq 5.1.1. Cong cua h!c tinh di~n

Cong nguyen to cua 1\lC ] = qE trong mot chuyen doi ctM cua luc nay bang:

8W = f.dM = qdM. E = -qdM . grad V = -qdV = -d(qV)

-'" ,~.

Nl1lI yay, cong cua lire trng v61 mot chuyen doi cua dien tich q til' mot diem A toi mot diem B bang : WAB = -q(VB - VA)

5.1.2. The nang

Cong nay khong phu thuoc vao duong di va dong nhat v61 dO bien thien cua mot ham so trang thai, ham nay chi phu thuoc vao vi tri cua hat.

-

The nang tuong tac gifra mot dien tich q va mot truong tinh dien E,

tao ra the V, bang ~ = qV.

Lire COULOMB f = qE do tnrong tlnh dien tac dung, dlln xuat til' the nang nay, duoc xac dinh (giong nhir the tinh dien) sai kern mOt hang so j = qE = -graM".

Cong nguyen to cua n6 bang va ngiroc dau voi do bien thien cua the nang: j.dM = qE.dM = -d'lp

Cong cua lire tinb dien bang WAB = -tp(B) + tp(A) = -.dip. ,

-Ap dvng 4

Cong cua nguoi dii~u khien

dich chuyen dien tich.

Hoi cong cung cdp boi mot nguoi ditu khien khi dich chuyen mot dien tich q rdt cham chap

trong mot truong tinli dien E da cho ?

Nguoi dieu khien dich chuyen dien tich rna khong cung cap cho n6 dong nang : neu van toe dich chuyen rat nho, thi II)'C fop rna nguoi

dieu khien rae dung len dien tich dung M bu tnr voi luc do tnrong E tac dung len dien tich,

- ~

til' do fop = -q E .

Khi nguoi dieu khien dich chuyen dien tich mot doan dM, n6 se cung cho dien tich mot cong nguyen to :

t5Wap = fop.dM = d(qV) = +d tp.

~ £)~ luy~n tap : BT. 3 va 11.

5.2. Nang IUQ'ng tuonq tac cua hai di~n tich di~m 5.2.1. Cong d~ thanh I~p h~ hai di~n tich

Bay gio ngiroi dieu khien tim each dira hai dien tich ql va q2 til' mot tinh huong nrong tac khong, trcng do cac dien tich & xa nhau vt: cung, ve cac vi tri cuoi cling M I va M 2 ' rna khong cung cap dong nang cho chung .

• Truong hop d~c biet

Tnroc her, ta hay tuong nrong mot su bien d5i dac biet rat dan gian de nghien ciru. Luc dau, nguoi dieu khien dtra mot minh dien tich ql til' vo

cung ve diem MI rna khong phai cung cap nang hrong, Sau do, giii ql

co dinh, vay ql khong nhan congo Dua q2 ve diem M2 bang each dich chuyen n6 trong tnrong tlnh dien tao ra boi ql' nguoi dieu khien cung cap cong Wop =Q2VI(M2), trong do V1(M2) Ia the (lay bang khong & vo

cung) tao ra boi ql tai diem M 2 : VI (M 2) = ql

41L&oMIM2

4 8"'; TU HOC 1

49

• Trm'mg hop t6ng quat

Luc do q1 tac dung len q2 I'a j 2 = qjq2 MIM2 .nguoc voi luc do q2

1---> 4nEo (MjM2)3

tac dung len q1 . Nguoi di~u khien phai can bang hai luc nay. Khi dich chuyen q1 di dM1 va 'l : di dM2 ' nguoi nay thuc hien cong nguyen t6:

- - - - - - qjq2 ( 1 )

olVop = fop--->q .dMj + fop--->q .dM2 = -f1~2.dMIM2 = --d --

I 2 4nEo M1M2

Nhu vay cong toan phan cung cap boo nguoi di~u khien dong nhat voi k~t qua da thu dUQ'C trong tnrong hop d~c biet, don gian & tren.

5.2.2. The nang tironq tac

The nang tinrng tile tlnh dien gifra hai di~n tich q 1 va q 2 la ~ _ 1 qlq2

""P12 ------.

4nEo MIM2

Bang each ki hieu V1(M2) I'll tl1e tao b&i dien tich ql tai di~m M2 va V2 (M1) la tl1~ tao boo 'l : tai di~m Ml ' ta cling co tl1~ viet nang hrong nay duoi cac dang sau :

1

'$P12 = qjV2(M1) = Q2Vl(M2) = -[Q1V2(M1)+ Q2Vl(M2)] . 2

,

Ap dyng 5

TU'O'ng tac quyet dinh su co ket

cua m9t nguyen tiro

1) Cac chdt ran va long deu co mot khoi luong rieng J.1. co dp Ian vao co kg.dm-3 (gan Mng 1 doi voi nuoc long va nuoc da, 9 doi voi thu» ngan, ... ). HOi co Ian d caa kich thuoc caa mot nguyen tit hay mot phan tit gam mot vai nguyen tit Mng bao nhieu ?

2) Nang luang ion hoa caa nguyen tit hydro (trong trang thai C(J ban) Mng 13,6 eV. De giai thieh cdu true cua nguyen tit, ti nhdt o phep gdn dung b{1e mot, ta nen dua vao cac luc hap ddn

(hdng so hap ddn bdng G = 6,67.10-11 SI, proton co khOi luang gap khoang 2000 ldn khOi luang caa electron), tuong tac difn tit hay la cae tuong tac mann hay yeu (e6 pham vi rat nho,

vao co 10-15 m) ?

1) Cac cMt long va ran rat it chiu nen, cac nguyen til nhu "tiep xuc voi nhau" (y ben trong cua cac rnoi truong nay. Khoi IUQ'ng mol M ciia cac chat ca neu trong vi du ia vao co vai

chuc gam (18 g. mol-1 d6i voi mroc). Bang each coi khong gian chiem boi mot nguyen til hay mot phan til don gian co mot tl1~ tich vao

ClY d3, ta uoc IU'Q11g duoc gift tri cua d bang each viet:

M = tl1~ tich chiern b&i mot mol ~ N A d3 , J.1.

1

nghIala:d~( 10.10-3 ]3 ~1O-10 m.

103 x 6.1023

(Thue vay, ta biet rang kich thuoc cua mot nguyen til hay mot phan til so cap la vao ClY 1O-10m).

2) Tuong ruong mot electron luon quanh gan mot proton, (y khoang each VaG co 10-10 m sao cho tuung tac manh va yeu bo qua duoc ; ta chi coo phai so sanh co 1611 cua cac nang luong nrong tac hap dan va nrong tac dien ill voi co diic tnmg cho bOi nang luong ion hoa caa nguyen tiro

Vay ta hay tinh :

e2 -18

~P(diell ur) '" - -- '" 2.10 J '" -1 Oe V va

. 47rEOd

~ £)~ luy~n t~p : BT,S,

fJ/€U CAN CHI NHO

2000m;G

i?P(hlfp dan) '" - d

'" 10-57 J '" 10-38 x 10eV.

Nhir vay, nen xay dung mot mo hinh nguyen tu trong do cac dien tich dirong cua hilt nhan va dam may electron bao quanh duoc lien ket voi nhau bOi urong tac dien tir.

,..'? " - ,..

• LlJU SO CUA TRlJONG TINH flll;N

• Luu so cua trmrng tinh di~n la bao toan

• Luu so cua truong tlnh di~n tren m{)t duong eong kin bang khong :

~TE.dr =0,

• Cac thanh phan tiep tuyen la lien tuc khi di qua mnt m~t mang di~n hoac khong :

----.. - - - -..

E211 =E1I/ hay E2 =E1An12 =0.

• THE TINH fll~N

• Hieu dien the giii'a hai di~m A va B bang :

VA -VB = S:Edl

• The tinh dien duo'c xac dinh sai kern m{)t hang so.

• Trmrng tlnh di~n la bat bien doi v6'i moe cua dien the.

• TRlJONG CO GRAfllEN

• Truong tinh di~n la mot trtnrng co gradien, bi~u th] bd'i :

~ -_

E (M ) = -grad M V (M ) .

• M{)t trmmg vecto Ii co luu so bao toan 1ft m{)t trmmg co gradien.

• Truong thr vuong goc voi cac m~t dfulg the, con cac duong sue trmmg thi huong theo chien cac dien the giam.

_,? ,.. ,.. "',, ,-

• THE CUA MQT PHAN 80 CO KICH THlJOC HlJU H~N

• Bi~u thtrc nch phan ella the, tr'iet tieu 0- vo cung, tao ra bOi m{)t phan bo di~n tich f}/) co kich thurrc huu han, co dang :

<5

V (M ) = III _1_...i.!:__

{j/J 4ltl': 0 PM

• The, neu da xac dinh, la lien tuc.

• THE NANG

• The nang tuong tac glua mot dien tieh q va ID9t trmrng tinh dien E tao ra the v la : $'p=q.V.

• The nang tuong tac giii'a hai dien tieh di~ID q 1 va q 2 tai M 1 va M 2 bang :

i?P, = qlq2

12 41U::0 MIM2

BAI TAp

•

,

Ap DUNG TRue TIEP BAI GIANG

1 The cua rnet di~n tlch diem

Hay xac dinh the tao ra b<'ri mot dien tich diem q d~t tai gee o.

2 The tao ra a tam cua mot qua cau

MOL qua cau tam 0, ban kinh R mang mot dien tieh Q duoc phan b6 voi mat dO di~n mat (T = g( 8) h( rfj) trong toa dO cau,

Hay tim gia tri cua the tinh dien tao ra boi qua cau tai tam cua no.

z:

3 Sy Umg toc cho cac electron

bang m{>t hi~u di~n the

Cac electron phat ra boi soi dot ciia mOt tam chan dao dong ki co mot van toc khong dang k~ va ducc tang toe bOi. mOt hieu dien the Va .

1) Hoi cac electron tang toc dat t6i van t6c nao ?

2) Hoi voi dieu kien nao thi co th~ coi ket qua tren, tinh duoc bang CO' h9C cd dien, la thoa man ?

Cho : mec2 = 0,511 MeV.

4 Cac gia tri cua E va V

co lien kID v6i nhau khong ?

Cho bon dien tich dat tai dinh cua mot hinh vuong co duong cheo dai 2a. Tlnh E va V tai tam hinh vuong trong cac hinh the sau :

Y El

.--- ---0 Q--- ---0

I " " I I " " I

I .. , t '.. , I

I .., I I .., I

: 0; : I x: 0; : I x

I " ',I I,", I

.~------':O 6~-----:b

THl TH2

Y

Y

.--- ---0 .--- ---.

, " " \ 1 " " I

I .. , I I.. , I

I .." I I .. I' 1

: 0;: l.x! 0;: I x

O~'~~--:~'b .~'~~--:~'b

TH4 TH5

o di~n tich + q

o dii!n tich-q

Y

S(r DUNG VON KIEN THlre

5 Can b~ng cua m{>t di~n tlch trong trlfCmg tinh di~n

cua hai di~n tich co dinh

Cho mot mat phang vi tri xac dinh bfu hai true (Ox) va (Oy). Cho hai dien tich q co dinh, giong nhau, d~1 tai A( -a, 0) va Bta, 0). Hay khao sat vi tri can bang va tinh ben cua mot dien tich Q co the dich chuyen trong mat phang nay.

6 Sa dien tlch tai dinh

cua m{>t tam giac deu

Xet ba dien tich giong nhau (q > 0) tai dinh cua mot tam giac deu canh a.

1) Hay tim mot dH~m hien nhien co tnrong bang khong. Tinh gia tri cua dien the tai do.

2) Mo phong sau day, bieu dien cac duong sue tnrong va cac ding the, chung to rang co ba diem tnrong bang khong khac. Hay do vi tri cua chung va cho gia tri ella the tai cac di~m do.

7*

The cua mot qua cau

tfch di~n d~u tren be m~t

Cho mot qua cau ban kinh R, tam 0, c6 mat dO dien mat deu (T. Lay moe dien the bang khong (y vo cung,

1) Tinh dien the tai O.

2) Bang each dung mat cat neu ra 0 so do tren, hay unh tM tai mot diem M 0 ben trong hoac ben ngoai qua cau nay.

8 * cac mat ditng the

cua m9t ducmg hai day

Hai soi day thang dai vo han, song song vci true (Oz) va co phuong trinh Descartes Ian IUQ't la x = +a va x = -a, c6 mat dO dien dai deu +,1, va -A (A > 0). Ki hieu A1 va A2 Ian IUQ't la giao

diem cua chung voi mat phdng (xOy).

MOt diem M c6 vi tri xac dinh boi cac toa dO tru (r, B, z) va ky hieu r1 va r2 Ia cac khoang each , mot la, gina M

va day thtr nhat, mot Hi, giua M va day thir hai. Ta se chon g6c cua cac the la g6c toa dO O. Hay neu dac tinh cua milt dfulg the, trong toa dO tru, cua phan bo nay. Hay bieu dii~n mOt each dtnh tinh cac duong srrc truong va vet cua cac mat dfulg the trong mat phang (xOy).

9*

Duong luang Cl!C

Cung nhu trong bai tap 8, ta hay xet mot duong hai day duoc cau t(.10 bci hai soi day thang dai vo h\U1, song song voi true (Oz), c6 phuung trinh Descartes x = ± a va c6 mat dO dien dai deu ± A (A > 0).

Drnmg hrong cue duoc coi la gioi h\U1 cua phan b6 nay khi a tien toi khong, nhung gitr cho tich (2a). A

;, Aa , -<

khong doi. Khi do, ta ki hieu K = --, la hang so

1[&0

Q~c trung cho duong nay.

MOt di~mM c6 vi tri xac dinh boi cac toa dO tru (r, B, z). De thu duoc dac tinh gioi han cua dirong lirong cue, sau day, ta se coi khoang each r til diem M den true (Oz) Ia rat 16'n tnroc a va ta se bang long voi cac bieu tlnrc tim duoc ciia the va tnrong cua dirong hrong cue tang each chi gitr lai bac thap nhat khong tam thuong

cua khai trien cua chUng theo lny thira cua ty so !!_.

r

1) Trong nhtmg dieu kien do, hay tim bieu tlnrc cua the tao ra bOi mot duong luong cue.

2) Tir d6 suy ra tnrong cua dirong hrong cue.

3) Tim phuong trinh cua cac mat ding tM va cac duong sire tnrong cua duong hrong cue ? Hay bieu dien cluing mot each dinh tinh.

1 0 Duong luang cue d~t

trong di~n truCmg deu

MOt tnrong deu Eo = Eo ex (Eo > 0) duoc chong chft len tnrong cua mot duong Iuong cue

-E K(cosBer+SinBee) thi

duong 1UOng C1,IC = 2 (bieu

r

trong CO' so cua cac toa dO tru true (Oz» (x em bai tap 9).

K>O.

Trong mat phang (xOy), tren nhtmg hinh ve c6 bi~u dien mot vai duong sire tnrong (net darn) va vet cua cac mlit d;\ng the (net nhat) nrong img voi mot tinh huong nhu the, trong hai tnrong hqp K> 0 va K < O.

K<O.

1) Dieu gi se xay ra 0 khoang each 16'n voi true (Oz) ?

2) Ta c6 the n6i gi ve cac diem A va B ca lam ro trong hai tnrong hop rna khong can phai tmh toano

3) Tim bi~{thuc cua the, chon bang khong tren mat phang x == 0, urong ung voi su chong chat cua hai twang nay. Hoi.co mot mar d&ng the c6 the bang khong nao khac ngoai mat phang (yOz) khong ?

4) Hay thiet l(l,p phuong trinh cua cac duong strc twang va cua cac mat ding the.

5) Neu c6, hay xac dinh cac di~m twang bang khong, Lam the nao d~ c6 th~ lien ket ve mat hinh hoc cac twang hop K < 0 va K> 0 ?

6) Tai cac diem twang bang khong, ta nhan thay gi d6i voi cac duong sue twang va cac mat d~ng the? Xac dinh g6c tao bai mot dirong sue twang voi vet cua mot mat dang the a ngang mire cua mot diem twang bang khong.

11 Nang lugng ion hoa

cua nguyen tli BOHR

Trong khuon kh6 cua co h9C cO di~n, mot mo hinh dan gian cua nguyen tiI urong ung voi mot electron (dien tich -e, khoi lUQ11g me) coi la diem, chuyen

dong tren mot quy dao tron ban kinh R xoay quanh mot ha; nhan coi la chuan di~m cO' dinh (khoi IUQ'ng M » me' dien tich Ze), thea cac ket qua thuc nghiern cua RUTHERFORD.

1) TIm bi~u thirc dong nang cua electron, the nang tuang tac gina electron va hat nhan, va co nang thea R va cac hang sO' cua bai toan

2) Cling nhir vay, tim bi~u thirc cua momen dong IUQ'ng L cua electron

3) BOHR da dtra ra tien de ve su lUQ11g tiI h6a rnornen dong hrong L = nit (n la s6 nguyen dirong), trong d6

11 = _!:_, h la hang s6 PLANCK (h = 6,62.10-34 l.s ).

27r

Chung to rang dieu nay buoc sir IUQ'ng tiI h6a cua ban

R

kinh quy dao co dang Rn =: n2 l~H) va sir IUQ11g tiI

h6a nang hrong cua nguyen tiI.

4) Nang lUQ11g ion h6a cua nguyen tiI hidro (trong trang thai ca ban) bang tfj = 13,6eV .

Hoi rno hinh da dira ra c6 mau thuan nhieu voi gia tri bang s6 nay khong ? gia tri bang s6 thu diroc voi RI(H) co cho diroc mot co Ian thea man khong ?

5) Ta c6 th~ bang long voi each giai quyet cd di~n rna khong nho toi ca h9C urong d6i tinh neu van toe cua electron van can nho truce van toe c cua anh sang. Ta c6 the nghl gi ve cac hieu chinh mang lai boi each giai quyet nrong d6i tinh ?

6) Ta c6 the bang long voi cac ket qua cua co' h9C co di~n rna khong phai nho toi co h9C lUQ11g ttl neu rae dung cua hat, nghia-la Rp, trong d6 p la dong lUQ11g cua electron, van can Ian tnroc 11. C6 can b~t buoc phai giai

quyet van de nay bang ca h9C lUQ11g ttl khong ?

12 £>inh lu~t MAXWELL- FARADAY

trong tinh di~n

Cho hinh hop chu nhat nguyen t6 nhtr tren hinh ve, Cac di~m A va A' c6 toa dO Descartes Hin luot la :

(x, y, z) va (x + dx, y + dy, z + dz)

BAng each siI dung cac con dtrong khac nhau d~ di nr mot dinh cua hinh hop toi mot dinh khac, thea hai canh ke, hay chtmg to rang cac thanh ph an Descartes cua twang tlnh dien thea man cac he thirc "cheo nhau" sau day:

ee, aEy aEy es, ,aEx ee, -;;y= ax ' Tz= ay , va 8;= ax

Z A'(x + dx, y + dy.z + dz)

x

~ 3 * * T' , dl , ° I', nronq eo gra len VOl

luu so khong bao toan

1) Hoi twang nao E = -VV(r) dan xuat ur the VCr, B, z) = kB (trong cac toa dO tru true (Oz), n Ia mot s6 nguyen) ?

2) Twang nay co diem ki di khong ?

