VO HOANG THAI',

... '.

, ,

HINH HOC HOA HIN,H

• •

(Sach dung cho cac truong Dai hQC .a Cao dAng)

... ~ II) ,#

NHA XUAT BAN GIAO DI)"C

La! NO! DAU

Trang cac truang ky thuds, m6n vi' IcY thu~t cung cap cho sinh vien nhiing ki~n thsa: co bdn di doc va vi' cac bdn vi' kj thu~t. Mon hinb hoc hoa hinh lai ta mon hoc cung cdp nhitng kien thuc ca ban di hoc mon vi" Icy thuf:lt do.

Cubn sach nay g6m co 3 phdn chia lam 9 chuang, phdn ma ddu giiti. thieu cdc phep chieu: xuyen tam va song song; hai phdn chink la: Phuong phap hinh chieu tMng goc va phuang phap hinh chieu true do.

Phdn mot phuang phiip hinh chisu thAng goc la phdn quan trong nhdt

cLla cudn sach. Phdn m¢t co bdn muc La:

A - Ditm, dU1nrg thJng va mi!t pJuing. B - Phuong phap bien ddi hinh chieu. C - Duong va mi!t.

D =Khai tritn cdc mat.

Trang do, muc "Ditm, duang thdng va 1114t pMng" la co ban. Vi co tht noi, cac hinh. (cac m(it) d~u duac xay dung til cac y!u ttf co bdn la: ailm, duang thiing va mij.t phdng. Vi v~y, neil ndm duoc phdn nay thl den phdn sau si'thu~n lai, dl dang.

Ml;tc "Phuongphdp bien ddi hlnh chieu" giifi thieu m¢t sb' phep bien hinh, at dua c4c htnh dci cho iJ vi tri bett kY tbi vi tri d{lc bi¢t db; viii cac rnq.t phdng hinh chieu, di gidi m(Jt siS bai toano Tuc la, being cach bien ddi hinh chieu, co thl chuyin m¢t so bai toan kho tro thanh cdc bai todn di han dt gidi.

Ml;tC "Duong va mat" gi¢'i thi¢u cacb bilu diln cac m(it (da di¢n va m(it cong) va tim giao ctta cac m<it do. Do ta nhilng nI?i dung quan trong, chudn bi cho viec tiep can man vi! kfthu~t sau nay.

MLJc "Khai lritn cac md:" co linh luang db'; d¢c l~p so viti cdc phdn khac, va no co ling dung trong nhiing linh vlfc rieng.

Phdn phuang phap hinh chieu true do giiti thieu nhung co so dt .my dung hinb chieu true do, va cdc loai hinh chic" true do duac dung trong fry thud».

3

Ddy cling til mot phuang phdp bilu diendU{1c dung trong ky thuat; song hinh chieu true do chi La hinh b6 tra cho cac hinh chieu thdng goc khi can. No giup cho nguai d9C bdn ve de ruim duac hinn dang ca bdn cua hinh bilu diln. Song vai cac hinh phuc tap, thi nO kh6 bie'u diln day du duac.

Sau m6i chuang de'u co mot so' cau hJi va bai tap, dl ban doc thuc hanh , va tu kie'm tra phdn ly thuyet truac do.

CuCIn sach nay duac viet vai cae do' thuc duac xdy dung thea phuang phap dan gidn, de hilu mit cac truang van day til truac den nay, no co thi lam tai li¢u hoc tap cho sinh vien cae truang Dai hoc va Cao ddng thuoc kho'i Icy thuat, nhu co khi, xay dung, v.v ... D6ng thoi, sach cling co 'the' lam tai lieu tham khdo cho gido vien cua cae truang Dai hoc va Cao ddng thuoc khol Icy thudt,

Cudn sach. chdc kho trdnh. khat' con thieu sot, rat mong duac su gop y cua ban doc, de' nhiing kin tai bdn sau duac tot han. Moi gop y xin gUi vi' :

Cong ty cd phdn sach Dai hoc -Dc;ly nghl, 25 Han Thuyen, Ha Noi.

Tac gid

4

MQTS6KfH~U

De thuan tien cho viec sir dung sau nay, ta thOng nhat mot so ki hieu sau day :

• Didm : Ki hieu bang cac chu in hoa hoac so :

Vi du : A, B, C, ...• M, N, ... , 1. 2, ."

• Duang thting : Ki hieu bang cac chii thuong :

Vi du : a. b. c •...• rn, n, '"

Nell dirong th!ng xac dinh bang hai drern thi ta lai dung ki hieu diem:

Vi du : AB. CD. IK, MN, ... , 12,45, ...

• M(it pJuing : Ki hieu bang cac chtt hoa :

Vi du : ell, (]J, ••. V, Q., rJl., S, ...

Neu co cac yell t6 xac dinh mat phang thl de chung trong ngoac dem

sau ten mat phang : .

Vi du : qJ(ABC), Q (a, b), fll. (d, M), ...

Cling co th~ ki hieu mat phang bang cac yell t6 xac dinh m~t phang do :

Vi du : (ABC), (f, h), (M, k), ...

• Truchinh chieu : kf hieu bang cac chir : x, y, z: (Ox, Oy, Oz).

• M(1t phdng hinh chieu : ki hieu bang chit n:

M{it ph ling hinh chieu dung : kl hieu bang chu .Ill. M{it phling hinlt chieu bang: ki.hi¢ll bang chu n2• M{it phting hinb chitu canl: : ki hieu bang chii n3.

• M~t cong: ki hieu bang cac ki tt! di,\c biet nhu: 4>, I, ...

• Hlnb chieu dung : co chi sola 1. Vi du : AI' BI• d., m., VI' Q I' ••.

• Htnb chieu bang: co chi sola 2. Vi du : Cz. D2'~' bz, V2• ~

• Hinh chieu canh : co chi s61a 3. Vi du : A3':8.,. rn., n3• V3,!t. * V1l6ng goc : dung da.'u .1, hoac da.'u_lli_.

Vi du : a L b. d .L rp, qJ.l fll.. '"

• Song song: dung dau II.

Vi du : a 1/ b, d /I m. qJ /I 0. ....

• Thuoc (thay cho til "di qua", "chua " , "ndm tren" rna ta van dung truck day) :

5

Dung ki hieu : 3.

Vi du : a 3 (fl, M 3 d, .. ;

• Giao nhau (cdt nhau) : dung ki hieu : x, hoac n Vi du : M = a x b, d = rp n (fl.

• Trang nhau, dung kf hieu : =

Vi du : M:= N; a;:;;: b, ....

• XtJp xi (gdn bang), dung kl hieu : ~ Vi du : a;:o 7°, 10'; P :::,: 41°,25'; ...

M~t so chii viet tat

* mffg I : mat phang phan giac thu 1.

* mffg II : mat ph!ng phan giac thu II.

* ddndvrnthcd : duemg dOC nhat d6i vOi mat phang hinh chieu d6ng ,nl. * ddndvrnthcb: duong dOC nhat d6i voimat phang hinh chieu bang ,n2 .

•

6

1. M\JC arCH M6N HQC

Hinb hoc hoa hinh {goi tat Iii Hinb hoa) la men h9C co ban trong cac tnrong ky thuat, No co cac rnuc dich sau :

* Nghien CUu cac phuong phap bieu dien cac hlnh trong khong gian bang cac hlnh ve tren mat phang,

* Gidi cac bai toan hlnh hQC khong gian bang cac hinh tren mat phang do.

* Nang cao kha nang nrong urong (hinh dung) cac hlnh nrong Ung trong khong gian tir cac hlnh bieu di~n tren m~t phang d6. Day ding la mot yeu cau quan trong clla mon hQC ve ky thuat sau nay.

2. PHEP CHIEU XUYEN TAM

2.1. D~nh nghia. Cho m{it pheing ;n; gQi ld mt;ft pheing hinh chieu, mot diim S (kh6ng thuoc Jt) goi III tam chieu. Nlu co mot diim A, duang thdng SA cat miJ.t phdng.n tai diim AI thi diim AI do gQi Iii hinh chieu xuyen tam cua diim A (hinh 1).

Duong theing SA do goi III duang thdng chieu (ho4c tia chieu).

Neu co mot hinh i:/J thi tq.p hap hinb chieu xuyen tam cua ta't cd cac diim thuac $ Iii htnh $1' thi hinh. $1 goi 111 hinh chieu xuyen tam eua hinb $.

2.2. Tinh chat

* Hinh chilu xuyen tam clla mot duang theing noi chung Iii mot duang theing.

That vay, gia sir ta co duong thang a(AB), moi dirong thAng chieu khi chieu cac diem thuoc dirong thang a deu thuoc mat ph:!ng (S, a), nen giao tuyen cua mat phang (S, a) voi mat phang .n la duong thAng a., thl duong thang at chinh la hlnh chieu xuyen tam cua duong thang a (hlnh 2).

s

fIJI

Hinh 1

7

Dac biet, neu dlfimg tJuing di qua tam chieu S thi hinh chieu xuyen tdm 'cua no iii mot dilm. Vi du dirong th~ng d tren hlnh 2, co hlnh chieu xuyen tam 13. diem d, (dl= d x Jr).

Duong thang d (di qua tam chieu) nhu vay goi Hl dirong thang chieu, (hoac tia chieu) .

• Hinh chieu xuyen tam cua

hai duang thdng song song, noi Hinh 2

chung Iii hai duang thdng cat nhau.

Th~t vay, gia si':t ta c6 hai duong th!ng song song a /I b (hinh 3).

Cac hinh chien xuyen tam cua a va b nrong irng Ia a, va hi tan IUq1: Ia giao tuyen ella cac mat ph!ng d(a, S) va aJ(b, S) voi mat phang Jr.

Hlnh 3

That vay, ghi si':t ta co hai duong thing a va b song song : a /I b (hinh 4). Khi do hai mat phang (a, S) va (b, S) cAt nhau theo duong thAng k (di qua tam chieu S), vi k song song voi a va b nen k eG.ng s0ng song voi mat phang :rr. N6i each khac, duong thiing k cAt mat phang st tai mot diem v(j tan,

8

Vi hai mat phang ol(a, S) va aJ(b, S) co diem S chung nen chung ph'ai cAt nhau thee duong thang k di qua tam chieu S. Duong thang k (phai song song voi a va h) cAt mat

-phing :rr tai dic.~m k., thi k, chinh 13. giao diem cua hai hlnh chieu a, va b., Tuc Ia hinh chieu ella hai duong thing a, h Ia hai dUOng thang a., b,

dtnhau. .

D~c biet, neu hai duang thAng song song, rna chung lai song song WA m{it phdng :rr thi hinh chieu xuyen tam cua chung Iii hai duang thdng song song,

Hinh 4

GQi al va hi nrong ling la hinh chieu xuyen tam cua a va b, thi a, va hi cling cat nhau tai mot dh~m vO t~n. Hoac, a. va hi song song: a, /I hi'

• Hinh chieu xuyen tam bdo ton ty s{{ kep ella b6n dilm thdng hang.

That vay, gia sir ta e6 h6n di~m A, B, C, D thang hang.

Ta goi :

k = CA: DA la ty s6 kep ella bon ditm A, B. C, D thang hang.

CB DB

Vi€t gon lai 1ft : k = (ABCD).

GQi AI' B., C1 va DI nrong Ung ta hinh chieu xuyen tarn cua bon diem A, B, C va D (hinh 5). Qua B ve duong thang 1 II SA. DuOng thAng l.c.ci.t SC tai C' va ca.t SD tai D'. '

S l'

Hlnh 5

De thay hai tam giac SAC va CBCd6ng dang, nen ta co:

CA SA

-=-'-. (1)

CB C'B

Hai tam giac SAD va D'BD cilng d6ng dang, nen ta co :

DA SA

~-=--

(2)

DB D'B

Chia (1) cho (2) ta co :

CA DA SA SA D'B

CB : Dg = C I B : D 'B = C' B (3)

Tuang 11,1. qua BI ve duong thang 1'1/ SA. Duong thing l' cAt SC tai C"

va d.t SD tai D". .

9

Va ta ding co:

CIAI DIAl BID"

C1B1 : D1B1 = BIC" (4)

Vi hai dll'emg thing 1 va l' cung song song vai SA nen 1111', va ta co :

D'B D"B

__ =_~1

cs C"B1--

Tit (3), (4) va (5) ta co ':

CA DA C1AI D1AI CB: DB == C1B1 : DIB1

Viet gon lai la :

(ABCD) = (A1B1C1D]).

D6 Iil dieu phai cluing minh.

(5)

(6)

(6)'

3. KHONG GIAN OCLIT 3 - CHI~U co BO SUNG cAe VEU T6vOT~N

Di xay dung hlnh bieu dien cua cac hlnh trong khong gian len m~t phAng ta phai dung cac phep chieu, Vi du, trong phep chieu xuyen tarn noi tren, neu ta co mot diem M rna duang th~g SM lai song song voi mat phang hinh chien n. tht nhu quan niem xua nay, duemg thang SM khOng cat mat phang st, nen diem M khong co hlnh chieu xuyen tam tren mat phang n,

Nhu vay, de co s11 nrong rmg gifta cac yeu t6 ciia khong gian va cac hlnh bieu dien tren II!.~t phang hlnh chieu n, ta b6 sung vao khOng gian Oelit cac yeu t6 vO tan sau :

• M6i dttemg th~ng met dilm v6 tan.

• M6i m~t phiing mot duimg thdng v6 tdn. Do 1ft ~p hop cac diem vO t~n eua tat ca cac duong thing thuoc m~t phingd6.

• 'loan bi) khong gian met m(it phdng v6 tan. Do Hl ~p hop cac dirong thang vO t~n cua Hft d. cac m~t phang trong khong gian.

Khi do:

Hai duong thang song song thl cat nhau b met diem vO tan:

Duong th~_ng va mat phang song song cung citt nhau a mot diem vO tan;

Hai mat phang song song cnng cat nhau theo mot duong thing vO tan,

10

Day chi III mot quy uoc, mot each n6i.

Truce day ta n6i : "hai duong thAng song song lit hai duong thang cung thuoc mot mat ph!ng va khong c6 diim chung"; thi nay ta noi : "hai dirong thang song song lit hai dirong thAng cung thuoc m¢t mat phang va cat nhau b mot diem vO tan": hoac tru6c day ta nci : "hai mat phang song song la hai m~t ph!ng khong co diem chung"; thi nay ta n6i : "hai mat phang song song la hai mat phang cat nhau theo mot duerng thang vO tan", '"

Di~u do khong gay mall thuan gi.

Can hru y rang, nhu tren da noi, day chl la mot quy uoc, m6i duong thang co mot diem vo tan, m6i mat ph!ng co mot dtrong thAng vo t~n ... , khong can ban tam den viecxem diem vo t~n do a dau phia nao cua dirong thAng, va duong thang vo tan do a phia nao ella mat phang, va mat phang vo tan a phia nao cua khong gian?

Khi khong gay kho khan gl cho nhtmg lap luan cua ta, thl ta van co thi dung each noi nhu tnroc day.

4. PHEP CHIEU SONG SONG

4.1. Dinh nghia -: Cho mat phdng n gri la mr;'it phting hinh' chieu, mot duimg thdng s (khong song song vai n) so! la huang chieu. Ne'u co mot diim A, qua A vacb duang thting song song vdi s, duang theing d6 cat m4t phling n tai diim A" thi dilm A, d6 89i fa hlnli chii'u song song cua diim A tren m(it phdng n (hinh 6).

Hlnh 6

Neu c6 mot hinh cP, thi tqp hap hinh chii'u song song cua tat cd ca( dilm thu{Jc cP ld m¢t hinh cP/. thi hinh cP/ goi lQ hinh chieu song song cua hinh tP.

Nhu vay, nell phep chieu xuyen tarn rna tam chieu 1a" mot diem vo ~n (duoc xac dinh bm huang chieu s), thi no la mot phep chieu song song.

4.2. Tinh chat

* Hinh chieu song song Clia m{Jt duang thdng, noi chung la mot duang thang (hinh 7).

each chimg minh nrong tir phan chieu xuyen tam. Hlnh chieu song

song cua dirong thang ala duong thang at: .

11

D~c biet, neu duang thdng song song vai huang' chitu s, thi hinh chitu song song cua no fa mot dilm. Vi du dirong thAng d tren hlnh 7. co hlnh chien song song la diim d.,

Duong thi~.ng d (song song v6i huong chieu) nhu vay goi- ta duong thang chieu (hoac tia chien).

* Hink chieu song song eua hai duang thdng song song fa hai duang

J

thang song song.

That vay, gia sir ta co hai dirong thang song song a /I b (hinh 8).

Hlnh chieu song song cua hai duong thang do wong irng la cac giao tuyen a, va b, cua hai mi,\t phang rp va Q v6i mat phang hlnh chieu n (r'lJ va Q Ian Iuot di qua a, b va deu song song voi hirong chieu s) nen VI! Q •. tlr do ta co a, /I b..

d

Hlnh 7

Hinh 8

* Tj s{'/ hink chieu Clla hai doan thdng song song bang t-y s6' hai doqn (hang do.

That vay, gia sir ta co hai doan th~ng AB va CD song song voi nhau AS II CD (blnh 9). GQi cac hlnh chieu song song cua AS va CD wong irng

HI. AIBI va CjD\. tir tren ta co A,BII/ CjD,. ta phai clurng minh AIBI == AB CIDl CD

Qua A ve dirong th~ng AB' 1/ AIBI (B' thuoc BB1). va qua C ve dtrong thang CD'I/(:,D, fD' thuoc DD,).

De thay hai tam giac ABB' va CDD' dong dang (vi co ba cap canh wang irng doi mot song song). nen ta co:

AB' AB

CD'

CD

(7)

--=-

12

Hinh 9

co:

VI cac tu giac AB'B]A] va CD'D]C] dell la cac hlnh blnh hanh nen ta

AB' = A]B] va CD' = CID]

Tit (7) va (8) ta co :

AIBI AB

-~=-

CIDI CD

D4c biet, ntu ta co ba diim thdng hang. thi ty st! dan ella ba dilm do khong thay ddt' qua phep chieu song song.

That vay, gil sir ta co ba diem A. B, C thAng hang.

Ta co th~ coi day Hi. tnrong hop dac biet ella hai doan thang AC va BC song song voi nhau (hlnh 10).

Nhu vay tit tinh chat tren ta co :

AICI AC

--=-

,BICI BC

Viet gem lai la : (AlBIC,) = (ABC). Phep chieu song song, neu

co huong chieu vuong goc vdi mat phang hlnh chieu thl ta co phep chieu thAng goc (hoac

chieu vuong gee), -

Nhu vay, phep chieu thAng goc la tnrong hop d~c biet cua

phep chieu song song, nen no co

tat d. cac tinh chat cua phep

chieu song song (tat nhien no

con co cac tinh chat khac mra),

(8)

c

Hinh 10

13

Sau nay, chu ytu ta dung phepchieu thAn~ g6c, nen d~ dan gian ta th6ng nhat : neu chi n6i "chieu" Hic Ia chieu thang g6c. COn chieu xuyen tam hoac chieu song song thl phai n6i ro III : chieu xuyen tam, hoac chieu song song.

5. £)I~U KI~N PHAN CHUYEN ClIA BAN VE

{Tuang itng 1-1 giiia hlnh bilu diln v~ hinh tuang itng trong khong gian)

Vi du, trong phep chieu song song n6i tren, neu c6 diem A, thl ta de tim dircc hlnh chieu song song cua n6 Ia di~m AI' Nhung neu c6 hlnh chieu AI, thi ta khong th~ tim duoc diem A tUdng itng duy nhdt trong khong gian. Vi moi diem thuoc dirong thAng chieu di qua di~m AI (song song voi huang chieu 5), d~u c6 the coi la diem A (hlnh 11).

Do d6, de c6 the xac dinh diem A tuong t'rng duy nhat trong khong gian, cling voi hlnh chieu AI. ta phai them vao dieu kien khac ntta. Vi du, ta them vao AI mot 56 de chi khoang each til AI tm diem A. voi quy uac la : neu diem A a phfa tren m~t phAng 1& thl s6 d6 la dirong, neu diem A a .phia 'duai 1& thl 56 d6 la am.

Vi du : AI(9). la hlnh chieu song song cua diem A, rna A a phia tren m~t phAng 1& va each Al 9 dan vi theo huang chieu s. B\(-12), la hlnh chieu song song cua diem B. rna B a phia duoi m~t phang 1& va each B\ 12 dan vi theo huang chieu s.

Khi d6 ta noi, cac diem A va B c6 dieu kien phdn chuyin.

Ngay nay. de ch€ tao mot chiec may, hay xay dung mot cong trlnh, nguci ky sir thiet ke phai ve cac ban ve ky thuat cua chiec may hay cong trlnh d6. Sau d6 cac ky sir va cong nhan (khac) se dua vao cac ban ve d6 de che tao nen chiec may hay xay dung cong trlnh d6 dung nhu y dinh cua cac ky su d1'l thiet ke cluing.

