111111111I1111111I

~ G T 0 ~ 2 9 5 J *

PHAM MINH HA

- 1\ I\?

KY THUAT MACH DIEN TU

• • •

In Ian thu: 4 co sua chua va bd sung

NHA XUAT BAN KHOA HOC vA KY THn~T HA N or - 1997

Chiu trach nhi~m xudt bdn Bien tWJ

Sua bdn in

Trinh bay

Vebia

Pgs.Pts. To DAng Hili D6 Thi Cilnh D6 Thi Cilnh Minh Tung TheDu~

I).

NHA XUATBAN KHOA HOC vA KY THUAT 70 lRAN HUNG DAO, HA NOI

6.6T2

KHKT _ 97 311 - 48 - 97

In 1.000 cuon, kho 19 x 27 em. Tai Xuang in NXB VAN HOA DAN Toe.

Gi~y phep xuat ban: 311- 48 - 8/7 / 97. In xong va nop hru chieu thang 9 nam 1997.

L{}J NOI DAU

BO sach "Ky thuat di~n tli" dU(JC viet dua tren co sO giao trinlt cung ten da duoc dung lam tai lieu gidng day trong nhieu nam gdn day tai Truong dai hoc Bach khoa Ha Noi. Trong ldn xudt ban ddu tien a Nha xudt ban Khoa h(JC va Ky thuat nam 1992 sacli da duoc in lam ba tijp (va dU(JC tai han nhieu ldn).

Tap 1 g6m sau chuang, trtnh bay Cdc van de CfT sO- cua macb difn tir (co sa phdn ticn mach dien til, h6i tiep am trong cac macli dien til, win d~ cung dip va rin dinli chi do cong tac clla cac macli di¢n til) va Cdc macli roi r(IC thuc hien cac chuc nang bien d6i tuyin tinli (tang khuec]: dai tin hi¢u nho dung tranzisto), tdng khuecli dai chuyen dung, tdng khuecb dai cong sudt).

Tijp 2 g6m ba chuang v~ B(j khuech' dai thui!t todn va cac tmg dung cua

no.

Tap 3 g6m sau chuang, nghien cuu v~ Ctu: macb CfT han thuc hifn cac chtrc nang bien ddi phi tuyen (tao dao dong, disu cht, tach song, chuyen d6i tuong tu - S(] va s6 - tuong tu, chinh luu va 6n tip].

Di ban doc tien sil dung, ldn xudt ban nay chung toi gOp thann mot cutin. Trong tung chuang d~u co sua chila va b6 sung nhtlng vdn d~ moi. Phan bai tijp va bai gidi mdu truoc day duoc b6 tri sau m6i uip, nay chuyin xuong cudi clla cudn sach, voi nhieu dang bai uip moi.

Sacti da duoc dung lam tai lieu tham khdo cho sinh vien ngann va tuyln di¢n til. Sdcb cang nit bc'i ich cho cac Icy SU, can bo Icy thudt va cong nhdn cac nganli cod lien quan de"h Icy thuat va tuyen dien til.

Trang qua trtnn bien soan 19i cho cuon sach nay, uic gia da duoc cac ban d6ng nghi¢p g6p nhi~u y kiln h6 ich, duoc Nha xudt ban Khoa hoc va Ky thudt khuyen khich va t[JO dieu kien thudn loi di sacli ra mdt kip thoi. Chung toi xin bay to lai cam on chan thanlt v~ su giup do quy bau do.

Mac du da c6 gdng sua chua, b6 sung cho cuon sack duoc hoan chinh han trong ldn tai ban nay song chdc rang khong tranh khoi nhiing thieu sot, han chI. Tac gid mong nhan duoc cac y kiln dong g6p qui bau clla ban doc.

TAc GIA

Chutmg 1

NHUNG KHAI NI~M CHUNG

V A CO SO PHAN TicH MACH DI~ TlI

. .

Nham giup sinh vi~n' co co sa nghien cuu cac mach d~n tit ~ d~ ~p d~n trong quy~n sach nay, chang Wi gianh chuong 1 d~ tom tAt met 86 khai ni~m va cOng thiic Cd ban da. dUQc xet trong cac giao trlnh khac, cM. y~u li~n quan d~n v$t Ii di~n tit va dung cu ban dAn. DAy la nhfrng v'n d~ khOng thuec d6i tuqng nghien cuu cia mOn hoc nay, nhung dUQc trlnh bay de giup ban doc tra cuu cOng thuc va khQi ni~m mOt each thuan lQi.

1.1. Khai ni~m va mach di~ tu va nhi(tm Vl:l ella n6

Cac mach di~n tit co nhiem vu gia cOng tin hi~u theo nhirng thu$t toan khac nhau.

Chung dUQc phan loai theo dang tin hi~u dUQc Xtl Ii.

Tin hieu. la 86 do (di~n ap, dong di~n) cua met qua trlnh, 8V. thay d6i cua tin hi~u theo thai gian tao ra tin tuc huu Ich,

Trsn quan di~m kg thuat, nguo! ta phan bi~t hal loai tin hi~u : tin hi~u tuong tv. va tin hieu 86. Tin hi~u tuong tv. la tin hi~u bi~n thien li~n t\lC theo thai gian va co tM nhan moi gia trj trong khoang bi~n thien cia no. Ngiroc lIP, tin hi~u 86 la tin hi~u

• da dUQc rbi rae hoa v~ thai gian va luQng tit hda v~ bien dQ. No duqc bi~u di~n Mi nhirng t$p hQP xung tIP nhimg di~m do rai rae. Do do tin hi~u 86 chi 14y mOt s6 huu han gia tri trong khoang bi~n thien cua no ma thOi.

Tin hi~u co th~ dUQc khusch dIP ; di~u ch~ ; tach song ; chinh luu ; nM ; do ; truyen d~t ; di~u khien ; bi~n dang ; tinh toan (ceng; trit, nhan, chia ... ). Cac mach di~n tit eo nhism vu thuc hi~n cae thu$t toan nay.

De gia cOng hai loai tin hieu tuong tv. va 86, nguci ta dung hai loai mach Cd ban : mach' tuong tv. va mach 56. 0 dAy chi d~ c$p d~n cac mach di~n ttl tirong tv.. Tuy trong nhirng nam gAn dAy, kg thuat 86 da. phat trien manh m~ va dong vai tro r«t quan trong trong vi~ gia cOng tin hi~u , nhung trong tUdng lai chang cung khOng th~ thay tM hoan toan mach tuong tv. dU<;$c. Thuc ~ co nhi~u thu$t toan khOng th~ thuc hi~n dUQc bang cac mach 86 hoac n~u thuc hi~n bang mach tuong tv. thl kinh ~ hen, vi du : khusch dIP tin hi~u nho, d6i tAn, chuyen d6i tuong tv.Is6. Ngay ca trong M th6ng 86 cung co nhieu phan tit chirc nang tuong tv., n~u nhu cAn phw gia cOng tin hi~u tuong tl,t a m~t khAu nao do.

D6i voi mach tuong tl,t, np-.<.1i ta thucng quan tAm d~n hai thOng 56 chu y~u : bisn d~ tin hieu va dO khusch da tin hieu.

5

Bien. d" tin hieu lien quan mat thi€t d€n d¢ chinh xac cua qua trlnh gia cling tin hieu va xac dinh miic d¢ anh huang cua nhieu Mn M th6ng. Khi bien d¢ tin hieu nho (co mV hoac ""A) thl nhi~u co tM Ia:n at tin hieu, V1 v~y khi thi€t M cac M th6ng di~n ttt can luu y nang cao bien d¢ tin hieu ngay (1 tang d~u cua M th6ng.

Khuech. dai tin hieu la chuc nang quan trong nhat cua cac mach tuong tV. No duge thuc hien hoac true ti€p hoac gian ti€p trong cac phan ttt chuc nang cua M theng. Thong thuong trong mot M th6ng tuong tv, nguoi ta phan biet cac t~ng gia cling tin hieu va cac t~ng khuech dai ceng suat hoac di~n ap.

Trong ganhai thap ky qua, do sV ra dai cua b¢ khusch dai thuat toan, cac mach t~ hop tuong tv da chism vai trb quan trong trong ky thuat mach di~n ttt. Mach t6 hop tuong tv khong nhirng dam bao thoa man cac chl tieu ky thuat rna con co d¢ t.in ~y cao va gia thanh ha. Tuy nhien chung thuong duoc dung chu y€u (1 pham vi t~n s6 thap, Su ra dai cua b¢ khusch dai thuat toan la mot buoc ngoat quan trong trong qua trlnh phat tri€n cua ky thuat mach tuong tv. Truce da.y, khi b¢ khuech dai thuat toan chua ra dOi, da cd v6 s6 cac mach chuc nang tuong tv khac nhau. Ngay nay, nho sV xuat .hien cua b¢ khusch dai thuat toan, so Iuong do da giam xuong met each dang M, vi co th€ dung bQ khuech dai thuat toan d€ thuc hien nhieu chuc nang khac nhau nho mac mach h6i ti€p ngoai thich hop. Trong nhieu truong hop, dung b¢ khusch dl;li thuat toan co th€ tao ham don gian hC111, chinh xac han va voi gia thanh re han dung cac mach khuech dai roi rae.

Xu huang phat tri€n cua ky thuat mach tuong tv la nang cao d¢ tich hop cua mach (dUgc d~e trung b~i mat d¢ linh ki~n). Khi d¢ tich hop tang thl co thE! eh€ tao cac h~ thong co chuc nang ngay cang hoan hao han trsn met chip. Doi vai cac mach t6 hop tuong tv, nha thi€t M thuong luu y giam so chung loai, nhung lai tang ·kha liang stt dung cua tung chung 101;li. Tom lai, co th€ noi : co hai huang phat trien cua ky thuat mach tuong tu la : giam nho kich thuoc bsn trong cua mach trong eh€ tao va tang tlnh phd bien cua mach trong .llng dung.

Trong cuon sach nay chung t6i quan tam nhieu d€n van d6 ung dung mach,

1.2. O$c tlnh co ban va cac tham so cua tranzistor luang Cl:IC

1.2.1. Cac d,c tlnh tinh va phu'ang trinh ca ban

Co hai loai tranzistor : loai npn. va loai pnp. Nguyen Iy tac dung cua no dll duge nghisn cuu ky trong cac giao trlnh vnt Iy di~n ttt va dung

6

---.-
20 t
\ UCE= I V [c(mA) Ie ~ 10J"A
_.;;-- 60" ~
\ r: -- v-~
--
fOV- -- v- 1>01"/1
~8 V f..-- ~
f..-- 30jt1'"
! /- ~ ,
f-- i
i
1\ '>: I-- f--- ~
~ I-- I-- ,
100 75 50 25 10 20
-IB (}4A) UCE(V)-
I
0,5
UcC IV ./ DBEo
f-- ~ ~ ! OBE(V)
f---
- L J Hlnh 1.1. Dac tuyen cua tranzistor npn mile emito chung,

cu ban dAn va dUQc minh hoa boi ho d~c tuy~n vao IB = {(UBE), d~c tuy~n ra Ic = {(UCE) va d~c tuy~n truy~n dat Ic = {(IB) (xem hinh 1.1).

Cac tranzistor nay co th~ mdc bazo chung, emito chung hoec colecto chang (bang 1.1). Trong ba each mac nay, cac mac emito chung dUQc dung nhi~u nMt, vi v~y trong qua trlnh khao sat sau nay ta s~ quan tam d~ bi~t d~n each mac do.

D~ di~u khi~n tranzistor, co th~ dung dong emito IE hoac dong bazo lB' N~u dung dong em ito d~ di~u khi~n (trong each mac bazo chung) thi h~ s6 khusch d~ cua tranzistor Iii AN' dUQc xac dinh theo bieu thuc 0.1)

Ic AN=IE

- AN Ia h~ s6 khusch d~ dong met chi~u trong each mac bazo chung. Vl dong coleeto I C luon luon nho han dong emito, nan AN < 1.

N~u dung dong bazo d~ di~u khi~n (trong each mac emito chung) thl M s6 khukh

(1.1)

dai dong di~n met chieu BN dUQc xac dinh theo bi~u thuc 0.2).

Bang 1.1.

--
Loai
Cach mAc npn pnp
E IE Ie C E Ie Ie C
Bazd chung I Ue; J;: • ucal rUE: lfe 'veal
B B
F~ c
~ I, • B 1~ Ie
B Is J.
Emito chung I U8E~ I USE JIe UeE
., _/ IE
E
~ ..
E E
B Ie L IE j Uee 8 Is L IE
Colecto chung lUBe ~Ie luac ~Jc °Fe
--0 Ie EN = 18

Vl tranzistor duoc k~t C!U sao cho tdn hao trsn bazo nho, tiic IB nho, n~n IB « 10 do do BN > > 1.

Vl IE == Ie + lB. nan gifta AN va BN co m6i quan h~ sau dAy :

AN BN

BN = T _ AN ; AN = 1+ BN va

(1.2a)

c

c

B

B

1

a)

b)

1 + BN Co th~ coi m6i tranzistor luang eire

( 1.2b)

ffiD1J 1.2. So d6 tuong doong dlot cua tranzistor, a) loai npn: b) lo~i pnp.

7

g6m hai diot mac nguoc ehi~u co chung ti~p giap P va n nhu so d6 tren hlnh 1.2. Tuy so d6 khong eho bi~t da:y du cac tinh chat cua tranzistor luang cue, nhung qua do co th~ nhan bi~t di~n ap phan cue d~t giira cac .m~t ghep cua tranzistor. Tuy thuoc vao ehi~u di~n lip phan-cuc do, nguo! ta phan bi~t b6n mi~n lam vi~e cua tranzistor nhu trong bang 1.2.

Bang 1.2

Truong hop Diot emito Diot eoleeto Mien lam viec Ung dung
1 Phan eve nguoc Phan eve nguoc Mit'!ndt Kh6a
2 Phan cue thuan Phan cue nguoc Mit'!n khuech dai Khuech dai
(mien tieh eve)
3 Phan eve nguoc Phan eve thuan Mit'!n tieh eve nguoc
4 Phan eve thuan I Phan cue thuan Mit'!n bao hoa Kh6a Sau nay s~ d~e bi~t luu y d~n trucng hop thu hai trong bang 1.2, la trucng hop du<}e dung nhieu nhat trong ky thuat mach tuong t\1.

Xet phuong trlnh co ban theo Ebers - Moll eho tranzistor npn. Tit

do suy ra cac phuong trinh d6i v{ri tranzistor pnp bAng each d6i ddu cac

dong di~n va di~n ap d~t vao cac etta cua tranzistor theo quy ut'1e v~ ehi~u di~n ap va dong di~n trong bang 1.1.

Dong di~n n~i cua met tranzistor VEB g6m cac dong di~n thanh phan sau

dAy : dong qua mat ghep emito -

bazo l' E, dong qua mat ghep colecto-bazo l' Co dong xudt phat tit mat

ghep bazo-emito d~n duoc eolecto I Cd

va dong xudt phat tit mat ghep bazocoleeto d~n duoc emito lEd' Cac bi~u

thitc (1.3) + (1.6) eho bi~t quan M

lEd = AII~

-

EsE' IE 8' Ie CmC'

--- I ......- -

DE8~~U"

UB'c'

led = An1e'

0)

08'C'

Hlnb 1.3. So d6 tuong dlldng Ebers-Moll cua tranzistor npn (a) va pnp (b).

cua cac dong di~n do va di~n ap phan cue tren cac m~t ghep d6i vt'1i tranzistor npn.

UB'E'
I'E = IEbh (exP[J: - 1) (1.3)
T
UB'E'
l' = ICbh (exP[J: - 1) (1.4)
C
T
UB'E'
ICd = ANIEbh (exP[J: - 1) (1.5)
T 8

UB'E'

lEd = Alcbh (ex~ - 1) T

trong d6, IEbh va ICbh l~n luot. la dong bao hoa emito va dong bao hoa colecto j

UT - di~n ap nhiet, thea ly thuyet UT = 26 mV a nhist d(l 25°C j

AN va AI - M s6 khusch dai dong di~n n(li, dU<;IC xac dinh nhu sau :

ICd lEd

AN=rvaAI=r

E C

AN dung cho tranzistor lam vi~c trong mi~n khusch dai va AI tuong ling voi mi~n tich cue ngiroc.

Tac dung t1ng hop cua cac thanh pharr dong di~n trsn dt\y duoc chi rO trong ad d6 tuong duong cl~a transltor theo Ebers - Moll (hlnh 1.3). Trang d6 rbb' la di~n tra phan b6 mien bazo. Vi rw kha nho (co vai chuc Q), n~n co tM coi B' == B.

(1.6)

Tu so diS tuong duong hlnh 1.3 rut ra cac quan M sau dt\y cho ca hai loai tranzistor npn va pnp.

IC = -I'c + ICd = -I'c + ANI'CE IE = I'E - lEd = I'E - Al'c

IE = Ic + IB

(1.7) 0.8) (1.9)

Nhu dll n6i a tren, tranzistor thuong duoc dung a ch~ d(l khusch dai, nghla la ling voi tnrong hop diot colecto ngat, vi v~y ta se d~c bi~t hru y d~n ch~ d(l nay cua tranzistor. Trang mien khuech dai, UB'C' > > UT va trong mach xuA:t hien cac dong di~n du (dong di~n ngucc) , chang dU<;IC xac dinh thea cac di~u ki~n cho trong bang 1.3.

Bang 1.3.

Dau
Dong dien du Dic'!u kien
npn pnp
.
Dong du colecto leBo IE = 0 ; diot colecto ng~t > 0 < 0
Dong du colecto emito IeEo IB = 0 ; diot colecto ng~t I > 0 ~ 0
Dong du emito lEBo Ie = 0 ; diot emito ng~t I < 0 > 0 B a)

Q J? ~
t'i ..., ~
.....
+ +- ...
l~ l~ li
~ Is
" Is II "
~ B - ~ B~_ >4'

+ - USE pe
T USE
bE E
E
c) d) mob 1.4. So d6 tuong duong Ebers - Moll cua tranzistor npn cho truong hop diot colecto ng~t (tranzistor lam viec trong mic'!n tich cue) :

a) va b) so d6 urong duong d§y du ; c) va d) bo qua ha lip tren "bb', va dua vao ngu6n lip UBE.