3) TIm gia tri cua luu sO' cua twang nay tren mot dirong cong kin F? Blnh luan

lal GIAI

1 Ta Oa biEt, trong toe d¢ du tam 0, #n rich q teo ra tnimg E = -s-: . Ta ciing Oa tMy luu s6 nguyen t6 ella tnsmg nay fa 41r6'or2

E.d;=_q_dr =-d(-q-J. Yay,thEtporabling:

47r6'0 r2 47r6'or

2 Bjt ke' Sf! phsn b8 diuig eua cae d/en tfeh tren M mJt eua qua ciJu nlnr th~ nio, cae di~n tich nay ciuig deu csci: dim 0 m(Jt khoang R. Vay th~ teo ra tsi 0 bling :

'10)=_Q- 4m:oR

3 1) Ap dimg d/nh Ji d(JIlg nang cha elie electron co di~n 6eh ~ :

Ll(~K = W = -L10p = +e Vo . Eo qua vfln uk ban dilu, vfln uSc uW UIl'(!C ssu khi tang t6c bling :

v=[2;r

2) s« qua nay vJn con hi~u llJC ntu v vJn COn nho tum c. Nlur vily. til phm xac minh rling :

122

K =-mv «me

2

Nang llJl.)71g e'6 do tnnmg tang t6c eung cJp phili giir nhO han

nang lur;mg tiem in cua electron m/" tfir la :

m/). _ .5

'6 «---5,ll.llT V

e

Dien sp tang t6c eua esc dao d(Jng ki khong vuot qua viJi nghi» von. each giili qUY~1 co'dien la qua dily du de' nghien cini ehuye'n dang CUil esc electron dwc tang t6c

4

I
I ~nrOng hop Truong tinh dien tai tam
I nghicn cut! Th~ tai tam Thlmh ph~n Ex Thanh ph~n Ey
I 4-q- 0 0
47fcoa
2 -4-q- 0 0
47fcoa
3 0 ° 0
4 0 0 -2/i-q-
47fcoa2.
2-q- -Ii q --Ii q
5 ') ')
47fcoa 4ffcoa- 4ffcoa- Tm: cic hinh Mu (nen Ih~ khae nhau sau day, ta lam thjy ri5 cu: tnnmg bop, lrang d6, tru&ng Ebling khong (elJC tii eua Ih~ ; ta ding nui rling ai 1iJ dimg) va cae tnsmg h9P trang do tanmg nay kbong birng khung (kili d6, tru&ng hufmg v§ phfa di~n th~ giim). cac hinh nay ciing bilu dign thi niiJJg_ cua m(Jt di~n 6ch dumg tiong hinb th~ cua tnnmg : hill nay se tiuimg v§ phfa di~n th~ giam.

5 VI tsi cfin bang cUa di.en 6ch Q nl'im (ai 0(0, 0), bill ke'dju cUa d;en 6ch nay nilll th~ naa : dOla dim trzimg bling khong duy nhilt.

• Q < 0 : thi nang eiia di~n tieh nay (bing QV(M), thi V(M) Ia thi rao fa b6i hai di~n tfeh q tili A va B) khong e6 qrc tiu trong m[it phing nay. Cimg fa Ia niu ehuye'n d9ng eiia hilt di~n dii bi gim hsn a true (Oy), thi vi tri can bing 0 Sf Ia b8n.

• Q > 0 : {hi nang eiia di~n tich nay khOng e6 qrc lieu trong m[it phing nay. Cimg fa thi niu ehuye'n d9ng eiia hilt di~n dii bi gim hsn a true (Ox), vj tri can bing 0 Sf Ia b8n.

<y

x

Chu y:

Thi xuit hi~n trong cae biu th(rc tren day Ia thi uo fa b6i hai di~n tieh e6 dinh tlJi A va B. Cae hinh Vf eho phCp thiy ro dang ve eua thi niing QV(M) trong m[it phing (xOy). Mi)t di~n tieh khong the'tae dung II}C len ehinh no, diau dn xem xet dung Ia thi tso fa b6i hai di~n tich q a A va B va khong phlllia thi toan ph§n bieu diJn duUi day d6i v6iq va Q>O.

q(A)

q(B)

6 1) T.ai tam 0 eiia tam giic trtnmg tinh di~n bing khong va thi bing:

V( 0) = 3.J3-q- = 5,20-q-

4JTcoa 4JTcoa

2) TQa d9 eua cae diem nay (doc duve tren hinl: ve) nim trcn cic ehi~u eao, each day Ia 0,125a (gia tri dung IaO,1258).

T{Ji esc diem nay, thi e6 gia tri:

v=_q_(_1_+ 2 ]=5,31-q-

4JTcoa 0,875 ~0,25+(0,125)2 4JTcoa

Thi thay dol Fit it t{li tam eua tam gisc. Cae mieu ta sau dayeho phep xae nhpn thi biin dol it tili tam eiia tam giu:

Dung Ia thi e6 mi)t el}C tieu.

7 1) Thi tlli diem 0 bing V(O) = _1_.2.. (trong d6 Q bieu 4JTco R

thi di~n tieh toan ph§n eua qua c§u), vi moi di~n tieh d8u each tam o mi)t khoang R. Nghia Ia : V( 0) = Ra

Co

2) Thi dur;re eho bili cong tMe :

V(M)= f _!!_ dS = f a RdB.2nRsinB

.b=o 4n& 0 D .b=o 4Jr& 0 ~ r2 - 2rRcosB + K

= uK [~r2-2rRcosB+K]" = uR (Ir+RI-lr-RI)

2&0 rR 2& r

8=0 0

V(M) = uR (khong doi) a ben trong qua du : vpy tnsmg tinh di~n &0

b1Jg khong a ben trong qua du nay; V(M) = uK a ben ngoai ..

&or

Ta hay eM y din sv lien t!le ciu thi khi di qua m;it tieh di?n. Han nu-a, niu ki hi~u Q la di~n tieh toan ph§n eua qua C§u, thi thi a ben ngoa; qua du gi6ng nlnr thi teo ra txJj mot di~n tieh dim Q d.iit tpi 0 :

Q V=--

4Jr&or

8 Du« vao S(I chon g6e eua cic thi va biit thi teo ra bOi mot soi day thing va hen (x. ap dung 2), thi tinh di~n tso ra bOi dmmg Jil :

V(M) = (_A )In(r2)

2nc:o r1

Cae m;it ding thi d.iie tnmg bOi r2 = etc, do vPy, la esc hinh tr!l

r[

eo true song song v6i (Oz) niu thi khfle kh6ng ; ding thi V = 0

tuung img v6i m;it phing (yOz). Niu ki hi~u k = exp ( 2n~ Vo ), thi phuung trinh Deseartes eua tr!l eo thi Va la:

[x+a(1+k2)]2 +l =[ 2ak ]2

(l-k2) (l-k2)

a(~ + I) A

Tam eua no n§m tsi die'm eo hoanh do ~ tren true (Ox),

( -1)

ban kinh ciu no b§ng 2a .

[k; I]

Cae tr!l eo thi Va va - Va thi dc5i ximg v6i nhau qua m;it phing (yOz), di tv tr!l nay sang tr!l khfle eo nghia Jil thay k b§ng i . Khi k (tUr la thi) tiin t6i +00, thi tf1J tiin t6i soi day thing tieh di~n +A ; khi k tiin t6i 0, tr!l tiin v~ soi day tieh di~n -A.

Tten hinh ve, vit eua de tru ding thi la esc vong tron baa quanh m6i day. TV do cae dmmg sUr truong dur;re suy ra b§ng d6 thi vi chiing song song v6i m;it phing hinh ve va vuong goe v6i cu: m;it ding thi, lnnmg tv day tieh di~n duung sang day tieh di~n am.

51! phflt trie'n eua thi trong khong gian dur;re mo ta nhu duUi day.

Ta lam eho thiy ro ding thi V = 0 vuong goe v6i true eua hai day.

9 1) Ta dj thu dur;re (bai t?P 8) thi eua duimg :

ytM)-[~ll{r2l

- 2Jr&0 Ij'

I I

voi : lj = [r2 - 2areosB + a2]2 va r2 = [r2 + 2arcosB+ a2 J2

51! khai II-in eua thi thea luy thira ~ cho a bpe thip nhit khae khong : r

V = KeosB r

2) TV do suy ra tnnmg tinh di~n eua dmmg luimg e(lC : - -- - J eosfTer + sinl1ee )

E = -gradytr) = '\ r2 .

3) Phuong trinh eua mot ding thi eo dsng r = ro eosB . Do la m¢t hinh tr!l eo day tron, eo true song song v6i (Oz) va cit (Ox), tiip xiu: vai (Oz). Cae dmmg sUr tnsmg d~u n§m trong eae m;it phing song song v6i (xOy). D6i vai m¢t ehuyen diri nguyen t6 dF = dr er + rdB ee doc thea mot duong sir: truong :

di A£ = K( sinBdr~~cosBdB )ez = -Kd( Si~B )ez

bing khong, v~y phuung tn'nh eLla mpt duimg sUe truimg eo dsng r = r osinO . Do la mpt vong trim eo true song song v6i (Oz)"va cit

(Oy), dip xue v6i (Oz). HIM ve uen day, trong mpt m~t phing z = ete, mo la mpl vai duimg sUe truimg va vit du esc m~t ding tht Trang m~t phing nay, bu6c ehuyen til esc duimg sUe truimg sang cu: vit ciu nhiing ding thi dur;r: thl,lC hi~n bing phep quay hl'nh ve 90° xung quanh true (Oz).

Hinh ve tren day chimg 10 viI eLla 1M uo Mi duong luimg el,lC nay Fit gi6ng voi thi thu dur.re trang bai t~p 8.

1 0 1) a khoang csch 1611, tnnmg ciu duimg luimg elA~ tro- nen khong dang ke' t.nJrle tnnmg d8u OJ eh6ng ehil len no. Trang ~e mi8n nay, cic duimg sUe tnnmg vJ thuc ti la song song v6i true (Ox) va eae mit ding thi song song v6i m~t phing (yOz), eho trong m~t phing hl'nh ve eae vit h§u dur thing va song song v6i (Oy).

2) Bit ke'trwng h9]J hinh ve nio, ta d8u lhiy rling cae dinmg sue tnnmg, eo phuung rieng bi~t, eo mpl giao di&n liJi hai die'm nay. Csc die'm A va B tit yiu la cu: die'm ttuong bling khong.

Tnnmg toim ph§n bling :

Edu&ng luang cue = ( Eo + ~ }oso s, + ( - Eo + ~ ]sino eo V61' K> 0, eae die'm truong bling kh6ng la :

A (r= !-f,o= ~ J va B (r= !-f,o= -i J

V6i K < 0, d61a :

A[r=J1,o=o) va B(r=J1'O=ffJ

3) E.dr =( Eo + ~ }osBdr+( -Eo + ~ }inBrdB+o.dZ

la hn: s6 nguyen 16 eLla truimg. Thi bing khong I[en m~t phing x =0, la :

V= ( - Eor+ ~}OSB

M~I phing (yOz) Jil 0- thi khtmg. Khi K duung, hinh tn) tron e6 phuung trinh r = IZ cung tham gia vao ding thi V = 0.

V Eo

V6i K < 0, Sl! mo phong nay dur.re to d~m nhst (v> ° d,§m, V < ° nhst) eho phf:p nhl'n thiy vit eLla m~1 phing ding thi V = 0.

V6i K> 0, mo phong d~m nhst nay eho phf:p lam thiy ro ding thi V = ° C§u uo boi mpt m~t phing va mpl hl'nh IW

4) Csc domg sin: tnnmg nlim trong eae m~1 phing z = ete. V6i m¢1 did: ehuyen nguyen 16 di trong m~1 phing nay:

,,~ E-- [ Ll dn . nd) K(sinOdr-rCOsOdO]]_

w /\ = Eo(cosu.r u -SInu r + 2 ez

r

= -d( EorsinO + KSi~O}z

bing khong. Phuong trinh eua duong silt' trwng 1iJ (Eor+ ~}ino = ete (o z = ete).

Phuung trinh eLla m~1 ding thi la ( Eor- ~}OSO = ete 5) Niu ta thuc hi~n cae phf:p biin dOl

K --+ -K va 0 --+ 0 - ~ My eosO --+ sinO)

esc phuung trinh eLla m¢t dmmg silt' tnnmg va eua m¢t m~t ding thi dao tlur tv eho nhau.

N6i m¢t csch khfle, ta ehuye'n til tnnmg h9]J K < ° sang trutmg h9]J K > ° bling m¢1 phf:p quay hinh ve 90° xung quanh (Oz), d{mg thO-i Irao dOl esc viI eua eae ding thi va dwng silt' ttuong. NM rling phf:p biin dOl nay ciing trso dof eae cip die'm ttuimg bling khong A va B.

6) Ta eo the' nh~n ra rling, tiJi die'm A va B eua hinh ve v6i K> 0, cic domg silt' tnnmg khong vuong g6e voi cu: m~t ding lhi

(nlumg lrutrng thi win dung vi no bing khong). Vi d{l, ta hay khllO Sill Ill!)1 dmrng soc trut'rng Jan elm diem A ttong uuang h!)JJ K> () ma plurong tiinti trong n}fil phing (xOy) Ja .'

l/ Eor+ KJ~ine=2 ~ trunglpadpe/lC

r ~ Eo

va Eo v + ____!!__, = 2 JiK ttong toa do Descartes. a Jan can

- 1 1 I.' ., .

x'+y- !Co

diem A. te diil y = rz + & Y va x = 0 + s x . Bing each klisi V Eo

Ine'n phuong uint: ciie duimg soc tm07Jg vm 6'\ va 6'v Ja nh6

(rum J,£. '" ,f>. ~K[b +"0£, +~~[1+~£, 1

1/ ~" 1 Ell 1 Eo J~'

[-2':,1-' -(1.'~+&-)-+41.·-,-+ , .. =2 KE1,) ,

, JVK' YK .'K

\

ptnnmg tiinl: lJi)Y cho : 6'x = ±& y . Nhtr viiY cae duimg soc tnnmg eir ding tM V = () (rI]fi1 ph1ng (xOy) va tiu r = rz) till die'm A V Eo

dmn goc 45" , Hinh ve durn day cbo phep Ihiy ro g6e lJi}y.

Hinh durn day cho Sf1' mo ta ella Iht ttong khong gian .'

11 1) De' eiam ahe cae diir vi& ta diit e * 2 Ja hlino s61UV1JO rae Iinh

~. .. b ~

) ~

dien ~ . Ln: do hal nhfin lac dflllg Jen eltX:lIon Ja .' j =_Ze : C[.

47r&0 r

Bling cach cllieu Jen veeta xuyen tam h.e thic co biin Clla C(J hoc, ap dWlg cbo eJectJ6n trt3n quy dpo lIon (d~u, tbeo dinh JU,al v~ di.en tid: vi hx tinl: dien do pn")ton tae dung Jen eJeclioll Ja m(X J.uc xuyen tam), ta

) ,*')

- lllV- Le - v.A .t.: - ., CI b"

co -- = --, av uono nano cua e,eClIon ano.'

R 2R . J r=» b c»

I ) Ze'2

h =-nw-

2 2R

.: _ , , Ze *2 _"

The nang tUVTlg rae ia ---. Co nang bang:

R2

*2

cr ",.. Ze -

'PM =$K +$p =---=-tK 2R

I *J -J 2) L=mRv= (mRZe -)-,

3) Sf1' luong lu hoa dill Jur.mg nay biu): phili co SI! Juung tir h6a ban

n2 Tl )

ki h - d R "Wi) "R fl- l' b' ki

n guy so n =--z-' VOl HH) =-)-*-) a all .. nh

m-e -

nhO nhil ella guy dso Iron. va co su Jur,mg tir h6a nang lmmg

)

itn = '(,11 H) z: . trong do n:

nguyen IU hydro IT trilng Ihili co bs».

.. I me*2

tllH) = ---- Ja nang luong ella 2 172

4) Niing luong ion h6a ella nguyen tir hydro Ja nang iuung t6i Ihie'u dn eung cho he prOlan - eJeclrtm de'dllil chiing rs xs nhau va cimg va nhu viiY bling tj = -'ll!H)' Ap dung bling .1'6 cho

J3.6 e V nlur tlns: nghiem (neu ts chi ke'dtn Ihe nang tutmg lac, va quell mil dpng nang, thi te chim:ic m(jt sal s6m(j1 h~ .1'62),

Yay ban kinh ella guy diJo tron co nang Jur.mg thip nhit ia :

)

R n: b" 0 53 I()-IO, 'h" -

I(H) = ---;-;:), ang " , m, gts tn I oa mall.

m-e -

5) Yan 16e ella eJectron Ja :

bling 2.2. ]()6 rn.s -I vao ell -1 ~'7 ' Nlur ~ily. cae phep 1Jjeu chinh luung

)

,; ,." . \,r

dbi tinh se kha nhO. Ve gia IIj tUaJlg dbi. chung se vao kho/JJlg )" ,

C

nghia Ja 0,m5%. Chi con pl1ili th.uc ili,en .I'll hieu chinl1 v~ kh6i Jur,mg rUt gpn bling each thsy kh8i JUVng ciis eJeelIon m bJng kh6i luong

rUt gon mM JiJ quen uing nhit. vso ca 0,05% (kh8i lutme

'(m+M) ,. , b

clla proton bling khoiing 2000 Jim kh6i luang ella eJeclIon).

6) Rp = mRv = L JiJ vao oi h. Viiy, ciJn thi2t tm m(jl su xi! Jf lutmg tir tOOc kbi ttnn: Nen mpt SII xu Ji JUVTlg tir tumg d6i link TiJ§ ntnmg mSu BOHR da clio nhimg gia tti bing s6 thict: h!)JJ, Tuy nhien, hay luu j rling khong tMiam khac Ihe bOi Jj do tint: d6ng nhit: viiy ta hay tM thsnh Jiip cac d,ai luang d6ng nhit v67 mpt khoang each hay v6i mptnang ltnmg tiI cae hling s8 co ban e*2 . m va h'

59

Mau cimg dii cho plJep giiii thict: S!l t6n tsi cfie quang phd vsd: ois

nguyen til. nang luong ciis piJ6[on phfu xs, do do bu6c s6ng quan sat 1 3 1) E = - V' V (r) dur,rc. tutmg U1Jg v6i illeu cua hai min: nang lismg ciis nguyen fli:

TM nlumg, no can co nhimg hi1J1 chi dang kl ElectIon c6 gia [6c uen quy d.ao tion eua mint: phiii Me X!1 nang Iuong dien tiT, vpy ttunmg xuyin mit nJJJg luong, di~u nay tnsu thuan v6i tinh Mn VU7Jg cua [rang thai co bin cua chinh nguyen fll va tfnh b~n VU7Jg cua nguyen tir khong can nim '

Tten tlnn: tg. chi co each Xlr Ii lur,rng tlr m6i ClIO [a m(Jt s!lnghien ciiu vita f ve ciu true nguyen tii:

1 2 Vi du [a xet hsi can duiJng Cj va C2 di tir dinh A (x, y. z) 161 (Hnh A' (x + dx, y + dy, z) thea hai ci1J1h cua hinh hpp. lfin lur;c qua hsi dieIlJ A (x + dx, y, z) va A2 (x, y + dy, z).

Tnsmg tinh dien la 111PI ttmmg co gmdien. 1/.111 s6 ciu: no khong pln: Ihupc vao con duimg piJlJj thea de' dj tir A t6i A'. vpy .'

SA' -.~ SA' - ~

Hdl = E,dl . tirdO.'

A,C1 AC2

Ex (X, y.z)rk + ]j~ (x +rk. y,z)dj = Ey (x, y,z)dj + Ex (X, y+dj,z)rk.

oE oE

TiIdo. la suv is .' __ x =-y , Ttnme tu; ta tbu duoc bei he this:

J oy ox ~ , , ,

khflc bing csch thay A' bling AU (x, y + dy, z + dz) hay A'" (x + dx., y, z + liz),

(~ 0 ~ 1 0 ~ 0 J 0 L

= - er-+ee--+ez- (k )=--eg,

or roO oz t

2) Chu f rling thi aa chon kbong co cung mpt gia tii tsi 0 = 00 va 0= 00 + 2nn (n nguyen). th2 nhimg no tutmg 61Jg v6i cung mp[ diem tiong kh6ng gien vpt Ii, seu n phep quay mpt vong quanh true (Oz),

Tuy nillen S!f 1/.111 f nay kiJ6ng ap dllng dur,re cho tnsmg c&n tfnh. TrfJi lsi, tnsmg nay co mpt tfnh ki di .' no khong xac dinh tIen true (Oz).