Mu6n vay, cac ban ve d6 phai c6 du ciic dieu kien de cac ky su va cong nhan che tao va xay dung chiing.

Nguoi ta n6i rang, cac ban ve ky thuat phai c6 dieu kien phon ehuyin. Vay, dieu kifn phdn chuyin ella ban v€ La die'u kifn rna nhiing thong tin cho tren bdn v€ phdi du di co thi hilu duac hinii dang, kich thuac cung cac yeu cdu kY thu~t khac rna ban v€yeu cdu.

14

Hinh 11

Nghia la co the xay dung lai.duoc hlnh nrong ling trong khong gian. Hinh hoa 180 men hoc chudn hi nhilng co sa cho mon hoc viS ky thuat, nen no phai tao nhUng co sa quan trong cho nhtrng dieu kien phan chuyen cjra cac bin viS ky thuat sau nay.

De thoa man dieu kien phan chuyen cua cac bin ve, trong ky thuat

nguoi ta dung cac plurong phap sau :

* Phuong phap hlnh chieu thAng goc.' * Phuong phap hlnh chieu ph6i canh. * Phuong phap hlnh chieu co s6.

* Phuong phap hlnh chieu true do.

Trong tai lieu nay, ta s~ khao sat phirong phap hlnh chieu th~ng goc va phuong phap hlnh chieu tI1;1C do.

cAU H61 vA sAl T~P

1. Phat bieu : dinh nghia, dieu kien va tinh chat cua duong th~ng song song voi mat phang?

2. Phat bieu : dieu kien va tfnh chat ciia dirong thAng vuong goc voi mat phang?

3. DJ!Ilg duong vuOng goc chung cua hai dirong th~ng cheo nhau.

4. Hay chrmg minh tinh chat tlur hai cua phep chieu song song, bang each coi phep chieusong song Hi. phep chien xuyen tam, rna tarn chien 13. mot diem vO tan?

5. Cho tam giac AIBICI la hlnh chieu song song cua mot tam giac deu trong khong gian. ViS hlnh chieu song song cua duong tron noi tiep tam giac do (hlnh 12).

6~ Cho hlnh bmh hanh AIBICIDI la hlnh chieu song song cua mot hlnh vuOng trong khong gian. ViS hlnh chieu song song cua dtrong tron noi tiep hlnh vuong d6 (hlnh 13).

Hlnh 12

Hlnh 13

15

Phan met

, "'" .ft.'.3 ,

PHU'ONG PHAP HINH CHIEU THANG GOC

,,? , ~ ... v :!

A - DIEM, DUdNG TRANG VA ~T PRANG

ChU01lg I. DIEM

1.1. £)0 THUC ClIA £)I~M TREN HAl M~T PHlNG HiNH CHIEU

1.l.1. eACH xA Y Dl)NG : Ta lay hai m~t phang ,nl va n2 vuong goc voi nhau. Neu co mot :1iem A, ta chieu A len nl va ,n2 nrong 6ng ta co cac hinh chieu Al va A2. Sau do xoay ,n2 quanh giao tuyen x = ,n'X n2 (theo chieu mUi ten) sao eho nua phia tnroc cua ,n2 trung voi nua phia duOi cua ,n'. Khi do, tren mat phang nl := n2 ta co hai hinb chieu AI va A2 goi ta d6 thlle ella dilm A tren hai mgt phdng hinh chieu (hinh 1.1). Va viet 13. A(AI• A2).

a)

Hlnh 1.1

:1(/

b)

1.1.2. MOT S6D!NHNGHiA

-nl goi la mat phang hlnh chieudung. _,n2 goi la mat phang hlnh chieu bang. - x = nix ,n2 goi la true hinh chieu.

- Al goi la hlnh chieu dUng ciia diem A._

- A2 goi 13. hlnh chieu bang cua diem A.

16

- Duong thAng A1A2 goi la duong dong (th!ng dUng).

- Khoang each tit diem A too mat phang nl goi la d¢ xa ella A; vOO

quy uue, no se dtrong, am hoac hang khong, tuy thuoc diem A b phia tnroc, phia sau, hoac thuoc n',

- Khoang each tit diem A tui m~t phang n2 goi la d¢ can ella A; vOO quy uoe 00 se duong, am hoac bang kh6ng, tuy thuoc A {j phia tren, phia. duoi hoac thuoc n2

- Hai m~t ph~ng nl va n2 ehia khong gian lam b6n phan, mlli phan d6 goi Ia mot goc tu : I, II, III, IV (danh s6 nhu tren hlnh 1.1).

- Mat phfing phan giac ella goc nr I va III, goi la m~t ph~ng phan giac thu nhat.

~ M~t ph~ng pharr giac ella goc tu II va IV, goi la mat phang philo giac thO' hai.

1.1.3. TfNH CHAT CllA 00 rnu:

- DUong thdng nOl htnb chieu dUng va hinh chieu bang ella mot diim bao gio ciing vuong g6e viii true hi'nh chieu, AIA2.l x.

Ban doc tu cluing minh tinh chat nay.

- D6 thzle ella mo: diem se tuang U'ng vai m(Jt diim duy nhdt trong khong gian.

That vay, gia Slr ta co do thtrc cua diem A(AI• A2). De tim diem A, ta xoay mat phang Jt2 quanh true x tm vi trf n2 .l, n'. Qua AI ta ve dirong theing a vuong g6c vui nl, va qua A2 ta ve duong thang b vuong g.6c v6i n2• Nhu v~y, hai dirong th~ng a va b cling thuoc mot m~t ph!ng (a, br L x, nen cluing cat nhau tai mot diem; diem d6 chinh ladiem A. (Ban doc t\l ve hlnh).

V~y, ta n6i : d6 lhue eua m(Jt ditm q6 tinb phdn chuyin.

1.1.4. KH6NG vB TR\JC HlNH CH~U

Gia Slr cho do thirc cua diem A(AI• ~) (hlnh 1.2). Ta de thay, chieu dai cac' doan thang A1A~

va A2Ax Ian hrot la khoang each tu diem A too mat phang n2 va nl,

Neu ta thay true x bang true x' 1/ x thi khi d6 chieu dai cac doan thang AJAx' va A2Ax' lai tan hrot la khoang each tir diem A toi mat ph!ng Jr2' va n",

Al
X
A'
;x
x
Ax
~
Hlnh 1.2 17

Nhir vay, khi ta thay dOi khoang each tu mot diem Wi cac m~t phang hlnh chieu thi cac hinh chieu cua n6 khong thay dOi.

Sau nay, khi bieu dien cac hinh, ta can quan tam toi cac hinh chieu va hinh nrong Ung cua cluing trong khong gian nhu th€ nao, chu khong can quan tam den khoang

each til cac hinh do toi cac mat phang hinh chieu,

Vi vay, sau nay khi khong dn thiet ta se khong ve true hinh chieu x (hinh 1.3).

Can n"ho rang, tuy khong ve true hlnh chieu x, nhung huong cua n6 bao gio ciing la mot dirong th~ng vuong goc voi duong thang noi cac c~p hinh chieu tuong irng. Va khi can, ta co the ve ngay duoc true hinh chieu do.

Hlnh 1.3

~ r .., ~ A ...,' ;z, .... A.'

1.2. DO THVC c.uA DIEM TREN BA MJ?t..T PHANG HINH CHIEU

1.2.1. CACH XAy Dl.,JNG

Ta Iffy ba m~t phang nt, n2 va n3 doi mot vuong goc, Neu co diem A, ta chieu A len ,nt, n2 va n\ tuong irng ta co cac hinh chieu AI' A2 va A". Sau do xoay n2 eho trung vci nt (nhu phan tren) , va xoay n3 quanh true z =.7l't x n3 (theo chieu mUi ten), sao cho nira phia tnroc cua n3 trung voi mra ben phai ella nt (hlnh 1.4),

Khi do tren ba mat ph!ng n t = n2 = .7l'3 ta c6 ba hinh e hi ell A /. A 2 va A 3 goi la d6 th{(e eua d!~m A tren ba m{it phdng hinh chieu. Va viet gQn lai 13

A(At• A2• A3)· "

18

.7l'1 z n:l
A1 .4"" A3
\: "
x Ax t:\ r; Ay y
0"
r.
A2 Ay
:rr2 y b)

Hinh 1.4

1.2.2. MOT s6 D:{NH NGHlA

Ngoai met so yeu to da diroc dinh nghia, co them nhllng yeu to sau : - n3 goi la m~t ph!ng hinh chieu canh,

- A~ goi la hlnh chieu canh cua A.

- Y := n2 x n3 va z := 3f1 x n3 cung goi 1a cac true hlnh chieu.

,- Khoang cach'tit A toi n3 goi lit de? xa canh cua A. V6i quy uoc, no se duong, am hoac bang khong, tuy thuoc diem A a ben trai, ben phai hose thuoc st",

1.2.3. Sl!LIEN ~ OrlTA BA HiNH ~t) - eACH vB HlNH em€u 'I'HD'BA Nhu tren da eho thay, chi ct1.n hai hlnh chieu (AI' A2) ella diem A 1a diem A da duoc xac dinh duy nhat trong kh6ng gian. VI vay, co them hlnh chieu canh A3 la thira: rna da thira thl giii'a chung phai co st! rang buoc (lien he),

Vi du, nhu tren hinh 1.4 cho thay : A2Ax := A3Az.

Neu cho hai trong ba hlnh chieu noi tren (cua mot diem), bao gib ta

ctlng tim duoc hlnh chien (thu ba) con lai,

Vi d1:l : Cho hai hlnh chieu AI va A2, ve hlnh chieu A3 cua A? Gidi. C6 nhieu each ve A" ta neu viti each ve do.

each 1 : Trinh W nhu sau (hlnh 1.5a):

- Ve phan giac Os cua goc tao hOi hai nita duong ella hai true Ox va Oz.

- Qua Al ve dirong thang song song voi true x (*).

- Qua A2 ve duong thing song song voi true x. Duong thing nay cal

Os tai diem As. -

- Qua A. ve dubng th&ng song song voi l~CZ. Duong thing nay cat duong thang(*) a dau, thi d6 chinh 1a diem A3 can tim.

each 2 : Trinh nr nhu sau (hlnh 1.5b):

z

z

x

x

a)

Y(EZ) b)

Hlnh 1.5

19

- Qua Al ve duong thing song song voi true x(*).

- Qua A2 ve dirong thang song song vci true x. toi cat true y tai Ay;

LAy g6c D lam Him, quay duong tron ban kinh DAy nguac chieu kim d6ng h6, toi cAt true y =::(x) tai diem Ay ; Qua Ay ve dirong thang song song voi true Z, toi cAt dirong thang (*) a dau, thi do chinh la A3•

oR. ., '" ...... ""

CAU HOI VA ·BAI T ~p

1. Ve do thirc cua di~m A thuoc goc tu tha I; diem B thuoc g6c tu tlnr II; diem C thuoc goc nr thir III; diem D thuoc goc tu thir IV; di~m E thuoc mat ph!ng phan giac I; diem F thuoc mfpg II. Nhan xet gi ve vi trf cac hinh chieu cua cac di~m d6 so voi true x (a phia tren hay phia duoi true x)?

2. Cho do thirc cua cac diem: A(A1, A2); B(BI, ~). Ve do thirc cua diem A' d6i xirng v6'i A qua mat phang nl; diem B' d6i xtrng vdi di~m B qua mat phang n2 ; (hlnh 1.6).

Nhan xet gi ve do thirc cua nhirng c~p di~m d6i xirng d6.

3. Cho do thirc cjra cac diem: C(C1, ~). D(DI, D2) (hlnh 1.7). Ve db thtrc cua diem C' d6i xirng voi C qua mffg I; diem D' d6i xirng voi di~m D qua mffg II ..

Nhan xet gl ve do thuc ella nhirng cap di~m d6i xirng d6?

AI DJ
B1 Cl
x
X
A2 L Dz
B2
Hinh 1.6 Hlnh 1.7 4. Ve hinh chieu canh cua cac diem A, B (trong bai 2), cac diem C, D (trong bai 3) (Ban doc tl! ve true z)

5. Ve mot diem co hinh chieu dirng va hinh chieu bang trung nhau.

Diem do co vi tri d~c bier gl kh6ng?

6. Ve mot diem co hinh chieu dirng va hinh chieu bang d6i xirng voi nhau qua true x. Diem do co vi tri,d~e biet gl kh6ng?

7. Co diem nao rna ca ba hlnh chieu ella cluing trung nhau khong? Neu co thi hay ve mot di~m nlur vay,

20

Chireng u, DUONG TRANG

2.1 . £)0 THliC CUA £lUaNG THANG 2.1.1. DO rnDt ellA DUONG THANa

Ta dii biet, trong khong gian, mot dirong tha.ng duqe xac dinh, khi biet hai di6m.

Tren d6 thirc cilng vay, d6 thirc ella mot duong thang cling diroc xac dinh khi biet do tlurc cua hai diem.

Tren hlnh 2.1, ta co do thirc cua dtrong thAng AB (va ciing Ia dirong thang d).

Duong thang nhu vay - goi III duang thang thuang. Tile la dtrong thang co vi tri blnh tlurong (khong song song va vuong goc) d6i voi cac mat phang hlnh chieu.

a)

b)

Hlnh 2.1

2.1.2. CmEU DAI CUA OOAN 11iANa VA WC NGHffiNG CllA DlONa mANa Val M~ T PHANG HINH CHI~U

Tren hlnh 2.1a, qua di~m A ta vach duemg thing AB' II A2~ (B' thuoc BHz)·

Xet tam giac vuong ABB' (vuong tai B') ta co:

Canh goc vuong thil nhat : AB' = A2Hz. Canh goc vuong thu hai : BB' = BHz - B'Hz.

D~ thay, til giac AB'BzA2Ia hlnh ehil nhat nen ta co B'Hz = AA2•

21

Do d6 ta c6 : BB' = B~ :_ AA2.

Nhu v~y. neu ta dung mot tam giac vuong co : m9t canh goc vuong bang chMu deli hinh chieu cl;a doan tMng, canh. goc vuong thli' hai, bang hifu (d{li so) khodng cach tf'! hai dilm ddu miit cua doan thting tm fIl4t phdng hl'nh chieu tuang U'ng thi :

- Canb huye'n cua tam giac do bang chieu deli (chie'u deli th~t) doan thcing do.

- Goc nhon cua tam gicic'kl viti canb co chieu deli bang hinh chieu eua doan theing thi bang goc eua duang thdng chua doan thdng d6 viti miJt phcing hinh chieu tuang Img,

Vi d~t : Cho d6 thirc cua doan thdng AB, tim chieu dai va goc nghieng cua no v6'i mat phang hinh chien bang?

Gidi : UDg dung ket qua tren, ta ve mot tam giac vuong co mot canh goc vuOng Hi hlnh chieu bang A2~ cua AB (Hlnh 2.1 b); canh g6c vuong thu hai BzBo =. B,Bx - A,Ax.

Nhu vay, hai tam giac vuong A2RzBo va ABB' bang nhau nen cac canh huyen cua chung bang nhau : A2Ba = AB. V~y, chieu dai dean thang A2Bo chfnh la chieu dai doan thAng AB.

----- ----- ...............

COn g6c nhon RzA2Bo = BAB'. Trang d6 BAB' chioh U. g6c cua duong

th!ng AB v6i. m~t ph~ng hinh chieu bang n2•

Tuong tu, ta cung c6 the tim duqc g6c nghieng cua dirong th~ng AB vm m~t phang n' .

2.2. cAc f}U'ONG THANG CO VI TRr f}~C BI~T

Nhu tren da nci, dtrong thang AB tren hinh 2.1 130 duong th~ng thuong (d6i v6i cac m*t phang hlnh chieu), COn a day, 130 cac dirong thang co vi tri dge bi¢t d6i vOi cac mat phing hlnh chieu, Cac duang th~ng thuoc loai nay duqc chia lam hai loai :

2.2.1. cAc DuONG THANG DONG MOC

1. Binh nghia : Duong thting d6ng muc lel duQng thcing song song vai

mgt ph&ng hinh ehieu .' ~ .

- DlIi'lng mqt Id duang' theing song song viti m{it phdng hinb chieu dU'ngn'.

- Duang bang Id dUi'lng th&ng song song vai m4t ph&ng hinb chieu bang n2,

22

- Duong canh. lil duang thdng song song vai m{it phdng hinh chief] canh ;rr3.

2. Tinh ch;it a) Dubng m~

- Hinh chitu bang cua duang mi(it ld duang thdng song song vai true x; va ngulJc lai (nghfa la, bat try duitng theing nao co hinb chilu bang ta duang theing song song v6i true x, thi no lil duang mat) (hinh 2.2).

Ta de thay S9' hien nhien cua tinh chat nay.

a)

b)

Hlnh 2.2

-N eu co mot doan theing thuac duang mijt thi hinh chieu dung cua no co dr dai bting chinh no.

That vay, tren hlnh 2.2a ta tha'y tu giac ABBlAI la hinh chir nhat, nen ta co: AlB] = AB.

- Goc giila hinh chieu dung cua duang mi(it vai true x thi bang goc cua . -duang m(it do vai m(it pheing hinh chieu bang ;rr2.

Cting tll' hlnh 2.2a, qua A ta ve duong th!ng BA' II A2~ va qua BL ve

:.,....--- ~ »<>«

dirong thlmg.B]A\ /I x, thl d~ thay g6e AlBlA\ = ABA'. Ma g6c ABA'

chinh la gee giua duong thang AB voi m~t phang hinh chieu bang ;rr2.

b) Drtung bang (hlnh 2.3).

Tuong nr duong mat, ta cling e6 cac tinh chat sau :

- Hinh chieu dung cua duong bang Iii mrt duang theing song song yili true x, vii nguac lai, (tuc Iii neu co mot duang thdng mii hinh chieu dung cua no Iii mot duang thdng song song viii true x thi no Iii duang bang).

23

- N eu co mot doan thdng thu¢c duang bang thi hinh chieu bang coo doan thJng do co d¢ dai being chinl: no.

- Goc giiia hinh chieu bang cua duang bang v/Ji true x thi bang goc cua duang bang do vai m~t phdng hinh chieu dUng 1l1.

DJ.!a vao each cluing minh cac tinh chat cua duong mat, ban doc t\l chimg minh cac tinh chat cua duong bang.

x

a)

b)

Hlnh 2.3

c) DlIilng canh.

• Hinn chieu dung va 'hI'nh chieu bang cua duang canb til hai duiln&. thiing trung nhau va vuong g6c vai true x, vil ngu{1C lai.

That vay, VI duong canh d la dirong thing song song vOi .7T \ nrc la vuong goc voi true x, nen khi chieu dirong canh d do len .7T I, cac tia chieu deu thuoc mot mat phang rp chua duemg canh do va vuong goc voi true x, nrc la ciing vuong goc voi .7T I. Nen giao tuyen cua mat phang rp do vci .7T I (ciing la hinh chieu dUng d, cua duong canh do) Hl duang thang vuong goc v6i true x.

Ttrong tu, hinh chieu hang d2 cua duang canh do ding la mot duong thing vuong goc voi true x. Nhu vay, hai hinh chieu do trung nhau, va cung vuong goc vOi tf1,1C x (hinh 2.4).

- Neu co mot doan thdng thuoc duang canh, thi hinh chieu canb clla n6 co dt} dai bang chinh. no.

Tinh chat nay chimg minh nrong t\l tinh chAt thu hai cua cac dirong mat va duong bang noi tren.

- G6c giiia hinh chieu canh cua duang canh. vai true z, being goc giiia

24

·",-

~. -

duang canh do vai Jt' ; con goc giita hinh chieu canh cua duang canh. vai true Y ( = x) thi being goc gi ita duang canh. do vai n2•

Ban doc de thay su hien nhien cua tinh chat nay tren hlnh 2.4.

a)

Z
Al
d1
Bl
X 0
A.? Y(:ix)

ck
82 b)

Hlnh 2.4

2.2.2. DOONG mANG CHI~U 1. Dlnh nghia

Duang thang chieu Id duang thcing vuong goc vai mdt phdng hinh

~~: -

- Duong thdng chien dung la duang thling vusng goc vat mdt phdng n'.

- Duong th&ng chilu bang la duang thdng vuong goc WYi miJt phdng 1[2.

- .Duang thang chieu cann la duong thang vuong goc viii miJt phcing 71:3•

2. Tlnh chat

a) Duung theing chitu dftng

* Hinh chieu dung cua duang thcing chien dUng Iil mot dilm, va nguac 19i (IUC /a bill ky duang thang nao, co hinh chieu dung la mot dilm thi nola dUang thcing chieu dung) .

• Duong thting chieu dung duac hoan loan xac dint: khi biet hinlt chieu dung.