Vdi tranzistor pnp thi d6i chieu diot (a).(b) ho~c d6i chieu ngu6n lip UBE (c ho~c d).

9

Can cu vao cac bi~u thuc (1.3) + (1.9) va SCI d6 tuong duong hlnh 1.3 d6ng thai dua vao cac dong di(m du, ta ve ducc sCI d6 tuong duong cho truong hop tranzistor lam viec trong mi~n khuach d~ nhu tren hlnh 1.4.

Khi IB = 0 (hlnh 1.4b,c hoac d) tuc mach bazo ho thl dong nguoc qua mat ghep colecto - bazo cling di qua mat ghep bazo - emito va n6 cling duoc khusch d~i gi6ng nhu d6i voi ~19t dong di~u khi~n tu ngoai vao, do d6 ta c6 :

ICEo = ICBo + BNICBo = (1 + BN) ICBo

hay

(1.10)

Bieu thiic (1.10) cho bi~t quan M giira cac dong di(ln du ICBo va ICEo'

Gia tri dong di(ln du phu thuec vao

nhiet de? (hlnh 1.5). 0 nhiet de? blnh thuong 102

dong di(ln du I CBo d6i vCli tranzistor silic

co nA, con d6i voi tranzistor gecmani co

f-lA. Dong d6 tang g;ip d6i khi nhiet de? tang tu (8 + 10)OC.

Ngoai ra, tu cac sCI d6 tuong duong tren hlnh 1.4 va bi~u thuc (1.10) ta c6 the tim dU<;Ic quan M giua cac dong di(ln met chieu Io lEva I B trong tranzistor nhu trong bang 1.4.

Trong mien khusch dai, khi diot colecto ngat thl Al'c < <I'E, do d6 tu bi~u thuc (1.8) va (1.3) ta suy ra bi~u thuc dong di~n vao (Ll Ia) cho tranzistor npn va (l.llb) cho tranzistor pnp :

UB'E'

IE :::; I'E = IEbh(ex~ - 1) (1.lla)

UB'E'

IE :::; I'E = -IEbh (ex~ - 1) (1.llb)

Bang 1.4

o

e

......



1

1--
, /
v
I /
I UrB = 44V-
1

I /
II
1 I
I
I
/ 10'

10°

ffinb 1.5. S\I phu thuoc cua dong dien dU vao nhiet dO.

IB IE Ic
IB IB Ic -lcBo
(1 - AN) (IE - IcEo) BN
IE IB + ICBo IE Ic -lcEo
1 -AN AN
Ic BN/B + 10:.0 ANIE + ICBo Ic 10

Khi mac emito chung thl dong dien vao IB duoc xac dinh thea bit~u thuc (l.lle) :

IE

IB "" IE (l - AN) = voi I lEI » I ICEol

BN + 1

(1.lle)

Thuc te, de mo ta cac dac tinh tlnh ella tranzistor trong mien tich cue chi can ba tham s6 : UBE, BN va leBo' Khi dong tlnh Ic > 0,1 rnA thl co th~ bo qua ca dong di~n du leBo'

1.2.2. Sa d6 tuang dllang tin hi~u be D6i vci tin hieu be, tranzistor duoc eoi la mot rnang bon cue tuyen tfnh, do

do co the dung M phuong trlnh ella mang bon e1_l" tuy6n tinh de bieu di~n quan M giua cac dong di~n, dien ap vao

va ra ella tranzistor. Trong cac loai phuong trlnh ella mang bon cue, d~ mo

ta tranzistor hay dung M phuong trlnh hOn hop tham s6 h va M phuong trlnh dAn nap tham so y hen ca. Dung M tham so hOn hop h thuan lei, vi no thuong duoc eho trong cac tai li~u ky thuat, hen nua cling co th~ dil dang xac dinh chung tran d~e tuysn hoac bang do

I,

-

u.

mob 1.6. So d6 tuong duong h6n hop ella mot mang orin cue.

dac,

Phuong trlnh hen hop h duoc xay dung tu so d6 tucng duong hlnh 1.6 va phuong trlnh dan nap y tu so do tuong duong hinh 1.7.

I, -Y'2 1z
---
u, j y",y" Y,ZtYZ2 * (Y2' - Y'2 ) U, I"'
i, 12
-
U, 1 Yl1 ~ ~J"v, J$ ~ y" I u, Hiob 1.7. Hai dang so d6 wong duong dAn nap ella m<jt mang o6n cue.

H~ phucng trlnh hOn hop h va M phuong ,~rlnh dan nap y ella mot mang b6n cue co dang sau day :

~I = hl:!1 + h12U2 } 12 = h21I1 + h22U2

(1.12)

-

II = YllUI + Y12U2 }

( 1.13)

12 = Y21 UI + Y22U2

Cac tham so hij va Yij ella (1.12) va (l.13) duoc xac dinh thea bang 1.5

11

Bang 1.5

hij VI VI Iz Iz
h =-1 h =-1 h =-1 h =-1
11 II tTz = 0 IZ U T =0 zi II Uz = 0 zz Vz 11=0
Z I
II II Iz IZ
Yij Y11 = VI Iuz=o YIZ = vzlul =0 YZI = VI luz=o Yzz = V lu = 0
Z I De quy d6i tham s6 Yij sang hij hoac nguoc I~, dung M phuong trlnh (1.14) va (1.15)

hl1 hl2 1 1 -YIZ
( hZl hzz) = Yl1 (YZI Lly ) (1.14)
(11 YIZ 1 1 -~Z)
Y21 YZZ) = hl1 (hZ1 (1.15)
trong do, Lly = Yl1YZZ - YIY'Zl j
M = hl1hzz - hl2h21· o tdn s6 cao, cac dong di~n va di~n lip thuangkMng d6ng pha, do do cac tham s6 cua mang b6n cue thucng la s6 phuc.

Sau ddy ta se xay dung M phuong trlnh Mn hop eho tranzistor mac emito chung voi quy uoe v~ chieu dong di~n va di~n lip nhu trong bang 1.1.

Quan M giua cac di~n ap tue thai va dong di~n tiic thai cua tranzistor mac emito chung duoc bieu di~n nhu sau :

(1.16)

iC = f(ucE,is) 0.17)

Vi tin hieu xoay chieu be, CJ Mn s6 thap duoc eoi la nhirng bi~n d6i nho cua tin hieu met chieu, do do de tfnh hij dung ho d~e tuy~n tInh t~n hlnh 1.1 va xet tai diem lam viec ban d~u O. Vi phan toan phan (1.16) va (1.17) va xet t~diem lam viec 0, thay Llic = ic j Llis = ib j LlUCE = uCE' LlUSE = ube' ta nhan dUQe cac bieu thiic sau :

aUSE aUSE

uSE = -. - 1 is + -- I·. UCE

als uCE=O aUCE IS=O

(1.18a)

(1.18b)

So sanh (1.18) vdi (1.12) ta rut ra :

Ubc aUSE LlUSE

hl1e =.~ I uCE=o = ais 1 UCE = 0 = Llis 1 VCEo

(1.19a)

(1.19b)

12

ie aie tiie

h21e = ib I uCE=O = aiB I uCE=O = tiiB I VCE

(1.19c)

ie die' tiie

h22e = I:lee LB=o = aUCE liB=O = tiuCE IIBO

(1.19d)

trong do : IBo va UCEolA dong di(\n vA di(\n ap tai oi~m lam vi~ ban dau (digm 0 hlnh 1.1).

Ta can cu vao cac bieu thirc 0.19) M xac dinh hij tren d~c tuy~n hlnh 1.1

+ h21e = tga2 = Po, (1.20)

Po duoc goi IA M s6 khusch dai dong di(\n tin hieu nho. Vl Ic va IB ty 1(\ gan nhu tuyen tlnh (hlnh 1.1), nan

Po == BN

+ hlle = tga3 = rbe .

rbe la di(\n trd vao cua tranzistor, no dttc;lc xac dinh nhu sau

tbe = rbb· + pord == pord'

rd IA di(\n tro khusch tan emito:

(1.21) 0.22)

(1.23

. dUBE UT

r d = dIE = 1;; ,

voi tranzistor cong suat be, rb co vai tram 0 'd~n vAi tram kO.

+ h12e la M s6 hOi tiep di(\n ap, Khi M mach dau vao, hl2e thuong ra:t nho (== 10-4 + 10~, nen co thg b6 qua vA trong nhieu truong hop co tM coi

voi tranzistor tin hieu be, r ee Ia:y gia hi tu

Thay cac tham s6 hij da xac dinh duoc vao M phuong trlnh (1.12), se ve dttc;lC so d6 tuong

duong h6n hop cua tranzistor (hlnh 1.8), trong do ta da thay the tri 86 tuc thai cua cac dong di~n vA di~n ap hOi cac gia tri

phirc tuong ling.

Tu bigu thuc 0.9) vA 0.19c)

hl2e = O.

(1.24)

(1.25)

10kO den IMO.

t, B Cl----'---c:::::l------,

rbb' Ie
-- C

Fee ~f3oT8 DeE
pard
E d6ng thai biet rllng M 86 khuech E O-- ___._ __ -----<~___<I,...__--_o

d~ dong di~n tin hieu nho khi

, tiie

mac bazo chung lA ao = ~ 8Uy

'utE Hlnh 1.8. So d6 tuong ducng h6n hop cila tranzistor.

ra dttc;lc quan M giua M s6 khuech

dai dong di~n tin hieu nho Po khi mAc emito chung vA ao khi mac bazo chung :

13

an 1
f3n = ---::::;--- 0.26)
1 - an 1 - ao
f30 1
ao = 1 + f3a ::::; 1 - ~ 0.27) voi aa ::::; 1 va f30 > > 1. ~~~~~~oo~~~~~~~~~~~~ tranzistor d~ tinh tham so hon hop cua tranzistor khi mac hazo chung vao colecto chung, Quan h~ giua cac tham s6 hOn hop do duoc cho trong bang 1.6.

Bdng 1.6

Tham s6
B E C
Cachmk
II 12 h11b h1Zb _~Cllh2e - h ) -hlle h hllch22e
1 + hZle 1 + hZ1e 12e -- llc··--
"'w"' hZ1e hZlc
hZ1b hZZb -hZ1e hZ2e I + hZ1e -h22e
I + hZ1e • 1 + hZ1e - ---;;;:-. hZ1e
Ii? hllb hllbhUb hlle hl2e h lie 1 - hl2c
to 1 + hZlb 1 + hZlb
-hZ1b hZZb
U, Vi? h2Je hZ2e -(1 + hZle) hZ2e
1 + hZlb I + hZlb
t, hllb hu« I-hl2c""1 hllc hl2c
--- ~ 1
",t{]u, 1 + hZlb
I -hZ2b -(1 + h2le) hZ2e hZlc hZ2c
I + h21b I + h21b Do d~c tuyen tranzistor cong nhieu, nen tham so h thay d6i phu thuoc vao di~n lip mot chisu va dong mot chieu, nghla la tham s6 cua mang b6n cue phu thuec vao di~m lam viec tren d~c tuyen ~ung nhu phu thuoc vao nhiet d~ (xem hlnh 1.9 va bang 1.7).

Bang 1.7

h'j hjj phu thuoc vao dong dien hjj phu thuoc vao dien lip
hlle -11 IE KMng phu thuOc UCB
hl2e Khong phu thuoc IE -11 vu;;,
hzl• Cue dai tai trj trung binh ella dong dien it phu thuoc UCB
hZ2e - Ic -11 vu;;" 14

Cac tin hieu nho, a tiln s6 cao khong the eoi la nhung bien d6i nho ella tin hieu mot chieu duoc. Do thai gian bay ella cac dong tli thieu s6 qua bazo, do di~n dung khusch tan, nen giua cac dong di~n va dien ap co l~eh pha. VI. v~y, de me ta cac dac tlnh ella tranzistor a tiln s6 cao, nguci ta dung so do tuong duong n (hinh 1.10).

(1.28)

Trong do di~n dung vao CO'c phu thuoc vao di~n dung lop chAn ernito Csc va dien dung khuech tan ella mat ghep ernito - bazo Cdc . C.;;.; quun he! vai di~n tra khuech tan ernito rd va thai gian bay ella dong tli trong bazo To theo bieu thuc sau :

To = Cderd . (1.29)

Ie = ImA

10-2 ~---'---__'_-,--------'

10-1 10° 10 1 10z

Ie (mA)-

OL- __ L-_~ __ _J o

0)

b)

1,5 ,.----,-------,-----,

0,4 f---t------1r-----i

Dce = 6V

Ie = ImA

10' 102

Ic(mA)-

OL- __ ...J._ __ .L-- _ __J o

10

20 30

c)

Uce(V)d)

mob 1.9. SI) phI) thuoc cua tham s6 h VaG che dO lam viec trong so d6 emito chung d t~n s6 f = 1 kHz.

15

Ceb

Hlnh 1.10. So d6 tuong duong ;rr (so d6 tuong duong dAn nap ciia tranzistor) ella tranzistor.

Trong hlnh 1.10, Sio la h6 dAn cua tranzistor

ao Ie

S· == - ==-

10 rd UT

Di~n dAn h6i tiep ge va di~n dung h6i tiep Cb•c dti<;lc xac dinh nhu sau f.le

gc == -- :::: 0 fJord

(1.30)

voi f.le :::: 10-3 + 10-4 la h~ s6 Early.

Cb,c == Csc + Cdc

voi Csc - di~n dung lop chan colecto ; Cdc - di$n dung khusch tan colecto,

Cdc == f.leCde :::::: O.

Dian trd ra rce duoc xac dinh thea bieu thuc (1.32)

(1.31)

(1.32)

Cac di$n dung Ccb va Cee la di$n dung phan b6 giira cac dau n6i Mn ngoai.

o tan s6 Ion hon (l00 - 1000) Hz thl di$n nap wCb•c » go nan co the bo qua gc ; con di~n dung phan b6 Ccb kha nho, nsn trong so d6 tuong duong cling khong can xet den, do do ta co

so d6 tucng duong

don gian hen, duoc bieu di~n tren hlnh 1.11.

du chlnh xac trong dai

tan 0 ~ f ~ 0,1 fT moh 1.11. se d6 tudng duong 1C e Uin s6 f > 100 Hz.

<iT Iii tan 86 gioi han

qua d¢, xem bieu thirc 1.41). Trong nhieu tnrong hop ngttbi ta vAn dung so tlnh toan trong dM tan f s fT/2.

Cling co the ve so d6 tuong duong st cho tranzistor lam vi~ a tan 86 th~p. Luc

Ie

-

c

So d6 hlnh 1.10 va 1.11 co the coi la

d6 do de

16

nay cac dien dung C, . Ch·c va Ccc duoc coi nhu hes mach, do do so do tuong duong :n; c'J tan so thap kha don £ian (binh 1.12). Sa do nay hoan toan tuong duong vdi so do hon hop tren hlnh 1.8. Di'ng phuo ng trl.nh (1.15) ket hQP voi cac phuong trlnh 0.20) -:- (1.25) ta tinh dti<IC cac tham so y nhu sau :

1

1

Y12 ::::: 0

hZI Po

Y"I = -- = -_.

.. hll rbc

Thay ket qua nay vao so do hlnh 1.8 se nhan duoc so do tren hlnh 1.12.

Cac tham so Y cua so do tuong duong n: d6i voi tranzistor mac bazo chung va colecto chung cung tinh duoc dua vao M thuc co ban cua cac dong dien va di~n ap tren cac cue cua tranzistor. Quan h~ cac tham 56 Y cua ba each mac: bazo chung, emito chung va coleto chung cho trong bang 1.8.

B 18 .s
C
UBE rbe U8'E I rce UCE
rd
E E Hlnh 1.12. So d6 tuong duong x cho tranzistor lam viec d l~n sri lh:lp.

Bang 1.8

~ B s C
6
I, 12 Ym Yl2b De -Y22e-Yl2e Y22.c - Y21~Y
- -
U1! Y 1U2 V21b Y22b hte+Y22e -h2e Yl1.c+Yu c -De

_!.l. .L .. ..
Db - Y22bYl2b Yl2c .\ 'c . -(Yl1e+YI2c
"{~2iJ"' 11e
Y2lb +Y22b J'2Zb YZle Y22e Ylle +Y21e -De
12 Db J'2lbJ'1lb hIe - YUe-Ylle YUe YI2c
-
u,F-tS ",I Yllb+Yl2b -Y lh Y11e + Y21e -», Y2le Y22c
I rHU VIEN IIQe ~~'tl!: :~~'U~I cu~ H si:l

17
! 'I t ---.--~::
I 13
--_.-_ -=-Pi7U'AA~1
--.-----.~ .... , ,_ . Urn = Yllrn + Yl2rn + Y21rn + Y22rn; m = b, e, c.

Ylle = glle + jbUe = glle + j wClle

Yl2e = g12e + jb12e = g12e + jWCI2e 'Y2Ie = g2Ie + jb2Ie

Y22e = g22e + jb22e = g22e + jwC22e·

Cac tai li~u ky thuat thuong eho biet cac di~n dfin gil' g 12 va 'cae dien dung Cll, C22. Luc do dung h~ phuong trlnh 0.33) de xac dinh cac dien dftn cua so del.'

D6i vdi tranzistor tan s6 cao, nguoi ta thuong eho dac tuyen tan s6 pha cua dAn nap y. Hlnh 1.13 va 1.14 la mot vi du.

ver

0.33)

2.5


I - I
UCE= 5V lOmA
sm)- ./ V
ImA?'Y / /
r-- - Ic=o,smA[7 v vi /
/. I 1 50MHz r--
IV VI 1/ V
~I V; V /
/
VI ~Vv
~'{,M"'
-ffi ~
SM{ .. a 50 100 150 200 250 300

50

Vi 1- _ --
i~\\ -- r--1
~ I' j
1\ \
\ \ \ L
II~ 1\ /
,~~ \ ~ II
\ I
~ ....__ /
\
r--- -, \ X V
-...l

OCE= 10V 7,5
;;;-
E:
~
-C:J
5.0 100MH.