3) L/.111 s6 cua truiJng [ren dur'rng cong kin C la .'

fE:dl =I !.!dO=kf{n' J(1I r

trang d6 Nrn la s6 vong (dai s6) aa dll(rc tlun: hien brfi dur'rng

cong F xung qusnh true (02). Ta nilPn th:iy tnnmg e6 gtsdien ki dt nay kbtmg co mpt luu s6 bJng kh6ng trcn t:il qa cac vong kin Di~u nay chi dung d6i v6i esc dur'rng eong kin~p6ng quffn Iffy ttuc (02), chimg dur,rc gpi la "thu niJ6 dur,rc' (niu [a usmg tur;mg co SI! bi2n dsng lien tile cua mpt duiJng cong kin nbu th2. gi(}ng nbu mpt chi2c roi da xi8t dJn lsi. thi ta c6 tM lam clio ehu vi cua no tiin v~ kh6ng ma kh6ng "tom dur,re" true (Oz)).

Ta sf: kbong gap mpt tnnmg nao nhu &12 tiong tiah dien, Co thi dung din dt ma til tnsmg vpn t6c cua mpt chiu long chily xung quanh mpt tTilC (Oz),

60

,

BINH LI

-

GAUSS

Truong tinn dirn (hOc;lC h({p ddn) duoc lien ktt tuytn tinh voi nguon caa chung bang mot dinh ludt

-

u

theo -t

r

Khi do, thong luong cua truong qua mot mat kin duoc bieu thi mot each rdt don gian thea dien tich (hay khot Luong) chua o ben trong mat kin do.

Ktt qua nay, rna ta se thiet 19P va khai thac, mang ten dinli li GAUSS, nha thien van h(JC, nha v9t li va nha toan hoc Due ( 1777 - 1855)

Cac cong trinli cua ong, that d6 s9, chi rieng d6i voi V9t li, da di tu C(J hoc (thien the) dtn dien tu hoc, sang quang hinli hoc

D6

T 1I Q N G

• Djnh Ii GAUSS.

• Sir dung.

DIEU CAN BIET TR110C

• Truong tlnh dien.

• The tinh dien,

1

Thong lU'gng cua trU'Ong cua m9t di~n tich

1.1. Qua mQt di~n tich nguyen to' 1.1.1. Di~n tich va gec d~c nguyen to

Khai niem g6e dae duoc phat trien trong phu luc 1.

G6c d(ic dai so du6i. do tu 0 nhin dien tieh nguyen t6 dS (hlnh 1) bang : dQ = dS eosa = dS n.er

r2 r2

trong d6 r Ill. khoang each ttr dien tich nguyen t6 dS dinh huong bOi vecto phap tuyen n hQP vOO vecto xuyen tam er mot goc a, too di~m O.

Sau nay, m5i khi n6i too vecto phap tuyen n voi mot dien tich, ta se ngam hieu d6 Ill. vecto dan vi.

1.1.2. Thong Ilfgng nguyen to

Truong tinh dien tao ra bOi mot di~n tieh di~m q (dUng yen a 0) tai M bang :

- M) 1 q - . --0 -

E( = -- 2 e; ' Val M = re, .

4Jr80 r

Thong Iuong cua no qua phan ti'r dien tich dS bang :

d([> = B.dS = iinos = [_1_ ~ ]cosadS

4Jr80 r

Thong luong cua trmmg tlnh di~n cua m<>t di~n tich q nAm tai 0, qua m9t dien tich nguyen to, lien ket v6i goc dlrlc d~i so du6'i do tit 0, nhin dien tfch dS dinh huong, bo-i h~ thuc :

- - q

d([> = E .dS = --d..Q

4Jr80

1.2. Quy uoc ve dinh huang mQt m~t kin

Khi gap mOt tnrong hQP tinh toan thong hrong cua mOt truong vecto qua mot mat kin S, gioi han mot the tich V, ta thoa thuan, tai m5i diem, dinh hirong phap tuyen n voi mat ra phia ngoai, ki hieu Ill. next (phap tuyen

"di ra"), nhu tren htnn W 2.

1.3. Thong luang cua truang qua mQt m~t kin chua di~n llch .

v oi quy we dinh huong a tren, mat kin ducc nhin til mot di~m Mt ki ben trong m~t (H.3) du6i. mOt goc ~e dai s6 bang +4mr.

ThOng luong ra cua trmmg tao Mi m9t di~n tich q, qua m(;t mlrlt kin S chua di~n tich nay, Mng :

([> = ff. E.iiextdS =.!L (q mlm trong S)

s 80

o

, n.er

Hmb 1. dO =ds-. ,2

Hmb 2. M(jt kin S.

Hinh 3. M(it kin S chua ai.en ticn q.

1.4. Thong hrqng ella trllOng qua mQt m~t kin khong chua di~n tich

Truong hQ'P nay duoc minh hoa Mi hinh 4 trong do m~t kin S co mOt dang don gian (mot dang phue tap hon se lam eho so do kern ro rna khong lam thay doi ket qua)

Tren hinh ve nay, m~t S co th~ duoc phan tich thanh hai vo SI va S2 duoc nhin duoi cung mot goc dac dai so, khac dau nhau: ill = -il2 (mot nguon sang tai diem dat dien tich q, se chieu sang phan SI' trong khi S2

van nam trong bong toi) Hinh 4. M(1t kin khong chua dien

Thong luong ra ella tnrong ella dien tfch q qua S, khi d6 bang (/)=(/)) +(/)2' tieh q.

nghia la :

qQ) qQ,.,

(/) = --+--~ = 0

4m: 0 4m- 0

Thong hnyng ra ella truong tao ra bOi mc')t di~n tieh qua mc')t mi;it kin S khong chua di~n tieh nay bang :

tP = U E.ii tdS = 0 (q IY ngoai S)

J1s ex

Cha thieh:

Ta se de lai truong h9'[J mot di~n tich q d(it tren m(it S ; voi truong h9'[J nay, hinh dang chinh xae cua mat o ngang muc voi di?n tieh e6 the anh huons; t&i ket qua.

~ D~ luy~n t~p : BT3 va 4

2 £>jnh II GAUSS

D6i voi mot phan b6 dien tich 1dJ, dung nguyen li chong eMt, cac ket qua tren day cho phep tinh toan thong IU'Q'Og ella truong qua mOt ~t kin S. V6i mot dien tich nguyen t6dq cua I}j), phfln dong gop vao thong luong toan phan bang

dq neu dq (y hen trong S, va bang khong neu dq (y ngoai S (hinh 5).

Co

Thong luong ella trmrng ella mc')t phan bo I}j) gUi qua mc')t mi;it kin S bang di~n tieh ella I}j) n~m IY ben trong S ehia eho co:

# - - Qin . - -

tP = E .dS = __ t , VOl dS = net.dS .

s e x

o

Clla)! :

Hay ghi nh(in d(ie tinh dang chu y caa ket qua nay.duong nhien no sinh ra tft bieu thuc:

- - q

d(/) = E.dS = --dil

41rco

caa thong luang caa truong ella mat di~n tich gilt qua mot di~n tich nguyen to. Ket que} e6 gia tri chi la do su phu thuoc caa truong doi v6i khoang each

quan sat theo quy lu(it + nhu d;nh lu4t caa COUWMB da bieu thi

r-

~ D~ luy~n t~p : BT5

(S)

Hmh 5. Thong luong di ra til E (t(10 ra boi Qint + Qext) gtd qua S chi phu thuoc wlo Qint.

3 Cae h~ qua eua dinh Ii GAUSS

3.1. Cae tinh ehat t6ng quat cua truang tinh di~n Sau khi coi dinh luat COULOMB va tinh tuyen tinh nhu mot tien de, ta da chung to rang tnrong tinh dien :

• la mot tnrong c6 IlIU s6 bang khong tren mot duong cong kin, tnrong c6 gradien;

• la mot truong lien ket voi nguon cua n6 (cac dien tich) qua dinh li GAUSS. Cac tinh chat nay c6 th~ duoc thu t6m lai boi cac plurong trinh vi phan chi phoi SI! tien h6a cue bi) cua tnrong tinh dien, SI! nghien crru cac dinh luat cue bo nay (cac phuong trinh MAXWELL) se dlIQ"C de cap toi a nam tlur hai. The nhung ta khong nen danh gia thap cac cong cu da co, vi chung urong duong voi cacdinh luat cue bo va cho phep ta nghien ctru day du ve tnrong : SI! tien h6a cue bo, tinh gian dean cua tnrong, tinh toan ve truong ...

Dmh Ii GAUSS va d~c tinh bao toan cua luu so cho phep me)t nghien cuu toan be) hoac cue be) v~ trtnrng tinh di~n.

Ap dung sau day minh hoa cho SI! nghien ctru dac tinh cue bo cua tnrong nho cac cong cu nay.

,

-Ap dyng 1

Truong cY Ian can true trim xoay cua me)t phan bo

Ta da tinh truong t(IO ra boi mot dia ban kinh R mang mat d(J dien ma: dJu 0; tren true etta dia:

E = _!!_(l - I z I Je

2&() (z2+R2)1I2 z

Ta se tim each xae dinh bieu thuc etta truong a khoang cadi nho toi true etta dia, ki hieu r. Ta chi cdn thi/t lap S!l chenh lecn gitia truong nay va gid tri etta truong a tren trw a cdp J etta r La dtt.

1) Dung eae tinh d6'i xung etta bai toan, truoc tien, hay don gian hoa eae thanli phdn, theo eae toa d(J tru true (z'z), etta truong tinli dien t(IO ra bOi aia tai mt;5t diem bat ki.

2) Bang each su dung mot mat GAUSS eo dang mot mat tru nho true (z'z), eo ban kinli r va eo chieu eao dz (hinh 6), hay cluing minh rang thanli phdn xuyen tam etta truong duoc lien kit voi gia tri etta truong a tren true boi h¢ thuc :

E (r z) = _ r dEz(trl;c)

r' 2 dz

3) Bang cacli xet vong nho chu nhat C bieu dien tren htnli 6, hay uoc luong gid tri etta:

Ez(r, z) - EZ(tfI)C)'

z Z

r

r

f-----, z + dz

z+dz

z

f----,___, z

Hinh 6.

1) Ki hieu M la diem c6 toa dO tru (r,B,z). Mat phang chua diem M va true (z'z) la mot mat phang d6i xung cua phan bo' dien tich, do vay Eo = O. Han nua, phan bo lai c6 tinh d6i

xung tron xoay xung quanh true (z 'z), vay :

E=Er(r,z)er + Ez(r,z)ez

2) Ap dung dinh If GAllSS eho mat kin ca dira ra. Mi,H khong cmra mot dien tich nao tao ra tnnrng nghien cuu. Bang each chi xet cac so hang bac gan dung dan gii'm nhat, ta co :

+ 2nr(dz.E,.(r.z) + ... ) = 0, plurong trinh nay eho ta :

.. 7 __ !....[ dEZ(I,.w) (z»)

L,.(r".)- 2 d: + ...

3) Luu so cua tnrong tinh dien tren yang kin C hang khong. H01l mra, dua vao ket qua tren, ta nhan thay cac dong gop cho luu s6 nay cua cac phan AB va CD cua yang kin C la vao hac 2 cua r. Tir do, ta suy ra :

- Ez(r,z)dz+ EZ(lrw) (z)dz = 0

voi cac s6 hang h~c sai kern Ion hon hoac bAng 2 then r.

Ket qua nay co the cung thu duoc bang cac nhan xet vc tinh d6i xung : rnoi mat phang clura true (z 'z) la mot mat phdng - guong cua phan ho, vay E: la mot ham chan cua r va SI!

khai trien co gioi han cua no khong the chua cac so hang co luy third Ie cua r.

Tap hop lai cac kct qua cua 2) va 3), ()' Ian can cua true, ta co :

E = E (7 e z(t,.w) dz

... [ [' I dEZ(tf\lC) (Z») -; ,J

' r - e,. + 0(_ + ...

2 dz '

3.2. 51! bao toan thong 1U'QT1g cua trU'Ong

Khi kho~ co di~n tieh thi thong lUQ11g cua truong tinh di~n dUQ'C 000 toan: thO~ lu~mg d~u bhng nhau qua mol tiet di~n elta eimg m9t ong truOng.

,

Ap dyng 2

Khi khong co di~n tieh thi

trmrng tinh dien dmye bao toan

1) ChWIR 16 ding khi khong c6 di~n tich thi thong Iuong caa truong tinh d;~n gui qua rI19i ti[ft dien 51' S2'" (hinh 7) cua cung rI19llfng

truong deu b(lng nhau. Td! ca cac dien tich deu duoc dint: huang thea cung rI19t chieu.

2) Tren 111nh vi? 7. ong truong co clzieu hUOnR foe ra khi ta dich chuvsn theo cac duimg su: truong, iio! fa lrong d(Ji gf V(1 d(ic tinh dinli tinh dOl voi chudn CUll truong tlnh di.en o ben trong ong.

Hinh 7.

, 5 - OJt N TIl HOC 1

1) Ta hay xet hai tiet dien S] va S2 cua ong (hinll 8) va ki hieu ([J I va CfJ 2 la cac thong luong cua

truoug gUi qua hai tiet dien tren, Goi 5 la mat kin (voi cac phap tuyen huang ra phia ngoai) duoc tao nen tir cac dien tich S1 (-) (ki lueu nhu vay la do

sir doi lurong), .'12 va SI ' dien tich cua doan 6ng cho phep khep kin lai loan bO. Do truong tiep tuycn voi thanh ong, nen thong ltn:.mg qua .'it

h" khc A (-)

ang ong, vay (J)(s) = CfJ1 + CfJ, = -(/JI + (/12 .

111eo gia thiet mat kin 5 khong clura mot diell tich nao, v~ytP(S) = 0 VU(/J1 = (J)2' Nhu vay, su bao

loan thong luong cua truong doc then ong khong co dien tich da duoc xac nhan.

2) Thong Il1QTIg la bao toan va neu tiet dien cua 6ng tang thi chuan cua tnrong phai giam.

HlnhS

65

3.3 C,!c tr] cua the tinh di~n .

The tinh di~n khOng co Cl!C tr] <Y ben ngoai cac di~n tich. ,

-Ap dvng 3

Hay chung ttl mot each dinn tinli ding the ttnh di~n kh6ng co qlC tti (J ben ngoai cac di~n tich.

Hay nrong tUQ11g mot mien khong co dien tich, trong d6 the tinh dien lai c6 mot cue tri tai mot di~m M. Gia siI, d6 130 mot CI)C dai chdng han, (it fa cung la C\lC bo), Cac duong sire tnrong di qua di~m M, tat ca deu phai phan ki nr di~m nay vi chung duoc dinh hirong then chieu dien

the giam, Thong 1U'Q11g ella tnrong qua mo: mat kin nho chira diem, nhu vay, lit duong, dieu nay trai voi gia thiet la trong mien clura diem M khong co dien tich, Cach lap luau bang phan clnrng nay cung diroc ap dung cho mOt tnrong hQ'P co the C\lC tH~u tai M va xac nhan rang the tinh dien khong co cue tri ("I hen ngoai cac dien tich.

~ D~ luy~n t~p : BT.8

3.4. £lieu ki~n a cac giOl han doi VOl trllOng tinh di~n

3.4.1. Thanh phan phap tuyen cua truong

(J chuang 3, ta ca thay thanh phan tiep tuyen cua tnrong tinh dien, truong co gradien, 130 lien tuc khi di qua mot mat tieh dien. Nho dinh If GAUSS, ta hay xac dinh dae tinh urong (rug ella thanh phan phap tuyen ella tnrong ("I mat di qua.

Cho mot mat (deu dan), co tM co mang dien, ngan each hai rnoi tnrong (I) va (2). Ki hieu d5 la mot ph an tiI cua lap nay, co kich tlnnrc du nho de co tM coi la rnnt mat nho phdng mang mot mat dO dien mat cue bo deu a.

Xet mat kin 5 dune mo ta tren hinh 9. Hinh dang cua no la mot cai hop "pho mat", rna nap d 5, va day d 52 thu duoc bang mot phep tinh tien nho

dO cao h tu mat d5 ve hai phia ella mat ngan each hai rnoi tnrong

Ap dung dinh If GAUSS eho mat nay:

<# s E.dS = E; .dS; + E, .d5, + thong lUQ11g qua mat hen

= Qs =.!!_ dS + cac dien tich khac ('r trong hop.

£0 [.'0

De co duoc h~ tlnrc lien ket cac thanh phan ella tnrong ('I hai phia cua lap, ta hay xet gioi han khi h uen toi khong : E~ va E; heu han, thong lUQ11g qua mat ben khi do bang khong. Trong cac dicu kien tren, dien tich () hen trong 5 bang od5 va thong IUQ11g cua truong gUi qua 5 diroc gim han a cac thong lUQ11g gUi qua 5, va 52 ' nghla 130 :

.-. -. a

E2.(iiI2dS) + EI.(-ii12dS) = -dS J £0

Tir do, hang each chieu xu6ng phap tuyen ii'2' ta suy fa he tlnrc gina cac

thanh phan phap tuyen cua tnrong a hai phia cua lop :

-- -. a

E2l_ -En =-"12 £0

66

Hinh 9.

3.4.2. Tinh gian doan cua tnrang

Tinh chat lien tuc cua cac thanh phan tiep tuyen cua truong va gia trl cua Sl)' gian doan cua thanh phan phap tuyen eo the thau tom lai nlur sau :

Khi di qua mOt mi.it tfch di~n, trmrng tinh di~n chiu mot sl! gian doan & thanh phan phap tuyen tal mat di qua:

-- -- a

E2 - E1 = -iil2 Co

Trong tnnrng hQ'P inut phan bo khoi, tnrong van lien tuc. Trong ca hai tnroug hop, the (nguyen ham cua tnrong) la lien tuc.

4

Tlnh mot tnronq tinh di~n nhc djnh II GAUSS

4.1. Nguyen tac tinh toan

Trong SI! thiet lap cong tlnrc, kct qua cua dinh If GAUSS la dac biet dan gian. D6i voi mot phan bo' dien tich da bict, ta eo ti16 nghi ngay den tinh thOng hnjng cua tnrong gUi qua mot mat kin, rai nr do suy ra bieu thirc cua tnrong. Phuong phap nay rat hap dan Vim) cho phep thoat khoi each Huh tnrong nho van cac bieu thirc tich phan, noi ehung kha go bo. Tuy nhien, chi nen nghi toi plnrong phap nay khi moi lien he giea phep tinh thong hrong va tnrong van & dang So' cap : tnrong tinh dien eo bieu thirc it nhat da duoc don gian h6a, mat eo dang hinh hoc dan gian ... , nglua la khi phan bo dicn tich eo nhieu tlnh d6i xtmg.

PIII!p tinh mot truong tinn di~n bang dinn li GAUSS, noi chung chi nen dung trong truong h(YJJ cac phdn b{f di~n rich co tinli dOL xung cao nhu ("(Ie tnrimg IWp duoc khai triin dum ddy.

Trong nhung dicu kicn trcn, nguyen uk tinh toan IUO'Ilg ung voi tien trinh sau:

Dinh Ii GAUSS tao ra mOt cong cu tinh toan nhanh trurrng tlnh dien, tao bO'i mOt phan b6 di~n tfch co tinh d6i ximg cao : sau khi xac dinh hinh dang cua trmmg, nho vao nhUng nhan xet v~ tinh d6i xung, Sl! ap dung dinh Ii GAUSS cho mOt m~it kin co dang hinh hoc thich hop v6'i cac tlnh d6i xung ella bai toan, cho phep xac dinh bien dO cua trurrng.

4.1.1. Giai doan thLi' nhat : nh~n xet ve tinh doi xLi'ng

NM vao cac tinh doi xung cua phan 00, ta phai eo duoc hinh dang cua truong . • Sl'r dung cac mat phing d6i xung noac phan d6i xung de xac dinh huong cua tnrong

• Su dung tinh bat bien voi phep quay hoac phep tinh lien de giam bot SI! phu thuoc cua cac thanh phan cua truong d6i voi cac toa dO (duong nhien, mot SI! lua chon cac loa dO thich hQ'P voi tinh d6i xung cua bai toan la ean thiet).