- Htnb chieu bdng cua'duitng thcing chien dung Iil duang thang vuong goc viti true x.

- Duong thcing chieu dung vua Ja duang bang, vua ld dUang conlt (hinh 2.5). Vi no vira song song voi mat phang 71:2 va cling song song voi mat phang 1[3 .

25

o

x

a)

b)

Hlnh 2.5

b) Duang theing chilu bling

- Hink chieu bang clla duang thdng chieu bang Ia mot dilm, va nguac lai.

Duong Ihdng chieu bang duac hoan loan xac dinh khi bilt hinh chieu bang.

- Hinh chitu dung cua no /Q duang thdng vuong g6c vai true x.

- Duong thAng chieu bdng vud /Q dui'Jng mt;il, vU'a /Q duang canb (hinh

2.6). Vi dirong thing do vira song song v6i. mat phang nl vua song song v6i mat phang n3•

d

x

a)

b)

Hlnh 2.6

26

c) Daung thdng chitu c~nh (hinh 2.7)

- Hinh chieu dUng va-hinh chieu bdng cua duang theing chieu canb diu fa cac duang theing song song viii true .z, va ngU{1C l~i.

- Hinh chieu canh. cua nola m{5t dilm, va ngU{1c lai.

Duong theing chieu cflnh dU{1c hoan toan xac dinh khi biet hinh' chitu canh.

- Duong thdng chieu canh vaa la dui:mg mqt, vu-a la dui:mg bang.

ChIlY:

- V iii duang thJng canh, neu chi cho bang hinh chieu dung va hinb chieu bang thi phdi cho bang hal diem. Neu khong thi no khong xac dink duy nhdt,

Vi du : Cho dirong thang canh d(dl, d2) (hinh 2.8), khi do se co vo s6 dirong thing thuoc mat phang (d, d2)

di qua hlnh chieu dUng d, va hlnh chieu bang d2 ciia duong thAng d, deu co hmh chieu dtmg trung v6i d, va hlnh chieu bang trung v6i d, ella

duong th!ng d do. Tuc la no khong

xac dinhduy nhAt.

- V iii cae duang theing chieu, chi cdn cho rru;l hinh chieu "la m¢t dilm"

a)

Hlnh 2.7

z

0" h y

y

b)

_x

Hlnh 2.9

•

Hlnh 2.8

cLia nold no dti hoan loan xac dinh.

Vi du: cho dirong thang chien dang 1 (II' 12) (hinh 2.9). Trong do hinh

27

chien dl'rng I) la di~m 11' Khi do, duong thing I hoan toan xac dinh, VI tit hlnh chieu dl'rng II do ta co th~ ve ngay duqc hinh chieu bang 12, Vi 12 Ia dubng thing di qua 11 va vuong goc v6i true x.

~ A , ~

2.3. DIEM THUQC aUONG THANG

2.3.1. DUONG THANG KH6NG PHAI DUONG C~NH

Dieu kien di mtit diem thuoc mot duang thting khong phdi duang canlt ta: cdc hinh chieu cung ten Clla diim thuoc cac hinh chief! cung ten cua duang thting (tuc la hinh chieu dung cua dilm thuoc hinh. chili! dung cua duang thting, va hinh chilli bang cua dilm thuoc hinh chieu bang cua duang thting).

That vay, gia su ta co di~m A ) d. Nhu vay , de thay tren do tlurc ta co nga y:

AI) d, va A2) d, (hlnh 2.10).

Ngiroc lai, tren do thirc ta co: Al ) d. va A2 )~.

Ta phai cluing rninh A ) d.

Ta lay di~m M) d, rna co hlnh chieu MI == AI'

Vi M " d nen theo tren ta co M2 == A2 (rna A2 " d.), Tit do ta co M== A, nrc la A ) d.

2.3.2. DUONG mANG LA DUONG C~NN (hinh 2.11)

Hinh 2.10

Dieu ki4n dE diim M thu9C canh AB ia (AIBIM1) = (A2B~2)' That vay, neu trong khong gian ta co:

M " AB tire la ba di~m A, B va M th!ng hang.

Nhu vay, thea tfnh chat cua phep chieu song song:

Khi chieu len mat phang nl ta co :

(A]B]M1) = (ABM) (a)

Khi chieu len mat phang n2 ta co :

(A2~M2) = (ABM) (b)

Tir (a) va (b) ta co: (A]B]MI) = (A2~M2) (c) Nguoc lai, tren do thirc ta co : (AIB]M]) = (A2~M2)'

Ta phai chimg minhM 3 AB. Tuc la ba diem A, B, M thing hang.

Ta cling lay diem N;, AB rna co hlnh chieu NI == MI'

28

Hinh 2.11

'9 ,

Nhu vay khi chieu len m~t ph!ng .n] ta co :

(A]BIN]) = (ABN) = (A,B]M,) (d) Khi chieu len mat ph!ng n2 ta co: (A2~N2) = (ABN)(e)

Til (c), (d) va (e) ta co: N2 == M2• tuc la N == M 3 AB.

Neu dirong thAng canh, nhung cho ca hmh chieu canh thl van de se dan gian, B¥1 doc co the t1}' suy ra til muc 2.3.1.

2.3.3. vET eVA DOONG THANG

1. Dfnh nghia. V tt clia duang tlrcing la giao ditm Clia dltang thdng viti mdt phdng hinh chieu :

- Vet dttng Clla duang thdng ia giao ditm eua duang thAng viti m{it phdngn1•

- Vet bang cua duang thdng la giao dielp. eua duang thcing voi mr;lt phdngn2•

- Vet cank clia duang thdng la -giao die'm Clta duang thAng viti mdt phdngn3•

2. Tinh chat (hlnh 2.12)

a) Vet dtsng cua drrimg thdng

- Hlnh chilli bang Clla vet dlmg duang thdng la giao diem hinh chieu bang Clia duang thdng viii U'(fC x.

Vi v€t dung cua duong thing thuoc mat phang hinh chieu dung, nen n6 c6 dQ xa bang khong, do do hinh chieu bang cua no phai thuoc true x; tuc la giao diem hinh chieu bang cua duong thang voi true x.

z

N1=!f .> • ~-....,.

a)

b)

Hinh 2.12

29

_ - Htnb chieu dang cua vir dUng duang thdng trimg vai chinh vet dUng do. Vi v~t dUng cua dubng thing nam ngay tren m~t ph!ng hinh ehi€u.

dUng, nen hinh chieu dUng cua no trung v(ri ehinh no. .

b) Vet bling ella duimg thdng

- Hinb chieu dUng cua vet bang duiYng thdng fa giao dilm hinh chieu diing cua dul'lng thdng wJi true x. '

Tuong tl! tren, vi vet bang cua duong thang, thuoc mat phang hlnh chieu bang nen no co d¢ eao bang khong. .

- Htnb chieu bang cl;a vet bang cua duang thdng trung vai chinh vet

bang do.

Vi vet bang do nam ngay tren mat phang hlnh chieu bang.

Vi du : Cho duong thang d(dL• d2), tim cac vet cua duong thang do? Gidi : Til cac tfnh chat neu tren ta co (hmh 2.13):

V €t dimg : Hinh chieu bang ella vet dung la giao diem hlnh chieu bang d, v6'i true x : N2 = d, X x. Til do, dua vao dieu kien diem thuoc duong th~ng (muc 2.3.1) ta tim duqc hlnh chieu diing NL thuoc d, va N\ == N.

vet bang : Hlnh chieu dimg cua vet bang la giao diem hinh chieu dirng dL voi true x : M\ = d.x x. Ciing til do ta tim duqc hinh chieu bang M2 thuoc dz: Mz=M.

Hinh 2.13

2.4. VI TR{ TUONG aOI GIUA HAl aUaNG THA.NG

Vi trf nrong d6i giiia hai duang thang trong khong gian, eo cac tnrong hop sau :

2.4.1. HAl DU)NG THANG CAT NHAU

Ta da bi€t, hai duang thdng edt nhau Iii hai duang thdng co mot die"m chung,

Dua vao "diem thuoc dirong thing" (muc 2.3) ta de dang nhan bier duqc cac truong hop dirong thang cat nhau sau day :

30

- Hai duong thdng de'u khong phdi duang canh.

Tren hinh 2.14, hai dirong thang a, b ca.t nhau tai di~m M. VI M:3 a (MI :3 al va M2:3 a2), va M:3 b (MI :3 b, va M2:3 b2). Ta co nhan xet tren do thtrc ve tnrong hop nay nhu sau :

Dilu ki¢n at hai duong' thang (khong phdi duang canh) edt nhau la . giao di/mhai hinb chieu dUng va giao diim hai hinh chieu bang cling ndm tren mot duang d6ng thang dung,

- M¢t trong hai duang thang Ia duang canh:

Tren hlnh 2.15, dirong thang d va duong canh AB ding cAt nhau tai di~m M.

Vi M:3 d (MI:3 d, va M2:3 d2), va M:3 AB vi (AIB1MI = A2~M2)'

Hlnh 2.14

Hinh 2.15

2.4.2. HAl DutJNG THANG SONG SONG

1. Hai dirong thang khlmg phii dUOng canh

Dieu kien dt hai duang thang ikhong phdi duang canh) song song ld cdc hinh. chieu dung clia chung song song va cac hl'nh chit'u bang· cua

chung song song. . _

That vay, gia sir trong khOng gian ta co hai duong thing all b.

Nhu vay, theo tfnh ch~t cua phep chieu song song (muc 4 Phan mb dau), Khi chieu len mat phang hlnh chieu dUng, ta co: a. /I b..

Khi chieu len mat phang hlnh chieu bang, ta co : a211 b2,

Nguac lai: neu tren do thrrc ta co : al II b, va aJ/b2' Ta phai chimg

minhtrong khong gian a//b (hlnh 2.16), -

That vay, ta quay mat phang n2 quanh true x toi V! tri n2 1. nl, Ta goi r7J va Q Ian luot la mat phang chieu dirong thang a va b len nl, thl r7J

31

-e

chua a, va vuOng goc v6i .n' ; a chua b, va vuonggoc v6i n'. Vi a,/1 b, nen $ II a.

Tuong tu, goi $' va a'tan hrot n cac m~t phang chieu a v~ b len .n2, thi $' chua a2 va vuong goc v6i .n2 ; va a' chua b, va vuong goc voi n2• Vi a2 /I b, nen $' /I Q'.

B6n mat phang $. Q .. rp' va Q' cat nhau theo ben duong thang song song. Trong do

duong thang a chinh 18. giao tuyen cua rp va $' (a = $ x $'), va b chinh la giao tuyen cua Q va Q' (b = Q x Q'). Tu do ta c6 : a /I h.

2. Hai dUOng thhg 1ft dUOng canh

b2-----_

Hinh 2.16

Dieu ki~n dl haiduong canh AB wi CD song song la, hai dIlbng tJuing , .

AC va BD (hoije AD va BC) edt nhau, hoije song song.

Th~t vay, de thay, hai dUOng thing AD va CD khong tht cAt nhau (vi hlnh chieu dimg va hlnh chieu bang cua chung d~ll song song), nen chang chi co tht song song hoac cheo nhau,

VI vay, nell hai dUOng thAng AC va BD (hoac AD va BC) cAt nhau boac song song, tuc Ia bon diem A, B, C va D d6ng phang, tu d6 hai dirong thAng AS va CD ciing d6ng phang, khi d6 ta co: AD /I CD (hinh 2.17).

Con neu, AC va BD (hoac AD va BC) khOng cat nhau hoac song song, tuc la bon diem A, D, C va D khong dong phAng, suy ra AB va CD cheo nhau.

Hinh 2.17

2.4.3. HAl DOONG THANG CREO NHAU

Ta dii biet, vi tri nrong d6i giua hai duong thAng trong kh6ng gian (triI, tnrong hop trung nhau) thi chung chi co the thuoc mot trong ba tnrong hop lil : cat nhau, song song hoac cheo nhau. Vi vay, hai dirong thing, neu kh6ng cat nhau va cung khong song song thi cluing phai cheo nhau, V~y :

Hai duang thJng cheo nhau La hai duang thdng khong edt nhau, va khong song song.

Hinh 2.18 bieu dien hai dirong th~ng c. d cheo nhau. Vi hai dUOng

32

mang nay khong c6 di~m nao chung, Trong do, hai di~m 1 va K (I 3 C va K 3 d) la hai di~m cling thuoc duong thAng chieu dt'rng; hai di~m M va N (M 3 cva N 3 d) la hai di~m cung.thuoc duong thang chieu bAng. Hoac goi dola cac di~m dOng tia (cimg thuoc mot tia chieu).

Hinh 2.19a bi~u dien dirong thAng canh MN va duang thang d cheo nhau. Trong d6. diem K thuoc duang thAng d, nhung khong thuoc d'uang canh MN (VI de thay K, gttn M\ hon N1, con K21~i gan N2 hon M2).

Hlnh 2.19b hai dueng canh AB va CD cling cheo nhau, VI hai dueng thAng AD va BC cheo nhau.

Ca ba tnrong hop tren, hai dirong thing da cho dell khong co diem nao chung.

Hlnh 2.18

a)

b)

Hlnh 2.19

2.4.4. HAl DOONG THANG VUONG G6c

Vi tri nrong d6i giua hai dUOng thang, ngoai ba tnrong hoptren day. con mot tnreng hop d~ biet la hai dUCmg thang vuong goc,

Dua vao cac di~ll ki¢n sau, de xet xem tren dO thm: hai dirong thang co vuong goc hay khong?

Ntu ta co hai duitng tlldng rna rrz4t phdng song song vai chung khong vu6ng goc vdi rrz4tphdng hitih chieu thi, trong ba dMu kifn sau ddy, ntu dt1 co hai dieu ki4n thi ta se co dieu ki~n con la! :

- Hai duong tJu1ng trong khong gian vuOng goc (edt nhau hoijc cheo nhau).

- ,C 6 it nhdi mot trong hai duang tlldng do song song viii rnt;"it phdng

hinh chieu.

- Hinb chieu tuang ung cua hai duang thdng do vuong goc viii nhau. Tit ba dieu kien tren day, t6 hop lai ta se co ba truong hop.

Ta se cluing Minh mot truong hop. Hai tnrong hop con lai ban doc ur clnrng minh.

33

Vi du : -Ta co hai dic!u kien thu nhat va thu hai tren day. Ta phai clnmg minh khi do ta se co dic!u kien thu ba.

Gii sir, trong khOng gian ta co hai duong thing a va b vuOng goc, trong do dirong thang a song song v6i m~t pha.ng hlnh chieu :1l. GQi a, va b, wong t'rog ~a cac hinh chieu cua a va b len m~t phing st,

Ta phai clnrng minh a, vuOng goc v6i b, (hinh 2.20).

. '

a

Hinh 2.20

Tnroc het, ta clnmg minh voi a va b cat nhau va vuong goc, Til do, de suy ra ch? hai dirong thing cheo nhau.

Theo gia thiei : a /I zt , nen ta co a /I a..

Vi day la chieu vuong goc nen ta co : I II .L a" vi a /I a.nen I II .L a.

Nhu ~y', a.L (b, I II)' Vi m~t pMng (b, I II) ciing chinh Hi rn~t phAng (h, b.), M~t khac, vi a /I a, nen ta co: all (b, b.). Til do ta co: al..L b..

Til k€t qua tren, ll'ng dung vao do thirc ta co :

Hlnh 2.21a lit do thuc clla hai duong thing d, h cat nhau va vuong g6c. Vi trong do h Ia duong bAng va hlnh chieubang cua cluing vuong g6c (d2_[ h2).

a)

34

b) Hinh 2.21

c)

Hlnh 2.21 b la d6 thrrc cua hai dirong th!ng a, f vuong goc, VI trong do f la duong mat, va hlnh chieu dUng a, .1 fl.

Hlnh 2.21c, hai duong thang b va h cheo nhau va vuong goc. Vi h la duong bang, va b2.l h, ..

Vi d~ : Tim khoang each tir diem M tai dirong bang h.

Giai : Khoang each tir M toi duong pang h, chinh III chieu dai dean th!ng vuong gee ha tir M Wi h (hlnh 2.22).

GQi H 1ft chan dirong vuong goc ha til M tm duong bang h, ta co : Vi h ia duong bang, tuc la h II JC2, mat khac, trong khong gian hai duemg thang h va MH vuong goc. Nhu vay ap dung ket qua tren ta co hinh chieu bang cua cluing phai vuong g6c voi nhau, tuc 13. M2H2.l hz.

Do do, til M2 ta vach dirong thang M2H2.l h2 (H2 ::. h2). Tir do ta co H[ ~ h.. Dung phuong phap tam giac vuong d~ tim chieu da.i dean thAng MH (muc 2.1.2) ta co canh huyen M2Ho cua tam giac vuOng M2H2HO chfnh la khoang each can tim. M2 H, =- MH.

Hlnh 2.22

CAU HOIVABAI T~P

1~ Cho d6 thirc cua cac diem A, B va C ve c~c dean thAng sau (hinh

2.23): r

- AA' song song voi mat phang hlnh chieu dimg, nghieng voi mat phang hlnh chieu bang mot goc 30°, va co chieu dai AA' cho tnroc (ban doc tv lay chieu dai),

- BB' song song \'o~ mat phang hlnh chieu bang, nghieng vci mat phang hinh chieu dung mot goc 45°, va ciing co chieu dai cho.tnroc,

35

- CC song song vlri. m~t phing hlnh chieu canh, nghieng vOi. m~t phang hlnh chieu bang m¢t g6c 30°, va co chieu dai eho tnroc.

AI CI
Bl
oX
Cz
A2
B2
Hinh 2.23 2. Ve hlnh chieu dung va hlnh chieu bang ella dLIang thang d. Biet

rang, b6n diem A, B, eva D thuoc dirong tblmg do (hlnh 2.24). .

3. Cho dirong thang 1 (II' 12), TIm tren duang thang do cac diem sau

(hlnh 2.2?):

- Diem A, e6 hai hlnh chieu d6i x6'ng voi nhau qua true x.

- Diem B, c6 hai hlnh chieu trung nhau.

- Diem C, e6 d¢ cao g4'p dOi d¢ xa.

- TIm vet dUng va vet bang cua duemg thiing d6.

Al r
x
~ I
C2
Hlnh 2.24 Hinh 2.25 4. Ve duang thiing di qua diem M. sao cho vet dtrng va vet bang ella n6 each true x nhtrng doan bang nhau (hinh 2.26).

5. Ve hinh chieu dtrng ella duemg thiing d, di qua diem A, va nghieng vci mat phang hlnh chieu dtrng mot g6c 30° (hlnh 2.27).

36

"

Hlnh 2.26

tflnh 2.27

6. Qua di~m M. ve duemg thing nghieng v6i m~ pblng hlnh chien dirng mot goc 30°. va nghieng vOi mat phAng hinh chietl bclng m(>t g6c 45° (hlnh 2.26).

7. Cho hai dinmg canh AB va CD. Xet xem hai duang thing d6 co

song song v6i nhau khOng? (hlnh 2.28). .

Hinh 2.28

37

Clnrong rn. M~T PHANG- 3.1. £)0 THUC CUA M~T PHANG

3.1.1. DO TRUe eVA MAT PRANG

Trong khong - gian, mot mat phang diroc xac dinh, khi biet mot trong cac twang hop sau :

Ba diem khong thimg hang.

- Mot diem va ID¢t duongthang khong thuoc nhau.

- Hai dirong thang d.t nhau.

- Hai duong thang song song. __

Tren do thue cilng vay, ID¢t mat phang cilng diroc xac dinh, khi biet d6 tlurc cua ID¢t trong cac truong hop sau :

- D6 thee "ella ba diim khong thang hang (hinh 3.1a).

- D6 thtrc cua ID¢t di~m va ID¢t di.remg thang knong thuoc nhau (hinh

3.1b).

- D6 tlurc cua hai duang thang cat nha u (hinh 3.1 e).

- D6 thiic ella hai dirong thang song song (hlnh 3.1d).

b)

d)

a)

c)

- Hlnh 3.1

Cac mat phang tho tren hlnh 3.1. goi 130 cac mat phang thuong. Ttrc 130 chung eo v] trt blnh thueng (khong song song va vuong g6c) doi vci cac mat phang hinh chieu,

3.1.2. VET eVA MAT PRANG 1. J)~nh nghia

Vet cua m{il pluing fd giao luyen CUll m{il pndng viti mdt phdng hinh. chieu :

38

- Vet dUrig cua nz4t pMng Id giao tuyen cua m4t phdng -vai ttl;

- Ve't. bang eua m4t phcIng to: giao tuyen cua m{it phJng vcJi 1[2. ..

- V tt canh cua nz4t 'pMng Id giao tuyen clla m{it phdng vfJi 1[3.