100

o

2

3

4

5

Hinh 1.13. Dac tuyen tlln s6 pha ella dan nap Ylle = <p(/cfJ

Hlnh 1.14. Dac tuyl!'n tan dl> pha ella dan nl!p Y21e = <p(/cfJ·

1.2.3. T'n s6 gi6'i han

Tan s6 gioi han Ia m€>t tham s6 dac trung cho tranzistor lam vi~ a tan s6 cao.

Tan s6 giol han {3 : f{3 Ia tan s6 rna tai do M s6 khuech dai dong di~n cua transistor mac emito chung h2Ie giam V2 Ian (tuc- 3dB) so vai h~ s6 khusch dai f30 a tan s6 thap (xem hlnh

1.15). "

Voi dinh nghla do cua f{3 ta co bieu thuc (1.34).

f30

h - - R (1.34)

2Ie - 1 + WJ{3 - P

-j

£Joe tuy€n gon dung

Hlnh 1.15. D~e tuyen tlln s6 - pha ella h21.

18

Can cu vao bieu thuc (1.26) va phuong trlnh tinh hZlb trong bang 1.6, h~ s6 khusch dai dong di~n theo tan so khi mac bazo chung duoc tinh nhu sau

-hZle - aa - aa
hZlb = = = (1.35)
1 + hZle f(l - ao) 1 + j!_
1 + j fp fa trong do, fa = fp/O - an) "'" f3Jp

fa : bin so gioi han cua tranzistor khi mac bazo chung.

Cac tan s6 gioi han fa va fp duoc xac dinh thea tham s6 cua tranzistor nhu sau (xem hlnh 1.11) :

(1.37)

1 1 - ao

fp =

2.n' rd(Cb'e + Cb,c)

Theo (1.34), tan so tang thl I hZle I giam, I hZle I = fl gol la tan s6 dan vi va tit (1.34) suy ra :

fl = fp Y f3~ - 1

So sanh 0.39) vci (1.36) ta nhan thay :

fl "'" fa

Khi f > > fp thl mau s6 cua (1.34) tiem can vdi jf/fp, do do ta suy ra

I hZlelf> If = f3Jp = fr,

(1.38)

1 khi f = fl'

(1.39)

(1.41.)

fr goi la tan s6 gici han qua dQ.

Ve ly thuyet fT = fl' tren thuc t~ Iv nho han fl chut ft. Hlnh 1.16 bieu di~n quan h~ cua I hZle I theo tan s6 va hinh 1.17 cho biet quan h~ do tren do thi Bode. Tit (1.41) va hlnh 1.17 ta thay a tan s6 f > > fp, I hZle I giam vdi dQ d6c -20 dB/D va tich fp.{3a = fT khong phu thuoc tan so.

10

teet, 'jJ!{dB)

pof-----...

1(31

I I I I I

-----+-------

f

T--------,

/0</ 1/3 id', logf

Hinh 1.16. Cac tan sc gidi han cua tranzistor.

Hlnh 1.17, Quan he glln dung cua Ih21el vii Ihzlbl thea tlln s6.

Trong cac Uti li~u kg thuat con cho bi~t tan s6 cue dai fma~.' Tai fmax h~ s6 khusch dai cong su§1 bang 1 (khi co ph6i hop tra khang a d:1u vao va d:1u ra), f max d~c trung

19

cho kha nang lam viec cua tranzisotr. Khi f > f max tranzistor tich cue nita, f max dU<;1C xac dinh theo bieu thuc sau :

f max = ~ Bnr fa c > f1 hb' hoc

khong con la linh ki~n

(1.42)

1.3. D$e tinh eo ban va tham so cua tranzistor hi(!u ung truang (Fet) 1.3.1. Phan lo,i va eae di6m co ban

Tranzistor hieu ung truong duoc phan loai theo so do hlnh 1.18.

Fet

Fet chuyen tiep pn(JFet)

Fet cdu true kim loai-dien mol-ban dh (MIS-Fet)

I I

kenh chua co san I

1

I

I

l---~~~h -. ~I _~_J

! kenh -p -'Ii i- kenh ~-

L L

cr-;-

--I 1--·-

kenh p i I kenh n

______ J , _

Fet tl,l dAn

Fet tu ngat

IDnh 1.18. So d6 phsn loai Fe!.

Theo hinh (1.18), ta thl1y co sau loai tranzistor hieu ung trucng. Ky hieu va dac tuysn cua chung cho trong bang 1.9.

Neu d~t vao giira cue cira G (Gate) va cue ngu6n S (Source) met tin hieu thl U GS thay . d6i lam cho di~n tra giita eve mang D (Drain) va cue ngu6n S (Source) thay d6i, do do dong di~n cue mang ID thay d6i theo. V~y Fet la mot dung C1,l kh6ng che di~n ap gi6ng triot chan khong. V1 v~y d6i khi ngtroi ta con gqi cue cira la hroi, cue ngu6n la catot va cue mang la anot, Trong thuc te, co nhieu Fet d6i xung, nghla la co the d6i IAn cue mang va cue ngu6n rna tinh eh'a:t cua Fet khong d6i.

- Trong JFet, cue cira n6i vai kenh mang - ngu6n qua mat ghep pn hoac np. Khi d~t dien ap phan cue UGS dung chieu quy uoc (bang 1.9) thl diot mat ghep ngat, nguoc lai neu d6i chieu U GS thl diot thong, do do dong cira khac khong.

- Voi MIS-Fet thl cue cua va kenh mang - ngu6n duoc each ly boi m~t lop SiOz, do do dong cira luen luon bang khong.

Khi lam vi~e, dong eua ella JFet co 1 pA' den 10 nA, con dong cira ella MIS-Fet nho hen ella JFet khoang 10-3 Ian, VI v~y di~n tra vao ella JFet nam trong khoang (1010 + 1013)0 va cua MIS-Fet (1013 + 1015)0.

20

Bdng 1.9

el/e fi/ln B9C iuyen
Kenh Looi , ky hifu up TruY"~n Ra
Uos fo UGS r19t
J Fet kenh n 10 I ' U DSP UGS=OV
a ~
~)D" ) loss [ass ~
"
n >0 >0 (0 (0 ,
I( I I
I ,
I _j
U65 5 Vp 0 UGS 0 -Up DDS
J Fet kenh p -o; l[D
ID
~: Up +2V :z1j U.,
p (0 <0 >0 >0 °V UGS ,/
I UGS = ov t_--~l'"
I lDSS IUoSp
I MTS- Fet kenh Io 10 ' UoSP flV
co son n rk{
L1{ v. loss U6S = 0 v
n )0 )0 <0 <0 / Joss -2V
~l
Up 0 U6S 0 -Up VOS
MTS-Fet kenh 10 0 Vp UGs -Up 10 0
c6 son P V ':J- uos
f2rV
1 ~{ DGs"o 1 I
P , <0 <0 >0 >0 _i _
: I loss " loss
I -IV
I -
UDSP
MTS-Fet k.enh 10 ' UDSP Ur,s>2Up
chua co son n 10 I
~-) rTf UG5" 2Up
G JD loss
I,
n 0-11 )0 )0 >0 >0 /1 UGS " Op
~s ~-
0 Up ZUp UGS 0 Up Dos
MTS- Fet kenh 10 - 10
2Up Up -Up 0
chua cd sin P UGS 1 Dos
UGS'" up 1/
~r-1D 1/
P <0 <0 <0 <0 loss
(]GS = ZUp I
1s loss uGS oiJp , -
f-Uosp Chu thfch : IDSS : Dong mang bao hoa ; Up: Dien ap thiit, Up"" (1 + 6) V UDSP: Dien ap mang ngu6n ung vdi trang thai Ihiil ella Fet, UDSP = -Up + UGS

21

Trong cac Fet kanh n, dong mang giam (ve tri tuyet d6i) khi di~n the cue cua giam ; con trong Fet kenh p thl nguoc lai, D~ dan gian, sau day ta chi xet Fet kenh n. Truong hqp mu6n thay the Fet kenh

n boi Fet kanh p, chi vi~c d6i chieu cac di~n ap eung cap (xem bang 1.9). Neu trong mach co diot hoac tu hoa eiing phai d6i chieu mac nhung linh

ki~n nay. I ass

Mi€n triot

I Uosp = UGS - up I I

Mi€n that

JFet va M1S~et ksnh co san dong mang Ian khi U GS = 0, vi the cac loai Fet nay con co ten chung ala Fet tlj dan. Nguoc lai, M1S~et ksnh khong co san, ngat khi U GS = 0 va goi la Fet tlj ngat.

Thuong M1S~et cd b6n

Hlnb 1.19. Cac mien lam viec cua Fet,

cue, cue thu tv ciing co tac

dung kh6ng che nhu cue cira. Neu can dung hai cue dieu khien thl dung loai M1S~ET bon cue nay .

• Trtrong hop khong dung den cue thu tv thl n6i no vdi cue nguon.

Tren d~c tuyen ra cua Fet (hlnh 1.19), ta nhan tMy khi Uos tang qua Ion thi dong mang 10 tang d~t bien, luc do xlly ra hien tuong danh thung. Dien ap danh thung co (20 + 50)V va duoc xac dinh thea bieu thuc (1.44) :

UOST = UOSTo (tai UGS = 0) + UGS (1.44)

D~c tuyen truydn ddn 10 = f(UGs) thay d6i khi Uos thay d6i (hlnh 1.20) va khi nhiet d¢ thay d6i (hlnh 1.21).

D~ thuan ti~n eho vi~e phan tlch, nguci ta chia dl)e tuyen von - ampe cua Fet lam hai mien:

- Mien triod co d~c di~m 11\ di~n ap mang Uos nho va khong co hi~n tvqng that.

- Mien that, iing vai truong hop UOSTo > Uos > (UGS - Up).

Io

10

Hlnh 1.20. Dl.lc tuy~n truyen dan cua JFet voi lJDSI > lJDs2 > lJDS3.

Hlnh 1.21. S\I phu thuoc nniet d¢ cua d~c tuy~n truyen dat,

22

Bieu thuc gan dung bieu di~n quan h~ giua dong di~n mang voi cac di~n lip cac cue trong hai mien noi ti~n cho trong bang 1.10.

Khi sit dung Fet, dac biet la MI8-Fet can phai quan tam den di~n lip cho phep cue dai UGSmax va UGDmax' Trang thuc te, d~ bao v~ MI8-Fet nguoi ta mac giira dau G va <.tAu 8 mOt diot Zener ma di~n lip Zener cua np IOn han di~n lip ngu6n cung cap, sao cho diot dat duoc hieu iing Zener khi U GS = U GSmax: Tuy nhien diot Zener se lam giam ~n tr<'l vao cua MI8-Fet .

... l.lfJ

JFet

Bieu thuc toan hoc bieu dien d~e tuyen V - A cua Fet

Loai Fet

Mi~n triot

(1.47)

Mi~n th~t

MIS - Fet

21 u2

/ = DSS [(U - U )U - ____Q§, ]

D u2 GS p DS 2

p

(1.45)

(1.46)

( 1.48)

Dien lip tap am cua Fet thuong nho han di~n lip tap am cua tranzistor luang cue nhieu, Di~n lip tap am VElD cua MI8-Fet <'l tan s6 thap Ion han cua JFet tli 10 den 1000 Ian. Vi vay MI8-Fet chi thich hop cho nhung so d6 it tap am <'l tan s6 cao. 0 tan s6 thap, chi dung MI8-Fet khi y~u cau di~n tr<'l vao Ion rna JFet khong tM thea man duoc,

1.3.2. Sa d6 tu'ong dU'ong va t'n s6 giOi h,n

Khi mac Fet thea so d6 ngu6n (8) chung, ta co phuong trlnh bi€u di~n quan M giua dong di~n ra tuc thol va di~n lip cac cue sau day

iD = f(uGS,uDS)

Vi phan toan ph an (1.49) va chuyen thanh bi~u thuc gan dung (1.50)

(1.49)

(1.50)

Tu (1.50) suy ra bi~u thuc d6i voi tin hieu nho :

(1.51)

trong do

diD ~iD

g --I --I -8

m - dUGS uDS = 0 - ~uGS uDS "" eonst -

(1.52)

diD ~iD

gds = dUDS 1 uGS = o· = ~uDS lUGS"" eonst

(1.53)

23

Can eu vao ho di}.e tuyen cua Fet va dit1m lam vi~e cu the tren do, co tM xac dinh duoc gm theo (1.52) va gds theo (1.53).

Tu (1.51) ta vEl duoc so d6 tuong duong t~n s6 thap cua Fet d6i voi tin hieu be nhu tren hlnh 1.22.

D

5

~-----------4----~-------o

5

6 t~n s6 cao, nguoi ta dung so d6 tuong dirong hlnh 1.23, trong do Cgs va Cgd Iii dien dung etta - nguon va di~n dung etta - mang ke ca di~n dung phan b6 ; Cds

la di~n dung mat ghep pn cua mang va kenh hoac ngu6n va kenh. Cac di~n ddn gm va gds xac dinh theo (1.52) va (1.53). Bang 1.11 eho biet gia tri di}.c tnrng cua cac tham s6 cua Fet.

mob 1.22. So do turing duong t!ln s6 thlip cua Fer.

Io

D

j9mu:l~'~ ~ ~ y,. 9,' jwe,

0---_.._-----"----.4.---_._-- __ ---<> __ - _j

S 5

mob 1.23. SCI de. tuong duong t!ln ~o cao cua Fer if .. (10 ... 100) MHz).

Bdng 1.11

JFer

MIS-Fer

Tham so

0,1.10,3 -i- 10.10,3 10,6 -i- 10'5

0,1+ 2

2.;- 10

S = gm (l/Q) gds (I/Q)

Cgo ;Cds(pF) C gs (pF)

0,5.10,3 -i- 10.10,3 10'5 .;- 10'4

0,1 + 2 2.;- 10

De di}.e trung eho tinh eh~t cua Fet iJ tan s6 cao, dung t~n 86 gioi han {g. T?i tan s6 {g M s6 khuech dai di~n lip Ku cua Fet giam -.J2 Ian so voi M s6 khusch dai iJ tan s6 thap Kuo'

De danh gia, tinh thtt (g eho each mac ngu6n (8) chung. Theo hlnh 1.23 :

10 = UOsYds + gmUGS = -UosYt

Uos -gm

do do K = -- = 0.54)

u UGS Yds + Yt

trong do : Yds = gds + jwCds + jWCgs :::: jwCds

Yt == gt + jwCt

Bieu thiic (1.54) cting co the viet nhu (1.55)

24

0.55)

o tan s6 thap, M s6 khuech dai dien ap Kuo duoc tinh nhu sau -gm

va

suy ra

1 {2-

gt

fg = 2.n:(Cds + Ct)

(1.56)

1.3.3. £l~c ('!i€kn CIJll Fet so vai tranzistor krong Ct,I'C va den di~n iii, ling dl,mg cua Fet So vdi den diE,n t':t thi Fet co nhung uu diem gidng nhu tranzistor luang cue nhu kich thuoc nho, dien ap cung cap nho, cong suat cung cap nho (khong co soi dot), dO tin ~y cao. So vdi tranzistor luang cue, Fet cd uu diem dac biet la kh6ng yeu cau dong vao (trc'1 khang vao Ion) nhung no lai co nhuoc diem la dO doc gm nho va nhay cam doi vci di~n tich tinh. Vl nhirng Iy do do Fet it duoc dung trong mach roi rae. Dung Fet trong mach tich hop se tiel kiem duoc c6ng suat cung cap. Vi vay trong mach roi rae Fet chi duoc dung khi yeu cau trc'1 khang vao Ion va tap am nho, Bang 1.12 tom tat nhung ung dung co ban cua Fet.

Bang 1.12

[)~c di~m

Pham v: d!lg dung

Tn" khang vao kin

Tang khuech dai so bi) n6i vdi micro dien dung Tang khuech dai so bi) trong camera hinh

Tang vao cua cac thi~t h] do

Dien tril ra leln (mi~n th~t)

Mach han dong Mach tao dong

Dien dung ghep hili tiep nho

Khu~ch dai cao tan kbong c6 trung hoa

Khuech dai dien ap nho, ct~c bi~t ct6i Veli ngulln tin hieu co tn" khang trong lein

Dac tuyen truyen dat bac 2

Tang tron tan (giam hili bac cao)

1.4. So 1U(;Jc phuong phap tinh cac m~ng tuyen tanh va phi tuyen

Giao trlnh Iy thuyet mach da nghien cuu phuong phap tinh cac mang tuyen tinh va phi tuyen. 0 day se nhac lai mot vai phuong phap phd bien va cac truong hop dung cu the.

25

De tinh toan cac mang tuyen tinh thuong dung phuong phap di~n ap nut. Khi cW can tinh dong dien met nhanh cua mot mang co nhidu ngu6n d¢c I~p thl dung phti'l1n,J phap xep chong. Voi cac mang doi xiing (tang khusch dai vi sai, tang khuech dfi ., keo) thi chi can tinh cho mot ve cua mang. T6ng hop ket qua hai ve se la ket qua e.:.a eli mang. Ngoai ra, de don gian qua trlnh tlnh, con ap dung mot s6 dinh Iy cC1 lIln aNt dinh Iy Miller, dinh ly Tevenin va mot so phep bien d6i khac.

De tlnh cac M thong phi tuyen, thuong dung hai phuong phap : dung chuOi TayiDr cho truong hop tin hieu nho va duong cong I = f(u) la duong cong tron ; du. cWi Fourier cho truong hop tin hieu Ion va duong cong I = f(u) la duong ~p kbUQ ( ...... la duong cong lien tuc duoc bieu di~n gan dung bdi dirong gdp khuc g6m nhilu <iaJn thang co d¢ d6c khac nhau). Trong nhung truong hop nay phai luu y den mea phi t...,. D¢ mea phi tuyen k duoc xac djnh theo bieu thiic (1.57) .

.. I lL+/L+ ...

V ~ "2 A

Iw + IZw + 13w + ...

k=

100%

~ ~Irw

:::: i=2

( 1.57)

A

Iw

trong do, Ito - bien d¢ thanh phan CC1 ban (hiru Ich) 12whw - bien d¢ cac hili bac cao.