4.1.2. Giai doan thLi' hai : chon mat GAUSS

Hinh dang thu dune eho truong quyct dinh viec h,ra chon mot mat GAUSS lam cho phep tinh thong hrong tr& thanh So' cap.

4.1.3 Giai doan thu ba : ap dl:mg d!nh Ii GAUSS

Vice ap dung dinh If GAUSS se hoan thanh SI)' xac dinh I1l.J'I:'mg tinh dien.

4.2. Phan bo co tinh doi xLing ph~ng

De Hun vi du, ta hay xac dinh tnrong tao fa hl'Yi mot lap phang vo han, day e va co mat dO dien khoi deu p (hinh 10)

4.2.1. Giai doan thu nhat : su dl,Jng cac tinh dei xung cua phan be

Phan ho nay la bat bien v6'i phep deli ximg deli voi cac mat phing Il 1 va Il 2 chua diem M, tai do ta muon xac dinh I1l.J'I:'mg, vay (lliniz 10):

-

E(x, v, z) = Ei x, y, z) ez.

SI)' hat bien ella bai toan doi voi phep tinh tien song song VO; true (Ox), hoac IIVC (Ov), cho phep ta thuc hicn sir don gian hoa phu E(x, y, z) == E(z)ez'

Chu y ding mat phang (.lOy) cung la mot mi:it phdng doi xung cua ph an bo, Tai diem M', doi xtmg cua M qua mat phdng nay, tnrong E' cung doi xung voi I1l.J'I:'mg E tai M : ham E(z) la mot ham Ie

4.2.2. Giai doan thu hai : '\fa chon "mat GAUSS"

Mot mat kin 5 eho phep ttnh toan de dang thong luong phat e6 cac phan piling z == etc, tinh chat Ie cua E(z) un nhien dan ta toi su Iva c11C)n liinti 10. 1110ng luong cua tnrong gUi qua mat kin nay hang:

([> == SE(z) - SEC -z) == 25E(z).

4.2.3. Giai doan thtr ba : lip d~ng dinh Ii GAUSS Ta My up dung dinh Ii GAUSS cho mat nay:

• truong h(YJJ J : 0 < z < !._ : 25£(z) == 2pSz

2 £0

• truimg hop 2 : z > !._ : 2S£(z) == pSe .

2 £0

Tir do suy fa:

• neu 0 ~ I z I ~ ~ : E == ( ~ )e z ;

"' e I I - (pe 1 dK ) -

• neu - ~ z : E = -- au (z e 7 ,

2 2£0 '

nghta la E(z > 0) == pe va E(z < 0) == _ pe .

2£0 2£0

Tu tren ta co the suy fa the tao fa, chdng han chon V == 0 tren mat phang z = o.

J' ~ E .1 h~ kh- - th"' .... : h tl - h'''' 6 r' dV D

"r Vi. v ua . ang ong, nen e em P \I 1UQC len S z. vot - == -E 7' 0

. . d: '

tinh lien tuc, hang each noi the a hai dau cua khoang d~e tnmg, ta co :

r e 72

• neu 0 s I z I ~ - : V = - f!::__

2 2eo

" e I I V p(4 I z 1- e)e

• neu - ~ z: = - -'--------

2 8£0

Va ham the V(z) la ham chan thinh 11).

68

Hinh lO. sa' d{mg cae tinh d6i xung va S!l lua chon "mat Gauss",

2

pe -2eo

V

Hinh 11. Truong E va the' v I(lO ra boi [up phdng 1'6 han day e vii co ma: (/9 difn kh61 dell p.

,

Apdyng 4

1) Hay xde dinh. truong tao ra boi mo: 16p phdng v6 han co mat d() dien mat dJu a:

2) Uiy lai bitu thuc cua truong tlnh di~n tao ra boi mot dia ban kinh R, mang mat d() di~n mat dJu 0; (} tren true cua no, hay uoc luang chieu eao cue dai h de co the eoi dia nhu mot mat phdng ~6 han ma khong mdc mot sai ;6' tUO'11g d61lOn hon 1% trong phep tinh truong.

1) Cac tinh chat d6i xung da dung cho tnrong hop cua lap van con c6 gia tri, vay :

E(x, y, z) = E(z)ez' voi E( -z) = -E(z)

Ap dung dinh li GAUSS cho cung mot 10\1i mat kin cho ta E(z > 0) = ....!!_.

2eo

Cu6i cung, E = ~ dau (z)ez· 2&0

2) T\1i mot di~m tren true cua rna, c6 hoanh dO z , ta da tinh diroc :

Ii = ~(1 - I Z I .l] dau (z)ez

2&0 (R2 + /)2

Ta c6 th~ lay gia tri tren bang""!!_ dau (z) voi 2eo

mot dO chinh xac nrong d6i nho han 1% neu

I z I < h, voi h = 0 01 ' nghia la

I '

(R2+h2)2

h "" __!!_ . 100

~ £)~ luy~n t~p : BT.6

4.3. Ph an bo co tinh doi xung tru

Vi du ve phan b6 c6 tinh d6i xung tru rna ta s~p giai la mot kh6i tru c6 true (Oz) va c6 ban kinh R, ben trong co mot dien tich duoc phan b6 deu thea th~ tich, mat dO p.

4.3.1. Giai doen thli nhat : Slr dl:lng cac tinh doi xoog cua phan b6 T\1i mot di~m M trong khong gian, co hai mat phang d6i ximg cua phan b6 di qua: ill chua di~m M va true (Oz) va il2 vuong goc voi (Oz) va

chua di~m M (hinh 12). Ttl d6, trong toa dO tru true (Oz), ta suy ra :

E = E(r,e,z)er

Cac bat bien cua bai toan voi phep tjnh tien song song voi true (Oz) va voi phep quay xung quanh true nay dua toi cac gian iroc phu E = E(r)e r :

4.3.2. Giai doan thli hai : lua chon m~t GAUSS

MOt mat S, la mot hOp hinh tru, true (Oz), ban kinh r, duoc dong kin boi hai rna, each nhau boi mot chieu cao tuy y h (h.12), t\10 ra mot mat GAUSS phu hop ve mat hinh hoc cua bai toan : thong luong cua tnrong gill qua mat kin nay co bieu thirc dan gian : </J = 2Jr r h E(r).

4.3.3. Giai doan thli ba : ap dl:lng dinh If GAUSS

Dien tich a ben trong mat tru bang :

Qint = pJrr2h, neu r «; R va Qint = p7lR2h, neu r » R.

Suy ra:

• r < R : E = _f!!_e 2&0 r

- R2

• r> R: E =.£__e 2eOr r

Cac bat ding thuc c6 the dl1Q"C rna rong ra thea chieu rong vi tnrong t\10 ra boi phan b6 th~ tich nay la lien tuc,

-

z

Hinh 12.

(S)

I I ,

I I I

_.-.-.T-- .. -_

eM v:

Phep tinh truong Mng dinh li Gauss la rdt don gian. Doi voi mot hinh. tru

ticn dien eo ehieu eao xae dinh, df nhien dinh Ii Gauss se van tip dung duac, nhung dang tiee ta! kh6ng dung duoc (cac mat phiing song song voi (xOy) khong con ta cac miu phiing doi xung cua phan bo di~n tich naa).

S' d -~ ~d V (av)_ l(aV)_ (av)_ t th d

U 1,lIlg E = -gra = - - e, - - - eg - - ez ,a u UQ'c:

ar r ae az

VCr, (), z) = V(r) va do tinh lien t1)C, bang each n6i nghiem tai r = R ta co:

2 2

• r < R: V _ pCR - r ) V .

- + 0 '

2&0

• r > R V e -[ i~: H ~ ) + Vo

Vo la mot hang sO' tuy y (tinh khong xac dinh cua the') ; cdn luu y ding ta khong the cho V = 0 a vo cung vi a do co cac dien tich.

"V>-==

2eo '

,

, , ,

o R

..

Hiuh 13. Truong va tht ella mot tru va han.

Hinh 14. ~ The't(1O ra boi m(jt tnt ticn di¢n deu thea the tich.

Dang the' V = ° duoc chon tren be m(11 caa IT!1.

I

Ap dvng 5

Tru vo han tich di~n deu tren be m~t Dung lai nghien cuu & tren ella mOt Iunh tru va han mang mtu df) di~n miu deu (J.

Cac nhan xet ve tinh d6i xrmg van dan tlYi E = E (r)e r va v = VCr). Ap dung dinh li GAUSS cho cung mot mat kin, ta co:

Q. t =O,neu r c Rvti Q. t =2TrRher,neur>R.

In In

Khi do:

• r < R :E == 0 . Dieu dang chii y tim thay la tnrong bang khong t~i moi diem a trong phan rang cua v~t tich dien tren be mat

• r > R : Ii = ( erR Je .

s r r

. 0

Cac bat dang thirc van con chat che, tnrong tinh dien chiu sir bat lien tuc phap tuyen (mong

dQ'l l). .!!__ khi di qua mat tich dien

&0

Til tren suy ra the : r < R : VCr) = Vo

r-:«, V(r) = vo+(aRJtn!!_.

&0 r

Hinh 16. ~ The t(10 ra Mi mot ttu tich dien delt trtn be milt. N gu&i ta cho tMy ro ddng tM ~o 1M V = ° v6i r; R

(Vo va cr> 0).

~ ai 'uy~n t~p: ST. 1 va 7

r

v

r

Vo

o

Hinh 15.

4.4. Phan be co tinh dei x..mg cau

Vi <L\,I mau dtnrc trinh hay la mot dien tich duoc phan bo deu thea don vi 1M tich p & ben trong mot khoi cau tam 0, han kinh R. Ki hieu

q = .:_ ffR 3 P la dien tich toan phan cua khoi cau (hinh 17)

3

4.4.1. Giai doan thli nhat : su dl;Jng cac tinh doi xling cua phan bo

Xct hai m~t phang vuong goc III va Il2 chira tam doi xung 0 va diem M, l\li do ta muon xac dinh truong, trong toa cll) cau, ta 111U duoc E(r, 8, cp) = Eir, 8, cp)er (hinlz 17).

SI)' hilt bien ella phan bo cloi voi phep quay xung quanh moi true clura tam () dem toi SI)' clan gian hoa sau: Eir, (), ({J) = E(r)er.

4.4.2. Giai doan thli hai : lua chon m~t GAUSS

M~t kin thich hop ve hinh hoc (y clay duong nhien la mot qua cau tam 0,

. ')

han kinh r. Thong luong ella truong gUi qua melt nay bang ¢ = 4nr- E(r)

4.4.3. Giai doan thli ba : ap dl;Jng djnh Ii GAUSS

Dien tich (y ben trong mat nay bang:

)43 _' R 41_,

Qint = 3nr p , neu r < va Qext = v" p , neu r » R

Nlur vay, ta thu diroc tnrong lien tuc cua phan bo theo the tich nay: • "<R'E; = pr 1:' =-q-_!_e"

- ," 'r r

380 4ff80 R'

,

• r> R : E' = _f!!!__e = _q __ l_e

380 r 2 r 4 m: 0 r 2 r

Luu y rang i'r hen ngoai khoi cau tich dien, tnrong tao ra giong nhu tnrong eva mOt dien tieh clit3m q d;)t co' dinh (y tam qua cau.

Ttl do, suy ra tM lien tuc (y r = R, la :

2 2 2 2

. <}" V( ) = p(3R - r) V __ q_ 3R - r

, - v : r + 0 - + Vo

680 4ff80 2R'

,

r ? R : V (r) = pR + V = _q -.!. + v .

3sor 0 4n80 r 0

E(r) va V(r) cll.lt),c hieu dien tren hinh 18

Hinh 17.

.. r

v

Hinh 18. Truong va the' caa mor khoi cau tich (tifn.

71

,

lip dvng 6

Qua diu co di~n tich b~ mat d~u

l/lp Iai ngtuen cuu nay dOi voi 11J(j1 qua ctlu tam 0, ban kinh R, mang m(il d(j difn l1J(lI dell

,.,

(F. Ki hi~u di~n tich cita n6 ta q = 47rR- a

Tinh doi xung cau cua bai loan clio :

E == E(rk,. va V = V (r)

Ap dung dinh li GAUSS cho qua cau ban kinh r,

,.,

voi (4nt=O,neur<Rva Qnt=4JZf{a=q,cho:

r~R:E=O

- aRl. q 1_

r ~ R : E == --,., e r = 47r£0 r2 e r c'or-

S1)' gian doan theo phap tuyen cua tnrong !!_ &0

thu duoc tai r = R.

TIle lien tuc tai r = R, suy fa ur tren :

• r ~R: V(r)= Vo +-q-: 47r£oR

aR2 q 1

• r~R:V(r)=--+\.-()=--.-+Vo

I:.'or 47r£o r

T

.. n ~

.. r

o R

r

Hinh 19.

~ £)~ luy~n t~p : BT. 2.

fJ/€U CAN CHI NHO

• f>INH LI GAUSS

• Thong IUQ'ng cua truong cua m{lt phan bO' (jJ gUi qua mi,it kin S bang di~n tich cua <jJj nam

(f ben trong S chia cho £0 :

U -E' d- Q int " dS- - - .... C'

r/J == Jf. ~. S = --, VO'! - nct/'UJ

s &0 '

• Dinh Ii GAUSS va tinh chat bao toan cua luu sO' cho phep nghien cuu toan bC) va cue bO trmrng tlnh dien.

• Khi khong co di~n tfch, thong hnYl1g ella trtnrng dUQ'c bao toan : thong lUQ'ng la nhtr nhau qua moi tiet di~n cua cung m(it O'ng trmrng,

• The tinh di~n khong co cue tr] 0- ngoai cac di~n tich.

• su GIAN f>O~N ellA TRUONG

Khi di qua m(it mi,it mang di~n, trurrng tlnh di~n chiu m(it Sl! ghin doan theo phap tuyen &

- - a-

mat di qua E 2 - E 1 = -1l12 .

Co

• xAe f>INH MOT TRUONG NHO f>INH LI GAUSS

Dinh Ii GAlJSS tao nen mot cong cu tinh toan nhanh trmrng tinh di~n tao ra bo-i m(it phan bO' di~n tich co tinh dO'i xung cao : sau khi xac dinh hinh dang cua trmrng, nho cac nhan xet v~ tinh dO'i xung, sl! ap dung dinh Ii GAUSS cho m(it mat kin, co dang hinh hoc phil hop v6'i cac tinh dO'i xUng cua bal toan, cho phep X3C dinh bien d{l cua trurrng.

72

BAI TAp

•

,

Ap DUNG TRUC TlEP BAI GIANG

1 Day th~ng vo han

Hay khao sat tnrong hQ'P mOt day thfug vo han nhu mot gioi han can xac dinh cua truong hop hinh tru vo han,

2 Truong hap d§n cua m9t ngoi sao

MOt ngoi sao hinh cau ban kinh R co phan bo kh6i Iuong mang tinh d6i ximg cau.

11m tnrong hap dan tao ra a khoang each, each tam qua cau r 16n hon R ?

3 Thong lugng :, sl! tuonq tl! vai mot tui luo; bat buom

Cho mot "tui luoi bat buom' co cira tron, ban kinh R (rue

.-< ')

c6 uet dien 2: = n R: ) va nu luoi co mot dien tich toan

phan S ; nii duoc dftt trong mot trubng rrnh di~n E .

Trang mien khong gian dang xet, khong co mot difn tich nao. Tui hroi tren cho phep nhan gia tri trung binh cua tnrong bang each doc thong hrong vao (gia tri cho boi tui hroi) cua trubng nay gUi qua "tui hroi bat tnrong" nay.

1) Truong E Hl deu.

Hoi phai d~t tui hroi tM nao de do E ?

Dien tich cua tui c6 lam vu6ng viu gi khong ? C6 Ule biet dmrc phuong ella truong E khong ?

-

2) Truong E la khong deu trong mot mien khong c6

dien tich. Hoi phai dat till luoi a dau de "bat duocthong luong 16n nhat ? Truong la Cl)'C dai a cM nao ?

Sfr DUNG VON KIEN THlrC

4 Tlnh thong luqng cua E tao ra bCrl mot di~n tlch gUi qua mot hinh vuonq

Cho mot dien tich q nam each mot hinh vuong quill

~ khoi a

a, mot oang 2" :

q P

1) Tinh E(O) va E(A)

2) Tlnh thong luong cua E qua dien tich hinh vuong

3) Tir d6 suy ra gia tri trung binh cua tnrong E tren dien tich hinh vuong,

5 Djnh lu~it MAXWELL - GAUSS CI,JC b9, phuonq trinh POISSON

Ta sc thiet lap bieu tlurc cua cac dinh luat nay thea cac toa do Descartes.

z

B (x + dx, y + dy, z + dz)

Xet mot hinh hop chtr nhat nguyen t6 mo ta tren hinh ve, Cac diem A va B c6 toa do Descartes Ian l~ la (x, y.' z) va (x + dx, y + dy, z + dz).

Mat do dien kh6i cua

moi tnrong la p. A (x, y, z) x

Bang each ap dung dinh li GAUSS cho hinh hop, hay thiet l~p

ee, oEy ee, P

-+-+-=-.

ox oy OZ &0

Tir d6 suy ra phuong trlnh vi phan lien ket the voi mat dO dien kh6i, goi laphuong trinh POISSON.

6 L6'p kep tich di~n va 16'p IUCmg Cl!C

U1y lai phep tinh tnrong va the cua mot lap kep tich dien p = Po voi ° < z < e va p = p'o voi - e' < z < 0,

toan bO trung hoa poe == -P'o e'.

Ta se Uiy v = 0 tren mat phang (x. y) (z = 0)

Hay bien luan tnrong hQP mot lap "IUOng cue" phfulg, nghia la gioi han e = e' tien toi 0, voi (poe)e = (p'o e' )e'= cte ki hieu la p.

C6 luu 9 gi ve dac tinh cua the 0 Ian can mat phang (r, y)(z = 0) ?

7 Phan bo tru tuonq Ung voi m9t truang da cho

MOt tnrong co tinh doi ximg tru E = E(r)er co bieu

- _ -<' - (B)_ .-

tlnrc E=(Ar)er,neur<ava E= -; er,neur>a.

Hay xac dinh phan bo dien tich da tao ra tnrong nay, sau do, the tinh dien lien ket voi n6.

8 Tinh ben cua mot diEm tich

trong m9t truang tinh di~n

Cho mOt mien cua khOng gian, khong co dien tich, trong do c6 mot tnrong tinh dien E .

Cho mot diem 0 cua mien nay tai d6 dien tich Q nam can bang. Hoi can bang nay c6 the la can bang ben duoc khong ?

9 L6 hong trong m9t khoi cau

tich di~n deu

MOt khoi cau ban kinh a mang mat dO dien tich khdi deu p, c6 mot 16 hong hinh cau c6 ban kinh b khong chua dien tich nao. Hay xac dinh tnrong (y trong 16 hong.

1 OTruang tao ra boi m9t qua cau

MOt qua cau ban kinh a mang mat dO dien mat:

a = ao cose

tren mat cua n6, voi ao > O. Phan bo dien

tich nay co tinh doi ximg tron xoay xung quanh true (Oz) .

Hay xac dinh tnrong (y ben trong qua cau.

x

11 £luang sire tnronq cua m9t luang cue di~n trong phep gan dung luang CI!C

-q +q

Hai dien tich trai dfu - q va + q duoc dat tren true (Oz)

tai cac diem c6 toa dO Ian luot bang - ~ va + ~ .

DUng dinh li GAUSS, hay chung t6 rang phuong trinh cua mot duong srrc tnrong nhu da mo ta tren hinh ve la cosa2 - cosal = cte .

Hay thiet lap phirong trinh cua mot dirong sire tnrong trong phep gan dung lurrng C1,l'C, nghia la cho mot khoang each quan sat r rat 160 so voi khoang each a ngan each hai dien tich.