2. Tinh cblll

* Vlt dftng cua m4t phdng (hlnh 3.2) :

- 'Hinh chieu dung cLia vet dimg m{it phdng trung vai chinh no.

- Hinh chieu bang clia vet dung m{it phdng trung vat true x.

* Vet bdng cua m4t phdng:

- Htnh. chieu bang Cl;a vet bang mgt phdng trung vai chinh no.

- Hinn chieu dung clia vet bang mgt phdng trung vai true x.

"

"

"

" "

a)

b)

Hlnh 3.2

Nhu vay, hlnh chieu bang eua vet dUQ.g n va hinh chieu dUng cua v€t bang m cua m"t m~t phAng thi trung nhauIvichung eiing thuec true x).

V€t dUng eua mat phAng la. ~p hQp v6t dUng cua t4't cD. cac duong th~ng thuoc m~t phang do. Do do, muen tlm v€t dUng ciia m~t ph!ng, ta tim vet. dirng cua hai dUCmg thAng thuoc m~t phAng. r6i n6i hai vet dUng do lai, do ehinh la vet dUng eua mat phAng.

Tirong tu, d6i voi vet bang cua m~t·phAng ding vay.

CAn luu -9 la, vet dtrng va v€t· bang eua met mat phang bao gic cling cAt nhau tai mot diem tren true x. Giao dh~m do la diem vira thuoc vet dirng,

vira thuoc vet bang cua mat phing. , ,

Giao diim do eo the la.diim htru han, hoac diem vO tan,

N€u 'giao diem do la diem vO t~n, thl v€t dUng va vet baflg cua mat phAng song song voi nhau (va cung song song vOi true x).

39

Vi 41:' :ChQ~t pMng(a. b), tim cac vet Clla m"t pking d6.

GUli : TIm v~t dUng N clIa duimg thing a : Ta e6 : N2 = ~x x, tlr .16 suy ra N, :;) a, (hlnh 3.3).

Tuong tl!, tim ve't dUng N' ella duong thing b : N2' = b, x x, ,tll' do suy fa N,' :;) b..

DuOng thing n6i N I va N J' ehinh la hlnh chien dung n, ella vet dUng n ella m~t phing (a, b). Hlnh chieu dUng 0, do, eAt true x t~ diim I == I, = OJ x x.

Do cung 13. mot diem thuec hlnh chieu bang m, ella vet bang m ella

m~t pbang (a, b) :

I. == 12 = m, x x.

Ta chl e::ln tim vet bAng M cua met dUOng thing a (hoac b) :

Ta eo: M, = a.x x, til d6 suy fa M2:;) a2•

Ducng thAng n6i I == I, == 12 vm M2 ehinh 13. hinh chieu bAng m~ ella vet bang m cua mat phAng (a; b).

Neu ve'i dUng neat true x b met diem nam ngoai pham vi ban ve. thi ta phai tim Vi!t bang ella duemg thing b nita.

Hlnh 3.3

3.2. cAc M~T PHANG CO VI TR[ Il~C Bier

Cac mat phang e6 vi trt d~e biet, tUc la cac m~t phang e6 vi tri d{ic bi¢t d6i vai cdc m4t phdng hinh chieu.

40

3.2.1. M~ T PRANG CH~U

1. Blnh nghia : M9t phdng chitu /a mgt phdng vu6ng gae vm m~t phdng hinh chitu :

~ M~t phdng chie" dUng /a m4t pMng vuong goc vai m{it phdng hinh chii'u dung n',

'~ Mq.t phdng chitu ba~g la' ~t pJuing vuong goc vm mt;ft pMng'hinh

chitu bang n2• ' ' .

- Mgt ph&ng chieu canl; Ja mgt pMng vu6ng goc vai mq,t phdng hinh

chieu canh. x'.

2. Tinh chilt

a) M~ ph4ng chieudfmg(hinh 3.4)

~ Hinb chieu dUng cua ,"",t ph&ng chitu dUng ld mot duiingthJng (trung viti vet dting clla mat phdng), va ngu{1c lai, T{(c/a bat k5' mt;ft phdng nao co hinh chieu dung fa mQt duang thdng thi no Ja mt;ft phdng chien dung. Con vit bang cua mat phJng do ttl mot duitng thilng vuong goc viii true x.

MiJ,t phdng chieu dUng-du(lc -hotln toan .rac dinh, khi bitt hinh. chien dung cLla no.

- Goc giila hinh chieu dung cJia m{it pMng do viti true x, chinh la goc giiia m{it phdng do VOl miJ,t pMng hinh chieu bang n2•

DAy chinh Hi mot g6c phAng cua g6c nhi dien, xac dinh bOi m~t phang do va mat phAng hlnh chieu 'bAng j(2 :

. ~ Neu co mQt hinh thuoc I1'i{'it phdng chitu dUng, tht hinh. chien dung

. cua hinhdo phdi thuoc hinh chien dUng clla m{it phdng do.

!V'

Hlnh 3."

41

Tren hlnh 3.4, tam giac ABC thu¢c m._t phing rp nenhlnhchieu d6ng A1B1C1'3'f),

b) M~t phdng chi'u bdng (hlnh 3.5)

- Hinh chie;, bOng cuamiJ,t pMng chieu bang ta ml)t duang thting (tritng viii vet bang clia mat phdng do), va nguqc lai. Tuc /a bat" ky nz4t ph&ng nao co hinh chieu bang Ja ml)t duang thang thi n6 /a m~t pll&ng chieu bang. Con vet dl?ng Clia m~t phdng do ta mr;5t duong thdng vuong goc viii true x.

Mgt pluing chieu bdng duac hoan toan xac djnh khi biet hini: chilu bang clia n6.

- G6c giiiu hinli chilli bang clia mt;'it phang chieu bang viii true x, chinh Ia g6c giiia mgt phdng do viti mgt phting hinb chieu dung n'.

Day chinh 1ft m¢t g6c phang cua g6c nhi dien, xac dinh boi mat phang do va m~t ph!ng hlnh chieu dUng;r 1.

:- Neu c6 m¢i lrinh thuoc m(it phdng chitu bang, thi htnn chieu being clia hinh do phdi thuoc hinb chilli bang cua mgt phdng d6.

Tren hlnb 3.5, tam giac ABC thuec m~t phang chieu bang,

a}

b)

Hinh 3.5

c) Mt;it phdng chi'u c",nh (hlnh 3.6).

- Vet dung va vet bang Clia m~t phdng chitll_c~nh /a cdc duang thang song song viii true x ; va nguoc lai. Tlic ttl bdt Jl:.Y mi!-t phdng nao, co vet dung va vet bang song song viii true x thi nold m(it phdng chieu canh. Con hinli chieu cardi Clia n6 fa mot duang thdng.

42

· .'\ ,-> G6c giila hinhchitu_C{mhcuan6 viti tr,!cz,-chinh lti goc giila mas phdng do v61.in{it phdrtg' 3r1; con g6c giiia hinh~hi~u qznh eua m{it pMng d6 viti true y (== x), chinh la g6c gii1a tluyt phdng do viti n 2.

- Ntu COiru)t hinh thu¢c mijt phdng chieu canh, thi hinh chitu cank ella hinh do phdi thuoc 11I'nh chilli canh cua m~t phdng do.

Trtn hlnh 3.6, tam giac ABC thuoc m~t phang chieu canh R.

a)

b)

Hinh 3.6

3.2.2. MAT PHANG DONG MUC 1. Dinh nghia

M r;'il phling d6ng muc Ia m{it phdng song song viii m(it phting hinh chieu .'

- Mij,t pJiting m{it Iii m(it pitting song song v~ m{it phting hink chieu

dung it', ,",'

- Mgt phdng being Iii m(Jt pitting song- song -viti -miJt ph&ng hinh chieu bangn2•

- Mi(it pilling canb Iii mat pilling song song viti mat phting hinb chitu

3 -

canh n .

2. Tinh chat

a) Mijt ph ling mijt (htnh 3.7)

- Hinli chieu bang Clla mdt Phdng m(it fa m¢t duang t}uing song song viii true x .. va nguac lai. Tuc la, bdt ky-miJ,l phdng nao, co hinh chiiu bang fa m(Jt duang f/uing song song viii true x, thi no J~ mat phting mdt.

43

- Ne'u co mot hink tJtu~c ""'t phdng mat, thi hinh chie'u dling cUa no bling chinh hinh do. Tren hlnh 3.7. tam giac ABC thuoc m~t phing mat, nen fl A,B,C, = A ABC.

- M(it phdng m(it vUa- La "",t phdng ehiiu bang, vua fa mgt phcing chieu canh.

Vi mat phang m~t vila vuOng g6e v6i. m~t phang hlnh chieu bang n2. vita vuong g6c vci mat pbhg hlnh chieu canh n3•

Hlnh 3.7

x

b)

b) M~ phd1tg bdng (hinh 3.8)

- Hinb chii'u d{tng ella m~t phcing bang La mot duang thAng song song vai true x, va nguac lai.

a)

Hinh 3.8

44

x

b)

- N eu co m¢l hinh thu¢c mift phdng bang, thi hinh chieu bang clta no , bang chinh hinb do. Tren hlnh 3.8, MBC ciing thuoc mat phang bang nen !J. A2~~ = MBC.

- Mift phling bang vu-a ia mift phling chieu dimg, v'l"a ltl mift phling chieu canh.

VI mat phang d6 vita vuong g6c voi m~t phang .Jl' I vira vuong g6c voi

mat phing .Jf 3. .

c) M(it phdng' canh' (hlnh 3.9)

• Hinb chieu dung va hinh chieu bang clia m(it phdng canli la hai duang thdng trung nhau va vuong goc viti true .r, va nguac lai.

- Neu co milt hinn thuoc rrz4t pluing canh, thi hinb chieu canh clla hinb do bang chinh hlnh do. Tren hlnh 3.9 tam giac ABC thuoc mat phang canh, nen D.A~B~Cl = !J.ABC .

• Mift pJuing cank VI,.a la miJt phdrig chieu dung, vu-a fa mift phdng

chieu bang. -

z

---+---""I.C3

X _+-,-_+-,- _ _.____.,--_Y

Y

a)

b)

Hlnh 3.9

3.3. £)UcJNG THANG vA £)1~M THU¢C M~ T PHANG 3.3.1. DuJNG THANG THU¢C MAT PHANG

Milt duang thdng thuoc mat phJhg Itl duang tJufng phdi co hai diim thuoc mdt phdng.

45

Hai diem d6 co the la hai diem hiiu han, hoac mot diem hUll han va

mot diem v6 tan, '

Ta co the phat bieu dieu kien do nhu sau :

DUu kien dt mot duang th&ng thuoc mt;it phdng 10. : - Duong thdng phdi co hai diim thuoc mt;it phting,

Hoac til : Duong thdng co m¢t difm thuoc mt;it phdng va song song viti mot duang' th&ng khdc Clia mdt phdng do, Tire la duong thang co mot diem htru han va mot diem vo tan thuoc mat phang.

Vi du, hlnh 3.10a, dirong thang d thuoc mat phang rp(a, b) VI d co hai diem A va B thuoc mat phang (fJ(a, b). Trong do A 3 a va B 3 b.

Hinh 3.1Gb, duong thang 1 thuoc mat phang t1l(c, d) VI duong th!ng 1 co mot diem M thuoc mat phang t1l(c, d) va 1// d. Trong do M 3 C.

a)

b)

Hinh 3.10'

Vi df:l : Tim hinh chieu bang cua duong thang I. Biet hlnh chieu dirng cua 1, va 1 thuoc mat phang (a, b).

Gidi. VI dirong thang 1 thuoc m~t phang (a, b) nen 1 cat duong thang a" tai diem A, (A] = a] x 1]) va 1 cling dt duong thAng b tai diem B (B] = b.x 1]), Theo dill! kifn diim thuoc duang thdng (rnuc 2.3.1) til cac hinh chieu dirng A] va BI ta tim duoc cac hlnh chieu bang A2 va ~. Duong thang A2 B2 chfnh ta hlnh chieu bang 12 ella duang thang 1 (hlnh 3.11).

46

3.3.2. DIEM THU¢C M~T PHANG Ta dii biet, dieu ki~n dt m(Jt dilm thuQc mot duang tJulng (rnuc 2.3.1), va dieu kien di dlliJng th&ng thuoc m{it phdng (muc 3.3.1).

K€t hop ca hai tnrong hop trent ta co dieu kien de met diem thuoc m~t phang nhu sau :

Die'u ki~n di mot diim thuoc m¢t nz4t phdng ld diim do phdi thuQc mqt duang thJng cua m{lt phdng.

Tren hlnh 3.12, diem M thuoc

mat phang (a, b) VI diem M thuoc Hlnh 3.11

dirong thang a cua mat phang do.

Vi du, Tim hlnh chieu dimg K\ cua diem K. Biet rang K thuoc mat phang (M, d), va biet hinh chieu bang K2 clla no.

Gidi. Qua diem K thucc mst phang (M, d). ta vach mot duong thang b4t ky, vi du do la duong thang 1 di qua diem M. Nhu vay, 12 phii di qua M2• Duong thing 1 dt dirong th!ng d tai diem 1(12 = d'2 x 12) (hlnh 3.13).

Hlnh 3.12

Hlnh 3.13

. Diem K thuoc ducrng thang 1, tit do, then dieu kien diem thuoc dirong thing, ta t1m duqc hlnh chieu dUng K\ (K, 31,).

3.3.3. cAc IJUJNG THANG co vt TRi D~C B~T THUQC M~ T PHANG Trong muc 2.2, ta dii xet cac dirong thAng co vi trf d~c biet. Trong

47

ph4n nay, ta lai xet cac duemg thing c6 vi trf d~c biet do (cothem vai duang khac), cai khac a day la cac duang thAng d~c biet nhung lhu~c m{Jl '

m{1t ph&ng. '

1. DU<rng ~t thuec m.t phing

DUifng m{1t thu¢c m{it phdng Ia duang thdng thuoc mi;it ph&ng va song song viti miJt ph&ng hinh chieu dung )(1.

Tat nhien no co cac tfnh chat cua direng m~t a muc 2.2.

, N goai fa, clin hru y : trong mbi mat phlng- co ~o s6 dirong mat; va ta':t cit cac duong m~t do deu song song v6'i nhau, va song song v6'i v~t dUng cua mat ph!ng do. Chinh vet dung cua m~t phlng cting la mot duemg mat cua m~t phlng. Duong m~t nay co d¢ xa bang khong, nen hlnh chieu bang ciia n6 thuoc true x. Ta co dUCmg mat f cua m~t phang (m, n) (hmh 3.14).

a)

b)

Hlnh 3.14

2. Duang bAng thu()c mat phing

DuOng bang thuoc m{1t ph&ng la duang thang thuoc mgt phang va song song v(Ji mijt ph&ng .ff 1.

Tuong tJ! dubng mat thuoc mat phimg, trong mOi m~t p~ng cilng co vo s6 dirong bang. va tAt ca cac dUCmg hang do d~u song song v6i nhau, va song song vm vet bang cua mat phlng. Chfnh vet bang ciia ma,t phing CUI\g la mot dirong bang, nhung duong bang nay c6 d() cao bang khong, nen hlnh chieu dUng cua n6 thuoc true x. Tren hinh 3.15 ta co dirong bang h thuoc mat ph!ng (m, n).

Ta':t nhien cung co dtrong canh thuoc mat ph!ng nua. B~ dQC tl.! xet lay.

48

a)

Hinh 3.15

x",ng",ml

b)

3. Duong doc nhut doi v6i m~t phang hmh chieu thuec mat phang Truoc het, ta clumg minh mot menh d~ sau :

Hat mgt phdng W va fl co giao tuyen La duang thAng g, thi trong tdt cd cae duang th&ng thuoc m{it phdng W, (ho{ic tV),. thi duitng thdng vuong goc voi giao tuyen g La duang thdng co goc' nghieng lim nhd: dOl viii m{it phdng fl {hodc rp).

That vay, giil sir ta co hai mat phang ~va Q..~ cat nhau thee giao tuyen g (hinh 3. 16a)'.

Qua diem M thuoc m~t phi 109 ~ta vach mot dirong th~ng d vu6ng goc voi giao tuyen g, va d cat g tai diem H. GQi M] Ia hlnh chieu cua M tren mat phang Q. Nhu vay, duong thang M]H la hlnh chieu cua dirong thang d tren mat phang fl; va goc MHM] 13. goc nghieng cua dirong thang d voi mat phang fl . Ta phai clnmg minh do 13. goc nghieng Ian nhat ella tat ca cac duong thAng thuoc mat ph!ng tp d6i vci mat phang fl .

Qua diem M thuoc mat phang tpta vach mot dirong thang d' bllt ky, d' car giao tuyen g tai diem K. Nhu vay, dirong thing M]K la hlnh chieu ella

---

duong thang d' tren mat phang Q.. va g6c MKM] ia goc nghieng ella duong

thang d' voi mat phang fl .

Ta xoay tam giac MM)K quanh duong thing MM, de eho duong

--thingM,K:: MJH. Vi MJK dai han M,H. Til hlnh 3.16b ta eo goc MHM, ia

.goc ngoai cua tam giac MKH, nen : MHMI = MKMI + HMk. _

49

--- ----

Dieu d6 chang to goc MHM! > MKM\. Do Ut dieu phai. chtmg minh.

Duong thang d co g6c nghieng 16'0 hun duemg thing d', thi dQ dOc cua duong thing d ding Ian, hun d¢ dOc cua dirong thing d' dOi vai m~t phang Q. (DQ doc cjra dirong thing Iii tang cua g6c nghieng cua duong thing d6 d6i Val mot mat phang),

a)

Hinh 3.16

M .

~

H

K

b)

a) Duimgdoc nhm do;, v6i m4t pMng hinh chiiu dlmg thu(lc m{it pJuing * Dinh nghfa. Duling doc nhat d61· v6i m4t phdng hinh. chieu dung thuoc m{il phdng ta duang thdng thuoc mgt phdng va co g6c nghieng (dt) do'c) lim nhd: d6'i vbi mijt phAng .R I.

* Tinh chat:

- Htnh chisu dung cua ddndvmfhcd thuoc m~t pJuing thi vuong g6c vai hinli chieu dCmg cua duang mijt (hoijC vet dung] Clla mt;'it phdng do.

That vay, goi d Iii ddndvmfhcd. Til menh de tren, goi d la duong thang thuoc mat phang dii cho, vi d la dirong thing thuoc mat phang rna co goc nghieng Ian nhat doi vm mat phang hinh chieu dung, nen d .L n (n Ia vet dUng ella mat ph~ng). Theo tfnh chAt ve binh chieu cua hai duong thing vuong goc (rnuc 2.4.4), ta co : d, .1 n, = n (hinh 3.17).

- G6c etla ddndvmfhcd vai mt;'it phdng ,ff I, bang gDC cua mfit phdng dura no (va nhan no lam ddndvmjhcd) v(lj m¢t phdng,ff I.

Vi goc cua dtrong doc nhat do voi hinh chieu dirng cua no, chinb Ia mot goc phang cua goc nhi dien, tao 00i mat phang chua n6 voi mat phang .R!. (Vi dirong doc nhat d .1 n, va d!.l n).

50

D1!a vao tfnh ehfit nay, ta co the Ung dung no de tlm goc nghieng cua mot m;}t phang vai m~t phfulg $ I.

a)

Hlnh 3.17

. c _ -, ,~t.,

b) Duong d{/c nhtlt dlii vOi m4t phdng hinhchieu:bdng thu,;c "'4t

phdng

. * f)~nh nghia : Ddndvmfhcb thuocmat phang, ta duang thang thuoc mt;lt ph&ng va co goc nghieng (d9 dot) IOn nhd't do'j vai mi)t phdng hinh chieu. bang $ 2.

* Tinh chat:

.. :.,;.. ...... ,

-_ Hinh chii" ba~gcua ddnddvmfhcbthuoc mdt phdng Iii duang tIlting vuong goc viti hinh chih: bang cua dJlcmg being (hogc vit being) clia mdt phdngdo.

Chung minh nrongtu.ddn dvmfhcd, ,

• ' .~. _ ... _.:...~. -t-o-' ~. ". _..._ ,- _" .

..

_ Goc cua ddndvmjhcb vm mqt phdng $1 thi being goc cua mdt phdng

chua no (va nhdn no lam ddndvmfhcb) vOi miJ.t phdng $ 2.

Cach chirng rninh cac tlnh chit nay nrong nr ddndvmfhcd $_1.

Tren hinh 3.18, ta eo d l~ ducrng doc nhat d6i, voi m~t phang hinh ehieu bang cua mat phang (m, n).

. .