26

Hoi tiep Ii", ghep n1('lt phan tln hieu ra (dien ap hoac dong dien) cua mang ben cue tich cue ve dliu vao thong qua met mang bon cue goi la mang hOi tiep (hlnh 2.1).

Hoi tiep donz vai tro rat quan trong trong ky thuat mach tuong tir. Hoi tiep cho phep cai thien cac tinh chat cua b() khuech dai, nang cao chat

luong cua be> khusch dai,

2.1. cac ~~"'h nghfa eo ban

Nguoi ta phan biet hai loai hoi tiep co han : Mi tiep am ua Mi tiep duang. Tin hieu hOi tiep am nguoc pha voi tin hieu vao, nan lam yeu tin hieu vao. Nguoc lai, tin hieu hoi tiep duong

Chuong 2

'" ,t

HOI TIEP

K

Hlnh 2.1. So d6 kh6i hI> khuech dai co hili tifp .

K : he s6 khuech dai ; Khl : he s6 hili tifp ; X; : tin hieu vao :

Xh : tin hieu hieu ; X, : tin hieu fa ; Xhl : tin hieu hili tifp.

dong pha voi tin hieu vao do do no lam manh tin hieu vao, Hoi tiep duong thuong lam cho b() khuech dai mat 6n dinh va

truce het no duoc sa dung de tao dao d()ng.

Ngoai ra, can phan biet hOi tiep mot chieu va hOi tiep xoay chieu. Hoi tiep am mot chieu duoc dung d~ 5n dinh che de> cong tac, con hoi tiep am xoay chieu duoc dung d~ 6n dinh cac tham s6 cua be> khuech dai.

Trong chuong nay, ta se chi xet hOi tiep am xoay chidu. Hoi tiep ducng ise duoc xet cu th~ trong chuong 10.

Mach di~n cua be> khuech dai co h6i tiep duoc phan lam bon loai

a) H'6i tiep n6i tiip - di~n tip (hlnh 2.2a) : tin hieu hOi tiep dua ve dau vao n6i tiep voi ngudn tin hieu ban dliu va ty l~ voi di~n ap d dliu ra.

b) Hoi tiep song song dien. ap (hlnh 2.2b) : tin hieu Mi tiep dua ve dliu vao song song voi nguon tfn hieu ban dau va ty l~ voi di~n ap ra.

e) Hoi tiep n6i tiep - dong dien. (hlnh 2.2c) : tin hieu hoi tiep ve dau vao n6i tiep voi nguon tin hieu ban dau va ty 19 v0i dong di~n ra.

d) Hoi ti~p song song - dong dien. (hlnh 2.2d) : tin hieu hoi tiep ve dliu vao song song voi nguon tin hieu ban dliu va ty l~ vdi' dong di~n ra.

27

2.2. cac phuong trinh co ban cua mCllng bon CI,IC c6 hoi tiep

Tat ca b6n loai mach h6i ti€p tren day deu co thg quy ve so do kh6i t6ng quat cua

mot mach dieu khign nhu tren hlnh II ilK

0)

2.3.

Gia thiet cac kh6i deu la cac M tuyen tinh va tin hieu chl chay theo chieu mui ten.

Tit so d6 kh6i, rut ra cac quan h~

sau day:

x, ::::: KXh ; s; ::::: K~n

Xh ::::: X; - Xht ; Xht ::::: Kh~r

T6 hop cac phuong trlnh nay eho ta phucng trlnh co ban cua mang b6n cue co hoi tiep (2.1) va (2.2).

x, K

J('------- Xv - 1 + KKht

(2.1)

(2.2)

trong do, K' - ham truyen dat cua mang b6n cue tich cue co hoi tiep.

KIp - ham truyen dat toan ph fin cua no ;

Kn - ham truyen dat cua khau ghep giira nguon tin hieu Xn va be'? khuech d~i.

GQi K; = KKht la h$ s6 khuech dai vong ;

g ::::: 1 + K; ::::: 1 + KKht la dt) sau hoi tiep. Cac tham s6 K; va g Ia nhirng tham s6 dung dg danh gia muc dt) thay d6i cac tham s6 cua bi) khuech dai do hoi tiep am gay ra va danh gia muc dt) 6n dinh cua be'? khusch dai do.

Khi 11 + KKht I > 1 thl theo (2.1) I K' I < I K I, tuong ung co h6i ti€p Am.

Nguoc lai, khi 11 + KKht I < 1 thl IK'I > IKI, nghla Ia mach co hoi tiep duong.

Truong hop dac biet IKvl = IKKhtl > > 1, tit (2.1) suy ra

Xr 1 J(':::::-:::::s; Kht

(2.3)

28

u

2K 2
- - - -
ulj_ K 1 U2K

7
lIM Lzht
- -
Ulh;r- Kht rfuZht
b)

- - - -
1 JuzK ---0
UIK K

LIM /zht
-- -
u;r Kht ffi:t
c)

d)

- - --- -
J U'K K !UZk

ilM [zM
- -
! U,ht Kht ! U2ht Hlnh 2.2. Cac Ioai mach h6i ti~p .

a) h6i tl~p n6i ti~p - dien ap ; b) h6i ti~p song song - dien ap ; c) h6i ti~p n6i ti~p - dong dien ;

d) h6i ti~p song song - dong dien .

K : ham truyen dat cua mang b6n cue khuech dai ; Kht : ham truyen dat cua mang b6n cue h6i ti~p.

va

(2.4)

,----------------------l

Kc : KJ-rh

) !

, Xht

I I

~~ ~t I

L ~

Hinh 2.3. So d6 khoi 101m philn ella nO khuech d,1I co hili lie'p.

V~y, mot M thong khep kin co M so khuech dai vong rat len, thi ham truyen dat cua no hau nhu kh6ng phu thuoc vao cac tinh chat cua mang bon cue khuech dai rna chi phu thuoc vao tinh chat cua mang bon cue hoi tiep. Su thay d6i cac tham so cua phan tli tich cue va dO tap tan cua no khong anh huang den cac tinh chat cua bO khuech dai co hoi tiep. Vi vay, muon xay dung cac bO khuech dai chlnh xac, phai dung linh kien (chu yeu la dien trrr) chinh xac trong khau hOi tiep.

2.3. Phuong philip phfm tich b9 khuech d~i c6 hoi tiep

D~ phan tich cac mach co hoi tiep (vi du : tinh h~ so khuech dai, dien tra vao, dien tra ra, dai tan lam viec, ... ) co tM dung mot so phuong phap khac nhau. Cac phuClng phap hay dung nhat la ap d\1ng :

- Ly thuyet mang bon cue ;

- Cac dinh luat Kiec-khcp ;

- Phuong phap phan tich khoi trong ky thuat dieu khidn,

6 day de don gian ta dung phuong phap phan tich khoi trong ky thuat dieu khidn, vi phucng phap nay cho phep nhanh chong nhan ra duoc nguyen tac lam viec cua mach va de dang chuyen tat ca cac mach co hoi tiep ve mot "cau true chuan", Tren CCI sa do xac dinh va danh gia cac dai luong cua mach,

Van de CCI ban a day la tim each bien d5i mach dien can phan tich ve dang chuan cua mot mach dieu khien tren hlnh 2.3. Xuat phat tit do se Ian luct thuc hien qua trinh phan tich thea bang 2.1.

Trang bang 2.1., X; la dai hrong ra tU, hoac Ir) duoc hOi tiep ve dau vao, DQ.i luong Xn hoac X. duoc chon la dien. ap neu mach co Mi tiep n6i tiep va duoc chon la dong dien. neu mach co hOi tiep song song. Thua~g chon Xh cung thu nguyen uai Xn. Tuy nhien, dieu do khong bat bUQC, Xn tuy thea each chon co tM la dong hay ap deu duoc (xem vi du).

Cau true cua sCI del khci hlnh 2.3 duoc mieu ta bai cac phuong trinh X; = fl (Xh) va Xh = I: (Xn , Xr)·

29

Bang 2.1. Luu do tinh toan cite mach di~D eo hOi tiep

( Start
1
Xac dinh x,
!-leli li~p dien ap : x, = (J, 1
Heli li~p dong dien : x, = "
t
Chon Xn.X>~h
416i lie"p n6i lie"p :
Xn : dien ap khong lai cua nguon lin hieu. Bi~u dien nguon tin hieu
b~ng so d6 tuong duong dien ap, X"Xn : dien ap,
-H6i li~p song song :
Xn : dong dien ng~n mach ella nguon lin hieu. Bit!u dien ngu6n lin hieu
b~ng so del tuong duong dong dien. X,Xn : dong dien.
1
Xay dung he phuong 'Irinh :
X, = iJ(Xn)
Xh = f2(XnX,)- ap dung nguyen Iy xe"p chong.
!
Vi: luu d6 lin hiCu theo diu true hinh 2.3.
1
Xac dinh K, Kht, K_. tll cac bieu thuc da bie"t ; tinh g = 1 + KKht
1
Xac dinh tiep cac thong s6 dn Ihiel khac
1
STOP 2

3

4

5

6

x,

Phuong trlnh thu nhat eho phep xac dinh ham truyen dat K = X. Ap dung nguyen

h

If xep chong, co the thay : Xh bao gam cac thanh phan cua Xn va Xr. Xet rieng tirng thanh phan nay se xac dinh duoc K; va Khl. Tit ket qua do, ve cau true chuan va xac dinh cac dai luong mong muon.

Vi du : Tinh mach emito chung Mi tiep am dong di~n tren hlnh 2.4. Buoc 1 : Vi Ia mach Mi tiep dong di~n nsn X; = I.:

Buoc 2 : V!_Ia mach ~oi tiep noi tiep , nan Xn III di~n ap kh6ng tai cua ngucn tin hieu, Xn = Un ; Xh = Ib (thuan lei hen la chon Xh = Ube, vi trong mach tuong duong cua tranzistor, ta co (JIB la dai luong dieu khien).

30

+ Rc

Ie =

_ROJ .. rbe.

Un "-'

~

Rc

0)

0.:-- 1 ~[8 Ie '"
-'0.. K=p
Un Rnt R£ + rbe + - /'
I ht 1/
R
(,ih, £ -
("-Rn tR£ t rbe b)

mob 2.4. Tinh toan I~ng khuech dai co h6i liep .

a) mach dien vii so d6 urong duong ; b) Iuu d6 lin hieu.

f3 : he s6 khuech dai dong dien khi ng~n mach lai trong so d6 emito chung.

Bur:'Jc4

- - Un - I IlE
Ir = f3Is 18 -
__!in + rbe + RE
Ve hlnh 2.4b.
1
K = f3 Kn
Rn + rbe + RE L I

Bu~c 3

Bu6c 5

Bulk 6

KrlCn Xv Un /"
-
Xr = Ic ::::; ::::; =
Khl RE RE ,.~
~ s6 khusch dai di~n lip
Ur I Ilc Rc
K' = -==:- = - -==- = -
u Un Un RE
.... IKXhtl » 1. 31

2.4. Anh huang cua hoi tiep am den cac tinh chat cua be;> khuech dai

2.4.1. Anh huang cua hoi tiep am den dQ on djnh cua h~ so khuech d~i

Trong thuc te, co nhieu truong hop nguoi ta can dung cac bi) khuech dai co hO s6 khuech dai on dinh, khong phu thuoc vao nhiet do, van cac bien ,16i cua dien up nguon, van thoi gian stt dung cung nhu van d9 tap tan cua tranzistor. nhng tinh toan sau day, ta thay b9 khuech dai dung hoi tiep am co tM dap ung ducc C"'! yeu cau do.

G9i sai s6 h~ s6 khuech dai toan phan cua b9 khuech dai co h6i tiep la LV(lp cua bo khuech dai khong co hoi tiep Ia ~K, vi phan bieu thirc (2.2) theo K, Khl va Kn, ta co

Tu do suy ra :

LV(lp LV(n K Kht LV(hl 1 LV(

-- z -- - ----- -- + ----

KIp «; 1 + KKhl Khl 1 + KKhl K

'I'ir bieu thuc (2.5) ta thay rang: Sai s6 tuong doi M s6 knuech. dai co hOi tiep am nho han (1 + KKhl) ian so v6i sai so tuong doi h~ so khutch dai cua b{j khuech. dai khi kMng co hOi tiep .

(2.5)

Trong khi do, sai so cua Kn va Khl cua hQ khuech dai co hoi tiep va khong co hoi tiep gi6ng nhau. VI vay, de co duoc cac hi? khuech dai chinh xac, cac phan ttt thu dong cua mach (tao nen mach hoi tiep va mach ghep vao) phai co d9 chinh xac cao.

1

'I'ir bieu thuc (2.3) suy ra hoi tiep am gift cho quan h~ X; z K X; on dinh (nghia

ht

Xr

la x., == const). Dai luong ra X, hoac dai luong vao X; co the la dien ap hoac dong diE;ln.

Nhu vay tuy thuoc vao loai mach hoi tiep, Sl? co nhung dai luong khac nhau duoc on dinh (xem bang 2.2).

Bcinl: 2.2

loai mach hoi li(p Dai lUl,lng duoc i\n dinh Ioai mach khucch dai
- .. . __
-
lJ
ll(,i liep am nlii lil'p-dien ap lIe s6 khucch dai dien ap : _' Mach khucch dai dien ap
lJ v
l loi ucp :1m nlii ticp-dilTlg dicn Dien d~n truyen d:.ll I, Mach hien d6i ap-dong {} -+ I
Uv
.~ ."_ .. - -
-
116i tiep ~m song song-dicn lip Dien Ird rruyen dat U, Mach bien di>i dong-ap I -+ lJ
"
I
Ht'ii tiep am song song-dong dicn III,' s6 khuech dai dong : ~ Mach khuech dai dong dien
Iv 32

D6i vai b(l khusch d~ nhieu Mng, co th~ thuc hi~n hOi ti~p tirng' Mng rieng bi~t - goi ia hoi ti~p bao met tAng hoac hoi ti~p qua nhieu tAng gQi III h6i ti~p bao nhieu tAng (hinh 2.5).

K

K

+ +}---~

+ +1--- ..

K

Xr

0)

Xv K xr
+ K K
-

Kht
b)

Hinh 2.5. B¢ khuech dai nhic'!u tling c6 h6i tiep.

a) h6i tiep bao m¢t tling ; b) h6i tiep bao nhieu tling.

Hoi ti~p bao nhieu tAng eho d¢ 6n dinh cua M 56 khusch d,p cao hon h6i ti~p bao met tang. TMt vay, neu co b(l khusch dai n tAng, M s6 khuech dIP m6i Mng III K va M s6 khusch dai cua b(l khuech dai khi co hOi ti~p III K' thl v(1i b(I khusch dIP dung hOi ti~p Am bao tirng .Mng rieng re (hlnh 2.5a) ta co :

s, K

K' = x.. = (1 + KKht r

(2.6)

va vai bl) khusch dai dung hOi ti~p Am bao tAt cA cac tAng thl

Xr XO

K'=-=----

x; 1 + XOKht

Tli (2.6) va. (2.7) suy ra sai 56 tuong d6i M s6 khusch dIP cua b(I khuech dIP cO

(2.7)

hOi ti~p Am bao tirng ri~ng re :

MC_ 7l: AK

K' _ 1 + KKht . K

va. ella b(I khueeh dIP co hOi ti~p Am bao tAt cA .cac tAng :

--::=----

n

AK

33

2.4 .. 2. Anh I'Ilcmg eua h6i ti'p Am d'n tra kh8ng via

H6i ti~p Am lam thay dlSi tra khang vao cua phan mach nam trong vong h6i ti~p.

Su thay dlSi nay chi phu thut')c vao phuong phap mac mach h6i ti~p v~ ddu vao (n6i ti~p hay song song) rna khong phu thuec phuong phap la:y tin hi~u addu ra d~ dua vao mach h6i ti~p. Vi v~y, d~ tlnh tro khang vao cua bt') khusch <;t~ co h6i ti~p ta phan bi~t hai tntang hop : h6i ti~p n6i ti~p va h6i ti~p song song. So d6 tuong dUC1ng ddu vao cua bt') khusch d~i co h6i ti~p n6i tiap va h6i tiap song song dugc bi~u' di~n tren hlnh 2.6. D~ don gian khi tinh toan, ta dung so d3 wong duong dien. tip cho mach. Mi tiep n6i ti(p ua so g,"6 Wong duong dong dien. eho mqch. Mi ti(p song song (hlnh. 2.6a ua 2.6bJ.

Uv

Iv 1 -

K

Iv

r

t'

j_

b)

Hlnb 2.6. Sd d6 Wong duong d:iU'\'30 cua bl) khuech dai co h6i tiep (dung de tinh trd khang vao),

a) hili tiep n6ili~p; b) mach hili tiep song 'song. .