1 2 Bam may electron

va nang luc;rng ion h6a

MOt he dien tich tao ra the c6 tinh doi xung cau :

VCr) = .:« -(1 +..c.i exp(- 3:~J (q> 0)

4;rcor a) a)

Hay tinh Q(r), di~n rich nam trong qua cau ban kinh r. Neu tinh chat cua phan bo dien tich nrong (rug voi the tren,

Hay dinh nghia, sau do tim bieu thtrc cua nang hrong lien ket cua he nay.

13 Hieu ung man chan trong m9t Plasma Xet mot moi truong ve toan bO trung hoa dien, (y trong trang thai ion hoa, duoc cau tao tir cac dien tich +q va -q, co mat dO trung binh dong nhat bang no' Tinh

trung hoa dien chi duoc dam bao (y thang do 160, boi vi (y Ian can mot dien tich q dat tai 0 thl cac di~n tich trai dau duoc uu tien tien lai gao. Bai t~p nay neu ra mot su tiep can da duoc don gian h6a ve hieu (rug CI)C bo nay. Ta tu cho mot dien tich q tai diem 0, dien tich nay lam thay d6i sir phan bo CI)C bO cua cac dien tich + va -, khi do, mat dO cua cac dien tich nay bang lao hrot n+ (r) va n: (r) .voi :

n+(r)=noexp(_qVlva n (r)=noexp(+qVI

kT ) - kT )

(dinh luat BOLTZMANN ve can bang nhiet dOng cua h~ (y nhiet dO 1).

74

Bang each ap dung dinh if Gauss gina hai qua cau ll('l11g tam gan nhau ban kinh r va r + dr, hay thiet l~p phuong trinh vi phan cho the v (r)

Hay tuyen tinh h6a phuong trinh nay voi qV« kT, va giai no (Ta co the xac dinh, truce tien, nghiern F(r) = rV (r».

Hay so sanh nghiem V (r) tim duoc voi the rna di~n tich q 410 ra kill chi co mot minh n6 trong khong gian. Hay bieu thi chieu dai DEBYE cua Platma, ki hieu LD, dac

tnmg cho hieu ung man chan cua the COULOMB cua dien tich+ q boi cac thuc the mang dien khac cua moi truong ion hoa. Hay thuc hien S\l ap dung bang so doi

voi mQt platma rna no = 106 hilt trang mot centirnet

khoi, co nhiet dO T = 105 K va binh luan.

1 4 Hinh dang cua _

cac duang sue truang tlnh di~n E

Cac so do sau day rna ta, trong mat phdng (x, y) (z = ctei, mot vai ban do ve tnrong hai chieu, dang :

E(x,y,z) = Ex(x,y)ex

+ Ey(x, y)ey

Trang moi tnrong hop, hay xac dPlh xem n6 c6 the la mot truong tinh dien khong ? va neu co, thl trong nnen da rna ~ c6 mat cac dien tich khong,

y

-

....... _

-

....... _

-

....... _

-

....... _

z

Y d)

------,

,.- --

.: .:---, \

( / .----\ \t ...

. : /. .' t

, l, :\_ 0 j f 1

... t\ _ '--~-:/" l \'" "------.;. ~'

---

z x

y

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

z

b) Y

x Z

x

Y

lUI61AI

1 Hinh In,lvohiJIlmangm(Jt

di.en tich A. = 1<K P tIen m(Jt dan vi diU. BJng cfJch gift s6 hsng nay khong d& va cho R tin v~ 0, ta thu duvc m(Jt phan b6 gifJi hiJII tuang (mg vfJi m(Jt s¢ day thing va hiJII mang mPt d(J di?n dill ..t Khi do, chi

co trur'mg nop r» R 1a dung duvc, fa ,/

nhPIJ thiy E = pR2 e ciing co

2&or r

the'duvc vitt 1a : E = _A._e .

2Tu; or r

Ta lim lsi duvc kil qua dJ Ihiil1Pp duvc if chwng 3.

... ---

--- ... ~~

" ,

a)

2 Ta dJ nhpn thiy S!l twng l!l v~ mil hinh thUe giiia djnh 1uPt COULOMB va dinh 1uPt hip din vii II!J ciJa NEWTON: chi dn thay thi trong bie'u thUe ttur nhit thlIa s8 ql q2 tucng tac

41<&0

giiia hai di?n tich ql va q2 bing -Gq~.

vpy djnh Ji Gauss ap d!lflg cbo tnrrlng hip din W co dpng :

¢ = #s;;q·dS= -41<GMint .

W phiin tiJ a5 tinh d& x(mg clu, nen tnimg hip din JiJ tnim_J xuyen (jm va elwin ciia n6chiph!l thu{XkJldm.$ cich rtfJi (jm dfi xUrw f8(r) = Q'r)~ Thong 1UVng ciJa l11Iirng hap dan giii qua m(jl quii cau tam 0, ban kinh t; bing:

x

(!J = 4m2 G(r)

VfJi r > R, kh8i Iismg chlla if ben tiong m!It kin nay tiimg vfJi kh8i

1UVng toan ph§n ciJa ngoi sao, vpy ~ = -G~er'

r

NM ring S!l philn b8 chinh xac ciJa kh8i 1UVng ben trong ngoi sao khOng quan Ir9ng d8i voi phep tinh tnrrlng if ben ngoiJi ngoi sao.

3f:lnlL

Trong II(i mi~n k1]png a5 di?n 6ch, cfmg tlK: 1a trong II(i mi~n a dO thOng 1ur;ng ciia tnimg E dUfIC 000 ldul, di_en tich S ciia 11i1i ciia ciJi '11i1i bit bu6m" my khong h~ tac G(Jf1g vao s6 bu6m bit dupe, cfmg a5 nghla vila gifJ trj ciia thOng 1ur;ng thu durc. ThOng 1ur;ng my chiph!l thu{X vao vang kin rna di_en tich my f!Ja vao, tlK: 1a vao 6& di_en trim ciia cw 1urJi.

1) Di thu dUf)C m9t tfx5ng IUf)11g C!JC IIi, !hi phfJp tuyin v6i cva tron cUa 1u6i phlJi song song v6i tI1!fmg. Ni:u diu cua tfx5ng IUf)11g vaa la dUOTlg va c!JC dpi (gia IIi ~ dUf)C)!hi E vuong gfx: v6i ci'ra 1u6i va di vaa.

2) Ta dang a trong mQt mi~n khong gian khtmg co #n tich. vgy thong luang cua tnsmg la bio toui, nghia la thong luang cua E gUi qua mQt 6ng tnsmg la bit bin.

Vp[, tnnmg ngay ceng msnh thi cu: duimg siic trWn$ cang xit lsi:

De co mQt thong 11.I[,mg c!JC d{li, ta phai didt chuyen cUa lufJi ve phia phiii; a do esc dwng s6t: tnnmg mau han.

4 1) E(O)=-q-~ez va E(A)=-q __ 4_epA'

41l'&0 a2 41l'&0 3a2

cu f r§ng E(O).ez = _q_~ va E(A).cz = .s: ~ 2

41l'&0 a 41l'&0 3~3a

2) Thong 11.I[,mg cua tnnmg tinh di~n E, tso ra bOi #n tich q , qua #n tich cua hinh vuong bing (/J = -q-n, v6i n bie'u thi

41l'&0

goc dic dufJi do ttl P, ta nhin #n tich cua hinh vuong. Do la goc dic dufJi do, ttl tam cua iPP phinmg, ta nhin mQt m~t cua IPp phinmg do. Vi siu m~t la gi6ng nhau, va goc dic ciie toan khong

gian bing41l', nen ta thu duoc : (/J = .s:s: = _q_

41l'&0 6 6&0

3) Gia tri trung binh cua tnnmg co the'dllrlC xac dinh bOi :

- C/J q 1l' q 1l'.J3 q

E-----= =

- i - 6&oi 641l'&0(ff 2 3.J341l'&0(ff

hay: < Ez> =0,524 va Ez (0) =2,721 Ez (A).

5 Xet mQt m~t kin bao boc liy hinh h9p va ap dung dinh Ii GAUSS. Thong luong ra ciu tnnmg gUi qua m~t kin nguyen t6 nay cho blli (bing cicl: chi dlrd ra esc s6 hsng "co ich", nghia la gi6i hen a esc s6 hsng cimg bpc khac kbdng):

-+d..uIy. Ex (x,y, z+ dz) + dydz . Ex(X+dx,y, z)+duIz. Ey<x,y+dy, z)

- dxdy. Ez (x,y, z) -djdz. Ex (x,y, z) -dzdz Ey<x,y, z)

D{Ii IUf)11g uen bling di~n tich nguyen t6 nlim a ben trong the'tich nay dXdYd{_P__] haY:dxd>dZ(BEx + BEy + BEzJ=(£._JdXd>dZ

&0 Bx By Bz &0

Bling each Stl dung h~ th6r:

- - (BV)_ (BVJ- (BV)_

E = - gradY = - a; ex - BY e y - Tz e z '

ttl tren, ta suy ra : a2 v + a2 v + a2 v = _L g(Ji la phuong

ax2 ai az2 &0

trinh POISSON.

V

E

6

Csc kit qua lien quan din lap tich #n duoc ap dung cho tpp bop hai lap bing slfch6ng chit va khi do, ta thu duoc E= E(z)ez' v6i:

.z>e:E(z)=O .z<-e' :E(z)=0

( - ) p' (z+t!)

.0<z<e:B.z)=~. -e'<z<O:B.z) - 0 .

&0 &0

Ttl day, ta suy ra bie'u th6t: cua thi (nhCt tinh lien tuc, n6i esc SI)' thay dol ciu mi~n) :

e2

• z > e : V(z) =!!.s.L_;

2&0

• -e' <z<O: V(z) = _ p'0(2e'z+ z2) 2&0

2 .O<z<e :V(z)=_po(2ez-z );

2&0

, e,2

• z c-e : V(z) = ~ 2&0

Tnsmg bing khong a h§u khip moi noi, liy mQt gia tri tin t6i va cung tren mQt b~ day tiin t6i khong. Khi do thi co dsng :

V(z) = _(_E_) diu (z)

2&0

V6i miu m.en tich nay, !hi thi chiu mQt W gifm dO{lll xsc dinh khi di qua lap lufmg C!JC, lU011g dumg v6i hai phfm b6 m.en tich thea M mpt va h{IIJ a va -a va nit glin nhau. DO ding la mo hinh du mQt II) m.en ph§ng nhin 'tir xs": mQt hi.eu m.en thi t6n t{Ii giifa hai bim II) nhin 'tir xa':

7 H,e co tinh d6i ximg tru tron xoay. Vay ta co tM tim mQt phan b6 di~n tich co tinh d6i ximg nay. Ki hi~u Q ~r, h) la d~en tich chUa trong mQt hinh tru true (Oz), ban kinh r va chieu cao h. Ap dung dinh Ii GA uss cho m~t kin hinh lrI) bao lay di~n tich nay, ta co :

Q(r,h) = 2m'hE(r)

&0

(thong IUf)11g fa cua E gUi qua ci1c day cua hinh lrlI nay blIng kh6ng), hay:

• niu r « a: (Jr, h) = 21l'&0Ah ;

• niu r » a: Q(r, h) =21l'&oBh

Ta hay xac dinh mpt dQ di~n kh6i bing csch xet #n tich :

Q(r + dr, h) .. Q(r, h)

chUa a giiia hai hint: tru ban kinh r va r + dr, va chi~u cao h : dQ(r,h) 2mdr.hp(r) = Q(r+ dr, h)- Q(r,h) = ---.dr

dr

Nhu vpy ta thu dllrlc

• neur<a:p(r)=2&oA;

• niu r » a: p(r) = 0

Dien IUf)11g (Jr, h) chiu mQt SIl gifm dO{lll co the'xily ra t{Ii r= a. Di&1 do lU011g lmg v6i mQt m.en tich M mpt 0; ph/in b6 uen hinh tm bfm kinh a :

+ -) h ( B )

21l'aO'=(Jr=a )-(Jr=a , ay:(J'=Ii'ol~-Aa

B :

Gia Stl Q la di~n tich

dixmg. Tnsmg E phai co hinh dang sau day a Ian c~n diem 0: esc tnnmg phiJi dllrlc dinh huting VaG phia trong ciie mQt m~t kin bao lir diem 0.

Dit~u do C(lngluJ hllllong hsmg rJ ciie trur'mg E glri qus m!il kin nay Jj ,jm Viiy (i)Jj liJi m(il di!1n tich am iT ben IfOlIg mjil d6. di6u nay Ja kMng (h{co vi to dill1g (1 tnmg JJJ(it 1Tli~n khang co di~n tich.

yay Imng JJJ(illIinlI dfmg nlnr 11l~ S/f ~n V1I11g cua di~nlichQ Ii) kMng tlicli dwe.

M(l( each l{jllg qwil, xuug quanh m(lt dielJ1 tmr'mg bifng kMng, ltiuh (Mng clla CilC durlng Sllr: tnnrug nlur ssu :

(,;k JJJ(l pl](lng klIac ntuui dur;re nUl ta (rang gi:io In'nIJ wl)' cho plu:p x;ic tninh dlAu khing dinh nay.

9 PlIiin b(l nay flIang U11g vtii S/f ch(mg chil cua hai philn h(l ~1\ va (:/~ 9\ tlItmg U11g vm llJilt d(l di¢n kl](fi p dur;rc philn plu}i d(lll ttong qllii C:ill tim q , MJl kinh a. Vi) !i?_lwng img vm milt d() di~n kh(li -p trong qlli! cJll tam O2, co Mn kinh b. Trong M lIoilg, tiic ben (mng eua nui quii dll nay, ~Jj tilo rs tnnmg

i~ (M) = .E: q M va Ij~ rnrr'rnf; E( M) = _L 01 M.

3c'0 - < 3£0 -

VaY Inrrrng loan pll§n a trong J6 /)(fng bling E< M) = -!- (~O, .

. 1C·0 -

Tl1ll'mg la dfll trong Jr1 M'ng.

Cu: nUl phdng Ifen day cho Ihiy fei vir ciis de dmrng sue Iwng Vi) de ding Ihi ciiu h¢ di¢n ticn, cung ntnrciic biin Ihien cii» Ihe!: tnsmg dang la d8u trong J6 Mng.

10

Phiin Ixf nay tismg

ung 1'6i S/f ch6ng chit cua hai phan Ixl ~i\ va iJ'2 fA Illrmg

lI11g I'm JJJ!i1 d(l dien kh6i - p( P > 0) phfiIl ph(}i d61l

Irong JJJ(JI qlla efiu lam q , bIJ1l kiuh a. va (~ vm n~it d(i dien

kh(ii (/6u p, phfiIl ph6i Irong m(it qUi) du laJJJ O2 va cung ban kint: ,I. Phan b6 turmg durmg co dwc khi a 0 = lime pOI (),) khi o! ()2 li6n tm kh{'mg. va d6ng IhOi p (ic1n 161 WI cung (X biJi laP /) churmg I). Cic kc't qui ole bai tilP chi fa Iwng d trong ftllul;lg bling :

E(M) = _ P()I()2 (Toe,

3£0 3c'()

11

-z

-q

• Thong hrong ciia lmUng diroc bao 1011ll khi khong co dien rich. T.ap h(Tp esc tluimg sut: rnrirng h} t{(ln xoay xUllg qiumh true (0/) . ('/10 JJJ(it (fng tnxmg sinh fa bling sv quay eua JlJ(it dmrug 8m: tnnmg xuug quanl: (17)C (Oz). Thong ltnmg cua tnsmg liJ gi6ug nhau qua cac titt dien ,'1; va :/~ cua 6ug chimg tuo tmng dOilJJ (illg tnnmg giiia cu: titt di~u nily khtmg co dj~ulfch.

• Ta lilly vi~t S\I 000 roan thong lumg Clla tnsmg gm qua bng tnimg lilly.

Tluing luong cis tnnmg tinh di~n E teo fa bin' m(1t di~u tiel: diellJ q qua m(it di~n tfeh.'Jl bit ky cho bdi I/J = qDD bie"u thi g6c dilc

l-'[)

durn dola uhin di~n tfEh S tiIdi~1l tfch q.

VaY thong luang cua E do hai di~n tiel: -q va +q giii qua di¢1l tiel: :1 vitt liJ:

I/J = q[2Jl'(I- cosa! ) - 2Jl'(I- cosa 2 )] (D = 2Jr(l- cosa))

Co

h I, q2Jl'(cosa2 - cosa,) ay a: (/J = ---~---'--

c'o

IiI d6 c6 ptuxmg ttinti cosa2 - cosa, = ele. (Chu Y fling phurmg

ttinb Ilay gJn uhu phurmg trint; f. q, cos 0, = cte da thu dur;rc

trong bai 14p 11 churmg 2 ma kMllg dung djuh Ii GAUSS.)

V6i r» a, a I va a2 hiu nhtr bing nhau :

cosa 2 - cosa I = (a I - a 2 )sinO = Lla sinO va rLla = asinO , din tai r2 sinO = cte.

• Phuong phap khac V6i r» a, ta co:

cosal= (z-f) -=(!.)(I _ _::_+acoso)

[ 2] I t 2z 2r

r2 -arcosO+~ 2"

(a)

z+-

Va: casa2 = 2 -= (!.)(l + _::__ acase),

[ a2l1 t 2z 2r

r2 + arcase + 4 2"

tit do, phuvng trinh gin dung clla dwng Stlc tnnmg la :

(Z)(I 0) (I COsE)) sin20 h /'. .2/1

- _·-cos- =cosE) --- =--=cte ay a. r=rosllfu

t Z t cosE) t r

1 2 Tnnmg tinh di?n tso bOi phan b6 di?n tich nay la :

_ - q (I 2 2 J ~2r

E=-gradV(r)=-- -+-+_ e a e .

4;rc:O r2 ar a2 r

Ap dung dinb Ii Gauss cho qua du ban kinh r, tam 0 :

C# _ - 2 _ [2r 2r2)_lL

Q(r)=c:o E.dS=C:04;rr (E.er)=q 1+-+-2 e a

cau a a

SI! phfm M di?n rich co rinh d6i ximg du xung quanh dim 0. Di?n rich nlim giiia hai qua du llim 0 va co bsn kinh r va r + dr bling 41ZT2 p(r)dr d6ng nhit v6i (X._r + dr) - Q(r) = [ d~r) Jdr, vpy:

I dQ(r) q _lL

p(r) = ---- = --e a

4;rr2 dr a3

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ MIa (X._r ~ (0) = 0 . Tuy vpy, La khong dur)C quen rlIng dim kidi clla

th~ l;1i g&:, a do no xiI sir glin nlur thi clla m9t m.en rich die'm q cffit l;1i 0 : _q_ . Ta co (X._r ~ 0) = q, di8u nay dumg to dung 1.1 Sf! co miit ciu 4:rc: or

m.en rich duung q l;1i 0 dur)C bao quanh bOi m(Jt quling m.en rich lim cO mpt d(J kh6i rii), cO m.en rich toan b(J - q. Nang lur;mg lien kit 1.1 nang lur;mg dn cung cip de'tiJch m.en rich +q khoi dam may cO m.en rich lim - q, bling csd: dtrd no tit diem 0 ra va ding. Nang lur;mg ion haa nay bling q(V_(ro)- V_(O))=-qV_(O), trong do ~ 1.1 th~

1;10 ra bOi m(Jt minh dam may V_(O) = lim(Vir)--q-J= __ q-.DodO

r->O 4:rC:or 4:rC:oa

lim tsi 0, bling 2

'f/ien kef = _q- . 4;rC:oa

1 3 Tnsmg tinh di?n suy ra tit thi V(r) la :

E = _ dV er = E(r)e

dr r

Bing each ap dung d;nh Ii GAUSS cho mien nim giiia hai qua du gin nhau, chlra di?n tich dq=41ZT2dr.p(r)=41ZT2dr.4.n+(r)-n_(r)],

ta thu dllflc :

dq 2 2 d(r2 E(r»

-=4;r(r+ dr) E(r+ dr)-4;rr E(r) = 4;r .dr

GO dr

= -4;r!!_(r2 d\{r»)dr

dr dr

vpy phuvng trinh nghi?m bOi thi la :

"'!"'!!_(r2 d\{r»)=_ p(r) = q[n+(r)-n_(r»)

r2 dr dr GO GO

hay la : !!_(r2 d\{r») = r2 2qno s{ q V)

dr dr Go kT

V6i qV« kT, phuung tn'nh tuyin rinh hoa nghjem bOi R/) = r\l{I) 1.1

F,=(2llJl]F nghiala F(r)= ctee-!v, voi LD=[GOkT]t

~U ~1

a Ian cpn di?n tich q, khi r tiin tai khong, Ihi phiii tuvng duvng voi Ihi teo ra ooi m9t di?n tich diem q tili 0, di8u nay c6 dinh gia

_r

tri oi« hing s6 va cu6i cung ta thu dllflC V{r) = -q-e LV

4;rGor

V 6i r nhO han L D' thi khac it v6i th~ tso ra bOi m(Jt mJ'nh di?n 6ch q, nmmg no giun til nhanh a ben ngom khoiing cach d.ac tnmg (nnu vpy, cic d[?n rich khac co m(Jt hi?u img man chin). Bling s6 thi chi8u dai DEBYE bling LD = 1,4 cm. Ta nhPn thiy no rill6n han khoiing cach

vi mo trung bJ'nh ngan csd: hsi hilt Ifm cin, VaG cil

1

nO -"3 = 0,01 cm. Hieu img C!lC b(J nghien CUu a day biu hi?n ra a

m9t thang du 16n tnsx: thang d./ic tnmg vi mo (!e' cho phep ta dtrd m(Jt nghien cim dur)C dan giiin hoa nhil VaG m(Jt mo hjnh moi truimg lien tuc (mo ta d.iic rinh clla cac d[?n 6ch bling cic mpt d(J hilt).