51

0:

, .

a)

. b)

Hlnh 3.18

Vi d1;l : Cho m:)t phang tp(a. b). Tim g6e nghieng eua m~t ph!ng do d6i v6'i m,t phAng hlnh chien dUng .Jl' ' •

Gidi : Ta ve m¢t ddndvrnfhcd eua m~t phing d6. Muon v~y. tnr6"e ht!t ta ve m¢t duang m,t AB ella m:)t phing do, sau do ta ve ddndvmthed la duang thing d thu¢C m:)t phing d6(hinb 3.19),

Hlnh 3.19

Duong dOc nhKt d di qua giao diem I va cAt dll'img m:)t AB tai diem H. (d co hinh chieu dUng d.L f,). Sau d6, ap dung phuong phap tam giac vuOng

52

•

(rnuc 2.1.2) de tim gdc nghieng ella duong thang IH (thuoc dirong doe nhat

d d6) voi mat phang hinh chieu dirng, G6e ella duong doc nhat do voi mat phang X 1 cilng l~ ~ghieng elin tim ella mat phang da cho voi st ', Tren hin~ ve d6 lil g6e HlllHo.

-Ta cung e6 the img dung tinh chat ella ddndvrnfhcb X 2 de tim goc nghieng ella mot m~t phang d6i vai mat ph!ng hinh chieu bang X z.

3:4. V! TRf TlICJNG £)01 HAl M~ T PHANG

3.4.1. Hai mijt phdng song song

Trong khong gian, dieu ki¢n de" hai miJ.t phdng song song la, trong m(it phdng nay co hai duang tltdng cdt nhau tuong irng doi mot song song viti hat duang thdng cat nhau trong mdt phdng kia.

Tren d6 tlurc, dieu kien de hai mat phang song song cling nhu vay,

Tren hinh 3.20, hai mat phang: rp(a, b) II Q(c, d). Vi a II e (all/ c, va a2 II c.); va b II dtb, /1 d, va b211 d2).

Hinh3.20

Vi d':l : Qua diem I, dung m~t phAng song song vm m~t ph!ng 1J(M, a). Gidi. Qua diem M ta vach duemg thing ,MK (hoac duong thing b) cua mat phang (M, a). Sau d6, qua diem I ta vach hai dubng thang : d II a (d, II al vad211 a2) va c II b (c, IIbl va C2 /I b2). Nhu vay, mat ph!ng xac dinh boi hai duong thang eva, d chinh 13. m~t phang din tim (c, d) 1/ '11(a, b) (hinh 3.21).

53

3.4.2. HAl MAT pRANG CAT NHAU Noi dung chfnh ella phan nay la tim giao tuyen ella hai mat phang.

Ta se xet tirng tnrong hop, ta de den kh6.

1. Mt)t trong hai mat phing da cho lit mat phang chleu

Tnroug hop ca hai mat phang deu Hl mat phang chieu thi dan gian han, nen ban doc tl! tim hieu,

Neu mot trong hai mdt phdng Ja mgt pJutng chieu, thi ta de bitt

•

Hlnh 3.21

Hinh 3.22

2. Ca hai mat phing dell khOng phai mat phang chico

De tim giao tuyen gifla hai m~t phing trongtnrong hop nay, ta phai dung mr,it pluing edt ph« tra.

M~t phang cat phu tro lil mot trong nhtmg nQi dung r&t quan trong ella m6n hinh hoc hoa hinh.

ngay mot hinl: chief, clla giao tuyen, ling dung die'u kien duang thdng thuoc mgt phdng, dt am hinh chieu con lai nia giao tuyen d6.

Yi du: Tim giao tuyen ella mat phang chieu dimg Q voi m~t phang ma, b).

Gidi. GQi g la giao tuyen giua hai m~t

phang d1i eho : g = Q x 'P(a, b)

Nhu vay, ta eo: g ~ Q; va g s 1)(a, b) Vi g ~ Q nen ta e6 ngay g. :; Q,. Cung vi g ~ 1)(a. b) nen g cat cac

duong tb!ng a va b nrong Ung tai cac diem A va B, tir do ta tim diroc hlnh chieu bang cua g la g1 (chinh l~ duong thAng A1~) (hinh 3.22).

Duong thang g do ehinh IS. giao tuyen can tim ella hai mat phang d1i eho.

Truong hop nay tuy dan gian, nhung la tnrong hop rat co ban. No se duoc irngdung eho cac truong hop phuc tap sau nay.

54

Noi dung ciia plnrong phap d6 nhu sau. Plilldllg phap m~ phdng edt ph~ ITq .

Gia sit, tacan tim giao tuyen cua hai m~t phAng tp va Q.

Ta phai dung m~t phang cat phu tro: cac biroc tien hanh nhu sau (hlnh 3.23) :

- D1!Dg met m~t phiing 0" (dQC III xfch rna) bat ky (0" la mat phang cat phu tro), 0" thuong chon la m~t ph~ng chieu.

- Tim cac giao tuyen cua 0" vOi rp va Q : g=O"xtp

g'= 0" x Q.

- Tim giao diem cua hai giao tuyen g va g' : 1 = g x g'.

Nhu vay, 1 la mot diim thuoc giao tuyencua hai mat phcing da cho.

Tuong tu, dung mot mat phang phu tro the hai, ta se tim duoc mot di€m thu hai K thuoc giao tuyen ca.n tlm. Va dUO'ng

thang 8. n6i cac giao diern-l va K ehinh la Hlnh 3.23

giao tuyen ciia hai mat phang da eho.

Vi d~ 1 : Tim giao tuyen cua hai mat phAng dl (a, b) va <'B(e. d). Gidi : Ta dung mat phang cat phu tro, Cac buoc tien hanh nhu sau :

- D1,l'I1g mat phang phu tro 0" . Ta ChQD 0" la m~t phang chieu dung (0" c6 hlnh chieu dirng la 0",).

" - Tim cac giao tuyen cua m:~t phang 0" vOi tang mat phAng of va <'B.

Vl mot trong hai m~t ph!ng la m~t phA'rtg chieu, nen ta c6 : g:::dxof.

g' = 0" x 'B

- Tim giao diem cisa g va g' : I:;; g x g'.

Tuong t\t, dung mat phang phu. trgthu hai 0"', cGng III m~t phang chieu dirng.

De dan gian khi ve, ta chon 0"' song song vOi. 0" • (Neil ta e6 : 0"', 110",).

Cac btroc tien hanh nrong t11 tren.

Can luu y la, vi 0"' II 0" nen cac giao tuyen phug" II g, va g"'I/ g' (hlnh 3.24).

55

Va giao diem cua g" vii g'" Iii K = g" x g'",

Cu6i cung, duong thAng /). n6i hai giao diem I. K chinh Iii giao tuyen cua hai mat phang da cho,

Hinh 3.24

Khi dung cac m~t ph!ng phV trc, ta co the chon cac m~t phang do chua cac dirong thing thuQc cac m~t phing da cho, Nhu v~y 5e bot duqc met 56 dUOng ve.

Trong tnrong hop nay, con c6 tnrong hop cd hai m{it phdng deu eho bang vet, rna co cac c~p vet cung ten edt nhau trong pham vi ban ve. Nen viec tim giao tuyen hai m~t phang ciing kha don gian. Hai vet dirng cat nhau (vi cling thuoc m~l phang .ff '), hai vet bang cling cAt nhau (vi cung thuoc mat phang .ff 2). Nhu vay, giao tuyen hai mat phAng do chinh Ia duong thAng n6i hai giao diem do.

V( d{l2 : Tim giao tuyen m~t phang (m, n) va mat phAng (m', n').

Gidi : VI hai vet dung n va n' cung thuoc mat ph!ng .ff I, nen cluing cat nhau tai diem: N = n x n', (Nt'S N, tu do ta co N2 3 x).

Hai vet bang m va m' cung cung thuoc mat ph!ng .Jf 2, nen cfing cat nhau tai diem: M == m x m' (M2 ;E M. tll d6 ta c6 M, 3 x),

Dirong thing o6i hai giao diem M, N chinh Iii giao tuyen hai mat phftng da cho (hlnh 3. 25).

56

·\

Hlnh 3.25

3.5. V! TRi lUaNG £)01 GIUA £)UONG THANG vA M~T PHANG 3.5.1. DUONG THANG v). M~ T PHANG SONG SONG

Trang khong giant dilu kien di m¢t duong thJng song song WYi mot milt phang Iii duang thang do song song v6'i (it nhd't) mot duang thang cua milt phdng do.

Ta van dung dieu kien d6 vao dO thuc.

Vi du l : Cho hinh chieu bang d, cira dirong thAng d di qua diem M. Ve . hlnh chieu dUng cua duemg thAng d6. Bier rang, dirong thang d song song vai m~t phang (A, a).

Gidi : Duong thAng d mu6n song song vai m~t phang (A, a) thl d phai song song v6i it nhat mot duemg thftng thuoc m~t phing (A., a). Ta ve mot duemg thAng thuoc m~t phang (A. a) va song song v6i dirong thing d. Do la duong thAng b II d; va b di qua A.

Nhu vay, b2 phai di qua .A2 va b, II d, (hlnh 3.26).

Duong thang b thuoc m~t phang (A. a), nen b cal a tai diem K. ta tim duoc hlnh chieu dirng b.. Qua diem M I ve dirong thing d I II g..

Hlnh 3.2f

57

Nhu v~y. duemg thAng d song Song v6i duUng thing b (ddt b, va d,_//~) thu¢c m~t phang (A. a) nen duemg" th~ng d song song v6i m~t phing (A. a).

Vi d~ 2 : Cho dirong thAng d va m~t phang (a. b). Hoi duemg thang d c6 song song voi mat phang (a. b) khong?

Gidi : Neu duong thang d song song voi mat phang (a. b). thi d phlli song song voi it nhat mot duong thAng thuoc mat phang (a, b).

Ta vach mot duong thAng c thuoc m~t phang (a, b), va ducng thang c c6 hinh chieu dUng c, II d., Hai kha nang xay ra :

- Neu hlnh chieu bang ci/d2 thi duong thAng cl/d. Khi d6, duong thang d song song vci m~t phang (a, b).

- Neu hlnh chieu bang c2 khong song song voi d2, tac ia duong thang c khong song song vci duong th!ng d. Ciing tue Ia dirong thang d khong song song v6i m~t phing (a, b).

Tren hlnh 3.27, ta thay e2 va d2 khong song song. V~y, duong thing d, khong song song vci m~t phAng (a, b).

3.5.2. DubNG mANG v). MAT

PHANG CAT NHAU .

Noi dung ehinh eua ph~ nay Ul tim giao di~m cua duang thing va

m~t phang. '

Ta ciing xet cac tnrong hop ti:r de den kh6.

1. DuOng thang eta cho la dUOng thiing chleu

Neu duang tJuing dii cho fa duang tlldng chieu thi ta de biet ngay mot hinlt chilli Clla giao die'm. ung dung die'll kien dilm thuoc m<ft ph&ng (3.3.2), de'tim hinh chieu con lai Clia giao dilm do.

Vi dl;l : TIm giao diem cua dirong thing chieu dimg d voi m~t phing , (a, b).

Gidi : GQi K Hi giao diem cua duong thang d va m~t phang (a, b). Nhu vay, vi Keung ta mot diem cua dirong thang d nen ta e6 K! ;::: d.. Va K cling

58

Hlnh 3.27

la mot diem cua mat phang (a, b), nen irng dung di~u kien diem thuoc mat phang, ta tim duochlnh chien bang K2 (hinh 3.28).

Mu6n vay, qua K thuoc mat ph4ng (a, b) ta vach mor duang thing c. Duang thing c cat a tai diim 1;: va cat b tai diem 2. Vi K thu¢C c nen co hlnh chieu dUng K] e c, ta tim duQ'c hinh chieu bang K23~.

Con hai tnrong hop khac la :

- DuOng thing la duong thing chieu, va mat ph!ng ding la mat phang chieu,

- Dtrong thing khong phai duong thing chieu, va mat phang la m~t phlng chieu,

Hai tnrong hop nay dan gian han, ban doc tu giai.

Hinh 3.28

2. Truong hQ1> t6ng quat

Truong hop nay, dirong thing khong phai dirong th!ng chieu, va mat phang cung khong phai m~t phang chieu.

De tim giao di~m cua duong thing va m~t phang trong tnrong hop nay,

la phai dung mat ph&ng phu tro.

Phuong phap'~t phdngcat ph,:, tro :

Gia SU, ta can tim giao dit~m cua duang thang d va m~t phang ffJ.

Cac buoc,ti@"n hanh nhir sau (hinh 3.29) :

- Dung m~t phang phu trc cr chua duong thing d {thuimg chon mat phang o III mat phang chieu),

- Tim giao tuyen cua, mat phang o va mat phang ffJ : g = o x rp.

- TIm giao diem cua duong thing d va giao tuyen g : K = d x g.

Diem K d6 chinh ta giao diem cua dirong thing d va mat phang rp.

Vi du L : Tim giao di~m dubng thing d va m~t phAng (m, n) cho bang vet.

Hlnh 3.29

59

Gidi " Ta.dung mat phAng phu trQ' 13. m~t phA.ng chien bang a chua

dirong thing d. __

Nhir v~y, ta c6 : 0'2 == d2•

GQi g la giao tuyen cua a va (m, n) thl ta co : g2 == a2 == d, :

VI g 3 (m, n) nen g cat v~t dimg n a diem 1, va ea.t vet bang m a diem 2. Hinh chieu dung 1\2\ chfnh la g\. Do d6, goi K Iii giao diem ella

duong thang d va mat phang (m, n) thl : KI = gl X d.. Til do ta tim dtroc K2 3 g2 (hlnh 3.30).

Vi d,! 2,' Tim giao diem duong thang d va m~t phang Q(a, b).

Gidi " Dung m.~t phang ph", tro la mat phang chieu dung a chua duong thang d. Nhu vay, hlnh chieu dung ella mat phang a lil dirong thang 0"1 == d, (hlnh 3.31).

GQi g la giao tuyen cua a va Q(a, b) thl ta co : gl == al == d..

Hlnh 3.30

Hlnh 3.31

Nhu vay, g ciing'la dirong thing thuoc m~t phang Q(a, b), nen g cat a tai diem 1. (11 = gl X a.), til do ta coI, 3 a2~ g ca.t b tai dh~m 2 (2\ = gl x b.), til do ta co 22 3 b2•

Do vay, ta tlm duqc hinh chieu bang g2 cua duong thing g 13. duang thang 1222,

Giao diem K clla g va d chfnh la giao diem eIDl tim. Ma K2 = g2x d2· Tir K2 ta de tim dUQ'c hlnh chieu dUng KI 3 d..

60

3.5.3. xET THAY v): KHUAT TRtN cAc HlNH CHItu

De giiip viec luang tueng cachlnh nrong Ung trong khong gian duoc de dang han, ta coi cac m~t nhu nhiing tam kinh mo. Do do, nhiing mat b phia truOc se che thu,"t nhttng hinh a phia sau no.

V} hirong chieu (huang nhln) len cac m~t phAng hlnh chieu khac nhau, nen viec xet th{y va khuat tren cac hlnh chieu cfing khac nhau.

, .

1. Xet thiy va khuit tr~n hlnh cbieu'dtbtg

Neu ta .co hai dilm cimg thuoc mQt duang theing chieu dung, ta quy UdC dilm nao co dQ xa lim hun, thl' hlnh chieu dlmg cua n6 se thd», va hinh chieu dJ'i'ng clla dilm con lai se khudt.

Tren hlnh 3.32, hai diem A va B cang thuoc duong thang chieu dUng (A, ;5 B,), nhung vi dh!m A co d¢ xa 100 han diem B, nen hinh chieu dimg AI thly, con BI khuat.

2. Xet thAy va khuat tren hlnh chieu bAng

Neu co hai dilm cung thuoc mot duang theing chieu bang, ta quy uac, dii'm nao co dt) cao lim hun, thi hinh. chieu bting clla no se 'hay, va hlnh chieu bang cua dilm con lai se /chuar.

Teen hinh 3.33, hai diem C va D cung thuec duang thing "i~u bang (C, E D2), VI diem C co dQ cao 16'0 han diem D, nen ~ thay, con D2 khuat.

Hlnh 3.32

Dua vao quy udc tren, ta xet thly va khuat cho duang thing d va mat phAng Q( a, b) tren hmh 3.31.

Tnroc het, ta c6 nh~n xet sau : M,t phing Q(a, b) cAt duong thing d tai diem K. Nhu v~y, diem K chia duang thing d lam hai nira; tren mOi hlnh chieu, duong thing d 'se c6 mQt nita thA'y va mQt nira bi mat phang Q(a, b) che khuat, Do do, khi xet thay va khuat tren mOi hlnh chieu, ta chi c;in xet mot trong hai nita do. Neu nita ta xet la thay, thl duang nhien, nira con lai se khuat, va nguoc lai. Trong mOi nira d6 ta cling chi can lay mot diem d~i dien,

61

Neu diem dai dien do thay, thl ca m':ra ducrng thAng do thay: neu diem dai dien do khuat, thl ca nira dirong thing d6 khuat,

Truce het ta xet thay, khuat tren hlnhchieu dimg : Ta !tty hai diem 1 va 3 cung th uoc dirong thing chien dmrg /( I, =< 3,), troog do t 3 ~ va 3 3 d. Ta thay 1 co dQ xa 16'0 hen 3, nen I, thay va 3, khuat. V~y;:nmh chieu dung cua nira dirong thing d chua dit~m 3 khuat, va dirong nhien nira con lai thay,

" - - ,

TUC1ng nr, ta x5i tren hlnh chie'u bang. Ta lay hai diem 4 va 5 cimg

thuoc duong t~Jng' chieu bang (42 =< 52)' trong do 4 3 d va 5 '3 a. Ta tha y' 5 co dQ ca9;J1tn han 4, nen 52 thay, va ~ khuat. Va nhu vay, hinh chieu bang cua mra ducrng thing d c6 chua dh~m 4 khuat, va oUa con lai sethay.

,Tuong tJ!. ban .doc co the xet cho bloh 3.30, la giao diem cua duong thang d va m~i phang (m, n).

3.5.4. DmNO THANG vA. M~TPHA.NG VUONG o6c '

Trong khong gian, dieu kien d€ duifng thdng vuong gae vai mf:'it phAng la, duang (hJng do phdi vuong gac vai hai duang (hting edt nhau eua mat phting.

Til di~u kien d{j va dieu kien de hai duong thang vuong gee (muc 2.4.4), ta c6 di~u kien tren d6 thirc de ducrng thing vuong goc voi mat

phang nhir sau : .

Ta xet tnrong hop mat phang khong phai mat phang . chieu canh.

Truong hop m~t phang hi mat phang chieu canh (rna lai khong cho hlnh chieu canh) co phirc tap hon; ban doc tJ,t nghien ciiu, hoac se de cap den trong bai tap),

Die'u kien de'duang thdng vuong goc vai ma: plldng (khong phdi mrJt phdng chieu canh] 1iJ., hinh chieu dUng cua duang thAng vuong gac viii hinn .. chieu dU'ngcua duang miJt (Iloq,c vet dung) cua m(1t phdng, va htnn chief' bang cuaduang thting vuong gac vai hinh chieu bang ,Clia duang. bang (ho<Jc vlt bdng) clia mtJl.phdng.

Trenhlnh 3.34, ta co duong thing d vuOng g6c vOi m~t phang (f, h).

Vi trong do f la duang m~t. va h ta duong bang.

Ma dJl_ t) va d2l_ h2, nen d .L fva d .L h. Tire la d vu6ng goc voi mat phang (f, h).

Vi d~ 1 : Tim khoang each tirdiern A toi m,~t phAI1g (m, n).

62

Gidi : Khoang each ti:r A d€n m~t ph.lng (m, n) IA chieu dai doan thAng vuong g6c tir A tm m~t phang (m, n).

Tnroc h€t, qua A dung duemg thing d vuong g6c voi mat phang (m, n). Nhu vay dUOng thing d co : d, 1. n, == n, vA d2 .i m2;;;;: m (hlnh 3.35).

Hlnh 3.34

Hlnh 3.35

Tim giao diem cua dirong thang d voi mat phang (m, D). Ta dung m~t phing phu trc IA mat phang chieu bAng 0' chua dubng thang d :

Nhir vay, ta co : 0'2;: d2,

Tim giao tuyen cua m~t phang 0' va mat phang (m, D) :

GQi g IA giao tuyen do, ta co : g2 == 0'2 ;;;;: d2, VI g cling la dirong th~Dg cua m~t phang (m, n) Den g se ca,t m : tai diem M; M2 = rn,x g2; va cat n tai di~m N : N2 = D2X g2'

, Til do, ta tim duoc MI ~ rn. va N, 3 n..

Nhir vay, g, chinh la duong thang MIN, va chan dirong vuong g6c H1 = d.x g1,til do ta tlm duoc H2 3 d2.

Dung phuong phap tam giac vuong (rnuc 2.1.2) ta tim duoc chieu dai

doan AH = AuH2•

Do chfnh Ht khoang each tu diem A den m~t phang (m, n). Vi dl} 2 : Tim khoang each til di~m M den dubng thang d.