34

0)

2 2
K i.; lIT" Rt
Rt
2' 2'
K 0)

b)

Hlnb 2.7. So dll wong duong d:lura cua bl) khuech dai co hili tiep . a) hili tiep dien ap : b) h6i tiep dong dien,

Cac d~u aa' tren hlnh 2.6 la cac d~u ra cua mach hOi ti~p; rht la di~n tra ra cua mach hOi tiep, chinh la di~n tr8 gilta hai d~u aa' khi Xr = 0 nghla II v(Ji mach hOi ti~p di~n ap (~ = Ur) thi ngan mach cac d~u 22' CUB ~ khukh d~ (hinh 2.79) ; v(Ji mach hOi tiep dong di~n (Xr = Ir) thl nguoc lai, M mach d~u ra 22' tren hinh 2. Th.

a) Tru kluing Vtlo coo b~ khuech d(li co hOi til, .. nOi tilp (hinh 2.6a) + Khi khong c6 hOi ti~p (Kh~r = 0) :

tr; Uh+U'

Zy == -=- = :: rh + rrht

Iy Iy

(2.8a)

+ Khi co hOi ti~p :

- -

U yUh + U' + Kh~r U h(1 + KKht) + U'

Z'y = -=-= =~------

t ; t ; t ;

hay Z'y = grh + r rill ::: grh

Nsu rrht < < rh thl tu (2.8a) va (2.8b) BUY ra

Z'y = gZy.

b) Tru khang Vtlo coo b(j khuech d{li co hOi tilp am song song (hinh 2.6b) + Khi khong co h6i ti~p :

(2.8b)

(2.9)

1 Iy I +1' 1 1
h
Yy = -=-= =-+-
Zy Uy U rh hrht (2.IOa)

+ Khi co hOi tiep :

(2.IOb)

Voi rrht > > rh' tu (2.IOa) va (2.IOb) BUY ra

z; ::: Zy/ g (2.11)

Tu cac bi~u thirc (2.9) va (2.11) co tM phat bil!u m~t each g~n dung :

l8i tiip am n6i tiip lam tang trd khang viw eua phan. mqcb n4m trong vbng h"lJi tilp g lan ua Mi tiip am song' 'song lam gidm trd kMng veto eung My nhieu lan,

2.4.3. Anh hUang cua h6i ti'p Am d'n tra khang ra

TrO khang ra cua met mach dU<;1C xac dinh thea bil!u thuc sau :

AUr Zr = -=-

Mr

a dAy, AU~ va si, la IU<;1ng bi~n dlSi cua di~n ap va dong cti~n tr6n tAl, tuong ung vOi cung mOt Iuqng bi~n thien t1Zt cua tra khang tAL Niu so ~ chi giJm cdc linh kitn tuyln tlnh thl cO th~ vi~t I"u bil!u thifc (2.12a) ?u(Ji dang :

(2.129)

(2.12b)

35

vci !!rh - di~n ap ra khi M mach tai ; Img - dong di~n ra khingan mach tai.

H6i tiep Am cung lam bien d6i tro khang ra cua b()khuech dai, Khac vdi truong hop tro khang vao, su bien d6i nay khong phu thuoc vao phuong phap dAn tin hieu h6i tiep v~ dAu vao rna chi phu thuec phuong phap n6i dAu ra b¢ khusch dai v.ai dAu vao mach h6i tiep. Do do, de tfnh tw khang ra ta phan biet, cac truong hop h6i tiep di~n ap, h6i tiep dong di~n va vEl so d'tJ tuong duong dien. up cho mach. h'tJi tiep dien. up, so d'tJ tuong duong dong dien. cho mach. Mi tilp dong dien. (hlnh 2.7).

Tren hlnh 2.7, cac dau bb' Iii dau vao cua mach h6i tiep. De don gian, gill thiet mach h6i tiep chi dAn tfn hieu theo chieu mui ten (tu phai sang trw). Nghla Ia ta bo qua iinh. huang cua phiin. tac dung til dltu ra (dltu aa') v~ dltu uao (dltu bb'). Sai 86 do gia thiet do gAy ra khong dang ke. Theo gia thiet nay, de xac dinh di~n tw cua mach h6i tiep rvht' phai cho X. = 0 (neu X. :F- 0 thl trong mach h6i tiepse co met di~n ap khong tai giira bb'). V~y, vai mach Mi tilp n6i tilp X. = U; = 0 (ngan mach. cac dau 11' tren hlnh 2.6a) va vai mach Mi tilp song song X; = Iv = 0 (ngan mach dau 1.1' trim hlnh 2.6b). Kh Iii ham truyen. cua b¢ khulch dai kh6ng hOi tilpkhi hd mach. tdi (ddu 22') ; Kng la ham truyen khi ngan mach tai, Tuong duong nhu v~y, ta co K'h va K' ng ling vdi be? khusch dai co hOi tiep.

a) Tru khdng ra caa b(1 khuich d(li co hOi tiep am di,in tip (hinh 2.la) + Khi khong co h6i tiep : tu hlnh 2.7a xac dinh dUQc

Zr = r jlrrht ; thuong rr < < rvht' nan

z, "'" rr

(2.13)

+ Khi co h6i tiep

Kh·

K'tX. = X.

1 + KhKhl

KrrXh KrrXv

-

Irng =

._--=---

(khi ngan mach 22', Xh = X.)

Z'c =

V~y vai rr < < rvht thl

Zr Z'r ::::;

g

(j dAy, gIla d¢ sau h6i tiep khi M mach dAu ra 22'.

V~y hOi tiep 11m di~n lip lam :!l':",f"L dien. tro ra cua phan. mach. nbm trong oong hOi tiep g lltn.

(2.15)

b) Tru kluing ra clla bp khuich dfli co hOi tlip am dong di,in (hinh 2.7b) + Khi khong co h6i tiep

Tu hlnh 2.Th rut ra :

36

thuong rr > > rvht, do do

(2.16)

+ Khi co hoi tiep

(khi ha mach 22', Xh == X)

Z'; ==

(2.17)

(2.18)

Vai truong hop Mi tilp am dong dien. thi tro kluuig ra eua phan mach. co Mi tilp tang len. g ian so uoi khi kMng co hOi tiep,

2.4.4. Anh huang eue h6i th~p din dai dOng eua bO khuich d,i V8 din meo phi tuyin

Nho hoi tiep am, dai dong cua be? khuech dai duoc rna rong, TMt v~y, khi khong co hoi tiep thi toan be? tin hieu duoc dua den ddu vao be? khusch dai, do do Xh = x... Khi co hoi tiep, chi co mot phan tin hieu duoc dat vao be? khuech d:;ti

Xh = x.. - KhtXr = X; - KKhtXh

suy ra

Xh =

g

Ngoai ra, vi tin hieu vao cua bl) khuech dai co hOi tiep Xh nho han tin hi~u vao cua be? khusch dai khong hOi tiep X; la g Ian, nen meo phi tuyen (xem bi~u thuc 1.57) do de? cong duong dl)c tlnh truysn dat cua bo khuech dai gay ra, tuong llng cling giam di ft nhat la bliy nhieu Ian.

Do la mot trong nhirng uu diem Ion nhat cua hoi tiep am vi nhb do co tM nang cao tfnh chan thuc va dQ nhay cua be? khuech dai.

2.4.5. Anh huang eua h6i tiip Am din t,p Am

Gill thiet tap am ngoai dua vao gitra hai tang cua me?t b(t khuech dai, Ttl sa do kh6i hlnh 2.8 viet duoc bi~u thiic.

[(Xth - Kh~r)Kl + Xa]K2 == X;

Chuyen ve ta ducc :

(2.19)

37

Tit (2.19). ta thd:y : trong mach co h6i ti~p, tap am C1 da:u ra Xrata giam di K1K2Kht Ia:n. Tit (2.19) rut ra ty 56 :

Xrth Xth -=K1- Xrta Xta

Theo (2.20), ty s6 tin hi~u tren tap am C1 da:u ra cang ICJn khiKl cang Ibn va chi co tM khli lof,li tap am xud:t hi~n sau Mng thu nhat, khong th~ giam nho loai tap am xud:t hi~n C1 ngay da:u vao ~ khusch dIP.

(2.20)

2.4.6. Anh ruang cua h6i tifp dfn d6c tfnh dOng eua bO khufch d,i 2.4.6.1. Dte tlnh tAn

sf) va d(le tlnh dOng ella bO khukh ~

D~ xet cac d$,C dnh d¢~g cua ~ khukh dIP, ta khao sat b¢ khu~eh

d,p dSi ~ng hlnh 2.9.

Gia thi~t, M s6 khukh

dIP (giira hai di~m 1, 2).

Hlnh 2.8. Sd d6 de ric djnh anh hudng eua h6i tiep den tap am.

rei ~R; f 2
~ 2'
Uv [> "1 I JUra
CPI
.t l_
a)
u,r: 2 2'
Ii' Rv Rz Cp J c;
,
b)
C,
ur~1u'
! Kuou, Rp rCp ! s;
1. Rra 1
c) IDoh 2.9. 80 khuech d~i xoay chieu dili rOng. a) sci d6 kh6i ; b) va c) sci d6 Il1dng dl1dng Rl = R'tlIRv ; Rp = RralIR2.

38

Can cu vao SO tuong duong hinh 2.9c rut ra duoc

Ktjos) = K(P) = Ku =

trong do,

RICI » RpCp nan fd « fl' Tit (2.21) suy ra modun cua Ku

va gee pha cua Ku

(2.22a)

lC

'P = -8,lCtgwTt + 2' - arctg wTd

a day, 'P la goc dich pha giira di~n ap ra va di~n ap vao, Theo (2.22a) va (2.22b) ve d$c tuyen bien d(l - ttln s6 va d~c tuyen pha - ttln s6 cua s6 cua b(l khusch d~ (hlnh 2.10).

T~n hlnh 2.10

1

Ii = 2nR C p p

lit tan s6 gioi han tren

1

fd = 2nR C I I

la tan s6 gioi han duoi.

Cac ttln s6 gioi han trsn va duoi duoc xac dinh ung voi

I s; I giam V2 ltln (3 dB) so voi Kuo' Khoang ttln s6 tit ft den fd ~i lit dai ttln lam vi~c cua ~ khusch dai.

Nhu v~y cac thanh phan di~n khang trong mach di~n (CI, Cp) co trCJ khang bien ddi theo ttln 86, do d6 M 86 truyen. dq,t cua mqch. ciing phu thuoc tCin 86. Hi(!n· tuqng do gAy meo dang tin hi(!u khi nO di qua b(l khukh ~. Loq,i meo nay g()i liL meo tuyln tinh, Trong

. do, meo do modun h~ 86

(2.22b)

(2.22c)

(2.22d)

IKul
KUo --- If
I
I
0 /d fib
a)
'f 1\

I

it

frlog)

b)

IDob Z.10. D~e tinb tAn 56 va d~e tinb pba ella b(l khuech d~i.

39

khulch dai gfLy ra goi la meo tan. 86, con meo do dich. pha cua b¢ khulch dai gfLy ra g(Ji la meo pha.

Co th~ dung d$c tuy~n t~n s6 d~ danh gia d~ mea Mn s6 thea bi~u thuc (2.23a) va (2.23b).

I Ktbl M = TKT

CJ da.y, I K I la modun M s6 khuech dIP tIP Mn s6 dang xet, Cling co th~ tlnh d~ mea Mn s6 theo dexiben (dB) nhu sau

MdB = 20logM

(2.23a)

(2.23b)

Khi M = 1 hoac Mdb = 0 thl tin hieu hoan toan khong bi meo Mn s6.

Dac tuyen. pha lien. quan ch(jt chi! uoi dijc tuyen. tfln 86. Do do, n~u dl)c tuy~n t~n 86 co dang X8.c dinh thl tuong ung d~ meo pha cho phep cling duoc dam bao. VI v~y, thuc t~ khOng can quan tam d~n d~ mea pha va d$C tuy~n pha (hlnh 2.10b), chl

dung dl xae dinb tlnli 6n dinb

cua b" khulch dai (xem chuang 1 phan 2).

Cac dijc tinh. dong cua '

b¢ khulch dqi duoc xac dinh. boi ddi tfln lam vi~c cua n6. N ~u dua d~n d~u vao b~

khuech d~ xoay chieu dai r~ng

mot xung chit nhq,t Ii tudng

thl CJ d~u ra ta nhan dUl}c

dang xung tren hinh 2.llb.

Cac tham 86 sau cua xung ra

cho phep xae dinh. cdc d(),c tinb.

dt,ng cua bt, khulch dqi :

- Thai gian xac l~p tx (phu thuec te) ;

- D~ 8\1t dinh xung M (ty l~ voi tt) ;

- ThC1i gian t~ ttr (thucng bO qua).

Uv

Uv c..----r- -.

o j,--_--'

I

t

_ o.9A

t

b)

Hlnh 2.11. Dang xung vim (a) vii ra (b) cua mot b() khueeh d.,i xoay ehieu dai rong.

Th~t v~y, ta se xac dinh m6i quan M giita ddi tfln lam uiec ua cae tham 86 kl tren, Gia thi~t dua vao b¢ khusch dai (hlnh 2.9) ham dan vi 1 (t).

Tit bi~u thirc (2.21) ta vi~t dUl}c bi~u thuc cua bam qua d~ h(P)

KuoTd 1

1 + pTJ • 1 + pTd

Bisn d6i nguoc Laplas ta co

40

h(t) =

Kuo(e -trrd - e -trrt) a, 1--

Td

(2.24)

VIla bQ khuech dai dai rong, nan Td > > TI va xet qua trinh. xae lap xung trong khoang thoi gian ngan t < Til nen ttt (2.24) suy ra bieu thuc gan dung:

(2.25)

Tu bieu thiic (2.25) tim thai gian xac lap tx, biet rang tx la thai gian rna bien dQ xung ra hit) tang tu gia tri

hi = 0,1 KU() den gia tri hi = 0,9 Kuo

1=11 1=12

tx = t2 - tl = (-lnO,l + InO,9)2,2T1

2,2 0,35

= 2nh =y

(2.26)

VI fd < < fl, do do B> fl va ttt (2.26) suy ra txB z 0,35

(2.27)

Vq:y " thai gian xric lq:p ham qua dQ cua mot b¢ hhuech. dai ddi rong ty l~ nghich. voi tan s6 gioi han. tren. eua bQ khueeh doi do.

De quan sat dQ sut dinh, ta xet d(ic tinh xung ra trong mot khodng thoi gian dai, vi qua trinh sut dinh dien bien rat chqm, Tu (2.24) 'viet duoc bie'u thuc gan dung sau

h(t) z K e -Irrd

uo

Trong pham vi TI < < t < < Td bieu thuc nay co the viet gon hon duoi dang t

h(tj z Kuo (1 - T )

d

(2.28)

Ta tlnh dQ sut dinh xung xuat phat tu bieu thuc (2.28).

M == hxl - hi

1=12

d day hxl lit bien d(i xung ra a trang thai xac l~p. Trong trirong hop nay hxl

M t2

-100% = -100%

A r,

M

A 100% = 2nt2fd

(2.29)

(2.30)

V~y de) sut dinh 6.A ty l~ vci tan so gioi han duoi cua bQ khuech dai.: Trong cac bi? khuech dai mot chidu (jd = 0) xung ra khong co dQ sut dinh.

2.4.6.2. Anh hU'iJng cua hoi tiep den d~e tlnh de)ng eua be) khuech dai

D~ xet anh huang cua h6i tiep den cac d(ic tlnh dQng cua bi) khueeh dai nguol ta phan bi~t ba truong hop : bQ khuech dai co ham truyen dat chua met diem cue, bQ khusch dai co ham truydn dat chua hai diem cue va be) khuech d~i co ham 'truyen dat chua nhieu diem cue.

a) Ham truyen df!.l K(p) chua nWt diem CI!C

Bi) khuech dai hlnh 2.9 lit b(i khuech dai rna ham truyen dat cua no (bieu thuc 1

2.21) chua mot diem cue a tan s6 thap PI = - Td va mot diem 0 cue tan s6 cao

1

P2 == T' D6 th] Bode cua b(i khuech d~ do ducc bieu di~n tren hlnh 2.12.

1

41

/Kul (dB)

/ Kul

I

D : IK~/:/:f-

- - - - - ;r~ - - 1. - _hf_

I J I

I I I

o

----"""'"

\

\ \

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - -""""', . log j

Kh6ng hoi flip \ y C6 h6i fiep

'3001-- --.

-900 - - - - - - - - - - - -

Hlnh 2.12. D6 th] Bode (dang g:in .dung) cua b¢ khuech d~i khong co h6i tiep va co h6i tiep : ___ khong co h6i tiep ; - - - - - co h6i tiep.

Tim K' cua b~ khusch dai co h6i tiep Tit bieu thuc (2.1) suy ra

va

1

'K' z K vci IKKhtl » 1 ht

K' z K voi IKKhtl « 1

(2.31a)

(2.31b)

Tit (2.31a) va (2.31b) d~ dang ve ducc do thi Bode cua ~ khusch dai khi co h6i tiep (dtlbng net rbi tren hinh 2.12) vdi gia thiet mach h6i tiep chi bao g6m cac phan ttl di~n trc, nghla la Kht khong phu thuoc tdn s6. De co duoc dang chinh xac cua d~c tuyen truyen dat cua b~ khusch dai co h6i tiep, thay (2.21) VaG (2.1), ta co :

KuopTd

K' = --;:;--:---=-:-;-:;---:--=-:--:c-=~=---=--:-

(1 + pTd)(l + pTt) + KuaKhtPTd)

(2.32)

Lan hrot xet bieu thtrc (2.32) ting voi tirng' trtlbng hop : tdn s6 thap va Mn sO cao. + Tan 86 thap (f « ft We w Tt « 1)

Bo qua p'I'; trong bieu thuc (2.32), se co bieu thuc gan dung moi

KuopTd K' uopT'd

K' = =~-=-

1 + pTd(1 + KuaKht) 1 + pT'd '

(2.33a)

trong do

Kuo

K'uo = - ; T'd = gmTd hay fd = Jdl gm gm

gm = 1 + KuaKht III d{l sau h6i tiep (j tan sO trung blnh. + Tan 86 coo (f » [« We wTd » 1).

(3.33b)

42

Coi 1 + pTd ::::; pTd tu (2.32) ta co

Kuo K' uo

K' ::::; = -::----=:-

1 + Ku~ht + p'I', 1 + p'I",

«; r,

K'uo = gm ; T', = gm hay}; = s-J,

(2.34a)

a da.y

(2.34b)

1

Tom lai, t~n so giCli han duci cua bi? khuech dai co hoi ti~p f'd = 2nT' giam xuong d

1

gm l~n (bieu thuc 2.33b), con t~n s6 gioi han tren ft = 2JcT' tang l~n cung bdy nhieu

t

l~n (bieu thuc 2.34b) so voi cac t~n so gioi han tuong ung cua bQ khusch dai khong co hOi ti~p. Do do dai t~n cua bQ khuech dai co hOi ti~p B' = f't - f'd ::::; f't Ian hen dai t~n cua bl) khuech dai khong co hoi tiep B = t, - fd ::::; ft cung bay nhieu l~n. Vai mach hOi ti~p khong phu thuoc tan s6 nhu xet tren da.y thl hOi ti~p khong lam giam meo tan so. Vai mach hOi ti~p phu thuoc tan so thl hOi ti~p am khong nhirng ma rong duoc dai t~n lam vi~e cua bl? khuech dai rna con co tac dung giam meo tan s6 (xem [4]).