1 4. Ttinmg hop a

LIlU s6 clla trinmg nay la bao toan (bing khong ttin m9i dwng cong khep kin). D61a m9t di?n tnnmg d8u Eo = Eo.ex. Thi ma

n6 din xuit bing -Eox.

Thong luang clla tnnmg qua moi miit kin d~u bing kbong : khong co cic di~n tich tso ra tnnmg nay trong mi~n dii mo ti, va thong luang clla no dllflC bao toano

• lnnr!1)! IHYp h

'-Inl.w; oJa !mr17lg nily lil rnn 1Ck'lJ1. Lac duUllg sur Iml'mg liU Cktlg nlIung cUlmg Img nn Il~Jc !mrJng khOng d~u 71Ii mil llod;l11WJI cI)()lxii:

\{ xl = V( 0) - rE( xsdx

'I'hcJng linmg ciiu tnnmg gm qua m(il hinh h(lp chii IlhPI eOllIllielI or= oxo,dzhhng o,d4[~x+ ox) - A,x)) = dxdvd ; d~~X)

Trang mit;1l dii tuieu ca. e6 cae di¢ll ticti piiall h(i vlli mpl d(1 :

dE(x} p(x}=l:Il-ds

• Tnnmg hop c

Niu hiun E(r) ktumg lien I{le tren m(lc mpc tn). chi tren llliIt piall dO!1nnay. e6 m(ll philn htl di¢nlicfl c6mpc d(J di¢n nuit a sso ('/10:

cr(r) = Co (Er+ -Er_}

• Tnnmg h\fP d va e

Ttong cii hai tnsmg hop, 11m sri ciia IfIl('mg tren /11(11 V(I/Ig uim lam o se kMc knang. VQY luu sri kh()f]g hiin tosn. Day kluJllg phiii /;) Il1(JllfIl(}ng e6 hall elJic ITn/J di¢ll. Tu .Ie ciiay lrong cae chlfrmg liriJJ theo dng IfIl(}llg en hall clIillir tinh tiong IOOng h(rp d.

Tnsmg !J(rp e lluJ la .IV chbng chffr cua hai Inrrrllg : m(jl erl h;lll clIjl (Till! dir;ll. can m(ir e6 hall chil tir rTnJI.

79

M u c

T

E U

• Mo hinh cua luong cue.

• Tnrong va the hrong cue.

• Cac lac dung cua truong len mot luung CI,lL.

DIEU CAN BIET TRLJOC

• Truong tinh dieu

• The tinh dien

-

LlJO'NG ClJC

..

- "

TINH OlEN

•

Cac nguyen tit, phan tu: va cdc moi truong vdt clidt d€u trung hoa dien.

Doi khi, tam ti c(,t cua cac dien ticli duong va tam ti cu etta cac dirn tich am xudt hien lech nhau.

Khi do, ta 1U5i thuc the dang (Juan sat, moi truong dang nghien cuu dil bi phan c(,tc.

Cac tinh chat dirn etta mot thuc the phon c(,tc co the duoc ma ta 6' phep gdn dung cdp mot

nho mot mo hinh S(J ddng .-

nhom dai difn tich.

Con cdc tinh chdt cua moi truong ph an. c(,tc Sf duoc ma ta diea vao su phdn bo' etta cdc nhom dM vi 1110 (trong ndm thu hai).

80

1

Me hinh cua luang cue

-q

•

+q

__ - .

d

p=qd

1.1. Marnen luang cl.{c Hinh 1. Nhom d6i dien tich.

1.1.1. Marnen lu6ng cue cua rne;,t phan bo di~n tich ve toan

be;, trung hoa

Ta hay tach phan b61J' thanh cac dien tich duong rna t6ng dien tich la +q va cac dien tich am rna tOng dien tich la -q, q gia si'r khac khong

Ta c6 th~ xac dinh A + la tam ti cu cua cac dien tich dirong cua 2, va Ala tam ti cu cua cac dien tich am cua 2. Khi d6 mornen luang CI)'C cua phan b6 duoc xac dinh boi :

p = qA- A+ 1.1.2. Nhorn dai cac di~n tich

M6 hinh bieu dien mot luang CI)'C dan gian nhat la mot nh6m doi dien tich trai dau va nam each nhau mot khoang, kf hieu d (hlnh 1).

MQt v~t khong mang di~n nhung bi phan ctrC tao ra mQt the va mQt trmmg (0- phep gan dung cap met) tU'O'Dg t" nhir the va trutmg cua mQt nhom doi di~n tich co momen luong cue P khac khong (q > 0) :

p =qd

1.2. Cac v~t co cue 1.2.1. Cac phan tu co Cl!C

Cac phan ti'r nay ilk binh thuong, cac dien tich da tach nhau.

MOt phan ti'r luang nguyen ti'r nhir hydro clorua HCI co mo: lien ket co CI)'C (hlnh 2). Dam may electron cua n6 khong d6i xtmg, cac electron narn gan nguyen ti'r clo nhieu han.

Tuong nr, lai co nhung cau true phan ti'r plurc tap han bieu thi mot sir phan CI)'C thuong xuyen : phan ti'r mroc H20 co mot mornen luang CI)'C do tinh

co CI)'C cua cac lien ket OH va sir t6n tai hai nh6m doi tu do tren nguyen ti'r oxi sinh ra ; d6i voi phan ti'r amoniac NH3 cung vay, phan ti'r nay chi co

mot nh6m doi nr do duy nhat tren nguyen ti'r nita (hlnh 3).

1.2.2. Phan Cl!C do tac dl:lng cua trU'Crng ngoai

MOt nguyen ti'r hay mot ph an ti'r cung co th~ bi phan cue do tac dung cua tnrong d~t vao n6 : thuc vay, tnrong nay "keo'' cac dien tich dirong va am ngiroc chieu nhau. Cac dam may electron bi bien dang boi tnrong, cac chieu dai va cac goc cua cac lien ket h6a hoc c6 th~ bi thay d6i. N6i chung cac thay d6i nay thuong yeu, lam xuat hien hoac thay d6i tinh co CI)'C (hlnh 4). Ta n6i do la cac nguyen ti'r hay phan ti'r c6 th~ phan CI)'C.

CM y:

Cdc nguyen tu, cdc ion, cdc phan tu (lac binn thuong c6 phan qtC hay kh6ng) va tong quat han, cae moi truong v¢t chat d~u c6 khtl nang bi truong tac dung lam phon qtc. VI v(1y ta c6 thi quan sat thdy nhieu hien

tuong phan qtC khac trong vat chat. 0

6 - OI~N ill HOC 1

Hinh 2. Phan ttL luang nguyen ttL.

o

/' I"" H ~ H

p

Hinh 3. Momen luang C{.lC cua cac phan ttL H20 va NH3.

Tam cdu

Ham may electron

H~t nhan

p=aE

-----E

Hinh 4. SI! phan CI!C cua mt)t nguyen ttL d(1t trong truong E: p = aE, vai a> O.

• Cac ion caa m(jl tinl: the ion b! diet: clruyen so v6i vi tr! luc binI! thuimg duoi tac dung cua tnrt'mg (thea chieu nguoc hli tlo; v6i cac dipn ticn trai dilu), lam nllll Ilifn cac momen luong CitC moi. Hien tuimg nav goi la Sir plum qrc ion.

• Til cang se thd» ding m(jt luOrt!? CitC luon co khuvnli huang dinlt huong song song voi truong a(1t vao no. Vi V{1Y, m(jl V(lt {it'u e6 chua cac thi« 1M e6 ql'C. e6 kM ruing dinli huang, e6 1M bi ptutn cite khi c6 m(!t truimg drlt w}o no. (1Il!)t SI! dua trann giua lac dung dini: huong ella truong ngoiu va khuvnh 1ll.(On!? lam han dim C11(/ elluyen d(!ng nhit't xay ra). Klu do, III co SI! pluin qte dinh huong.

~ De luy~n t~p : BT. 2

1.2.3. Don vl do rnornen luang eire

Morncn luong cue se co co I trong m('lt h~ don vj lhieh hQ'P, h~ nay chac chdn khong phai la "culong mel". Co Ion ella dien tich dich chuyen nay la e, & pham vi nguyen ru, kich 111U'l're tv nhien la 10-10 m = O,lnm. Don vi duoc chon de hi6u ll~ mornen Iuong cue la dobai (dcbve - ki hieu Ia D) :

I (-29 C ID = -.1) .. m

-'

Tren liinli S da cho biel mOL vai mornen ella cac phan tlr hrong eire.

2

The va truonq tao ra bai mQt luang cue

Ta sc gi6i han ('1 phep tinh va su bi8u thi cac dai IU'Q11g nay doi val mo hinh nhorn de)i. Ta se thay trong bai tap, cac phep tinh dO'I1 gian nay cung eo the nam lrong mOt su khai trien lbng qual hon, doi voi mot so phan bo dien tich bang khong hay khac khong.

2.1. Phep gan dung IUOng Cl}'C

Neu ta quan lam toi die hieu lIng gay ra bt'ri luong eire, thi phcp gan dung luong cue Ih gia thiet khoang each loi diem ra quan sal tnrong tao ra b(',.i 11.1'Ong eve la ral lon tnroc kich U1\.nJc ella luong eve : r » d.

Trong cac dieu kien do, ta se lien hanh cac phep tinh bang each chi xac

dinh cac so hang khong lam thuong co bac tMp nhat theo ( 7) .

2.2. The cua IUOng Cl}'C

Phan bo dang xet (n116m doi) la hiru han, ta eo Ule chon U1C hang khong ('1 vo cung va vci cac ki hieu cua hinh 6, U1e co bieu tlurc :

V(M) = -q-(_!_ - _!__)

41lL' o rl ' :

Sl'r dung cac toa dO cau true (Oz) chi ro tren /tinh 6, ta co :

I I

r , d2]2 [, d2]2

rl=lr--drC()~O+4 var2= r~+drcosO+4 .

Trong phep gan clung hrong eve, ta hay viet the & bac !!.. (OJ:

r

V( M) = -q-(o + .!_!!..cos o + .. J - (1- .!_!!..cos o + ",J \

4Jr& o r 2 r 2 r )

CIIIA,V :

Luu \' dlng doi v6i rna hrnh luang qrc nay, so hp.ng Iflu hai khac khong ti It'

(** )

v6i _!_

,.4

82

lI20 NH3 HC
1,85 J) 1,47 D LOX
._, '~"~'~1

~ @.j-

'9['

- - ---,

Hinh 5. M(I men. eltu cae phtin III co qlC.

M

z

-q Hioh 6

Khai trien c6 Rim 1/(1n cua (I +di V6i lrl « I, La co tilt vie; : (*)(l+x)a = I + ax o bac J

a (a-I) ~

(**)(I+x) = I+m+---c 2!

a(a-I)(a-2) I

+ x'

3!

6' br)c 3.

Dien tfch toan phan cua M nay bang khong, s6 hang theo _!_ cua the trier

r

tieu ; s6 hang khac khong dau tien cua khai trien c6 gioi han ti l~ voi -4-.

r

N6 giam rat nhanh a khoang each Ian so voi the cua chi mot dien tich :

V(M) = qd cos B = _1_ p.oM .

4Jr& r2 4Jr& 0 OM 3

o

Bang each sfr dung bieu thuc cua momen hnmg Cl!C, the tinb di~n tao ra bOi met hr6ng Cl!C di;it tai diem 0, theo bac thap nhat cua luy thira

d B-

, _ I' . V (M ) _ p cos _ 1 P .OM

cua ,a. - _-----

r 47rS r 2 47rS OM 3

o 0

Do tfnh d6i xung tron xoay cua ph an b6 xung quanh true (Oz), nen the khong phu thuoc g6c ({J.

ehU v:

DOL v6i mot phan bo dien tich bat ki tOil tai trang mot mien nho cua khong gian lan can mot diem P, ta hay khao sat thi do phan bo nay tao ra tai M (PM La LOn han kich thuoc cua mien c6 dien tich).

• Neu dien tich toan ph/in q cua phan bo nay khac khong, thi so hang troi nhdt cua the La _I __ q_. Tuc mot thi thea _I_.

4Jr&o PM . PM

• Niu difn tich q bdng kh6ng, so hang tren khong ton tai : ta cdn quan tam den momen Luong qtC p cua tap h9P cac difll tich nay. Neu p khac khong,

so hang troi nhdt cua the la _1_ p.PM . TUc mot the theo _I_.

" 4Jr&o PM3 . PM 2

• Neu dien tich q va momen luong qtC p d€u bang khong, cac so hang tren khong ton tai : khi do, ta nell quan tam toi mot ddc tinh khac cua phan bddien tich nay, n6 se cho ta mot thi thea -I-.

. . PM3

~ £)~ luy~n t~p : ST. 4.

2.3. Truong cua luang cue 2.3.1. Bi~u thtrc trong tea dQ CBU

S" khai trien bieu thuc E (M ) = .:«: ( Ii ~ _ Ii; lla tinh te va ta xac dinh

4Jr& 0 rl r2

tnrong bang each tfnh gradien cua the vira tim duoc. Trong toa dO cau :

E = _~= _1_2pcosB

r ar 4Jr&o r3

E _ 1 av _ 1 p sin B

o - -;ae - 4Jr&o -r-3-

1 av

E =----=0

rp rsinB acp

Mat phdng chua OM va true (Oz) la mot mat phdng d6i xirng cua phan be, nen duong nhien tim duoc E.tirp = 0 (hinh 7).

Bieu thuc cua truong cua luong Cl!C la : o ... -'---+---_z

t,'(M) = 1 2pcosB.er + psinB.ee

41r&o r3 Hinh 7

_----- -

2.3.2. Bieu thuc thuan (intrinseque)

Mennen luong cue p co the viet lit p = p(cosB,cr - sinB.eo)

Ta con co the viet tnrong nay dU\Ji dang thuan (doi vm mot hrong cue tai 0, khong dna van mot su chon true d~c biet nan).

Durri dang thuan, trmmg cua ltr6'ng cue la :

E(M) = _1_(3(JJ.ir )er - p)

47T&() r 3

hay Ia :

ClUA .1' :

• Nsu tuong qcc duoc d(ill(li A. truong caa tuong qcc nay tai M cho bot :

E == _l_[3(P.AihMi - PAM2)

4""-'0 AM)

• Truimg luly ro rang guim rell nhanh han voi khoang each quem sat so voi truong cua chi m(lt dien tich : ~ {e ra ta (;.

I" r

,

-Ap dyng 1

M(lt phep tinh trmrng khac

Hay 11111 lai bieu thuc tren cua truimg Mng min phep tint: I'1lC Iiep nho sit dung g rad(I).r) = /) .

T .", -d( 1) ') r

a VIet: gra . - = -,1-

r3 r5

"6 -d( P.i) r'2/J - 3(pi)i

sau u . g ra - = ----'---?---'--

. r3 r5

----------------------------------------------------~

~ f)~ luy~n t~p : BT 5, 6 va 7.

Til do rut ra bicu tlnrc cua tnrong cua IUlrng cuc :

R = -gnid V(f) ,

do "o".~· _ 1 ( 3(p.cr )e, - /»

u E(M)--- ,

4ll"&o. r:

2.4. Tapa ella E va V 2.4.1. Cac mat d~ng the • Phuong trmh

The khong phu UlUQC bien so tp, nen cac mat ding the Ia tron xoay xung quanh true «()z). Nhtr vay, chi can bieu dien bang do thi vet cua cluing trong mat phang clnra true (Oz) la du

cosB

f),1ng the' v == Vo urong ung voi -,,- = 47Tc'O Vo = cte . r-

v=-v.o v- o

-...... I

" I I

v= vo

• M6 hi dinh tinh

Dau cua cos B van khong d6i tren mat dAng the. Til bay gil)' ta se gia thiel the Vo duong, nghIa la ding the v = Vo narn trong nth khong gian z > O.

Ding lhe V = -Vo dllQ'c suy ra til d() hOi phep doi ximg qua m~t phang Hinh 8. Cac dang the" ± Vo C/{a

trung tnrc cua hrong cue, mat nay urong img v6i ding 1M V = 0 (hinh 8). luong cue.

84

Trcn m~l nay, khoang each lai (liem () 1;\ eire dai voi () = 0, nghta Ia narn tren truc (Oz). Ngiroc lai, khoang each nay triet tieu khi H tien t(yi ; . Vay

ding lhe V = Vo tiep xuc vai m~l phang (xOv) t~i o.

Tuy nhicn, dieu ghi nhan cu6i cung nay khong co tlurc Ie v~l Ii : & Ian can diem gcic, plicp gan dung 100ng cue khong ap dung duoc mra, va ddng the V = Vo di qua diem "& dau do" giua diem () va dien tich +q thinl: 9) .

• Uieu di~n

Vet cua mot viti d~ng the cua h¢ hai di¢n tich trong mot mat ph:1ng chrra true «()z) dlJ'Q'C hieu dicn tren hinh 9. Hinli 10 H1Y lai vet nay nho su dung cong tlurc cuu the luong CIJ\_:. Ta nhan Ihay hai hinh nrong tu nhau, chi trir lY Ian can luong cue, phep gan dung h1011g CIJ\_: khong con gia If! : SI.! khac nhau gitra nhom dl)i dien rich va tlnrc \l1e Ii unrng xuat hicn ro net l1 khoang each ligan.

Hinh 9. !Jang the etta mot nhom doi (-q, +q).

+q

-q

Hinh 11. Sir thi! Ili¢n cua tht tao ra boi hai dien tich -q va + q (net (1(Jm V> 0, nit nhat V < 0).

Hinh 10. Dang the" clia mot luong C{{C.

Hinh 12. Sll thi! hi{Jn cua the caa luong cue trong khlJn,>; gian (nel dam V> 0, net nhat V < 0).

85

2.4.2. cac dU'ong sue trU'ang • PhU'01lg trinh

Theo dinh nghia, voi mot dich chuyen nguyen to dF dQC theo mOt duong soc truong, ta se c6 dF 1\ E = O. Sfr dung cac toa dO cau ciia truong va bieu thoc dr = dre r + rdB e e + r sin B dip e tp cua m('>t djch chuyen nguyen to, ta thu duoc:

{ =». -rsinBdrp.Ee =0

dr.Erp -rsinBdrp.Er = 0 dr.Ee - rd H E; = 0

Ngoai cac duong sue tnrong nam tren true (Oz) (B = 0 hoac B = n), hai phuong trlnh dau tien buoc cp = cte : h¢ la tron xoay xung quanh true, nen cdc duong sue d~u ndm trong cac mdt phdng d6'i xung chua trlic (Oz). Phuung trinh cuoi cung khi d6 cho dr. sinB= 2r cosBdB, sau khi tich phan cho :

r = cte sin 2 B .