Gidi : Ta da biet, khoang each til diem M d€n dirong thfing d, la chieu dai doan thang vuong goc ha tu M xuong d. Nhu vay, ta phai tim chan duong vuomg goc do.

63

Vi d Hi dirong th!ng bfit ky, nen ta khong the tf1:1'C tiep ha duoc duong vuong g6c d6, rna ta phai tim gian tiep, sang each, qua M dung mat phang rp(f, h) vuong goc voi d (hlnh 3.36). Trong d6, f la duang mat, d 1.. f (d] 1.. f]) va h la duong bang d 1.. h (d11.. h.), roi tim giao diem H eua duong th~ng d voi mat phang tp(f, h).

each tlm giao diem H nhu tren hlnh 3.36.

Tim chieu dai cua dean MH = M, H2 (ling dung phirong phap tam giac vuong, muc 2.1.2), do chfnh la khoang each can tim.

• Hinh 3.36

Toi day, ta moi giiii duoc bai toan tlm khoang each tir mot diem toi mot dUOng thang bat kyo Con a muc 2.4.4 thi mci chi tim diroc.khoang each tir mot diem toi mot dirong thang dong mire.

Tilt nhien, neu ban nao nhanh tri thi J?gay a phdn d6 cfing da c6 the giai duqc bai toan tren day,

cAu HOI vA BAI T~P

1. Cho mat phang (m, n), va hlnh chien dUng d, cira duong thang d, thucc mat ph!ng d6. Tim hlnh chieu bang cua duong th~ng do (hinh 3.37).

2. Cho mat phang (m, n), va hlnh chieu bang a, cua dirong thAng a thuoc mat phang d6. Tim hlnh chieu dUng ciia duong th~ng do (hinh 3.38) .

•

Hlnh 3.37

64

Hlnh 3.38

3. Ve hlnh chieu dtmg ella duang thing AM, thuoc mat phang (ABC).

Cho biet hlnh chieu bang A2M2 (hlnh 3.39).

4. Qua diem M(M" M2), dung m.l phang, sao cho v~t dUng cua n6 hop v6i true x mot goe 30° va v~t bang cua no hop v6'i true x met g6c 45° (hlnh 3.40).

BI
Al
1 r
C1
Cz x
VMz L
Az
B9
Hinh 3.39 Hlnh 3.40 Hlnh 3.41 S. ChUng minh mat phing e6 vet dUng va vet bing trung nhau la mat phang vuong g6e vui m~tphang phan giac tlnr hai (hlnh 3.41).

6. Ve giao tuyen hai m~t phing (m, n) va (m', n') (hlnh 3.42a, b).

Hlnh 3.42

7. Ve giao tuyen giua mat phang (ABC) vci m~t ph!ng· phan giac I

(hlnh 3. 43). -

8. TIm giao diem duong thing 1 v6i mat phang (m, n) (hinh 3.44a, b).

65

Hlnh 3.43

a)

x

b)

Hlnh3.44

9. Qua diL~m M. dung duang thing cAt hai duang thing a va b (h1nh 3.45).

66

Hlnh 3.45

10. Cho ba duong thang a, b va c dung duong thing cat hai dirong thang a, b va song song voi dirong thang c (hlnh 3.46).

11. Khong dung hlnh chieu canh, tim khoang each til diem M (MI, M2) tm m~t phang chieu canh (m, n) (hlnh 3.47).

Hinh 3.46

n1 r'
"2=:m1 L
m2
Hinh 3.47 12. Qua diem M(MI, M2) dung mat phang vuong gee voi ca hai mat phang (ABC) va mat phang (m, n) (hmh 3.48).

13. Tim giao diem cua dtrong thang DE voi mat phang (ABC) (hlnh 3.49).

Hinh 3.48

E2 Hlnh 3.49

67

~ ,,~ A?" ,,'

B - PHUdNG PHAP BIEN DOl HINH CHIEU

Chuang IV. PHUONG PHAp BIEN D6I HINH CHI~U

4.1. £)~T VAN £)E

Nhir tren ta dfi thay, neu cac hlnh da cho i:J vi tri d~e biet, thi nhieu khi viec giai mot s6 bai toan kha don gian. Vi vay, neu cac hinh da: cho i:J v] tri bat ky, ta co the dung bien d6i hinh chieu de dua cac hlnh do toi vi tri d~c biet, de giai bai toan da: eho. Sau do neu can se dua ket qua tra ve hlnh chien ban dau,

Bien d6i hlnh chieu co nhieu loai, song co the chia lam hai loai ehinh : - Thay mgt phdng hinli chieu. Trong phuong phap bien d6i nay, ta girt nguyen vi tri cdc hinn dii cho, va thay cac m{it phdng hinh chiiu cii bang cae m{it phdng hinh. chieu mai, de' hinh. dii cho co vi ttl dt,'ic biet doi vai cae m{it pJidng hinh. chieu mai.

- Dai hinh. Trong phuong phap bien d6i nay, ta gut: nguyen cae m(it phdng hinh chieu, va thay d6i vi tri Clta cae hinli dd clio, dl J vi tri mdi tht cae htnb do co vi tri di;ic bi¢t dOl viii cac mr;tt phling hinl: chieu.

C~n. hru y la, khi thay dOi vi tri eua hlnh dfi cho, phdi git? nguyen vi tri luang d6i' giiia tat cd cae yeu t6' ella hinl: dii cho, Nghia Hi khong duoc lam bien dang hlnh do.

4.2. PHUONG PHAp THAY MAT PHANG HiNH CHIEU

. .

4.2.1. THA Y MAT PRANG R1NH CRIEU DUNG

1. IJjnh nghia. Thay m¢ll phdng II in I! chieu dung fa thay mgt phdng hinh. chieu ;r I bang mgt phdng hit!" chii'll .JT t: vuong goc vai .7£ 2. Salt do chieu hinh dd cho len ;r 1', fa co hinh chieu dung mai clia hinh da cho (hinh 4.1).

2. Tinh chat

- Hinh chieu bang ella hinl: gh1 nguyen.

Vi mat phang hinh chieu bang .JT 2 gilt nguyen, nen hlnh chieu bang cua hlnh ciing giU nguyen,

- Dt) cao Clla moi diem Clla hin}: khong thay do"j

Vl mat phang hinh chien bang .ff 2 giu nguyen, nen khoang each tll m6i diem cua hlnh toi mat phfmg.7l'2 (d¢ cao) ciing khOng thay d6i.

68

Muon tim hmh chieu dUng rnci A'I cua A, ta ve dirong thAng A2A'x .L . x', roi lay tren do diem A\ sao cho A\A', = AIAx (chu Y dau duang hoac am cua dQ cao mOi diem).

n1

I I I I I

3_J ,

,

11, ,

a)

Hlnh 4.1

Vi d~ : sang each thay mat phang hinh chieu dimg, tim chieu dai doan thAng AB, va goc clla no voi .Jr 2. •

Gidi : Ta biet, neu co mot doan thang thuoc dirong mat, thi hinh chieu dirng cua no co chieu dai bang chinh no. Vi vay, ta co the thay mat phang hlnh chieu dimg de dirong th~ng AB tra thanh duong mat, Muon vay, ta chon true hlnh chieu x'il A2~' r6i dua vao tfnh chat tren, nrc Ia de? cao ella cac diem A va B khong dOi, ta tim hlnh chieu dung moi A' I B' I.

Trong he thong moi, AB dii la duong mat, nen hlnh chieu dung mci A'IB'I = All.

x

x'

Hlnh 4.2

_ Vi goc gitra hlnh chieu dung cua AB voi true x' thl bang goc cua duong thang AB voi m~t phang hlnh chieu bang .Jr2• Qua A'I ta vach duong

----

thang A'IC 1/ x' thi goc B\A'IC chinh Ia goc dn tim (hlnh 4.2).

4.2.2. THAY MAT PRANG HlNH CHIEU BANG

1. Dinh nghia. Thay mgt phdng hinl: chieu bang, Id thay m4t pilling .Jr 2 bang mgt pilling .Jr 2, vuong goc 1'(1; mgt pluing .Jr I. Saudo chieu hinh. dii clio len mgt phdng .Jr2, ta co hinh chilll bang mai cua hinh do.

69

2. Tfnh ch«t

~ Hinh chieu difflg cua hinh gift nguyen. Vi mat phang .ff I gift nguyen. ' ', D¢ xa cua m6i diim cua hink khong thay ddi. VI mat phiing .ff I gift

nguyen, nen khoang each tit moi di~m cua hlnh den.ff I (d(l xa) cting khOng thay dOi (hlnh 4.3).

Tuong tu tren, ta tlm duoc hlnh chieu bang moi cua hlnh da eho.

a)

Hinh 4.3

b)

Vi d", 1 : Bang each thay mat phang hlnh chieu bang, tlmg6c nghieng cua ducng thing AB d6i v6i mat pb!ng hlnh chieu dUng.

Gidi : Ta biet, neu AS Hi duong bang, thl g6c nghieng cua hlnh chieu bang cua AB voi true hlnh chieu se banggoc nghieng cua du.Q'ng thing AB vm m~t ph!ng hlnh chieu dung. VI vay, d~ tim goc nghieng cua duong thing AB vai mat phang hlnh chieu dimg, ta thay - mat phang hinh chieu bang ,ff 2 de duong thing AB trb thanh duong bang, Mu6n vay, ta chon tIVC hlnh chieu moi x' /I AIBI. Tuong tu tren, ta tim duoc hlnh chieu bang moi cua duong thing AB Ia A2'~"

Hinh 4.4

Khi do, goc giira duong thang A2'~' voi true x' se bang goc ella AB voi m~t phang hinh chieu dung .Jl' l. (hlnh 4.4).

70

Vi d~ 2: BAng each thay m~t phang hinh chieu bang ,;r 2, tim g6c nghieng clla m~t phing W(ABC) vai mat phing hinh chieu dUng ,;r I.

Gidi : D6 tim gOc nghieng cua mot mat phing d6i v6i m;}t phAng hlnh chieu dllng .1T I. ta phw dua m;}t phing do tra thanh m;}t phAng chieu bang. Mu6n v~y+ ta dua mot duong m;}t cua m;}t phAng do tra thanh dubng thing chieu Qlng'.

T~c h€t, ta ve m¢t duong mat BD ella mat phang do. De thay mat phanghlnh chieu bang X2, ta chon true hlnh chieu x' 1. BIDI. Dira vao cac tinh chat tren, d<} xa cua cac diem khong dOi, ta tim duqc hlnh chieu bang moi cua dtrong m~t do 130 mot diem B'2 == D2" Khi d6, mat phang rp(ABC) tra thanh mat phang chieu bang trong h~ thong moi, va hlnh chieu bang

- moi cua no la met duong thing rp'2(A'2B'2C'2) (hinh 4.5).

G6c giua rp'2(A'2B'2C'2) v6i true x' chinh Iii g6c can tim.

Hinh 4.5

Neu chi bang mot Ian thay m~t phdng hinhchie'u, thi ta chi co tht giAi dircc cac bai toan sao :

-. Dua mot duang thdng bar ky trd thanh. duang th&ng d6ng muc, hoij.c dua mot mdt phdng chilli Ira thanb mqt phdng d6ng f1'¥l'c .

. Dua mot duang thting d6ng mli"c Ira thanh duang Ihdng chieu, hoij.c dua mo! miJI pJuing bdt ky fro thank m<Jt ph&ng chieu.

VI vay, de co th~ giai diroc nhung bai toan phirc tap han, ta phai thay ca hai mat phang hinh chieu.

71

4.2.3. TRAY LI~N TI.gp cA HAl MAT PHANG HlNH CH~U

Ta se thay tirng mat ph!ng hlnh chieu mot, Tuy tirng bai toan cu the rna ta se thay mat phang hmh chieu nao tnroc, mat phang hlnh chieu nao sau.

Vi d~ 1 : BAng each thay cac mat phang hlnb chieu, tlm tam dU<mg tron noi tiep tam giac ABC.

Gidi : TAm duong tron nei tiep tam giac, la giao diem cac duang phan giac trong cua tam giac do. De vI! cac duong phan giac do, ta phiii thay mat phang hlnh chieu de tlrn duoc hlnh th~t cua tam giac d6. Muon the! ta phai thay mat phang hlnh chieu hai Hin :

- Lan thu nhat, thay mat phang hinh chieu dUng, dua mat phang chua tam giac d6 tro thanh mat phang chieu dUng. Mu6n v~y. ta ve dirong bang BD, roi dua duong bang do tra thanh duong thing chieu dirng (B'I ;: D'I)' Vi mat phang (ABC) co mot dirong tha.ng BD la duong th!ng chieu drmg, nen mat phang do phai la mat phang chieu dung. Khi do, hinh chien dUng rom cua nola duong tb~ng A'IB'IC'!.

- Lan thu hai. dua mat ph~ng chieu do tra thanh mat pha.ng bAng.

Muon vay, ta ve true hlnh chieu x" song song vOl. dtrong th~ng A\B\C'!.

Khi do, hinh chieu bang m6i cua tam giac ABC HI. tam giac A'2B'2C'2 se bang chfnh tam giac do (binh 4.6).

Hlnh 4.6

Tren hinh chieu bang moi nay, ta ve cac dtrong phan guic trong ciia hai goc A va B, giao dieol cac duong phan 'giac do 13. 0'2' d6 la hinh chieu bang rnoi cua tam dirong tron nN tiep lam giac ABC.

De dua tarn 0 do tra - vt cac hlnh chieu ban dAu, ta gan 0 vao hai duong phan giac AF va BE.

72

Vi d¥ 2 : Bang each thay cae m~tphing hlnh chieu, tim khoimg each giUa hai duCtng thAng AB va CD.

,Gidi .~ Til bi6t~ khoang cachgnta hai duong thing cheo nhau Hi chien

dai doan thing vuOrig g6c chung cua chung,

VI vay, tnroc het ta phai tim duong vuong goc chung do. Mu6n vay, ta phai thay mat phang hinh chieu hai lan:

- LOn mt;Jt : Thay mat phang hlnh chieu dung, di dueng thang CD tra thanh duemg mat. Mu6n vay, ta chon true hinh chieu x' /I C2D2•

Dua vao tfnh chat tren, nrc Iii dQ- cao cua cac diim A, B. C va D khong dOi, ta tim diroc cac hlnh chieu dUng moi cua A, B, C va D.

- Ldn hai : thay mat phang hlnh chieu bang, de durng thAng CD tra thanh duang thang chieu bang. Mu6n vay, ta chon true hinh chieu x"], C\D'I. Dua vao tfnh chat d¢ xa cua cac diem khong d6i, ta tim diroc cac hlnh chieu bang rnoi ella cac diem A. B, C va D.

Khi do : C'2== D'2 (hlnh 4.7).

GQi IH 13 duong vuOng goc chung can tim, VI CD da la duang thang chien bang, nen Hlphai Ia dirong bang, MaAB ..1 IH, nen theo ttnh cbat hai duong th!ng vuong goc (muc 2.4.4), qua diem C2 == D'2 ta ve duang thing 1'2H'2 ..1 A'2B'2 (H'23 A'2B'2 va 1'2 3 C2D'2).

C1

Hinh 4.7

73

V1 IH ia dUCmg bang, nen I'2H'2 = IH. D6 chinh la khoang each c4n tim giifa hai dirong thing AB va CD,·

Ta c6 ngay kft qua l:! vi tri cudi, nen khong phai dua v~ cac hlnh chieu ban dl'iu.

,

4.3. PHUONG PHAp DOl HiNH

4.3.1. DeH HlNH SONG SONG VOl M! T pRANG HlNH CHrnU 1. DCri hmh song song v6i m~t pb:ing hlnh chien dUng

a) Binh nghfa

Dai hinh' song song vai m{it phdng hinh. chieu dUng la m¢t phep dai ma duang thdng no'i tung ciJp dilm tuang lmg Iii m¢t duang mqt, (Juong tluing song song mr!t phdng .JT I).

b) Tinh chat

- DuiJrig thdng n{/i hinl: chieu bang cUa m6i ciJp dilm tuang Ung Id mt)t dui'Jng tltting song song viti true x. De thay, vi cac dirong thang nay la cac dirong mat,

* Hinh chieu dUng mai, bOng hinh chieu dUng ban. ddu.

That vay, dua vao yeu cau cua phep dOi hlnh la vi tri nrong d6i giua tAt ca cac diem cua hinh khOng thay dOi (khong bien dang) trong qua trlnh doi.

De chUng minh tinh chlit nay, ta chi eiin chimg minh khoang each giUa hai diem bat ky, khong thay dOi trong khi dei, Ching han, chtrng minh v6i. met doan th~ng AB bat ky (hlnh 4.8).

Hinh 4.8

74

Taclnmg minh v(ri tnrong hop dm hlnh song song v6i m~t phang hlnh chieu dUng. (Khi dm hinh·song song vOi mat phang hlnh chieu bang cnng tuong t1!) ..

Gici sirtaco hai diem A(Aj, A2) va B(Dj, ~). Sau khi doi song song vOi mat phang hlnhchieu dirng, A Wi A' va B tui B'.

Thee tinh chat thu nhat ta co : dirong thang A2A'il x, va duong thing

~B'21Ix.

Ttic la hieu dQ xa cua A va B khong thay ddi trong khi doi.

Ta phai chimg minh : A\Bj = AjBI. .

Qua B ve dirong thAng BC 1/ BIAI (C thuoc AA,), qua B' ve dirong thAng B'C'II B',A'I(C' thuoc A'A\).

Xet hai tam giac vuong ABC va A'B'C', (VIla chieu vuong goc) co:

AB = A'B', va AC = A'C' (Vi AC = AA, ~ BB, va A'C' = A'A\ - B'B\ rna hieu de) xa cua A va B khong ddi trong khi doi). Nhu vay, hai tam giac do bang nhau, nen : BC = B'C'. Mil BC:::: B,AI• va B'C' :::: B',A',. Vay A'JB't ::::

A,B,. (Ciing co the dua vao each 11m chieu dai cua doan thAng bang phirong .phap tam giac vuong (muc 2.1.2), vi chieu dai cua AB khong ddi, va hieu dQ xa gifra A va B khong dOi, nen chieu dai hlnh chi~u dtrng cua AB cilng khong ddi. Tuc ia A'IB') :::: A)Dj).

Vi du : BAng each doi hlnh song song v6i mat phang hlnh chieu dUng, tlm chieu dai doan thang AB.

Gidi : Ta biet, neu AB lA dirong bang thl, hlnh chieu bang cua-no se c6 chieu dai bang chfnh no. VI vay, ta doi AB song song voi mat phang hinh chieu dung de dua AB toi V! trf dircng bang. Muon vay, ta doi hinh chieu dUng AlB, tai vi trf A',B\ 1/ x (hlnh 4.9).

A' B' ,......!1_-H----, 1

Hinh 4.9

75

Tu hinh chieu dung moi do (va dua vao tinh chat tren la, hinh chieu bang ciia cac diem cua hinh di chuyen tren cac ducng thang song song v6i true x) ta tim duoc hlnh chieu bang m6i A'2~" Vi 0 vi tri sau khi doi, duong th!ng AB da la duong bang, nen ta co: A'zB'2 = AB.

2. DOi hlnh song song v6i mat pbing hmh chien bang a) f)!nh nghia

Doi hinb song song viii mdt phAng hinh chieu bdng Iii m91 phep dai, ma duang thdng not tung cap diim tuong ung Iii cac duang bdng.

b) Tinh chill

- Duong thdng nOl hinh. chilli dlmg .clla m6i dj.p dii'm tuang ung Iii mot duang tilting song song viii true x.

- Hinh chieu bang mai clia hinh, bang hinh chilli bang ban ddu.

Chung minh wong nr phep doi hlnh song song voi mat phang hlnh chieu dirng.

Vi d~ : Bang each doi hlnh song song voi mat phang hlnh chieu bang, tim goc nghieng cua m~t phang (ABC) v6i mat phang hlnh chieu bang.

Gidi : Ta biet, neu mat phang (ABC) la mat phang chieu dirng thl ta co ngay goc nghieng cua mat phang do v6i mat phang hinh chieu bang.

VI vay, de tim goc nghieng cua mat phang (ABC) voi m~t phang hlnh chieu bang, ta doi mat phang do song song voi m~t phang hlnh chieu bang, de mat phang (ABC) tro thanh mat phAng hlnh chieu dirng (hlnh 4.10).