Ngoai ra, tu hlnh (2.12) ta nit ra quan M :

il KU<dB)

illoW = -20

10glK' u I - 10glKu I

-------=-1

lo&f't - lo~

IKul ft B'

lK'ul =l;::::;Jj=gm

IK'uIB' = IKulB

(2.35)

Khi IKu I = 1(0dB) thi ft = fJ nan co the b6 sung vao bieu thuc (2.35) nhu sau :

IK'u IB' = IKu IB = iI (2.36)

CJ day t, la t~n so tai do Ku = 1 don vi (OdB), goi la tan s6 don vi.

VQY tich KuB cua mot bQ hhuech. dai hhong phu thuoc uao dQ sau Mi tiep, no la mot hang s6 oa bang tan s6 dan vi cua be) khuech dai do.

Do do, muon tang dai tan thong qua hOi ti~p thl phai tra gia bang each giam M s6 khusch dai (bidu thuc 2.1).

VI. bl) khuech dai co hoi ti~p cung la mot h~ thong tuy~n tlnh bac 1 (cc 1 diem cue) gi6ng nhu bl) khuech dai kh6ng co hOi ti~p da xet a phan 1, nen quan M giira thoi gian xac lap va dl) rong dai tan cung nhu quan M giira dl) sut dinh xung va tan s6 gici han dttoi cung duoc xac dinh l~n luct theo cac bieu thuc (2.27) va (2.29).

vi trong bQ khuech dqi co Mi tiep B' = g ~ va f(~ =.!~/ gm nen. thai gian xac lf1,p

va dQ sut dinh. xung gidm gm l~n so voi khi khong .co h6i ti~p.

b) Ham trujen d(lJ K(p) chua hai dilm c~c

Truong hop bl) khuech dal co ham trll:y~n dat chua hai diem cue co y nghla thuc te lan, vi hau nhu tdt eli cac bl) khusch dai d~u co ham truydn dat g~n voi dang nay va qua trlnh khao sat loai nay eho phep d~ dang nhan ra cac d~ tfnh dong cua bl) khusch dIP cd h6i tiep.

43

Ta xuat phat ta ham truyen dat cua phan mach khi chua co h6i tiep Ko

K=-:---=--,-----

(1 + pTI)(l + pT2)

1 1

TI = 2nfl ; T2 = 2nf2

Gia thiet M s6 h6i tiep 18. thuc, thay (2.37a) V8.0 bieu thuc (2.1) suy ra

K Ko

K' = 1 +KK = K T 2

ht 1 + Kht 0 + p( I + T2) + p TIT7

K'o

= ---~~~~------~=---

TI + T2 TIT2

1 + P + P 2 -::------=:---=-::-

1 + KhtKo 1 + KhtKo

(2.37a)

(2.37b)

Ko trong do K'o =

1 + KhtKo .

Bien deli (2.37b) thanh dang chuan

K'o

K'(p) = = ------

p2 + p(wo/Q) + w~ p2~ + 2pDTo + 1

a day, Wo - tan s6 dao dQng tu do

~/r-1-+--K-h-tK-o- ~r-------V 1 + TIT2 = wlw2(1 + KhtKo)

(2.38)

w = . 0

- Q - M s6 pham chat

1 T =--

o Wo

Q =

H~ s6 suy giam D ducc tinh thea bieu thirc sau :

Khi kheng co h6i tiep thea (2.37a), cac diem cue ella ham truyen d~t

1 1

PI = - -- = - WI va P2 = - -- = - w2

TI T2

Khi tang h~ s6 h6i tiep thl D giam dan.

- Vdi D > 1 thl mau s6 ella (2.38) co hai nghism thuc, nsn phuong trlnh (2.38) duoc viet 1~

K'o

K'(P) = -----;----,.- = ~---:--.,.--,--:--.....,..,--,-

(1 + p~)(l + PTi) (1 - p/PI)(l - P!P2)

(2.39)

44

Cac di~m cue cua ham truyen dat :

wI + w2 wI + w2 .I D ~ 1

P 1,2 = _ + ~ 1 _ 4Q2 = _ -- [ 1 ± 1 _ - ]

2 _ 2 To D2

Pl,2 = -Doi.; ± wo~D2 _ 1

* 1 To

T I = - - = -----;::=;===~

PI D _ ~D2 _ 1

(2.40a)

1 To

T*2=--=

P2 -D-+---;::~ D=2;:_==1 r:

(2.40b)

Truong hop nay co tM eoi b(> khusch dai tuong duong voi hai M thOng tuyen tinh bac mot mac n6i tiep.

D

- Vai D = 1 thl PI = P2 = _ T = -wo

o

- Neu Kht tang sao cho D < 1 thl mau s6 cua (2.38) co hai nghiem phuc PI,2 = -Dwo ± jWo~D2 _ 1

(2.41)

D~ ve d~e tuyen truyen dat cua b(l khuech dai co hdi tiep, thay P boi jw trong bi~u thuc (2.38).

K'o

IKI = _

~ [1 _ (w/0)0)2]2 + 4D2(w/wo)2

Vi phan bi~u thiic (2.42), tim cue dai, ta tMy ham s6 (2.42) dat cue dai tai w = w ~ 1 _ W2

o

(2.42)

va

(2.43)

Tu (2.42) va (2.43) ve duoc dl).e tuyen truydn dat tren hlnh 2.13.

Khi W2 > 1, nghla la D > 0,707 thl d6 thi Bode khong co di~m cue dai.

D~ xet cac dac tinh de>ng khac, ta xet ham" qua de> h(t) cua b(> khusch dai co hdi ti~p. GiS. thiet dua van b(> khusch dai mot xung don vi l(t), anh Laplas cua no la lip, ham qua dl) IS.

h(t)

(2.44a)

-KhiD = 1

Ket hop (2.38) va (2.44a) xac dinh duoc h(t) - Khi D > 1. Tu (2.39) va (2.44a) nit ra

(2.44b)

1 * *

hit) __ 1 - (T* -trrl T* -trr2)

\' Ie _ 2e

2To ~D2 _ 1

- Khi D < 1. K~t hop (2.38) va (2.44a) BUY ra

(2.45)

45

Doi.; -Ow t

h(t) = 1 - (-- sinw,", + eosw,",) e 0

wr

trong do, wr = Wo ~'1---D-2=- la Mn s6 cong huong risng.

(2.46)

IK'/rdB)

togf

Log!

Hlnh 2.13. 06 thi Bode cua he th6ng tur~n tinh b~e hai (d~e luy~n truyen dat chua hai diem cue),

Vi phan bi€u thiic (2.46) va tim cue tri ta thdy

=u) Ot

h = hlIlax = 1 - (-1)ne 0 max

b}.i

(n - s6 nguyen)

Neu n Ie thl eo cue dai, n chan thl eo cue ti€u.

Dang cua ham qua dO d6i voi cac tri s6 khac nhau cua M s6 suy giam D duoc bi~u di~n tren hinh 2.14. H~ s6 suy giam tang thl thai gian xac l~p cua ham qua d~ cung tang. Khi M s6 suy giam nho thl thai gian XRc l~p ngan, nhung thay vao d6 1~ e6 hien tuong dao dOng. Kinh nghiem eho thdy D :::: 0,707 la gia tri t6i uu, hie do bien dO dao d(>ng cue dai so voi gia tri trung blnh

- .7tOn/~ 1- 02

q = hmax - 1 =e = 0,043.

c) Ham truyen df,ll K(p) chua nhieu diem qrc

o muc b khi xet ham truyen dat chua hai di€m cue cua mot M th6ng tuy~n tinh eo h6i tiep ta nhan thdy rAng voi cac gia tri khac nhau cua M s6 suy giam D, cac di~m cue PI' P2 eo th~ la thuc hoac phiic. Nhung cac nghiem d6 d~u nam Mn trw mat phang phiic voi moi gla tri ella D. Di~u d6 chung to mot M th6ng tuy~n tinh, b~e hai co h6i

46

tiep luon luon On dinh. Tuy nhien, khi D rA1 nho, mire an toan cua M thong khong Ion (xem phan khao sat tfnh On dinh ella mot M th6ng eo h6i tiep theo phucng phap quy -tich nghiem trong tai li~u [2]).

Trw lIP d6i voi mot M thong tuyen tinh bac ba eo h6i tiep (ham truyen dat chua ba diem eve), trong truong hop modun M s6 khuech dIP yang Ion thl quy tich nghiem cua phucng trlnh dl)e trimg eo the cat true tung trong mat phang phuc lam eho M thong mat 6n dinh, Vi vay d6i voi cac M thong nay phai dung cac bien phap phu de dam bao tfnh 6n dinh cua M thong (xem chuong 1 phan 2). 0 dAy ta khong tfnh ham truyen dat cua M theng nay khi co h6i tiep. Dac tlnh dong

h(t)

0,5

tlTo

0,1

Hlnh 2.14. D~c tinh qua dO cua he thong tuy~n tinh b~c hai.

cua no ve eo ban cung gi6ng nhu truong hop cua M th6ng tuyen tinh bac hai eo h6i tiep dB. xet d phan b.

Trong nhieu truong hop eo the' coi ham truyen dat cua mot M th6ng tuyen tinh b~e ba gan dung nhu ham truyen dat cua M thong b~e hai, neu TI > > Tz > > T3. Luc do ta eo phucng trinh gan dung sau day :

s; s;

K = = --:-----==--,----:-

(1 + pT1)(1 + pTz)(l + pT3) (1 + pT1)(1 + pT') ,

trong do T' = Tz + T3.

47

Clurang 3

K ,,," ,t"", ,

CUNG CAP V A ON nlNH CHE DC;> CONG T AC CHO CAC

TANG DUNG TRANZISTOR

3.1. D~t van de

Nhu da xet a chuang 1, trong cac tang khuech dai tin hieu nho, diem lam viec nam. trong mien tich cue clla tranzistor luang cue hoqc nam. trong mien thtLt cua Fet (rieng. doi vai cac Mng khuech dl.;\i lam viec a eM dQ B hoac C se duoc noi den a chuang 6),

o ehe dQ tlnh, nghla Ia khi chua co tin hieu vao, tren cac cue cua tranzistor co cac dong di~n tlnh Ie (hoac ID) ; IB (hoac IG :::: 0) va di~n ap met chieu UCE (hoac UDS) ; UBE (hoac UGs), Diem lam vi~eung vai eM dQ nay gQi la diem lam vi~e tlnh,

Khi co tin hieu vao thl cac di~n ap va dong di~n thay d6i xung quanh gia tri tlnh.

De dam bao eho cac t~ng lam viec blnh thuong trong nhirng dieu ki~n khac nhau, ngoai ~~~~~~~~~~~~~&~~~~~ da chon, Nsu khong, chat IUQng lam vi~e cua 't~ng (meo, M s6 khu(ch dqi, dien. ap ra, dong dien. ra, c6ng sud: ra) bi giam sut. Thuc chat cua vdn de c5n dinh la lam eho diem lam vise khong phu thuoc vao dt) tap tan cua tham s6 tranzistor, vao nhiet dt), vao di~n ap ngu6n eung cap, e1,1 tM la ap dung cae bien. phap dl giu cho dong colecto Ie (hoac dong mang ID) kh6ng d6i (xem 3.3.1).

3.2. M~ch cung cap va 6n djnh che dQ cong tac cua cac ding dung tranzistor luang cue

3.2.1. Che dO tinh

Ve nguyen tac, viec eung cap cho tranzistor de xac dinh diem ceng tac tlnh phai dam boo sao cho trtuizistor luon. luon. lam vi~c trong mien tf.ch cue (xem bang 1.2) va cac tham s6 cua no luon luon th6a man cac dieu. ki~n cho phep. Mu6n v~y, phai dam bao nhung yeu cau sau :

1) Dien the eoleeto phai duong han di~n the bazo d6i vai tranzistor npn va 11m hon di~n the bazo d6i vai tranzistor pnp tit met von den viii von.

2) M~t ghep bazo - emito phai ducc phan cue thuan <I UBE I :::: 0,7V d6i voi tranzistor silic va I UBE I :::: 0,3V d6i vai tranzistor gecmani).

3) DOng colecto phAi Ian hon dong di¢n du colecto - emito nhieu, nghla 1ft I Ic I > > I Ia:o I·

4) Phai dam bao cac dieu kien eho phep ve dong, ap, eong suat va nhist dt) (xem muc 1.2.3).

48

Nhu da biet, che d<) tinh cua mot tranzistor mac emito chung duoc xac dinh bdi bon tham s6 : IH, Ie, UIW va Un.' trong do thuong cho truce mot tham so, vi du cho truce Ie ba tham so con lai se ducc xac dinh trong su rang buoc ooi ho diu: ttcyen. VClO va ra ctui tranzistor

(3.la) (3.lb)

Ho dac tuyen VaG : UHf. = fl\In ;UCI.) HQ dac tuyen ra: t.. = fz(Un.,II~)

Is

Quan h¢ rang buoc do duoc d.ac trung bo: duong uii tinli (con goi la duong tai mot chieu)

De minh hoa, ve dubng tai mot chieu cho so d6 bo khuech dai tren hinh 3.1.

Neu gia thiet Ie "" h> ta xac dinh ducc quan M

zu.. Un:

Ie "" ~--- - -=--~ Re + RL Re + RL

(3.lc)

(3.2)

IIInh 3.1. S(l dll khuech dai ernito chung .

U« : dicn ap ngulln lin hieu:

Rn : dien In) trong cua nguon lin hieu.

Bieu thuc (3.2) la mot dang cu the cua (S.Ic), no la bieu thiic bieu dien ducng tai tlnh tren ho dac tuyen ra (hlnh 3.2).

Duong tai tlnh co d<) d6e

Khi thay d6i gia tri

cua Re + RI. thi duong t a i t.In h quay xu ng quanh dieni P, con khi thay d6i dien ap cung dip, ngu6n Uee, th.i duong tdi tinh dicli trai hoqc dicli phdi. Diem lam viec phai nam tren ducng tai tinh, do la giao diem cua duong tdi tinh

voi dac tuyen. ra ung voi IIlnh 3.2. D~e tuycn va duong lai tinh eho so di\ tren hinh 3.1.

a) tranzistor co he sl'i khuech dai B,:, be;

dong uao IHo' vi dong h) tranzistor co he s6 khuech dai dong BN Ion,

colecto leo phai d6ng thoi thoa man (3.lb) va (3.le). Trong thuc te thuong cho truoc dien. ap nguon. cung ctip , luc do viec chon diem lam viec va di(!n tro mot chieu (trong truong hop tren la Rc + R1.) se tuy thuoc VaG cac yeu t6 sau ddy :

IBo=80JlA

-----

Ico

UCEo P

oJ

UeE

b)

- Bien dO tin hieu ra (dong, ap, cong suat) ;

- H¢ s6 khuech dai (1.8) ;

- Dai tan cua tin hieu VaG (hlnh 3.3) ;

- Tham so cua mang bon cue (hlnh 1,19)

- Meo phi tuyen eho phep va dien trd VaG va dien tro ra ella mach

49

- Tap am (hlnh 1.14) ;

- Tham s6 gioi han (I, V, P).

Tuy thuoc vao muc dfch ung dung C1,l tM' cua mach, khi chon diem lam viec tlnh co the dac biet luu tam den met s6 y~u t6 nao do da ke tren va bo qua nhung y~u to khac.

Sau khi da chon duoc diem tinh, se thiet lq,p vi tri cua no trong sa do thuc tt biuig cacti dat len cdc C1jC cua tranzistor nhilng dien. ap mot chieu din thiet (Vn:o va VBEo)' V§:n d~ con lai la 6n dinh diem lam viec tlnh de dam bao chat lucng yeu cau cua mach. Tit hinh 3.2 d~ dang ly giai duoc : trong ba tham s6

.......
/ \
/
/ r ISO N

'l: IDa

s

~

50

100 10' 102

lc (mA) --

leo, IBn va Vn:o can phai 6n dinh tham s6 nao. Hlnh

3.2b bieu dien ho dac tuyen ra cua mot loai tranzistor Hlnh 3,3. St,I phu thuoc ella llin s6 vao dong

. . . . colecto.

co M s6 khuech dai dong di~n BN Ion hen so vci BN

tren hlnh 3.2a (hoac cung loai tranzistor do, nhung nhiet d¢ ben trong cua ban ddn (tt) cao hen). Neu gif:t cho IBo khong d6i thi diem lam viec se thay d6i nhieu khi BN va

t1' thay d6i. Trong nhung truong hop bat lei, diem lam viec co the di chuyen sang ca khu vue bao hoa. Voi diem lam viec nhu trsn hlnh 3.2b, khi tin hieu vao Ion se co mea phi tuyen rat Ion. V~y 6n dinh IBn se khong dat duoc hieu qua mong mu6n. Thuc te,

6n dinh dong colecto Ico la co lei hen ca. Luc nay du BN hoac tf thay doi nhieu, diem. lam uiec cung hau nhu kh6ng doi, chi co dong di~n vao IBo thay d6i. Tom lai :

Ttit cd cdc bien. phap on dinh. diem lam uiec deu xoay quanh vrin de on dinh. dong colecto.

3.2.2. M,ch cung c4p

Colecto cua tranzistor duoc cung cap qua cac di~n tra sut ap Rc nhu trlnh bay tren hlnh 3.4.

Tri so Rc duoc xac dinh bCli toa d¢ cua diem tinh (lco' VCEo) trong ho d~c tuyen ra theo bieu thuc (3.3)

(3.3)

Khi co nhidu tranzistor cung dung chung met nguon cung cap thl cac tang thuong duoc mac song song voi ngu6n cung cap. Dl gidm ghep kj sinh giila cdc tang, trong mach colecto cua cac tang (trir tang cuoi) thuong mac nhirng mat loc RtF" de .khir ghep [3].

Dl co dong tinh I Co trong mach colecto, phai cung cap cho bazo mot dien. tip nao do, goi Ia thien. ap, Cung cap thien ap cho bazo thuong lay tir ngu6n cung cap colecto. De cung

50

+ - uee

Hlnh 3.4. Mach eung clip cotecto ella l~ng khuech dai dung tranzistor,

cap cho bazo co the dung cac so do : dinh. dong bazo va dinh. lip bazo nhu trinh bay tren hinh 3.5.