• Bi~u di~n

MOt su nghien ciru dinh tinh tuong nr nhir da dira ra cho vet cac dang the cho phep du dean hinh dang cua cac dirong sire tnrong,

Doi voi mot he hai dien tich +q va =q, cac duong sue nay khi d6 co the dUQ'C ve trang mot mat phang cp = cte. (hinh 13), bang each chong chat chung len cac vet cua cac mat dang the vuong goc voi chung va bang each sfr dung cac ket qua cua phep gan dung luong cue h.14. Cac sa d6 van con tuung duung voi nhau khi khoang each quan sat la 100 tnroc kich thuoc cua luong cue.

Hinh 13. Cdc ddng tM va cac duong sue truong cua mot nhom doi.

• f)~ luy~n t~p : BT.3.

Hinh 14. Cdc ddng the' va cac duong sue truong cua mot luang C!lC •

3

Tao dl:lng cua truang tinh di~n len mQt luang cue

Gia si'r hie khoi dau hrong CI!C la cung, nghra la khoang each AB co dinh va cac dien tich khong d6i.

Cac tac dung co h9C d~t len Iuong CI!C se duoc d(ic trung boi hop hrc F cua chung va mornen fa cua chung d6i voi mot di~m 0 da cho.

Chuy:

Nho L(Ii La biet m6men tai mot diem va biet hop luc cho phep tinh duoc momen tai moi diem khac, vi fo' = fo + F 1\ 00'.

3.1. Truang deu 3.1.1. Ll!c

Cac hrc tac dung bci tnrong deu len cac dien tich +q va -q la gi6ng nhau, sai kern ve dau. Vi vay :

Hop luc tac dung len m(lt luong cue d~t trong m(lt truong deu bang khOng:

F=O

Vay hrong cue chiu tac dung cua mot ngdu luc.

3.1.2. Marnen

Vi du, ta hay tinh momen nay d6i voi diem 0, diem giua cua hai dien tich:

fo = [ ~J A (qEo) + [ - ~ J A (-qEo) = qd A Eo

D6i voi mot ngjiu hrc (hQ'P II!C bang khong), mornen la dOe lap d6i phep tinh. Vay, tai moi diem, no deu bang: f = P A Eo

Quan sat hinn 15, ta e6 th~ torn tat anh huong cua truong tac dung nhir sau :

Trong m(lt trurmg deu, luong cue chiu m(lt ngau lue co khuynh huong lam no xep th:lng hang song song v6i truong tac dung, va cung chieu v6i truong nay.

3.2. Truong hop truong khang deu 3.2.1. Phep tinh gan dung

Trong tnrong hop IUO'ng cue chiu cac tac dung, tht phep gan dung lirong cue bao gom gia thiet kich thiroc d cua hrong eire la nho han cac kich tluroc dac tnmg cua cac bien thien cua tnrong tac dung, Vay ta se tim each xac dinh cac tac dung cua mot tnrong hai khong dong nhat a pham vi hrong eire.

3.2.2. Ll!c

Ki hieu r la vi tri tam cua hrong eire. T6ng hQ'P cua cac hrc tac dung la :

F = qE[i + ~ J - qE[i - ~ J.

Trong phep gan dung IUO'ng eire, tnrong bien thien it a pham vi cua hrong eire, ta viet:

[ -J d d

- d - d x aE x y aE x z aE x

E r+- =E (r)+---+---+---

x 2 x 2 ax 2 ay 2 az

d-

= ExU')+-.gradEx 2

Ttrang nr, ta se e6: E [i - d J = E (i) - d .gradE

. x 2 x 2 x

Tir d6 suy ra ngay hrc : Fx = qd.grad Ex = p.grad Ex nghta la :

aE aE aE

F =p __ x +p __ x +p _,_X

x x ax Y ay z az

-q~ -q

---------~---------.

Rinh 15.

LI,lC nay con co tile viCt mot each tdng quat han:

F=

= (p.grad)E

(a a a J

Px-. + py-. + Pi z: e,

ilx 0)1 ilz

( 0 a a JE

Px-+ Py-+ Pz- y

ax 'Oy ilz'

(a a oj

P» -. + P» - + Pz - Ez

ax 'oy oz

F: tic dung chuycn v~ mien co mrong

~ manh

____ -------------------l

.> ----- -g~~

",.- ~----+:.qE;:.qj--

, ,,'·::~i,-f),'-· .--

E/' :/

I .:... dirona ,<arc Inrtmg

Lire ma hrong CI,lC chiu, bang khong tl phep gan dung cap mot, nhimg hoan toan khong phai vay IlIJa neu ta tinh den S1! khong dong nhat cua tnrong & pharn vi hrong CI,lC :

F = 0 + (p.grad)E(r) + .. ,

Hinh 16.

Mi)t lurmg cue chiu tac dung cua mnt trmrng ngoai hot khong d6ng nhat mot I~'C f' = (p.grad)E.

Vi du ta hay xet mot tmh huang trong dt) hrong CI,lC Ih thing hang, song song va cung chieu vot tnrong tac dung, vay tiep tuyen voi mot duong strc

- _~ -<0

tnrong (hinn 16). L1!c tac dung Ia F = q(E(+q) - E(_q»)' II,lC nay co

khuynh lnrong keo luong CI,lC doc theo throng sire tnrong thea chieu bien dO cua tnrong tang. Loong CI,lC tinh dien bi hut ve phia dien tnrong manh

ClulP :

Tren hinh 16, oben ngoai cac mien co cac di¢n rich TrW ra truong tac dung, cac duong sue truong xit lai (ong truong "rlult lai") khi bisn d(J caa truong tang.

,

-Ap dyng 2

MQt thi nghiem phai giai thich

M(Jt mieng chdt dec, sau khi C9 xat vao m(Jt chiec khr1n kh6 duoc dua lai gan mot tia nuoc chay tit voi ra. Ket qua kiu: li ki duoc rn6 ta tren hinh 17. Giai thich hien tuong nay nhu the nao ?

\

Mieng chat deo da nhiern dien, va cac dien tich cua no tao ra mot tnrong tinh dien rna cuong do tang len khi lai gan vat lieu mang dien

Nuoc duoc cau tao boi cac phan tii H20 co CI,l'C. Duoi tac dung cua uuong cua mieng cMt deo tich dien, cac luong CI,lC nay dinh huong theo chieu cua truong va bi hut ve phia mien co dien truong manh hall. Tia nuoc lech ro r~t khoi duong tlling

dung de tien gan lai mieng chat deo tich dien, Hinh 17.

~ D~ luy~n t~p : 8T. 1.

3.2.3. Marnen

Momcn (noi chung) da khac khong trong phcp gan dung cua mot dien tnrong deu i'r pham vi cua luong cue. VI lire Ihu dlrqc i'r day la mot sCl hanz hieu chinh ncu bicu thirc cua momcn da thu diroc sC it hi nhicu loan b(Yi I)hal~ khong dong nhat cua truong. Vay ta co tM viet r = Ij f\ Eo + ...

Mflmen ella nu)t hr6'ng cue, chju tac dung ella mnt tnnrng ngoai E eoi hi dell, biing r = P f\ If .

Chlt.f:

To; diem () momen c6 (lIe" dU(JC khai trisn thee cdc to» thua cua d. Scf ";lIlg tren :Mv hi 6' c(IP I. T(l'i 0, s(f !tung nip 2 van" Mng kh6ng khi truong k/t(jng deu.

D~rJ. van C{IC kel qua trcn, ta co the khang dinh :

Trong m(lt truong khong dell, Imrng cue chi" yen chlu m(lt momen him cho llJ'(rng cue siip xcp thling hang song song va clmg chieu v6'i trlJ'(rng Ilk d~mg. 1\1(lt khi dft thling hang, Imrng ('~'C dill chill mat I~'C him cho nil dlch chuyen ve phia mien co t1i~n trmrng manh,

3.3. Tnronq hQP luang cue khong cling

Ncu Itnyng eire khong cimg, Ihl C{IC d~c tnmg cua chung phu thuoc van tnrong c1~t len luong cue. Durii tal' dung ella tnrong, cac phan b6 di¢n rich (vi J~I ella nguyen tlr hoac ph an tlr) bi bien deli. Momcn hrong cin: phu thuoc van tnrong tinh dien.

MI.)t khi tnrong da tilict lap thl Cal' U~IC tnmg cua 11() cung duoc xac dinh ngay : va VI vay moruen Itnrng cue cung dune bier. Cal' tinh toan & tren van duoc ap dung, chi can coi p la gia tri cua mornen luong cue d6i voi

W c(l Ill~t cua tnrong Ij(i~·). Dc tinh lire. fa C() tM lap luan voi momen Iln')'ng eire nay nlnr hnrllg cue la cung.

GIl' cong tlnn: (Y tren van ap dung dm!c, va nhir (he ta sC co tiltS viet bieu tlurc cua I~rc lac dung len Iuong cue nay la :

F= Fix + Fi" + fi-:.'

voi F, = p(h.grad(L·x)' F" = p(i~').grad(Ev) , vtiF: = p(i:).grad(E,,) Chli f :

V{II cluu, duoi tac dung cua clifn truong ngoai, noi chung .1'1'. hi ph/in e!Ie (17/(11 d(J klufi cac luong cue) Cling ctueu voi truong tac dung, sao cho no

('lJuvtn Vf phia mien co trwmg 111(1I11i. t,

4 The nang tU'ong tae

4.1. Thao tac vien dich chuy~n mQt luang cue trong mQt truimg

"fa tu\'rng tlJ{.mg mot (han tal' vien til tir dua mot luong cue tir vo cung, (Y d() uuong lac dung hang khong, vc mot vi trl cuCli clmg IY de) co mot di¢n truong E da biet, co tile V lien ket v(rj no (lay tile btmg khong (Y vi) cungj.

89

M()I thao tac tuung t1)' nhir the da dU'Q'C xet ('y chuong 3, trong d6, thao tac vien dua mot dien tich q ve the v va da cung cap mot cong Wop = qV .

Nlur vay cong cung cap trong thao tac xem xet a day, rna hai dien tich +q va -q duoc dua til vo cung ve, phai Mng :

W ~(IV(i+d)_qv[r_d)

01' ,2' 2

\

Tuy vay, La du quen mot diem quan trong : chinh hai dien tich cung urong lac voi nhau, dcn rmrc nang luong nrong tac, nghla la chinh nang IUQ'ng rieng ella loo11g C\fC cung co kha nang thay doi. Nhu vay kct qua tren chi dung cho mOt ltrong eire "cimg" : khoang each d giua hai dien tich ella nhom di1i giu khong deli, nghla la II Ii 11= cte .

Cong tren day, co gia tri cho su dich chuyen mot luang C\fC ma nang hrong "rieng" giu khong dui, co tM dU'Q'e dan gian h6a neu si'r dung phep

gan dung hrong C\fC ~v.)P = qd. grad V(r) va bang Wop = -p.E .

4.2. The nang tuang tac gifra mQt IUOng cue cling va mQt truCmg tac dlJng

Ta nhan thay kct qua tren phu thuoc vao vi tri cuol cung ella luong eire, rna khong phu thuOc vao con duong oa thco de rhra luang C\fC til vo cung vc, va clio phep ta dinh nghia.

The nang turrng tac giii"d Iwng cue cting va truong tac dung Iii :

~' /; 'P = -po ~ .

C(lllg tuong img vrri mot dich chuycn nguyen to' cua 111011g cue cimg 13. : dW,Jp = d,"?; = d( - p.E·) = - p.dE - d p.E .

Onj ,)I:

Luong qrc cung c6 nghia II p 11= cte . Ta sf! chi c6 P = etc nc'u luong cue chiu mot phep tinh tien.

4.3. Ll!C va mornen suy ra tll the nang tuang tac d6i va; mQt IUOng Cl!C cling

Phep tinh tlen nguyen to va luc tac dung len mi)t luting cue cimg.

Cho luong eire chiu mot phep tinh tien dr hang each bu tnr d' moi luc hrc do tnnrng tac dung len hrong cue, thao tac vien cung cong :

bWop = -F.rli , hang voi dol' = -p.dE , vi p = ere trong khi dich chuyen. Xet mot dich chuyen nguyen to' dr = -drr; .ex, (voi Xi = X. Y hay z), trong toa do Descartes, ta thu duoc :

F _' aE Xi - p·a !Xi

Clut y:

Trong truong hop lutmg ql'c jj song song voi truong ngoai E = E(x)C" . nn« bicl1 thuc tren. (a (im lai Glf9'C ngav :

F. = qd (lE(x) va F, = F; = 0

.l AX .\,

90

M()t thao tal' nrong tl! nlur the da duoc xet ('1 clurong 3, trong do, than tal' vien dtra mot dien tich q vc the v va da cung cap mot cong Wop:: qV .

Nlur vay cong cung cap trong thao tal' xem xet & day, rna hai dien tfch +q va -q duoc dira tir vo cung ve, phai Mng :

Wop· "V[i + ~)+ - ~ 1

Tuy vay, ta da quen mot diem quan trong : chinh hai dien tich cung urong tal' voi nhau, dcn nurc nang hrong tU011g tal', nghia la chinh nang luoug rieng cua luong CI,lC cung co kha nang thay doi. Nlur vay ket qua rren chi dung cho mot hrong eire "ctmg" : khoang each d gitra hai dien tich cua nhom d('li giu khong cloi, nghia la II Ii II:: cte .

Cong trcn clay, co gia tri eho sir dich chuyen mot luong CI,lC rna nang Iuong "rieng" giu khong cloi, co tM diroc don gian hoa ncu Slr dung phep

gan dung Irn1'ng CI,lC "v..lP = qd . grad V(r) va bang Wop = - p.E .

4.2. The nang tuang tac gifra mQt luang cue cling va mQt truCmg tac dl:lng

Ta uhan thay kct qua tren phu thuOc vao vi tri cu6i cling cua Irn1'ng C\lC, rna khong phu thuoc vao con duoug da then c1C dtra luong CI,lC tir v() cling ve, va cho phep ta dinh nghia.

The nang turmg tac giiia Iwng Cl,I'C cling va truti'ng tac d ... ng Iii :

;=-p.i~.

Cong nrong img voi mot dich chuyen nguyen to' cua luong eire cimg la : dW,Jp =d<ft; =d(-p.i:)=-p.dE-dp.E.

Clul.)I :

Luong qrc cung c6 nghia II p 11= cte . Ta se chi c6 jj = etc nell lurtng c(1'c chiu mot pliep (;n17 tien.

4.3. Ll!C va momen suy ra tu the nang tuang tac doi va; mQt luang cue cling

Phep tmh tien nguyen to va luc tac dung len mi)t hmng cue cling.

Cho luong ql\.~ chiu mot phep tinh tien dr hang each htl tnr t, moi Iuc II,lC do tnrong tac dung len hrong CI,lC, thao tal' vien cung cong :

bWop = -f:.di , hang voi d0p = -p.dE, VI jj = ete trong khi dich chuyen. Xet m(lt dich chuyen nguyen t6 di' = -dr\ .ex (v6i Xi = X, Y hay z),

-il

trong toa clO Descartes, ta thu diroc :

F _. ali Xi - P'a ~i

eM .)1 :

Trong truong /!lIP luong c(1'c P song song voi truong ngoai E = E(x)c, . nho bieu tluec tren. ta tim /(li duoc ngav :

F = qd (lE(x) va F. = F = 0

.r ax y::

90

3.2.3. Momen

Momcn (noi chung) ua khac khong trong phep gan dung cua mot dien tnrong deu ('y pham vi cua hrong eire. VI IIlC thu dmrc {'y day la mot sel hang hicu chinh nen bicu ilnrc cua momen da thu du(yc sC it hi nhieu loan biYi ~)ha;l khong dtll1g nllat cua tnnrng. Vay ta co the viet r == Ij 1\ Eo + ...

Momen cua m{)t hnYng Cl}'C, chill tac d~mg cua m{)t tnnrng ngoai E coi la deu, biing r = P 1\ l~ .

Cll11 V:

Tal (Jicl/l (), IIU}l/1cn c{J rhc duoc kiwi tricn theo cac lay thua CLio d. S(t h;lIIg tren dttv hi 6' C(l{) I. Tai 0, so nang c/tp 2 win hrlng klu}ng klii truong kh(ing deu.

D\1"d vao cal' ket qua trcn, ta co the kh~ng dinh :

Trong mOt trurmg khong deu, hnrng Cl}'C c11l1 yeu chill mi)t momen him cho Imyng Cl}'C siip xcp th5ng hang song song va cling chieu v&i trmrng tac dung. MOt khi da th5ng hang, luong cur con chill mot 1l}'C lam cho n6 dich chuyen ve phia mien co <1i~n trmrng manh,

3.3. Tnronq hop luang eire khong cling

Neu h.nyng qTC khong cung. th] cal' d~c tnmg cua chung phu thuoc van tnrong <1(11 ICn hntng cue. DmYi tac dung cua tnrong, Cal' ph fill hel dien tich (vi JV cib nguyen ItT hoac phan ttr) hi bien d6i. Momcn luong CI,fC phu thuoc vao tnnmg tmh <lien.

Mot khi tnrong e]a thiet I(lp thi cac d(1C tnmg cua no cOngdlll!C xac dinh ngay : va VI vay mornen luong cue cung duoc hiel. Cal' tinh to an & tren van diroc ap dung, chi can coi p Ia gia tri cua rnornen hrong CIlC deli voi

SV C(l m~t cua tnrong Ij(1;·). De tinh IIlC, ta co tM lap Iuan vci momen Iln)'ng cue nay nhu Itn'l'ng cue lit cirng.

Cal' cong tlnn; (1 tren van ap dung duoc, va nhir the ta se C() the viet hi<'!u tlurc CI'Ia lire lac dung len Iuong cue nay la :

F == FJr + F,cv + fiz '

Vlyi F, == fj(l~).grad(Ex)' f~. = p(i~O).grad(El') , va 'f~ == p(E).grad(Ez) Clul \'. :

V(lr cluit, dum {(IC dung cua dien truong ngoai, noi chung .w' hi ph/in q.rc (nuit d(i kh(i/ cdc IUlmg eire) Cling clzieu voi tru/mg tac dung, sao cho no

chuver: ve phia mien c6 truong 111(11111. '

4 The nang tuong tac

4.1. Thao tac vi en dich chuy~n mQt luang cue trong mQt truemg

Ta nnmg urong mot than UtI.' vien nr tir dua mot Iuong cue tir VI) cung, (1 do truong tac dung hang khong, vc mot vi trf cu6i cung ('y do co mot dien t11l011g E dn hiet, co Lhe V lien ket voi no (lay the hang khong (Y VI) cung).

89

4.4. Tn.rcmg hop !l.rang cl!c khong cung Neu luong cue khong cimg thi cac d~c tnmg dia n6 ph\jthu('>c vao truong tac dung E len luong CI,I'C, nhung mornen llJ\!if\g qrc tm b[et (x,§;3.3). D6i voi phep tinh I\I'C, ta c6 the lap lu('m voi mot luO'Jilg CI,I'C ctffig 06 mO~n p 0= pC E) :

Chi(,u lijch lu6ng c\]c

.... - --- - --- - - -- -----

S{f' tuong duong ella cac bitu thuc khac nhau ella lite da thie! lap se duoc nghien euu trong bai tap 10.

Chu Y rang d6i vci hrong cue cimg, ta c6 th~ viet true tiep bieu thirc cua hrc tu the nang tuong tac durri dang :

F = -grad ~ I p=cte = grad(p.E) p=cte

Hinh 18

- -

Fx = po·gradEx = p(E).gradE x

va cho cac cong thuc nrong ur d6i voi Fy va Fz .