Hinh 4.10

_76

~-

Mu6n vay, ta vi! dirong bang BD cua mi_it ph!ng (ABC). Sau d6 ta dill mat phang d6 song song voi m~t phang hlnh chieu bang, de dirong bang BD tra thanh duong th~I:1g chieu dtrng (khi do B'I == 0'1)' Ma BD dii tfll thanh duong thangchieu dung, thl mat phang (ABC) cfing tra thanh mat ph!ng chieu dUng. Tee la, hlnh chieu dimg cua mat phang do la mot dirong thang A'IB'ICI' Khi do, goc nghieng cua duong thing A\B'IC't vui true x chinh la goc cua mat phang (ABC) voi mat phang hlnh chieu bang.

Cling nrong tu tnrong hop thay m;}.t phang hlnh chieu, neu chi bang rn"t Hi.n doi hinh song song voi mat phang hinh chieu thl ta chi giai diroc mot s6 bai toan sao:

- Dua mot duang thdng bat ky tro thanh duong thdng dong muc; hodc mot m{it phdng chilli tra thanh mgt phdng dong mttc.

- Dua mQI duang thdng dong mr(c Ira thanh. duang thang chieu; hodc mot mdt phJllg bal ky tro thanh mcjl phdng chieu.

Vi vay, de co th6 giai duoc nhtrng bai toan phirc tap han, ta se lien tiep doi hlnh song song voi cac mat phang hinh chieu, Tire la sao khi doi hinh song song voi mat phang hlnh chieu dirng, ta lai dei hlnh song song vci mat ph!ng hlnh chieu bang (hoac ngiroc lai).

3. Lien tiep dOi hmh song song v6i cac mat phang hmh chieu Ta lay lai vi du I trong muc 4.2.3, nhung giai bang doi hinh.

Vi du 1 : Bang each dci hlnh song song vci cac mat phang hlnh chieu, tim tam duong tron noi tiep tam giac ABC.

Gidi : Bang hai Ian doi hinh lien tiep, ta dira mat phling (ABC) tro thanh mat phang dong mire,

Tnroc her, ta doi hlnh song song voi mat phang hlnh chieu bang de mat phang (ABC) tro thanh mat phang chieu dung (nhu vi du a muc tren), Khi do, mat phing (ABC) dii tro thanh mat phing chieu dung, rna hlnh chieu dung cua nola duong thing A']B'[C] (hlnh 4.11).

Sau do ta dbi hlnh song song v6'i m~t phang hinh chieu dung dt dua mat phang (ABC) do tn1 thanh mat phang bang, Mu6n vay, ta dci duemg thang A \ B' I C'I t6i V! tri A" I B" [C" I song song voi true x. Til cac tinh chat tren, ta tim duoc hlnh chieu bang AI! IB" IC"], Tren hlnh chieu bang nay, ta tlm diroc hinh chieu bang ella tam dirong tron noi tiep tam giac 13. 0"2 (giao diem cua hai duong phan giac trong cua hai goc B va C). Tu do ta tim diroc

, hinh chieu dung 0" I'

De dua tarn 0 v~ cac hinh chieu ban dau, ta gan tam 0 do vao dirong

\

phan giac CEo

77

Hinh 4.11

Vi d~ 2 : Cho hai duong th~ng a va b song song. Bang each doi hinh song song v6i cac mat ph~ng hlnh chieu, tim khoang each giua hai duong thang do.

Gidi : f)~ tim khoang each giira hai duong thang a va b, ta phai dua hai duong thang do tra thanh cac dirong thAng chieu. Muon vay, ta phai doi hinh hai IAn :

- Dau tien, ta lay tren duong thAng a hai'diem 1,2; va tren dirong thang b hai diem 3, 4.

- Doi hlnh song song voi mat phing hinh chieu drrng de dua a va b tnY thanh cac dirong bang:

Hinh chieu dung moi cua chung ia ; a'd! b', II x (hinh 4.12).

Tit hlnh chieu dung do ta tim duoc hlnh chieu bang moi la a', va b'2'

21
1'1 ai
3'1 b'l b"
1
11
a'2 b'2

12 1'2 Hinh 4.12

78

- Doi song song vm mat phang hmh chieu bang, d~ a va b tra thanh duong thang chieu dUng: Va hinh chieu bang mOL Wi V! tri a", va b'', vuong goc VOL true X. Khi d6 a va b da la dUO'ng thAng chieu dirng. Ctlng tir do ta tim duoc cac hinh chieu dUng moi cua a va b la cac "diem" a" I va b" ,.

Khoang each gitta hai "di~m" a" 1 va b" I cling la khoang each giua hai duong thang a va b can tim.

4.'3.2. XOA Y QUANH DuJNG THANG DONG MOC

Trong phan nay, ta chi d~ cap den viec xoay cac hinh phang. Sau nay, ban doc co tht van dung no de xoay cac hlnh khong gian.

Ta nhac lai dinh nghia, xoay mot diem quanh mot duong thang :

XDay mot dilm- quanli mot duang thang {true xoay) thi did'm do se di chuyd'n tren mot duang trim, ndm tren mr)1 phling di qua die'm do va vuong goc wYi true xoay. Tam Clta duang iron do fa giao diem cua mr)t pluing d6 viti true xoay, ban kinh Clta duang trim Iii khodng cacti lit die'm do den true xoay.

1. Xoay quanh duong mat a) D~nh nghia

Xoay mot dilm quanli duong mdt, la xoay dilm do tai vi tri co .dr) xa bang d(J xa clla didmg mt;"it do.

b) Tinh chat

Hinh chieu dlmg ella -diim d6 di clUly!n tren duang thdng vuong goc vai hilth chieu dung ella duang m<J.t, tili vi tri ma khodng each ttl' do den hinh chieu dung eua duang mat tid bang khodng each lif diim do den duong mr)t (trong khong gian).

That vay, gia su ta xoay diem A quanh duong mat f. Nhu vay, A di chuyen tren dirong tron thuoc mat phang chien dung vuong g6e voi dirong mat f; nen hinh chieu dung cua diem A di chuyen tren dirong thang vuong goc voi hinh chieu dirng fl cua duong mat, Thea dinh nghia, ta xoay A den vi tri co d¢ xa bang d¢ xa cua dirong mat f. Khi de mat phang (A', f) Iii mat 'phang mat, nen khoang each tir hlnh chieu dirng A'] ella diem A' tdi hlnh chieu dirng fl cua duong mat I, thi bang khoang each tir diem A toi duong mat f,

Vi vay, de tim A'I' (goi 0 HI. chan dirong vuong gee ha tir A tdi f), ta tim khoimg each tll A toi f (bang phuong phap tam giac vuong a muc

79

2.1.2). Ta co O]Ao = OA. Tren dirong thang A]O] (L f.), ta l~y diem A\,

sao cho O]A'] :;:::. O]Al) (hlnh 4.13). "

T~t nhien con hlnh chieu bang A'2 cua diem A' se di chuyen den vi- tIi thuoc hlnh chien bang f2 cua dirong mat f. Nhung ta khong can quan tam den hinh chieu bang do.

a)

Hinh 4.13

b)

Vi d~ ~. Bang each xoay quanh dubng mat, ve duong phan giac cua " ............... 0

goc a b.

............... ,

Gidi : Mu6'n vi: duong phan giac cua goc aOb, ta phai dua mat phang

(a, b) toi vi tri mat phang m~t.

Mu6'n vay, ta lay tren Oa diem I, tren Ob diem 2; ve dtrong mat 03 cua mat phang (a, b) (hlnh 4.14).

De xoay m~t ph~ng (a, b) quanh duong mat 03, ta chi can xoay diem 1 3 a.

Ta vi: duong thing IH _l 03 (lIH] _l 0\3\), (trong do H ') 03).

11m chieu dai IH = loH]. Tren duemg thAng I,H] HlY diem 1'] sao cho I\H\ :;:::. loHJ.'

De tim diem 2'] 3 b', ta thay duong thing 12 cling chinh la dirong thang 13. Vi vay, diem 2\ phai thuoc duong thang 1']3\ (Vl3, thuoc true xoay 03 nen c6' dinh khi xoay). Mat khac, khi ta xoay diem 1 nrc la ta da xoay ca mat phang (a, b). Vi vay, diem 2\ cilng di chuyen tren duong thang t vuong

80

g6c vci 0]3]. Do do, diim 2'] ehinh la giao di~m ella dubng thang t va dubng thing 1']3]. ~

Bay gic, goc 1\0]2\ bang goe~. Nen ta ve duong phan giac 04'(0]4' I);

Gin diem 4' thuecduong phan giac do vao direng thing 1 '2' de dira v~ cac hinh chieu ban d~u.

Hinh 4.14

2. Gap mat phang quanh vet dung cua no

Gap mat phang quanh vet dung ella no, chinh la xoay mat phang d6 quanh mot duong mat cua no, de dua mat phang do toi trung voi mat phang hinh chieu dimg x J. Nhung day ia mot duong mat co d¢ xa bang khong. Do do, cac tfnh chat (va ta co th~ thuc hien) holm roan gi6ng xoay quanh dirong mat. Co khac la, loi dung vi tri dac biet cua mot vai yeu 16 so voi truong hop tren, nen ta co the lam dan gian hem.

Ta lay mot vi dy'. minh hoa.

vi du : Vc tamgiac diu ABC thuoc mat phang (m, n). Cho bift mot canh AB cua no.

81

Gidi : Nhu- vay, ta chican tim dlnh C. Mu6n ve tam giac d~u ABC. ta phai xoay m~t phang (rn, n) quanh vet dirng n de mat phang (m, n) tui trung voi mat phang hinh chieu dung (hinh 4.15).

Duong thang AB cat vet bang m tai diem 1(11.12) va cat vet dirngn tai diem 2(21, 22), Khi xoay mat phang (m, n) quanh vet dirng n thl hmh chieu dirng 1] di chuyen tren duong thang d vuong goc voi vet dirng n ;;; n.,

G9i 1 (I] ;;; 12) Ia giao diem cua mat phang (m, n) voi true x thi, chieu dai dean thang 1212 = 11.

Khi g~p mat phang (m, n) quanh vet dtrng, tai trimg voi mat phang hinh chieu dUng thi dean thang 1110= 1212, Nhu vay, diem 10 chfnh Ia giao diem cua duong thang d voj dirong tron Him 11' ban kinh II. Va duong thang 1110 chfnh la vet bang m, ella mat phang (m, n) sau khi gap. Bay gic, vi mi').t phang (rn, n) da trung vci sr 1, nen ta d~ tim duoc canh AllBo tit do ve tam giac deu AoBoC(l'

De dua tarn giac do ve cac hinh chieu ban dau (that ra HI. chi dua mot dinh C). Ta gan cac dinh do vao cac dirong thang cua mat phang (m, n). Vi du, gan C vao duong thang B3.

Tat nhien, bai toan co hai nghiem, Tren hinh ve ta moi vi': mot nghiern.

Ban doc.ve tiep nghiem conlai.

Hlnh 4.15

82

3. Xoay quanh duang bing a) Dinh nghia

Xoay ·mqt dilmquanh duang bang la xoay diim do dtn vi tri eo dt) cao bang dl)eao eua duang bang.

,b) Tinh chat

Hinh 'chieu bang eua dilm do di chuy{n tren duang thdng vuong goc viii hinh chieu bang cLla duang bang, toi vi tri ma sao cho khodng each tit do den hinh chieu bang clla duang bang, tht being khodng cacb tit dilm do den duang bdng (0 trong khong gian) (hinh 4.16a).

Vi du, Xoay diem A(AI, A2) quanh duemg bang h (hi' h2). Vi diem A di chuyen tren mat phang chieu bang a vuong goc v6i dirong bang h, nen hinh chieu bang A2 di chuyen tren duong tholng A202 .1 h2. Vi A di chuyen den vi tri A' co d¢ cao bang d¢ cao cua dirong bang h. TUc 13. mat phang (A', h) Ia mat phang bang, nen hinh chieu bang cua OA' co chieu dai bang chfnh no. D~ tim vi trf eua A'2' ta tim chieu dai cua AO, (bang phuong phap tam giac vuong), Ta co 02Ao = ~A. LAy O2 lam tarn quay vong tron ban kfnh 02Au. toi cat 02A3 0 dau, thi do ehinh la A'2 (hinh 4.16b).

a)

Hlnh 4.16

b)

4. G~p mat ph:ing quanh vet bang cua n6

Tuong nr tren, g~p m~t ph!ng quanh vet bang cua n6 13. xoay m~t phang do quanh mot duong bang cua n6, de dua m~t phAng do too vi tri trung voi mat phang hlnh chien bang .7t 2.

83

Cling dua vao vi trf d~c biet cua mot vai yeo t6, nen ta co the Hun don gian hon.

Neu khong, ban doc co the thuc hien nhu xoay quanh dirong bang thong thuong,

Vi du : Bang each g~p quanh vet dirng, ve hlnh vuong ABCD thuoc \ mat phang (m, n). Cho bier mot canh AB cua hlnh vuong do.

Gidi : Duong thang AB cat vet bang m tai diem I, va d.t vet dirng n tai diem 2.

GQi I la giao diem cua mat phang (rn, n) voi true x. Nhu vay, doan thang 1)2\ chinh la doan th~ng do (vi no nam ngay tren mat ph~ng hlnh chieu dirng).

Khi g~p mat phang (m, n) toi trimg voi mat phang hinh chieu bang, thi diem 2 t6'i vi tri 20 (hlnh 4.17): Diem 1 thuoc vet bang (true xoay) nen c6 dinh. Til do, ta tim duoc canh AB sau khi g<}.p la AoBo.

Tren hlnh g~p nay, tao ve hinh vuong Ao~)CoDo.

De dua hlnh vuong do tra v~ cac hlnh chieu ban dau, ta gan cac dinh cua hlnh vuong do vao cac duong thang ciia m~t phfing (m, n). Vi du, dinh C gan vao duong thang 34 (= 3B) cua mat phang (rn, n).

Hinh 4.17

84

4.4. PHUONG PHAp CHIEU PHI)

Phuong phap chieu phl,l laphep chieu theo mQt huong chieu kheo chon, n6i chung khOng trung vOi huang chieu chfnh: va m~t ph/lOg hlnh chieu W chon, de thich h9P vai timg bai toan cy. the.

M~i phfu1g hlnh chieu trong phcp Ml ~

chieu nay, thucng duoc chon la : ~ ~

- M~t phang hlnh chieu dUng .7t I. M_i

- M<:it phang hinh chieu bang .;r 2. ~x -*:-=- _

- M~t phang phan giac thii hai.

- Mat phang tl! chon,

Hinh 4.18a, la phep chieu phu, rna huang chieu Ia duong thing s, va _ rn<:it phang hlnh chieu 13. m<:it phang hlnh chieu dUng.lt '.

Hlnh 4.18b, Ia phep chieu phu, rna huang chieu la duang thAng s, va mat phang hmhchieu la mat phang hlnh chieu hang .ff2.

Hinh 4.18c, Iii phep chieu phu, rna huang chieu 1a dirong thing s, mat phang hlnh chieu Iamat phang phan giac II.

Phepichieu phu, kh6ng dtroc dung phO bien. nhung n6 cG.ng to fa buu hieu trong mlit s6 tnrong hop nhat dinh,

Ta lKy vaivi du, tIng dung cac phep chieu phu n6i tren.

Vi du I : Tim giao diem dirong canh AB voi mat phang rp(m. n).

Gidi. Truong hop nay, VI dirong thang A~ la duong canh, nen ta khong the dung m~t phang phu tro Hi mat phang chien. Vi v~y viec giai thea phtrong phap thong thirongcung khong don gian.

,.

a)

b)

.:

c)

Hlnh 4.18

85

Ta dung phep chieu phu, c6 '1/ ;Jim1

hu6ng chieu song song vai

duong bang (vet bang m) clla

m~t phang V(m, n), m~t phang

hlnh chieu la mat phang hlnh chieu dUng.;r] (hlnh 4.19).

Nhir vay, hinh chieu ph", qJ' ella mat phang V(m, n) se Hung vai vet dirng n cua mat phang qJ. COn dirong canh AB co hlnh chieu phu la A'B'.

Tren hlnh chieu ph", ta c6 giao diem K' = 7)' X A'B'.

Dua giao diem K tra ve cac hlnh chieu ban dau ta c6 K] va K2• D6 la giao diem cua dirong canh AB vai mat ph!ng dii cho.

Vi du 2 : Cho ha~ duong thang a va b. Dung dirong hang AB, trong d6 A ;, a, va- B;,: b. Va doan thing AB c6 chien dai cho tnroc.

Gidi : DAy ding lit bai toan, neu dung then phuong phap thong thuong ding khong don gian. Ta hay dung phep chieu phu,

Gia sit ta da dung du~ dubng bang AB thoa man dieu kien dAu bai.

Neu ta chieu song song U\t ca hlnh da cho len mat ph!ng hlnh chieu bang .;r 2, thl chieu dai hlnh chieu ph", cua doan thing AB la A'B' se bang chinh n6, nrc la : A'B' = AB.

Hlnh 4.19

VI vay, ta chieu song song hai duong thang a va b len mat phang hinh chieu bang ',ffl thea huang chieu la dirong thang b (hoac a). Nhu vay, direng thang b co hlnh chieu ph", la "diem" b'2, (D6 cilng chfnh la vet bang cua dirong thang b) con dltbng thing a co hlnh chieu ph", la duong thAng a'2' Khi d6, h1nh chieu ph", cua dtrong bang AB la A'B' va A'B' co chieu dai bang AB. VI vay, ta lay diem b', lam Him, ve duemg tron co ban kfnh bang chieu dai cua dean thang AB. Duong tron nay, cal duong thang a', a dau, thl d6 chfnh Hl diem A'(hinh chieu ph", cua A).

D6ng cac diem do tra ve ta c6 A2 va At. Qua A] ta ve diroc hinh chieu dirng A]B] 1/ x, tit do ta c6 hlnh chieu bang A2B2 cua duong bang AB (hlnh 4.20).

86

Vi d~ 3 : Tim giao tuyen hai mat phang 71 (a, b) va Q (ABC).

Gidi : Tat nhien, bai nay co th~ giai thea phuong phap thong thuong rna ta da biet.

Ta giai bAng plnrong phap chien phu,

Hai dirong thang a va b song song. Ta chieu ca hai m~t phang da cho len m~t phang phan giac II, thea huang chien a (song song voi mat phang 1>(a, bj), Nhu vay, hinh chieu phu cua m~t phang 71 (a, b) se III mot duong thang '7>' n6i hai diem a' va b'. Con ba di~m A, B va C cua mat phang Q (ABC) co hinh chieu phu urong Ung III A', B' va C. Tren hinh chieu phu, dirong thing 71' cat cac canh cua tam giac A'B'C' tai hai diem 1', K'. Dua duong th!ng IK trb ve cac hinh chieu ban dau, ta c6 giao tuyen IK (ILK" 12K2). D6 chfnhla giao tuyen cua hai m~t phing da cho (hinh 4.21).

Phep chieu phu con duoc Ung dung trong phan tim giao diem duong tha.ng vai cac mat, va giao tuyen mat phang voi cac mat sau nay.

Hlnh 4.20

Hlnh 4.21

87

':, . cAu HOI vA BAI T~P

1. sang cac'h thay m~t phAng hlnh chieu tim khoimg each tiI diem A(A\, A2), tm mat phang (m, n) (hinh 4.22).

2. Bang each thay m~t phlng hlnh chieu, tlm hlnh chien dung cua duong thang b. Biet fang b II a va each a mot doan cho tnroc (hlnh 4.23).

x

Hlnh 4.22

Hlnh 4.23

3. BAng mot Ian thay mat phAng hlnh chieu, tim khoang each 'giiia hai duong thing a va b cheo nhau (hlnh 4.24).

4. Cho diem M va hai duong thing a, b. Bang each thay m~t phang hinh chien, ve dU?ng thang di qua diem M va cat ca hai duong thiing a va b (hlnh 4.25).

x

x

Hinh 4.24

-

Hinh 4.25

88

5. Cho ba duang th~,g a,' b va e (cheo nhau). BAng each thay -m~t phAng hlnh chieu, viS duangtha.ng d.t hai duang thang a, b va song song vOi duong th6ng e (hinh 3.46).

. 6. Bang each thay ni~t ph~ng hinh chieu, de mQt hlnh chieu ella tam giae ABC Iatam giac vuong. Dinh goc vuong 1a B (hinh 4.26).

7. Bang each doi hinh song song vai cac mat phang hlnh chieu, giai cac bai 1,2,4 va 6 tren day.

8. Bang each xoay quanh duong bang (hoac dirong mat), tim khoang each giira hai duong thang a II b (hinh 4.12).

9. Bang each gap quanh vet ella mat phang (m, n), ve tam giac vuong can ABC (vuong 0 A), eho biet mot canh AB (hlnh 4.27).

Hlnh 4.26

10. Bang each g~p quanh vet cua mat phang (m, n), ve dirong phan giac ella goc tao bci hai vet m va n ella m~t phang do (hinh 4.28).