Tren so do hinh 3.5a, dien ap dinh thien cho bazo (UREo) dUQc dan qua di~n tro RJ vao bazo. Dien tro R I co tri s6 Ian han nhieu 80 ooi dien. tni mQt chieu eua rruit

+ Uee

(IptI8o)~ e, 0---1 f----+------K.."...-----j f---o C1

Ip ~ R2

0)

b)

Hlnh 3.5. Cac so d6 cung dp thien ap don gian cho tranzistor. a) phuong phap dinh dong bazo, b) phuong phap dinh ap bazd.

ghep bazo - emito, do

do dong dinh thisn (1so) duoc xac dinh gan dung nhu sau

v; IBo :::::: R ' 1

<':I day 180 khong phu thuoc VaG nhiet d¢ cung nhu khong phu thuoc VaG tham so cua tranzistor. V1 Ie :::::: BN/B' nan dong coleeto phu thuoc nhieii uao BN, lam cho diem lam viec chi duoc 6n dinh. d6i uoi nhiing bien d6i eua USE' con Val cac bien d6i cua BN thl khong duoc 6n dinh, V1 v~y mach nay chi duoc dung trong cac b¢ khuech dai tin hieu nho, tan s6 thap. Mach co uu diem don gian. Cac tu di~n C 1 va C2 lam nhiem vu ngan each tin hi~u xoay chidu voi ngudn cung cap met chisu.

Cung cap thien ap bang phuong phap dinh ap bazo (hlnh 3.5b) nhan duoc tit be> phan ap R1, R2 mac song song vci nguon cung cap colecto Ucc' Thien ap UBEo duoc xac dinh thea bieu thuc (3.5)

(3.4)

USEo = 1~2 = Ucc - R1(Ip + Iso) Thuong chon I p > > 180(*) do do bieu thirc (3.5) co dang gan dung

UBEo =:: Ucc - R1/p (3.6)

Ta nhan thay USEo khong phu thuoc tham so cua tranzistor tuc khong phu thuoc nhiet de? va de? tap tan cua tham s6 tranzistor. Dong Ip cang Ion thl UBEo cang 6n dinh, mu6n the R1, R2 phai nho, Thuong chon

(3.5)

(3.7)

trong do, I Bmax la dong xoay chieu trong mach bazo ung vdi muc tin hieu VaG Ion nhat. Luc nay thien. lip hau nhu kh6ng phu thuoc tri 86 dong bazo lBo' do do co the dung cho mach khuech dai tin hieu Ion (che de? B). Tuy nhien, khi Rl va R2 nhO thi e6ng sudt tieu thu eua nguon. cung edp ding tang.

Ngoai hai phuong phap cung cap thisn ap tren day, con phuong phap dinh dong emito, nhung phuong phap nay it dung vi phai dung ngu6n cung cap rieng cho bazo, nen ta khong xet a dAy.

51

3.2.3. Hi~n tllQ'ng trOi diem lam vi.c

Tit so do tuong duong cho tranzistor lam Vl~C trong mien tich cue ta nhan thay dec tinh cua tranzistor lam uiec trong mien. tich cue duoc dac trung chu y~u bai ba tham s6 : BN (hoac AN) ; leBo (hoac In;o = BNleBo) va UBI-:' St,1 thay d6i cua cac tham s6 nay la nguyen nhan dl:ln den su thay d6i diem lam viec tinh. Neu biet duoc quan h~ Ie (UBI) leBo' BN) cua mot mach nao do thi co the tinh toan duoc IU<;1ng thay d6i cua Ie thea cac tham s6 dac trung da noi tren nho bieu thuc (3.8). Vi phan toan phan bieu thuc Ie = ((USb leBo' BN) va chuycn ve ta co

ale iJI(' «t;

Me ::::: ~ L\UBI. + i) U MCBo + ~B L\BN

HI. eBo (N

(3.8)

Cac thanh phew vi ptian. cua bie'u thuo (3.8) goi ta h¢ so on dinh, Chung cho biet kha nang 6n dinh cua mot mach. LU<;1ng bien d6i L\UBI: ; MeBo va L\BN goi la dai IU<;1ng troi, Nhu da noi trong chucng 1 , cac dai IU<;1ng nay deu phu thuoc vao nhiet d(>. Bang 3.1 cho biet mot s6 gia tri dac trung cho su phu thuoc do.

Bang 3.1.
~ :'
Silic Gccrnam Silic Gecrnani Silic Gccrnani
I " ( "C) -(,S -(,S +2S +25 +150 +70
)
'(Il" (nA) < 0,01 2 0,03 I 10.1 30 30.10.1
/JIll: (V) O,7K (UK 0,1> 0,2 0,3 0,1
IJ.,.. 25 20 55 I 55 I()() 90 D6i voi tranzistor gecmani, su phu thuoc cua diem lam viec vao nhiet d(l .chu yeu duoc quyet dinh boi dong nguoc leBo' D6i voi tranzistor silic, dong nguoc tang nhanh hen thea nhiet dQ, nhung gia tri tuyet d6i lai nho so voi cua tranzistor gecmani 0 cimg nhiet do, do do voi tranzistor silk co the bo qua anh huang cua leBo' vi thl!; de dam bdo cho cac mach di~n lam viec 6n dinli - diic biet La a nhiet d~ eao, nguoi ta hay dung tranzistor silie, hie nay can quan tam den anh huang cua UBF. De tinh. toan anh. huang ella dien. ap troi den cdc dong dien. va dien. ap mot chieu, dung so do tren. hinh. 3,6, trong do UBI" = UBLo + L\UBI .: Dien ap troi L\UB!': co the do sir bien d6i cua nhiet d(l gay ra, ding co the do tap tan cua tham s6 tranzistor gdy ra. Di~n ap troi lam bien d6i diem lam viec ban dau UBLO'

Khi dong em ito khong doi, neu nhiet dO mat ghep thay d6i mot IU<;1ng !Yo th] d~c tuyen Ie = ((Um.) cua tranzistor silic cung nhu tranzistor geemani se tinh tien song song vdi true tung mot IU<;1ng la 2,5 (mV(lC),L\tO [1] (hlnh 3.6b), Tuong duong vdi mot luong bien doi di$n ap bazo - emito

mV °

::::: - 25 - M (tranzistor npn) , "C

ho~c

mV

L\UBE :::: 25 - L\tO (tranzistor pnp) , vc

o dAy L\t0 > 0 khi nhiet d¢ tang.

52

Trang truong hop nay dUBI.: sinh ra do nhiet d¢ thay doi, nen duoc goi la troi nhiet. V~y dong colecto Ie cua mot tranzistar npn ("" IE) chi gii1 nguyen khong doi khi

° . mV 0

nhiet d(l tang mot luong M neu URL giam mot luong dURL "" 2,5 0c M . Nguoc lai,

neu gii1 cho UBI': khong doi thi dong colecto se tang len mot luong dIe ; vdi dIe duoc xac dinh thea bieu thuc (3.9).

dUBli dIe "" dIE "" Ir-:o (exp -- - 1) UT

Trang do h:o la dong emita khi d U HE = O. Bieu thirc (3.9) suy duoc tU (1.12).

(3.9)

E

B

OJ

b)

Hlnh 3.6. a) S(1 dl'i tuong duong cua tranzistor khi k~ dC'n anh huong cua 6.l!Bf'; h) Anh huong eua nhiet dll Mn che d¢ cling I~e cua tranzisior.

De danh gia mire dO anh hucng cua dien ap troi den dien ap ra, dung h¢ so khuech. dai dien. up troi Ktr ; Ktr duoc xac dinh nhu sau

su.;

dUBI. ' a day, dUCn la hrong bien doi dien the mot chieu gii1a dau ra b(l khuech dai va da:t. n

(3.10)

3.2.4. Cic IC1 d6 6n d!nh tuyen tinh

Cac so do 6n dinh diem lam viec duoc dung phd bien nhat hi~n nay la so do dung hoi til~p am mot chieu nhani bien doi thien. rip mach. vao ella tranzistor sao cho c6 thf han che' su di chuyen diem tinh tren dac tuyen. ra, gay nan boi cac yeu tIS mat 6n dinh.

So d6 eung cap va on dinh diem lam viec oang hOi tiep am di~n ap mot chieu duoc bieu di~n tren hlnh 3.7.

(.) Mach phai co Ktr « Ku. Trong s(l dl'i ernito chungKtr < 10, con h¢ s6 khuech dai dien ap ngul'in tin hu:u Ku> 10 ... 100. So sanh s<l d!l hinh 3.1 vIii so d6 hinh 3.7a nhan thAy r~ng : di~n ap ngu6n tin hicu Un m~e n<'ii lit'll wi, <lien ap Irili MJBE. do d() Klr = Ku. Muon Kir < < Ku (3.11) thi dai tan s6 cua tin hieu phai narn ngoai d;;i t~n cua dien ap troi (tan s{\ rilt thAp). Luc d6 co th~ thoa man di~u kien (3.1 I) nho m~c mot tu dien lon song song vIii RH.

53

So d6 3.7a chi khac so d6 3.5a 0 cM RI duoc noi voi colecto cua tranzistor chu khong phai voi ngu6n cung cap, 0 day R I vira lam nhiem vu dua thien lip VaG bazo bang phuong phlip dtnh dong bazo vira dan dien lip hOi tiep ve mach vao,

Nguyen tiic 6n dinh nhu sau : neu co mot nguyen nhan mat 6n dinh nao do lam cho dong met chieu Ico tren colecto tang thl dien the' U CEo giam, do do dong dinh thien bazo I Bo ::::::

,,,UCEo

~ giam thea ; lam

I

cho Ico giam xuong, nghla la dong tInh ban dau Ico duoc gift nguyen,

Theo so,'d6 tuong' duong hlnh 3.7d, khi bo

+Ucc

t vee

Re

VaG

0---1

0)
+ uee
Re
Vao Ie Ra
PI
RI
c) d) mob 3.7. Cung eap va 6n djnh diem lam viec h:lng h(\i tiep lim dien ap mot chicu .

a) mach emito ehung; b) mach eoleeto chung: c) mach bazo ehung ;

d) so di\ urong duong ella a) va e) (bo qua anh huong cua RI. R; difn tai ) U'B = VeE R2/(RI + Rz).

qua dong nguoc (dong di~n du)I CBo va gia thiet Ie > > I I' ta tinh duoc:

IBRIRz Rz IBRIRz

UBE = U'B - RI + Rz = UCE RI + Rz - RI + Rz

Rz IcRI Rz

= (Un: - IBRI) R + R = (Uee - IcRe - ~) R + R

J 2 N I Z

Tu do suy ra

Gia thiet BNRC > > Rita co

RJ

Uee - UBE ( 1 + R ) 2

Ic :::::: .

o Rc

Theo (3.12), d~ mach lam vil!!c 6n dinh phai dam bao dieu kian BNRC » RIo Uee > > ~ U BE (1 + R I/Rz) va Rz phai du Ion. Di cho dong qua R J nho, chon. R I > > Re· Theo kinh nghiem, chon Rc sao cho ha lip met chieu tren no t6i thieu. bang 0,2 Uee,

Neu gia thiet IB « II' ta co UCF :::::: UBE (1 + RI/Rz) do do dQ khuech dai ditfln

54

(3.12)

lip tr6i xac dinh duoc theo bi~u thuc (3.13):

RI Klr == 1 + Rz

So dtt co uu di~m : ceng suat .t6n hao nho vi RI va Rz len. Trong so do hlnh 3.7a co tM cho Rz = 00. Luc do di~n th~ colecto

(3.13)

UCEo = UBEo + IBR1·

So do cung ctip ua 6n dinh. dUm lam uiec nha hOi tilp am dong dien. mot chieu (hlnh 3.8.)

t ucc

Rc

oj

b)

tUcc

C)

Hlnh 3.8. So d6 cung cAp va 6n djnh diem lam viec b~ng h6i liep am dong dien mot chieu: a) mach emito chung; b) mach coloto chung: c) mach bazo chung.

Trong so do nay, RE lam nhiem V\1 hOi ti~p Am dong di~n met chieu d~ 6n dinh di~m lam vi~. D~ tranh hoi ti~p Am d6i vlJi dong tin hi~u (dong xoay chisu) t~n RE lam giam h~ s6 khusch

d~ cUa mach, c~n mac song song vlJi RE met t\l tholit. cao t~n CE co tri s6 sao cho co th~ coi CE ngan mach d6i vC1i dong tin hi~u.

So d6 t~n hlnh 3.1 cling dung hoi ti~p Am dong di~n met chi~u d~ 6n dinh di~m lam vi~. D~ phan tlch so do do ta dung so d6 tuong duong clla no t~n hlnh 3.9. Dua

Nguyen tIlc 6n dinh cua chung nhu sau : khi Ic tang (do nhiet d¢ mat ghep tang hay do dQ tap bin tham s6 tranzistor ... ) thl di~n lip ha trsn di~n tro RE : UEo = IERE tang. Vi di~n rip bazo Idy tren bl) phan lip R1, Rz gan nhu khong d6i, nen thien lip gifta bazo va em ito UBEo = Irfiz - UEo (UEo la di~n lip tlnh trsn emito) giam lam cho IB giam theo, do do Ic khong tang ducc.

vao do, xac dinh duoc quan M sau :

18

-

Hlnh 3.9. So d6 tuong dlldng mot chieu cua mach dlen tren hinh 3.1.

55

(3.14)

Tir bil~u thuc (1.9) va (1.10) suy ra bieu thuc xac dinh dong bazo ache' d¢ tlnh :

IBo = 1,.;0 (1 - AN) - leBo

Thay VIlO (3.14) va chuye'n ve se co duoc bie'u thuc(3.15) la bieu thuc de' xac dinh dong emito ache d¢ tinh :

Uee + U'13 - UBf-:o + ICIlJ~1/ R,.: + Rn/(1 + BN)

(3.15)

voi h:o ~ o.

Neu dong dien du leBo du nho va dien tro Rf-: du Ion [R,o > > Rn/(1 + BN)] thl dong dien emito hau nhu kh6ng phu thuoc vao thani s6 tran.zistor va chi co su thay doi cua Um.:o dnh huang' din 1"00' Thuong, dien ap bazo - emito thay doi trong pham vi :

t1UBI.: < (0,1 + 0,2)V.

Neu ace + U'B > > t1UBjo: thl anh huang nay kh6ng dang ke. Truong hop thuong gap la Uee + U'B » UBI.:o, luc do tu (3.15) suy ra bieu thuc .gan dung sau day:

Uee + U'w Rjo:

Qua phan tich nhu tren, ta nhan tMy Ie hau nhu kh6ng phu thuoc vao R; va vao cac tham so cua tranzistor. Do do co the ket luan : so do emito chung dung hoi tiep am dong dien de on dinh diem lam viec co tac dung nhu mot nguon dong. So do lam vi~c cling on dinh khi UBI~ va RnICBo cang nho so voi Uee + U'B va Rn < < (1 + BN)Rjo:Thuong chon R,o: theo bieu thirc sau :

I,.R,.: z (1 + 2)V.

Quay lai doi vdi cac so do tren hinh 3.B ta cung xac dinh duoc dong colecto leo Z lEo thea bieu thuc (3.15). Truong hop Rc :::: 0, ttic voi mach colecto chung (mach lap emito) Ie vfin gift nguyen kh6ng doi.

Vi ph an bieu thiio (3.15) theo UBio. se suy ra duoc bieu thtic (3.16) de tinh h~ s6 khuech dai dien ap tr6i :

hay

iJlE -t1Um·: t1U'H':

Z --t1UB!o' :::: :::: ---

aUIll-: . Rr: + Rn/ (1 + BN) RJ-:

su.; MeRe Re

KI = --=---z--

r t1UBE t1UBE n;

H~ so khuech dl;lidi~n ap tr6i trong truong hop nay bang M s6 khuech dai dien ap

. (3.16)

tin hieu.

Hien nay cac so do 6n dinh diem lam viec dung hOi tiep am dong dien mot chieu thuong duoc dung nhieic nhdt. Chung cho phep c6ng tac on dinh khi M s6 khuech dai dong BN thay doi ttl 5 + 10 {an oa nhiet dQ bien thien. trong pham vi til 30°C den lOOoC. Tuy nhien, chung co nhuoc diem la : co t6n hao phu. tren. dien trti R,,: oa h~ s6 khuech. dqi mot chieu giam. (do hoi tiep am mot chieu tren R,.).

56

De minh hoa, ta xet vi du sau day :

vi du : Mach di~n tren hlnh 3.8a co cac thong s6 :

Uee = 9V ; R, = 50kQ ; R2 = 20kQ ; R,: = 2kQ ; Rc = 5kQ va tranzistor co

BN = 50 ; UBi-. = 0,7V ; leBo = 10nA.

a) Tlnh cac tham s6 cua mach c'1 che d¢ tlnh ( 'e", 'Ill' 'CI:,,)'

b) Tinh h~ s6 khuech dai di(m ap troi Ktr ;

c) Tinh luong bien doi dong colecto khi thay VaG mot tranzistor khac co BN = 100 ; UBI' = 0,6V ; leBo = 100 nA va nhan xet ve anh huong cua ba tham s6 do den c6ng tac cua mach.

Gidi : a' Tir (3.15) tinh dUQC-

lFll - UBI':" + RiOlo R,.: + Rnl (1 + BN)

Rc

b) K,r:::: - - = 2.5

RI·: .

c) Ap dung bieu thuc (3.15) tlnh duoc :

i : i +R'

I :::: I. _ .[)- 1)1". \,. (,1>:.:.;." _

Co 1',0 . I "')'! I [J'

NLTI. ':II \2} (+ :-..!

2,6V - 0,6V + 1,43. 1O-'3V ,

:::: 0,94.10-" A

2. 10' + 143

Nhan. xet : Trong ba tham s6 BN, UBI. va lCllo thl UBI: gay anh hucng Ian nhat den su thay doi cua 1('0' sau do den BN ; con su thay doi cua leo thea leBo khong dang ke.