Ta hay xet tnrong E tao ra boi mOt dia mang dien tai mot diem tren true cua dta (Oz) (hinh f8). M\')tthao tile vien d1ieoh chuyen mot luong C\l'C tren true nay. Ta hay kMo sat cOng (luit thae tae vien nay khi dich chuyen luang C\fC tir ~6 cang (6 u6 Itllr(')',ng< bang kM11!g) v~ mot u~m M_a d6 tnrong bang E, val gUt I(hi€t momen loong qrc co dang p(E) = aE (h¢ thirc tuyen tinh giua p va E).

L\I'C tinh dien F tac dung len luang C\fC khi d6 viet la : 2

- _ dEL a dEz _

F = Fzez = aEz -ez = ---ez .

dz 2 d:

Vi thao tac vien tao dl,lI1g .m~t hrc d6i lal, nen cong cua n6 cho bai :

W. - fl .. 'tit .. ·. dIE.' /' d _ lX. ![E 2JE _ a E2 _ p.E

op - lo-i dzz--2Iz. 0 --"2 --2

Nhir vay th~ nang tum1g lac cualumgoV'C /chOng cung nay khong bang - p.E . Chi duy nhat doi voo phep tinh 1l!C ta moo co th@ l{lp lu{lil vOO mC)t IU'O'ng Cl!C cling co momen jj 0 = jj (E) •

• Phep quay nguyen to va momen

Xet mot phep ql!Jay nguyen u5 :cUa .. ~wngcvc mot g6c da xung quanh true di qua tam cua, Il~ va d:jnh hllO'ng bai vecto dan vi e , urong ung voi vecto quay nguyen t6 da = da.e, Truong nhln be; hrong C\l'C khong b] thay dOi Mi phep dich chuyen nay va mornen luong C\I'C bien thien mot IUQ'ng d p = d a /\ p (hinh 19).

Momen do thao tac vien tac dung true d6i voi momen do tnr(img tac dung len luang C\l'C, vay :

bWop =-r.dii

M~t khac, dlp = -(dP)E = - (da /\ p)E , tich Mn hop cnng c6 the viet la: a~ = (p 1\ £)da

So sanh hai bi~u thirc, ta thu ulI'Q'C ket qua da duoc thiet lap : ['=p/\E

Hinh 19

r.

Apdyng 9

Ll}'C do m9t sqi day v6 han tich di~n hie dung len m9t luong cl}'C

Hay xac dinh cac tae dll11g co hoc do truong cua mot soi ddy thiing vi5 han mdng mat d~ di¢n dai d~u A, len mpttufYng q/c d{lt tai M trong mot md: phdng vuong goc v6i day nhu da chi ro tren hinli ve 20.

De xac dinh luc, ta se su dung ldn IU(J1 hai phuong phap sau :

a) su dung bieu thuc :

F = (p.grad)E ;

b) su dung bieu thuc :

F = grad(P.E)I_ -

p=cte

Hinh 20.

Nh6' lai rang tnrong cua soi day bang: - A _ _

E = --e = E(r)e

2m;or r r

(x. cac chuang 2 va 4) Mornen duoc tinh ngay bang:

r- - E- pAsina_ =P" =- e 2m;or z

a) F = (p.grad)E

= (Pr ~+ Po L~)(Er(r)er)

or roB

(JEf(r) _ ,Er (r) oer

=p --e +Po---'

r or r r oB

PA ( cosa _ sina _ )

= -- ---e +--eo .

t=« r2 r r2

b) Chu y rang p = ct; c6 nghta la cac toa dO Descartes cua mornen luang cve gilG' khCl\g d6i ~r~ng m{)t ph¢p tinh tien ngU}i'eA t6, m~c dAu cdc IfJl1il<J' Ufl c,ua n6 thay d6L Klhi rlUQ,Ilg cue bi tjnh lItn, thl chudn Ilpll va goc p "" of} + a (hlnh 21) gill khong d6i.

F = grad (p .E) I j.i=cte

(_ a _ I a) " '~:

= e -+eo-- (p E (r) _,',-

r or roB r r lp=c;;te

:= (e r ! +.eO : :~ '(,p). c;:~r- B»)

, .' .A. 0 p,p=cte

PA i(' cosa _ sina -. ')

.= --'- ---e +--e

2r.&' ' 2 r ~ 0

• 0 r r

ket qua urong tv rihu & tren,

y

, , , , , ,

Hinh 21

~ ai IUY~A t~p : ST. 8 va 9.

fJ/€U CAN CHI NHO

• MCMEN Ll10NG Cl!C

MQt v~t khong tich di~n, nhung b] ph an cue, tao ra met the va met trmmg tuong t., nhir (0- phep gan dung cap 1) the va truong cua met nhom d6i di~n tich co momen IU'O'ng cue P

khac khong ( q > 0) :

P =qd

",... ... ? -

• THE VA TRl10NG CUA Ll10NG Cl!C

• Sfr dung bi~u thue cua momen IU'O'ng cue, the tinh di~n tao ra boo met IU'O'ng cue dl)t tai

di~m 0, 0- bac thap nhat theo lily thira cua d , la :

r

V(M) = pcos() =_I_p.OM. 47r& r2 47r&o OM3

o

• Bi~u thue truong cua IU'O'ng cue la :

- 1 2p cosBir + p sinBie

E(M)=-- 3

47r&o r

• DU'6i dang thuan, trmrng cua IU'O'ng cue la :

E(1) =_1_(3(P.errer - p).

47r&o r3

- - 2

h 'I' E-(M) 1 3(p. OM). OM - pOM

ay con a: ==

47r&o OMS

, ? A _ , A ......

• Tl10NG TAC CUA MQT Ll10NG Cl!C VOl MQT TRl10NG NGOAI

• HQ'P luc tac dung len mQt IU'O'ng cue d~t trong met truong deu la bang khong :

F =0.

• MQt IU'O'ng cue d~t trong mQt truong ngoai E hoi khong dong nhat chiu met IlfC :

--

F = (jj .grad)E

• Momen cua met IU'O'ng cue dl)t trong mQt truong ngoai E coi la deu, bang :

F=p"E

• Trong mQt truong khong deu, luongcuc chu yeu chiu mQt momen co khuynh huong lam IU'O'ng cue thllng hang, song song va cung chieu v6i trmmg ngoal, MQt khi da th~ng hang roi, IU'O'ng cue con chlu met luc co khuynh huong dich chuyen IU'O'ng cue ve mien co truong manh hon,

• The nang tuong tac giua IU'O'ng cue cling va truong tac dung la : '1p = -p.E .

Be. tQP

Ap DUNG TRUC TlEP BAI GIANG

1 Ll!C tac dl;.lng len luang Cl!C trong

tnronq hop m{>t chieu

MOt hrong cue durrc Jat tai mot diem co toa dO Descartes (x. Y. z) tn \11" mrong E = E(x)e\ . Nho r,nCl hinh nhom dCli va hicu llllk cua no, hay tinh lucrac clung len hroug cue khi :

]) Ii song song Vlli ex'

2) Ij vuong goc V(Yi ex'

Su DUNG VON KIEN THUC

2 Nguyen tu cua THOMSON,

ma hinh phan Cl!C th~ng

Trong mau nay, mot nguyen tiI hidro dmrc hiell dien bang mot hat nhan co Ji~n tich e chiern mor khoi cau ban kinh R, (y hen trong kh6i cau co dien tich e dtroc ph an h6 deu. Electron C() dien tich -e, C() kha nang van Jl)ng (r hen trnng khoi cau uch dicu duong.

1) Electron van dong trong qua call co ban kinh R chiu 1l)'C nao ? Vi tri can bang cua 11l) lJ dau ?

2) han chat quy dao cua electron, gia thict nam trong kh6i cau la gi ? Tim gin tri trung binh cua mClITICn hrong c~~ cua nguyen tiI nay?

3) f)~lt mot truong Eo len nguyen tiI nay, 11\11 nhan durrc gia thict dung yen. Neu electron van con ('y ben trong qua cau han kinh R, thi co nhung thay doi gi doi voi Cal' ket qua tren do co tnrong dc)t vao ? f)i}c biet chimg t() rall_g mornen luong cue trung binh co dang < Ii >= al.·o 1"'0 , trong do a goi la he so phan Cl)'C cua nguyen tiI. Ho] tmr nguyen cua a? CO' Ion cua no ?

4) Voi gia tri nan cua tnrong ngoai thl nguyen tiI nay . se hi ion hoa ?

3 Truong va the tao ra bai mot qua cau MOt qua call tam 0 han kinh R mang mat dO dien mat C'i = CTO cosf) .

Hay xac dinh tnrong va the t\IO ra b('1i phan bo nay tr ben trong va hen ngoai cua qua diu (chon V = 0 (y 0).

Binh luan d;)e tinh cua tnrong tai r = R.

Chi d/tn : Ta s!? szi dung Sir tuong duong giua p/1I7n her nav va .I'll chong ch/it cua hai ph/in h(f dirn tich tuong zing voi hai khOi C(IU tich dien dell -p WI + p, ul ban kinh R, c6 cac (am 01 WI 02 tren trw (0;:;) vii Itln

luot c6 1I0(1nll d(j hI -{I WI +0. (y gilr; han a tien tili 0 v6i pa = cte = CT o Su tutmg duong na» aa duo: .\(5 t (r

bai tap 8, chuong I.

4 Nguyen tac cua su' khai trien da eire

Cho mot phan bo dien tich dinh xu trong khong giau. Phan bo nay co mat dO dien khoi ;XP) tao ra mot the tai M:

fIT p(P)dr

V(M) = Jlap hop

Lli¢n tich 4Jrl.·oPM

Khoang each quan sat la lou so voi cal' kich thurrc d~c tnmg cua phan hel. Chon g6c t) ('1 Ian can cua phan b6, hay tim each khai trien hicu tlnrc nay khi OM»OP.

5 Truong va the cua m{>t tu Cl!C

Tinh so hang dau tien khac khong cua the tao ra (\. khoang each Ion boi ph an h6 me) ta trcn so LTC) dooi day,

/M

/

/

/

D Truong cua bon di~n tlch

Bon di~n tich dllQ'C hel tri trong mat phang (rOy)

q tai (a, 0) va tai (-(I, 0) ; -q tai (0, (I) va tai (0, -0).

Hay tinh tnrong tao ra boi phan b6 (lien tich vrti r » a, n)i v(Ti r « a, trong mat phang (\()v). (Ta se gilYi han l'1 cal' s6 hang dau tien khac khong cua sl! khai trien).

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7 Truong cua mQt vong xoan a khoimg cachlon

Cho mot yang tron true (Oz), mang mat dO dien

dai A = !L neu x > 0 va

Ira

y

A=!L 1Ta

1 q ~ 0 /l,= -_ neux< .

Ira

Hay tinh truong tao ra 00i phan b6 dien tich tren tai mot diem M, nam trong mat phang cua yang tron, nhung 0 rat xa vong tron nay (r»a).

B Tuong tac cua mQt vong xoan va mQt luong cue

Yang mang dien

/

M

p

Yang co ban kinh R, mang mat dO dien dai deu A.

1) Hay tinh truong tinh dien tao ra boi Yang a tren true cua no, cung nhir a Ian can true nay.

2) Nhtmg tac dung co h9C nao do vong dlJ.t vao IUC'ng cue ? Hay dtra ra ba phuung phap de thuc hien phep tinh nay. 3) Ttl day ve sau, ta lily a = O. LUO'Ilg C,!C co th~ tnrot khong rna sat tren true nam ngang. Hay xac dinh vi tri can bang hay cac vi tri can bang. Bien luan tinh ben cua chung va tinh chu kl cua cac dao dong nho cua luang C,!C, khoi hrong m, neu c6 doc thea true,

9 Tinh tuc tac dl:Jng tire thai gifra hai

luong cue

Cho mot ItrO'n__g__cl)'C PI 0 diem 0 ~ mot luong Cl)'C P2 o di~!!!..M (OM = r). Luong Cl)'C PI tao ra ~g tlnh dien £1 ' va luong Cl)'C P2 tnrong tlnh dien £2 .

1) Hoi gitra hai luang C,!C co the nang urong tac nao ?

- ~

2) PI tac dung len P2 lire nao ?

Lal61AI

1 1) SII dung mo hinh nh6m doi, ta co "

F- - E - dE(xl_

=-qE( d)eX+q( d)ex=qd--ex

x-- x+- dx

2 2

NM bie'u tbtr: cua lvc, ta thu duvc "

- _ - a - dEl xl - F = (p.gradl(E(x) e xl = qd-(E(X) e xl = qd--e x

ax dx

Hsi biu thUe: nay haim taim gi8ng nhau. Khi d cO diu cua 8_x), tUc la khi lu6ng CIlC cuag chiJu v6i truOng, thi ta cO thi nhPn thiy lu6ng CIlC bi hut thea chiJu ma chuin cua tnsmg ling, vpy no hi hut bOi esc tnsmg m!lflh. 2) Khi lining cve vuong g§_c vci tnnmg, vi dlJ P = p. e y , thi hsi phep tinh if tren cho ngay F = O.

x

2 1) Di?n tich e duvc phan b8 dJu if ben ttong qua ciu, tucng img voi mpt d¢ d[?n kh8i p = __2:_. Truimg tsi m¢t diem M 47rR3

(OM = f) if ben trang qua du bing E = L? = __ e_? .

3l.'0 47rl.'oR3

Vpy electron chiu tac dung cua lvc kio v8 hinmg tam tuyin tinh

2 , 0 ,

J = __ e __ -;- hutrng ve diem 0. Luc nay bang khong if 0, 0 47rl.'oR3

la vi tri can bing cua electron.

2) Phuong trinh chuyen d¢ng cua electron if ben trong qua du la " 2

m1 +_e __ ? =0

4:rl.'oR3

Vai esc di8u ki?n ban d§u fO va vo dii cho, phuong trinh chuyen

d¢ng JiJ " f(l) = [0 coscot + Vo sinmt , trong d6 to = ~-

ca V~1

z

Quji d{lo la mot elip tam 0.

Momen lining cve trir: tMi cua nguyen til p = -e [ . Gia tri trung binh cua n6 bing khong.

3) Trwng Eo tac dlJng m¢t lvc phlJ _. eEo len electron. Niu

electron vin if trong qua du, n6 se co cimg quji dso, I?ch di m¢t vecto khong dOl,' clip se c6 tam t{li < r:> = 47rl.'oR3 Eo, Tlrd6

e

suy ra h? s8 phin cve cua nguyen til a = 4:rR3 , d6ng nhit vai m¢t thi tfch, va co ca Ian cua Rl vm R = 0, I nm.

4) Lur: kio v8 la cur: dai v6i r = R. co chuin t. = _e_2_ (a ben

. . . max 2

4:rl.' OR

ngoili qua du, IIlC nay giiJm thea ~ tir gia IIi nay). No khong con co r2

thi bu dupr: IIlC do truOng Eo tac dung khi chuin cua tnsmg nay vuvt qua E = __ e_ . Khi do co Sl! ion h6a nguyen tU: V6; R = 0, I nm,

o~ ~ .

4:rl.'0"

truirng nay vao ca 1011 v'm-I (fit km, truirng pha huy khong khi kho vao khosng 3.106 Vm-1). Cac truirng ma ta dPt vao nguyen til noi chung nhO han Fit nhi~u, va khi do chi co tac dlJng gay ra nhiiu IO!lfl nho uen nguyen tzl, nghia la tuyin tinh if phep g§n dung rip m¢t. Miu nguyen til nay, mpc d§u kha I{I, co tinh chit Ii thu la gim thich dupr: Sl! phiin cve tuyin tinh, va cho dupr: m¢t co km ci« h? s8 phiin CIlC nit phu h9P v6i esc gia IIi thur'rng dung d8i v6i Sl! phiin CIlC m,en tU:

3 a ocn (rang qua du, Iwi p/JJn b6 di~n rich teo m cae cnimg

- p- - p-

fl(M)=---OIM va h'2(M)=+-, 02M,

3,: 0 3[.0

ngbiil la tnnmg ro;)n plJ!in E (M) = --- ___E_ 010, = --- _E!!__ ~

3[.'0 " 3eo

6 gier; ban ;1 (i~n (m khong, u thu dvoc :

a - , '

h' = __ 0 ez deu if ben (rang quii ciu.

3£0 .

'1l'rclel . .I'uy fil (h~ V(M) = ( ~JzJ ~Jrcoso.

l3co l3c()

(j' hell ngoai qUi] du, (a bite rJng hai kb6i du ticb di~n t(10 ra Cling 1lI(!1 ttmmg n~u r;fr cd difn tiel: ciis chiiug ±q = ± *711?' p

d6u rlip II1llJg ui q va O2, (f gitri lisn a liin 1m kb(mg, tnsmg uhin lllify c1 khoang cacb 16n lion R kc'rlIdie'm 0, tuong U11g viii Irlfflng Clia 1lI(11 JWllg e(lt' dtIl cf 0 va co nunnen lining ('(It' :

- --4,-4,. P=qOI01 =-llRPilC =-7rJtaoc

- 3 7. 3 Z

I'bep tinl: 111Ii. Hii phep tinl: rnn'rng dfl dur,re tlun: hi¢n ttong bid giiillg I'iJ £Iii clio :

.1

E = 2R an cosO

r 31'.'0 r' 3

Eo = R all sinO

3&0 1"

Taxsc Ilhihl rJnp Ib~ la lien tuc rrell qua cin. rJng Ibanb pf1;11lIi2p lIIyin eua tnrmg ( Eo ) la Iicn u«: Vfl dllg sir gi{lII dOiW dm rbilIlb ph-in pbiip

luyin ( Fr) cung bJng !!_ ~ int-H" (~ 11Ilrmg tirttong ra ngoili).

C'o •

litn cic Illei plulng dum day, te rhbi~1l tii die dill£! Ih~ viI die dume Sllr: tnsmg cung nbllsl)'bi~n dol cUa Ib~ tiong IlltIl pbJng elUla IIfle (Oz).

('ae dlflrng sUr: tnnmg va cic ding tM eua 1IJ(lt qua c:1u tich difn : cr=aocosO viii 0'0 >0

SI)' biin dof eua difn lhi lila ra Mi nuir qua c§u rieh £lien a = 0'0 cos() (0'0> 0). Ta rhe" bien r6 mJI pbdng nghicng lurmg

U11g voi midn (() tnsmg ddu.

4 Bling eaeb gim tum pbCpkhai lriln (lcaC silbilllg _I_~ . Iii ['(J III OM

, - - - ) --

viet: PM=O~OP. hay: PM =OM + OJ>" -20P.OM.llId6:

_1 1_11 _ ') OP. OM + of!- ]---~

PM - OA1 - OM OAf

1---~[---2 OP.(~M + of!-, 1 + ( - ~)( - i) {()P'(~'~J~

OM l 2 OM OM 2! ov J

=_1_[1 + OP. OM + 1 3((JP. (0)2 _Op2. OM2]

OM OM2 2 oAf

NIIIl v4y to tbu Ilur,rc bn S(} lisng dJu ticn CUi! phcp kIwi "'iL;;1 ('() giln hsn CU,1 lhi lila ra cf kllOang each 1611 ciis pliin b6.

V(M)= \j'(M)+ Vz(M)+ \j(M) ,viii:

[fffd~~~~h~(p)dr] .

• \{(M)

47rc'oOM

[ fH~rht;r rp(p)OPdr]-~

• \S (M) = lh~Jltlch

- 47r£0 OM

[ fH~rh\y <p(P) 3(~~;-r - r:_p2 !lr J

• \< (M) Ul,ntlch

~ ,

47rG'oOM

Tieh pb;]n d:1u tien eua bilu IhUr: tren nnmg img vcn di¢1I tlch IOilJl pldll eua phfin b(}

V4y te de dang tIdy dJlg .w} lung IfIU IIhi( quail sal dmrc rY khO;lllg

each I6'f1 IlfIJIIg U71g voi _0- . IJ thi tso ra brii di¢n tlct: Q d

47r[.'o{

khoiillg each r. Niu .1'6 tumg 1M JJhir bJng khong, ph/ill /)(} tuong duong v6i Sl)' Ch(}llg cldr cii« cu: difn rich duong e6 di¢n tich lOi)n

96