Hlnh 4.27

Hlnh 4.28

89

C-Dl10NGvA~T

Chirong V. D A DI~N

5.1. £)INH NGHiA vA Bn~u OI~N £)A OleN

5.1.1. DlNH NGHIA

Da dien fa m¢t mrJt tao thanh. ll~ clk da giac phdng. Cdc canh va cdc dlnh cua cae da giac do cling til cae canh va cae dinh cua da dien. Cac da giac phang d6 goi 13. cac mat ben cua da dien.

Can luu y la, trong tai lieu nay, ta chi khao sat cac da dien 16i.

Da dien lei la da dien rna, neu ta mcrong bAt ky mat ben nao cua da dien d6 thl da dien d6 nam hoan roan ve mot phfa cua mat phang d6.

M"t di~m mra cling can hru y la, trong blnb hoa, cac da dien cling nhu cac m~t cong sau nay, ta chi khao sat mat cua chang. (Phan «ben trong" cac mat do Ia khoang khOng).

5.1.2. BI~U DI~N DA DI~

Bitu diln da dien ld ta bi!" diln cae canh va cdc m<ft ben cua cluing, Co chu y den viec xet thay va khuat cua cac canh va cac m~t ben cua no.

Hlnh 5.1 bieu dien m~t td: dien SABC (con goi la m~t chop hoac m~t thap dinh S).

Tren hlnh chieu dUng : hai mat SIAIB, va SIBICI thay, con m~t SIAICI' day AIBICI va canh AICI bi hai m~t kia che khuat. Tren hlnh chieu bang, cac mat ~A2~ va ~B:z~ thay, mat ~A2B2' day A2~~ va cann A2~ khuat. Viec xet thay, khuat theo muc 3.5.3.

Vi du, tren hinh chieudimg : xet hai canh SIBI va AICI, ta lay hai ditm 1 va 2 cung thuoc dtrong thing cnieu dUng; trong do 1 thuoc canh AC. 2 thuoc SB, nhung diem 2 co d¢ xa 1&0 han, nen hlnh chieu dung 21 thay, va 1] kh uat, suy ra SIB] thay, va AICI khuat. Til do, hai m~t

90

$2 Hinh 5.1

(SIAICI) va (A,B,C,) khuat. Tuong tv tren hlnh chieu bang ta cling xet hai canh Sz~ va A2~ : Ta ding la':y hai diem 3 va 4 cling thuoc dirong thAng chieu bang, trong d6 3 thuoc AB, 4 thuoc SC. Diem 4 c6 d¢ cao IOn han nen canh Sz~ thay, con canh A2~ khuat. Til d6, hai mat (S2A2B2) va (A2B2C2) khuat

Hlnh 5.2 bieu dien mat lang tru tam giac. Day ABC thuoc m~t ph!ng chieu bang, ba canh ben la a, b va c.

Tren hlnh chien dimg : ta xet hai canh AIC] va b., H(y hai diim 1 va 2 (1 thuoc AC, 2 thuoc b). Diem 2 c6 d¢ xa IOn han, nen hinh chieu dUng cua n6 thay, do do b, thay, AICI khuat. Suy ra : hai ml}t (a., b.) va (b., c.) thay: con mat (a., c.) va day AIBI CI khuat.

Tren hlnh chieu bang: (a.; b2) va (~, c2) thay, con mat (b2, c2) khuat,

Hinh 5.2

Hinh 5.3 bitu dien lang tru tli giac thAng dUng. Lang tru nhu vay con gQi"la lang tru chieu bang. Vi cac canh ben a, b, c va d Ia. cac duong thang chieu bang, cac m~t ben cling la. cac m~t phAng chieu bang .

Tren hlnh chieu dung hai m~t (a., b.) va (b., c.) thay, hai m~t con lai khuat.

Noi dung quan trong cua phan bieu dien cac m~~t la, cach lety mot dilm thuoc cdc mgt.

91

Neu ban doc nam direc van de nay thl b cac phan tim - giao dit!rtl 9uemg thing voi da dien, giao cua mat phang voi da dien va giao hai da dien se nrong d6i don gian.

Vi cac da dien tao thanh tu cac da giac phang, nen viec ldy mQt diim thuoc da dien, gidng nhu each My mot diim thuoc mdt phdng. Tire la, khi cho tnroc mot hlnh chieu cua mot diem thuoc da dien, ta vach mot dirong thing qua diem do, r6i gAn di~m can tim vao dirong th!ng do de tim hinh chieu con lai.

Vi dlj 1 : Cho hinh chieu dirng M, cjia

diem M thuoc mat tu dien (hinh 5.1). Tim bz

hlnh chieu bang. M2? Hlnh 5.3

Gidi : De tim hlnh chieu bang M2 ella M, ta vach qua M mot dirong thang thuoc da dien, Vi du, ta vach duong thang SM. Neu cho biet hinh chieu dung M[ Ia thay (hoac khuat) thl ta se chi co mot hinh chien bang M2•

Nhirng VI, khong cho biet hlnh chieu dirng M, thay hay khuat, nen ta ph iii tra lai hai truong hop :

Neu M[ thay, nghia Ia M thuoc mat ben SBC, nen dirong thang SM cat canh day BC tai diem 5; Tir do ta tim duoc hinh chieu bang la ~52' va ta tim diroc hinh chieu bang M2 3 ~52.

Neu M, khuat, nrc la M thuoc mat ben SAC. nen duong thang SM cat canh day AC tai diem 6. Cfing tir do ta tim duoc hlnh chieu bang S2 62, va ta tim duoc M' 2 3 ~62 .

Vi d1J. 2 : -Cho hinh chieu dirng M] cua diem M thuoc mat lang tru (hlnh 5.2). Tim hinh chieu bang M2?

Giai: Ta gan M vao duong thang song song voi canh ben cua lang tru, Vi khong cho bier M, thay hay khuat, nen ta phai tra loi hai twang hop :

Neu M[ thay, lUC la M'thuocmat (a.b), nen duong thang tren cAt canh AB tai diem 4, va ta tim diroc hlnh chieu bang M2•

Neu M] khuat, tuc la M thuoc mat (a. c); nen duong thing tren cat canh AC tai di~m 3, va ta tim diroc hlnh chieu bang M'2.

Tren hlnh 5.3, cho hlnh chieu dung M, ella diem M thuoc mat lang tru tu giac thing dirng, co cac canh ben la a, b,c va d. Tim hinh chieu bang cua M?

92

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Cung vi khong cho biet M, thay hay khuat, nen ta phai tra Uri. hai truong hop :

Neu M\ thay, nrc la M thuoc mat (a, b), nen ta co hlnh chieu bang la M2• Neu M\ khuai, ffic la M thuoc ml,l.t (c, d), nen ta co hinh cbieu bang Ia M'2•

5.2. GIAO TUV€N M~T PHANG Val £)A OleN

Giao tuyi'n mat phiing voi da di¢n Iii mot da giac, co cac dinh fa giao di!.m cdc canb Clia da di¢n vai m<jt phdng, vii cac canb Iii giao tllyi'n ,cac m(it bin clla do dien vai mc;tt phdng do.

Ta chia lam cac tnrong hop tir de den kho,

5.2.1. Mj~T PHA.NG LA MAT PHANG CHI13U

Truong hop niiy, ta .u bi~t ngay mot hinn chieu Clio giao tuytn, giin giao tuy~n do vdo cac m(it ben clio da dien de'tim Mull chilli con lai cua no.

Vi dl}- : Tim giao tuyen cua mat phang chieu dimg Q v6i mll\t chop SABC.

Gidi : Vi Q Iii mat phang chien dung nen ta de biet ngay hlnh chien dimg ella giao tuyen 13 doan thAng 1\ 2\ 3\. (thuoc phan chung gina hlnh chieu dirng Q, cua mat phang Q va hinh chieu dung cua hinh chop) (hlnh 5.4).

Giao tuyen do efing thuoc cac mat .. ben cua hinh chop. Cac dinh cua da giac giao tuyen Ia cac giao diem 1, 2 va 3 .cac canh ella da giac 13 giao di~m cua hinh chop v6i mat ph~ng Q. Sau do, xet thay va khuat tren hinh chieu bang.

5.2.2. MAT PHANG KHONG PHA! MAT PHANG CRIEU. NHuNG DA DI~N LA. LANG TRl} CRlEU

Truong hap nay, to ding dl bi~l ngay mQt hinh chieu cLia giao tuyin (trung vdi hinlt chieu cac m(it ben Clio lang (1'1:'), Ung dung each tim diem va duang (Iui-ng thuoc mr;it phdng de'tim hinti chieu con lai.

Vi dl}- : Tim giao tuyen ella lang tru tu giac th!ng dUng vai mat phing (m, n).

A2~::- ......

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B~t- - - - - - 2

Hinh 5.4

93

Gidi : Tnrong hQ'p n8¥. ta c6 ngay hinh chieu btmg cua .giao tuyen trung v6i h1nh chieu bang cac mat ben cua mat lang tru thAng dt'rng. OQi cac canh ben cua lang tru la a. b. c va d. thl cac canh do ca.t mat ph§:ng (rn, n) nrong 1hlg t;,ti cac diem A. B, C va D, rna hlnh chieu bang la tu giac A2~C;D2'

Olin tu giac do vao mat phang (m, n) de tim hinh chieu dirng cua giao tuyen la A]B\C]DI.' Vi d1:1 keo dai canh AD, d.t m tai diem 1, va cat n tai diem 2, ta tim diroc hlnh chieu dirng AID]. Tir do, khi dii co dinh AI' keo dai canh AB, d.t vet bang m tai diem 3, tim dU<;1c hlnh chieu dirng A]B]. Khi dii c6 dinh B], ta lai keo dai canh BC, ca.t vet bang m tai diem 4, ta tim diroc hlnh chieu dtrng C] (hlnh 5.5). Sau do, xet thay va khuat tren hinh chieu dUng.

Hlnh 5.5

5.2.3. TRuJNG HQP TONG QUAT

De tim giao tuyen, tnrong hop nay, ta phai dung mat phang phu tro, de tim giao diem cac canh cua da giac voi mat phang dii cho. Tuc la giai nhieu bai toan tim giao diem duong thing voi m~t phang ngay tren mot hlnh.

94

Vi d~ : Timgiao tuyen cua m~t phang (m, n) v6i lang tru xien tam giac co cac canh la a, b va c.

Gidi : Ta dung cac mat phllng phu tro, de tim giao diem cac canh cua lang tru v6i mat ph&ng (rn, n). .

Tnroc het, ta thay, m~t (a, b) la mat ph!ng chien dirng, nen de thay, mat phang nay cat mat phing (rn, n) thee dircng thing 12 (d.t m tai diem 1 va cat n tai diem 2). Tit do ta tim duqc giao tuyen cua mat phang (m,' n) voi '}l~t (a, b) la doan AB. De tim giao diem canh c, ta dung mat phang phu tro la mat phang chieu dimg. Mat phang nay cat dUO'ng thang m tai diem 3; vi mat phang phu tro nay song song voi mat phang (a, b), nen giao tuyen nay song song vci giao tuyen 12, va ta tim diroc giao diem c. Nhu vay giao tuyen cua mat ph!ng (m, n) voi lang tru latarn giac ABC (hinh 5.6).

Sau do phil xet thay, khuat tren cac hinh chieu,

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Hinh 5.6

5.3. GIAO £l1i~M £lUONG THANG VOl £lA OleN T~ cling Ian luot xet cac tnrcng hop tir di den kho,

5.3.1. DuONG THANG LA DuONG THANG CHItu

Truong hap nay fa de hilt ngay m(Jt hinh chieu etla giao di e"m , ung dung cad, tim cac die"m thuoc da dien, dllim hinl: chill! con lai clia giao diem.

Vi du : Tim giao diem cua duong thing chieu bang d voi hlnh chop SABe.

Gidi : GQi I va K la cac giao diem cua dirong thang d voi hinh chop, thi ta co ngay hlnh chieu bang 12:: K2 ~ dz'

Vi I va K ciing la cac diem thuoc hlnh chop, nen dii co 12 va K2• de tim

95

hinh chieu dimg I] va K" ta gan I va K vao cac dirong thang SI va BK. Hai dirong thAng nay cat canh AC tai diem 1 e , Ttl do ta tim diroc hinh chieu dung I] va K] (hinh 5.7).

Con tnrong hop dirong th!ng khong phai dirong thAng chieu, nhirng da dien la lang tru chieu cling nrong d6i dan gian, ban doc tl! nghien cuu.

5.3.2. TRlJ<JNG HOP TONG QUAT Truong hop nay ta phai dung m~t phang phu tro, chua dirong thang dii eho. Sau d6 tim giao tuyen g (la mot da giac phang) ella m~t phang phu tro voi da dien. Cuoi cung, tim cac giao diem ella duong thang dii cho voi giao tuyen g. D6 chinh la cac giao diem can tim.

Hinh 5.8

96

Hlnh 5.7

M~t phang phu tro thuong chon Hi mat phang chieu.,

~

Vi d~ 1 : Tim giao diem ella

duang thAng I va hlnh chop SABe.

Gidi : Ta dung mat phang phu tro Iii mat phang chieu dirng a chua duong thang 1.

Nhu vay, ta c6 : at == II. Ta de tim duoc giao tuyen cua mat phang (J voi hinh chop SABe la tam giac J 23; rna hinh chieu dung cua no Ii doan thang 1\3121•

Tir hinh chieu dung 112131, ta tim duoc hlnh chieu bang 122232 ellt 11 rai 12 va K1·

Til cac hlnh chieu bang do ta tim duoc hlnh chieu dung II va KI (hlnh 5.8;)

Khi tlm cac dit~m tren, hai diem 1 va 2 thl don gian, ta hru y diem 3.

VI diem 3 thuoc duong canh SB, nen de tim hlnh chieu bang, ta phai gan n6 vao duong thang 34 song song voi canh day AB.

Sau d6, ta 'xet thay va khuat tren cac hlnh chieu.

Tren hlnh chieu dirng : Doan 1\ K! de thay n6 khuat; con dean 111\ J VI diem I thuoc m~t (SAC) khuat, nen diem 11 khuat, do d6 doan 1\ 1\ khuat, Dean K\2] : diem K thuoc mat (SBC) thay, nen K] thay, do d6 doan K12\ thay,

Tuong nr, tren hlnh chieu bang: de thay doan I2K2khuat. Doan K2 den canh ~~ : VI K thuoc mat (SBC) thay, nen K2 thay, do d6 doan K2 - ~~ cung thay. Doan tit 12 den canh S2A2 : VI I thuoc mat (SAC) khuat, nen 12 khuat, do d6 doan tir 12 den canh ~A2 khuat.

Vi du 2 : Tim giao diem ella dirong canh MN voi lang tru xien tam giac, c6 ba canh ben la a, b, c.

Gidi : Bai nay c6 nhieu each giai, ta neu mot vai each :

each 1 : Ta chon mat phang phu tro kh6ng phai mat phang chieu, rna d6la rn~t phang (m, n), trong d6 duong thAng rn di qua diem M, va duong

thang n di qua diem N; m, n deu song song voi canh ben ella lang tru. Nhu vay, mat phang (m, n) se cal lang tru thea cac duong thang song song voi canh ben ella lang tru,

De tim giao tuyen ella mat phang phu tro do voi cac mat ben cua lang 1n,1, ta phai tim giao tuyen g ella mat phang phu tro voi mat phang day (ABC) cua lang tru (hlnh 5.9). Do la dirong thing n6i giao diem 1 thuoc m vci m~t ph<lng (ABC) va giao diem 2 ella duong thang n voi mat phang (ABC).

Giao tuyen g cat tam giac

Hinh 5.9

97

ABC tai cac di~m 3 va 4. Qua 3, 4 vach cac dirong thing song song voi canh ben ciia lang tru, cac duong thing do dt dirong thang MN tai Iva K .. _ Do chinh la cac giao diem can tim.

Sau do ta ciing xet thay, khuat,

each 2. Ta ciing giai bai toan do bang phuong phap chieu phu,

Ta chon mat phang hinh chieu Ia mat phang (ABC), day cua lang tru, Huang chieu 180 cac duong thing m, n.

Khi do, hlnh chieu cac mat ben cua lang tru 180 cac canh cua tam giac ABC; hinh chieu cua dircng thang MN 180 dirong th~ng 1 2. Nhu vay, cac canh cua tam giac ABC cat duong tha.ng 1 2 tai hai diem 3 va 4. Dua cac diem 3 va 4 tra ve cac hinh chieu ban d~u ta co hai giao diem I, K.

Nhu vay, van vai hinh 5.9, nhirng ta da giii thich each tim cac giao diem I va K do bang mot each khac,

Vi d", 3 : Tim giao diem dirong canh MN vai lang tru xien.

Gidi : Bai nay ciIng nrong tir bai tren (tuy hlnh co hoi khac), nhung ta neu mot each giai nifa.

Ta dung m*t phang phu tro 180 mat phang chieu dung, nrc til mat phang canh cr.

Neu giai thea phuong phap thong thucng, thl dung mat phang phu tro nhu vay, viec giiti se plnrc tap, Truong hop nay, ta ciing giaibang phucng phap chieu ph 1,1 , nhirng mat phang hinh chieu va huang chieu khac each giai tren.

M~t phang c cat lang tru thea tam giac 123 (cat cac canh a, b, c nrong ling tai cac diem 1, 2, 3) (hlnh "5.10).

Ta dung phep chieu phu, mat phang hinh chieu 180 mat phang phan giac thu hai, chieu dirong thing MN va tam giac 123 len mat phang hinh chieu do. Duong thing MN co hinh chieu ph 1,1 180 dirong thing M'N'; tam giac 123 co hinh chieu phu ta 1'2'3'. Duong thAng M'N' cat cac canh cua tam giac 1'2'3' tai hai diem!' va K'.

Dua cac di~m I' va K' tra ve cac hinh chieu ban d~u ta co cac giao diem I (II' 12), K(KI, K2) can tim.

Qua may vi du vira neu, cho thay phep chieu phu trong mot s6 tnrong hop cling t6 ra hU'u hieu.

98

Hinh5.10

5.4. GIAO TUYEN HAl £lA DI~N

Giao tuyen hai da dien _ se Ul mot hoac hai da giac phang hoac ghenh, Mu6n tlm giao tuyen do, ta tlm giao di~m cac canh cua da dien thti nhat voi da dien thu hal: r6i lai tim giao diem cac canh ella da dien tlui hai voi da dien thu nhat, Sau do n6i chung 1,,", ta se eo giao tuyen,

Ta cling xet cac tnrong hop tir de den kho.

5.4.1. MOT TRONG HAl DA nreN LALANGTRl,J tHI~U-

Truonghap nay ta dE bier ngay mgt hinh chieu clla giao tuyen (trimg viii hinh chilli cac mr;it ben, clla ldng tru chieu] gan giao tuyen-d6 vao da di4n kia, de" am hinh chilli con lai:

Vi d~ 1 : TIm giao tuyen ella lang tru chieu bang,' cocac canh ben lit a, b, e voi lang tru xien, co cac canh ben lit d, e, -g.

Gidi : Ta d~ biet ngay hinh chieu hang ella giao tuyen laphan chung cua hai lang tru,

Ta tim cac dinh cua da giac giao tuyen .

Tnroc khi tlm cac giao diem d6, ta l~p m¢t so dd n6'j (n6 rat c6 Ich cho

- 99

viec n6i giao tuyen sau nay). Ciit moi lang tru theo mot canh ben, r6i nU cac m~t d6 Jen m¢t mat phing.

Vi du lang try thing dirng cat theo canh a r6i rai ra, lang try c6 ba canh, nen khi nU ra ta se co b6n d\lOng thAng song song la a, b. c va a. Vi cat theo canh a, nen canh a se co vi tri d~u va cu6i. Tuong tu, vci lang try xien, ta ca.t theo canh d roi r3.i ra, ta se co b6n duong thAng song song la d. e, g, va d (hlnh 5.11).

8 g~~--~~~~- 7 d---r'_~~--~-I

Hinh 5.11

- Tnroc het, ta tim giao diem cac canh cua lang tru xien voi lang tru thang dimg :

Canh g co hai giao diem 1 va 2. Tlt hlnh chieu bang 12, 22 ta co hlnh chieu dUng 11' 21, Ta ghi hai diem 1 va 2 len sa d6 : Diem 1 thuoc canh g cua lang tru xien, nhimg no thuoc m~t (a, c) cua lang tru thang dirng, nen ta ghi diem 1 vao canh g va thuoc doan thiing nam gitra hai canh a va c. Tuong 11,1'. diem 2 thuoc mat (b. c). nen dl1qc ghi vao doan thang nam gijta hai canh b va c.

Canh d co hai giao dit~m 3, 4. Ta lai ghi 3 va 4 len sa d6 nhu tren.

Diem 3 thuoc mat (b. c). diem 4 thuoc m~t (a, b). Vi tren sa d6 canh d co

100