Chu y rang nhung so do 6n dinh dung hoi tiep am dong dien mot chieu chi duoc dung khi thanh phan dong dien mot chieu trong mach ra kh6ng phu thuoc VaG bien d(> tin hieu vao, nghia la khi mach lam viec d che d¢ A (xern chuang 6) no thoa man cac dieu kien neu trong muc 3.2.1.

o che' d¢ B, C (chuang 6) do thanh phan mot chieu cua dong ra phu thuoc bien d(> tin hieu vao, nen trong so do co hoi tiep am dong dien, diem lam viec tlnh bi thay doi theo muc tin hieu vao, co the gay mea tin hieu nghiern trong.

3.2.5. Cae sa d6 6n dmh phi tuyen

De 6n dinh diem lam viec trong cac so do 6n dinh phi tuyen, nguoi ta ap dung phuong phap bi: nhiet nita cdc phan. tu co thani so phu thuoc nhiet dQ nhu tranzistor, diot, di$n tro nhiet. Cac so do nay thuong dung trong cac mach. t6 hop va trong cdc tang khuech dai c6ng suat,

57

Neu diot va tranzistor tren hlnh 3.10a deu duoc san xuat tu mot loai ban ddn nhu nhau va neu nhiet dl) mat ghep cua chung nhu nhau thl dac tlnh nhist cua di(!n ap bazo - em ito va cua dien ap ha tren diot nhu nhau ; han nira, UBE va Uo c6 chidu nguoc nhau, nen anh hucng cua nhiet dt) duoc bu hoan toano D~ giam anh huong do dc? tap tan cua tham sO' tranzistor gAy ra va anh huong cua thai gian, dung them bien. phap hOi tiep am dong dien nho dien. tro RF. So d6 tren hlnh 3.10b cung Him viec thea nguyen tac d6. Tuy nhien so d6 3.10b con co the bu duoc ccc bien. d6i cua nguon. dien. ap cung cap: khi mac n6i tiep vdi R2 mot sO' diot theo chieu phan cue thuan, thl RI, R2 va cac diot do tao thanh mach ph An ap dtta dien ap cung cap vao bazo, neu chon R2 < < RI thi dien ap bazo hllu nhu khong phu thuoc vao ngu6n dien ap cung cap Uee.

f' Uee

cr--1 I~ 0---1
UBE
'1 UEe
UDe R2 RE
oj bJ c) II1nh 3.10. S(1 dli 6n djnh phi tuyen.

a) so d6 bu MJIlF ; h) so dli bu t.lJBE vii hu nguon eung ea:p; c) so dli bu dung dit";n trd nhiet.

+ Uee

So do hlnh 3.10c dung dien tro nhiet co h~ sO' nhiet Am d~ bu. Khi nhiet dt) tang thi Rr giam, do do dien ap tren emito UE tang lam cho dong colecto giam, sao cho c6 the bu lai su tang cua dong colecto thea nhiet d¢. Tuong tv nhu v~y cung c6 th~ mac n.t) song song vdi R2 hoac mac mot dien tra nhiet c6 M sO' nhiet ducng R/+) song song voi RI.

Cac so do on dinh phi tuyen co uu diem : mach. 6n dinn chi gay t6n hao phu. kh6ng dang M va kh6ng lam guun ddi dien. ap ra.

3.2.6. 6n dlnh diAm lam vi.c trong eac mach t6 hQ'p tlIang tI,r

Trong cac mach to hop tuong tu, d~ on dinh di~m lam vi~c ngubi ta dung cdc nguon dong dien, vi mqch. dien. nguon. dong d~ thuc hien. duoi dang moen t6 hop, Trsn hlnh 3.11 la so d6 cua hai ngu6n dong di~n. GiA thi~t Ic khOng phu thuec Un: va cae tranzistor TI ua T2 co tham. s6 hoan. toan gi6ng nhau va d cung nhiet dl), do d6

IC2

(vdi ICEo < < Ie)' Theo so d6 trsn hlnh 3.11a, ta co BN

58

Til do suy ra

II

Iez "" ---- ::::: II khi BN » 2 1 + 21 BN

Bi~u thuc (3.17) ding lip dung duoc doi vdi dong tin hieu, Til (3.17) thay rang : co th~ dung II d~ dieu khien tri so eua Ie2. De e6 duoc II on dinh, each dan gidn nluit Za ruii diem P ooi nguon. dien. ap mot chieu on dinh. Vee qua dien. tro R.

(3.17)

? + Uee

~

p

I I c; I

?

!

;>1

i2 I

~+i

0)

b)

Hinh 3.11. Mach dien dung ngu6n dong de 6n djnh 1(,2. a) mach 6n djnh don gian:

h) mach 6n dinh cho truong hop dong lc: nho,

Trong cac mach tt5 hQP, nguoi ta tranh. chI tao ccc dien. tro e6 tri so Zan (vi no chiem the tich Ian) do do kho tao duoc dong II nho (II ::::: VIR voi V > > VBEI). VI vay de co dong colecto nho, dung sCI do 3.llh.

Voi sCI do 3.llh, gia thiet Ie = IF va BN > > 1, til (1.12) suy ra :

VBEI

I I ::::: I CJ ::::: IEhh (exp --u;- ), (3.18)

VBI':I VT

a day

» 1.

VBE2 (VBEI - REzIc2)

::::: IEhhexp -- = IEhhexpr-------=-~--

VT VT

II (REzIc2)

-=exp

1('2 VT

Nhu vay, nho mac them dien tra hoi tiep R,.:z, nen 1('2 « II' do do sCI do 3.llh dung de dieu khien mot dong colecto on dinh, e6 tri so nh6 han tri so ella II nhieu.

do do

(3.19)

3.3. M~ch cung cap va 6n djnh che d9 cong tac cua cac tang dung tranzistor hi~u ung truong

3.3.1. Che de) tinh

Ve nguyen tac, viec cung cap va on dinh dit?m lam viec doi voi Fet cung gi6ng nhu

59

d6i voi tranzistar luong cue. D6i voi Fet de xac dinh diem lam viec tlnh phai xac dinb In, Uc;s va UDS' On dinh diem lam viec duoc thuc hien bang each on dinh. dong ID· Nguoi ta kh6ng on dinh. diem lam uiec Mng each on ap UGS' vi dQ tap tan tham s6 cua Fet rat Ion lam cha If) thay doi nhieu, dAn dGn mea phi tuyen Ion (diem lain viec di chuyeri sang ca mien triot).

Viec chon diem lam viec phu thuoc vao nhieu yeu to : dai dong, meo phi tuyen, dien ap nguon cung cap, h$ s6 khuech dai, dac tinh tan so, cong suat ton hao cho phep, dien ap va dong dien cho phep, tap am, troi dong ID. Trang truong hQP khuech dti tin hieu, Fet phai lam viec trong mien that I UDS I > I UDSP I va viec xac dinh di~m tid. phai thoa man nhtrng yeu cau sau :

1. Dong mang II!) I > ° (doi voi JFet am phai dam baa dieu kien lID I < IInss I)

2. Di$n ap cira-nguon Ue;s > Up Wet kenh n) Ue;s < Up Wet kenh p)

d6i voi JFet thi diat etta phai luon luon c'J trang thai phan cue ngucc.

3. 'Di$n ap mang+nguon I UDSp I < I UDS I < I U[)Tf)S I ; trang do U[)T[)S la dien ap danh thung giua cue mang va cue ngu6n.

4. Cong suat ton hao P; ~ Pvmax va cac dong dien va dien ap thoa man cac di~u kien cho phep,

Kinh nghiem cha thay, trang cac bo khuech dai tan s6 thap, chon dong tlnh IDo khodng oai l'A va dien tro mang R[) til ro,l + 1) MQ la co tM dat duoc M s6 khusch dai mang muon. Dei voi cac bo khuech dai cao tan, chon If)o "'" (0,3 + 0,5)If)SS de dat dUQC dQ doc du Ion. Diem him viec thuong chon la diem trung binh tren duorig tai tlnh (diem 0' tren hinh 3.12).

ID EJu"dng fai tinh I
! Mi~n that ,
----'
,
I
1 D55 ~

I I
I I I
I I
t.."
/
UGS
0 UPD UDS
7
b) loss

Up

Hinh 3.12. [)~c tuyen CU" o<j khucch dai m~c theo so do nguon chung: a) d~c iuycn vao; 0) dal' ruycn ra va dlli1ng vii tinh,

3.3.2. Cae sa do on d!nh diem lam vi~e

Van de on dinh c'J day la lam cho diem lam viec khong phu thuoc vao d9 tap tan tham so cua Fet, khong phu thuoc nhiet d(i, thai gian va cac bien doi cua dien ap ngu6n cung cap. Khi ap dung cac bien phap on dinh can luu y rang : Up ua I[)SS e6 d¢ tap tan rat ion (khoang 3 den 5 Ian).

60

Cung gi6ng nhu trong cac tang khuech dai dung tranzistor lU0~g cue, bien phap 6n dinh di~m lam viec d6i vdi cac tang tranzistor truong la dung nguyen tac hoi tiep am dong dien va dien ap.

Mach. on dinli diem lam uiec dung hoi tiep am dong dien. qua dien. tro nguon. Rs duoc bi~u dien tren hlnh 3.13. 0 day, can phan bi¢t hai loai : Fet tu ngat oa Fet tu dan. V6i Fet tu ngtu, de dan dien. ap vao cue cira dung bQ pMn tip RI, R2. Dien ap cue cira co cung cue tinh voi dien ap nguon cung cap va -:'6 tri s6 khoang vai von so vci dat. D6i uoi Fet tlj dan co tM bo R2 (R2 = 00), hie do di~n ap da la dien ap W cap (xem mach 1 hinh 3.13), co tri s6 I!)RS = -Uc;s. De Re; it anh huong den tro khang vao cua Fet, chon R(J rat Ion (ca MQ). Tri s6 cue dai eua Rei bi gioi han. boi ho. tip eho phep do dong cua gay ra tren no (Vi du : voi -IFet " I(i = 5nA, Rei = 10MQ -~ IcftG = 50mV).

Fet tu ng~t vi! Fet tU dAn =1

~----~--------------------------------~-------- fUOD I

R,rJ::' ~-----4 'R~' .

o-J

II(\i tiep

l-et tu dAn

+ Uoo

iim

dong dien

j)

20)

zb)

I

Ll._---'---______!___ _

IMi ti~p am

dien

:\p

+UOD

RzJz
o--j o---j I
r 1 1
RID
I
....L
30) 3b; lIinh 3.13. Cac mach cung dip vii 6n dinh diem lam vice cho cac tang khucch dai dung tranzrsror truong (Fet ).

Tat ca cac mach dien tren hinh 3.13 deu co th~ bi~u di~n boi so do tuong duong hlnh 3.14.

Neu coi dong cira I(J "" 0, ta co U'G = II~s + Uc;s

(3.20)

Bi~u thuc (3.20) cho biet dang cua duong di(!n tro Rs tren dac tuyen truyen dat hi.h 3.14b. D(l d6c cua duong dien tro Rs :

dID

tg« = - ( --- ) = Rs -I dUGS

61

U~ va Rs phai chon sao cho dong mang ID kh6ng doi khi thay Fet, lam cho diem lam viec nam trong doan thang cua dac tuyen truyen dat (U~J chon len, con Rs chon sao cho co duoc diem lam viec da dinh).

a)

Hlnh 3.14. So d6 urong duong cda mach tren hinh 3.13. a) so d(\; b) duong dien tn'! Rs tren d~c tuyen truyen dat,

Mach. 6n dinlt diem lam oiec dung hOi tilp am dien. ap duoc biE~u di~n bai so do 3a va 3b hlnh 3.13. V6i Fet tu dan thi thuan. loi nh6t la chon UDS "'" UGS (so do 3a). Neu mac them RI thl UDS > UGs. So do nay co nhuoc di~m la do co hoi tiep am

di~n lip song song, nen di~n tra vao xoay chieu Rv- nho :

Rv- ~ R2/Ku

(Xem muc 2.4.2, phan b).

De khac phuc nhuoc diem do, mac them C' VaG mach. Nho vay, hOi tiep khong co tac dung d6i voi tan s6 tin hieu va di~n tro VaG xoay chieu

R~- ~ R2/2

vi du : Xac dinh di~n ap ra cue dai eho phep (dang sin) cua mach di~n tren so do 3a, hlnh 3.13.

Giai : 'I'heo so del UDS ~ UGs. Tit bieu thirc UDSP = UGS - Up suy ra UGS =

'" .

,U[)SI' + Up, ta suy ra neu bien d(j dien lip ra U; ~ I Up I thi diem lam viec

con nam trong mien that va moo phi tuyen co gia tri con chap nhan dUQC (xern hinh 3.12).

62

Clurong 4

, '" "," j., ,,( ,,,"

CAC SO DO CO BAN ellA T Ahiu KHUECti DAI TIN HIEU NHO

. .

DUNG TRANZI~TOR V A. M~CH GHEP cmJ .. Il. cAc TANG

4.1. cac phuong phap ph an tieh

Khi phan tich cac so d6 cua m(>t t~ng khuech dai thl van de co ban la chon. duoc each. bieu dien. thlch. hop cho cae phan. til tich. C/fC_ CO nhieu phuor.g phap bieu dien khac nhau. D6i vci tin hieu be nguai ta thuong dua uao sa do tuong duong de pluin. tlch: Nhu da biet, co the bi~u di{;n cac phan ttt tlch cue boi sa do tuong duang n hoac so d6 tuong duong cua mot mang b6n cue, so d6 tuong duong n eho phep minh hoa day dti cac tinh chat v~t If ella mach, no co uu diem dac biet la cac phan. tr1 cua so do co tM coi la kh6ng phu thuoc tan. 86 cho toi pham. vi tan s6 klui cao if ~ (0,1 + 0,5)fl d6i vci tranzistor luang cue va f ~ (10 + 100) MHz d6i vci Fetl. 6 t~n s6 cao han, di~u do khong dung nira va phai dung so d6 tuong duong y. Tom lai, co tM dung bang 4.1 de chon so d6 tuong duong thich hop d6i voi cac dai tan 86 khac nhau.

4.1.1. Phin tfch theo cac tham s6 cua m~ng b6n cue

Cac tang khuech dai mac thea cac kieu khac nhau deu co the dua ve dang so d6 tuong duong t6ng quat tren hlnh 4.1.

Bdng 4.1.

Fel

I-T:i~~6- lrung-b'-w-h -vil-c-ao--ll~ii-n-s-6 -r1i-I-ca-o---se do tl1-0n-g-d-t'-(ln-g-n--+I----s-o- do tuong dU(lng Jr

khong co dii;n dung co dien dun;

- So do tuong duong h

Loai tranzisior

T::In s6 th1ip

-So do tuong duong y f '-' (0,1 +' O,S)!]

Tranzistor

ludng cqc

----------+-----------1-- -----------4-----

-So do tuong duong y

f "" (10 + 100) MHz

- So do tuong duong st khOng co dien dung

-So do tuong duong n, co dit";11 dung

f < (10 -i- WO) MHz

f ~ (0,1 + O,S)![

Co tM ap dung cac phuong trlnh mang b6n cue (1.12) va (1.13) de tinh to an so d6 t~n hlnh 4.1 thea quy uoc ve chidu dong dien va di~n ap nhu tren hinh ve. Cac tham s6 co ban can tinh la : tro khang uao Zv, tro khang ra Zp h~ s6 khuech. dai dong dien Ki• M 86 khuech. doi dien. ap Ku oa M 86 khuich dai cong suat Kp.

63

Theo bieu thti'c (1.12) va ea do 4,la, ta viet duoc phuong trlnh (4.1)

--

VI =h1111 +h1ZVZ

(4,la)

IIlnh 4.1. So de) tu,lng du,lng h<'in cue cua tang khui"ch dili tin hicu nht\ :

a) va a') mang h<'in cue dung t harn s(i h(\n hop h va nguon tin hicu Iii nguon ap ; t'» vii h') rnang hon cue dung tharn si'i h6n hopj va nguon tin hicu Iii ngui\n dong.

Rut V 2 tv (4,la) roi thay vao (4,lb), ta nhan duoc

(4.2a)

hay

t:l.h ,Zt + h11 Z/h2Z + 1

Cling tv so do do, biet UI = UII '/1211 cho Vn = 0, ta co (4,3a) va (4,3b)

(4.2b)

-

o = h 1 J 1 + Zn11 + h 12V 2

12 = h2J 1 + h22V 2

Tv cac phuong trlnh do, suy ra

(4.3a) (4.3b)

V2 hl1+Zn

=

12 t:l.h+h2ZZn

(4.40.)

ho:').c

Trong do (4.1b) thay V 2 = -12Zt ta nhan duoc M so khuech dai dong dien K, :

12 h21

K = - = (4.5)

I II 1 + h22Zt

He sO khuech dai di(ln ap tinh duoc tv (4.1a) neu thay 1 I rut ra tv bieu thiro (4,lb)

64

(4.6a)

(4.6b)

H~ s6 khusch dai cong sullt :

Pr U 21 2 h~IZt

Kp = P = ==- = Ku' K, = (1 + h _7. )(h + M Z)

y U II 2~t II . t

KrZt h~IZt

K = _- = -----,---

p Zy (1 + h22Zizy

Thay Z; lx'Ii bi~u thirc (4.2b) V8.0 (4.7b) r6i tinh dao ham theo Zt va cho K'p = 0 d~ tim cue dai, ta thay h~ s6 khusch W;ri ceng sullt dat duoc gia tri t6i uu theo (4.8)

(4.7a)

(4.7b)

~ opt =

(4.8)

(4.9)

Zn=Znopt=W 22

Day la trucng hop dau V8.0 va dau ra co ph6i hop trd khang, tue Zn = Z; va Zt = Zr' Neu cac tham s6 h da eho trong cac tai li~u ky thuat, bang cac ceng thuc trsn day, ta co the xac dinh duoc cac tham s6 co ban cua bl? khusch dai, Nhu dl1 noi, tham s6 h chi dung trong cdc b¢ khuech. dai tin hieu nho, tan 86 tluip, nen. cae 86 lieu cua cluing trong cdc tai lieu kJ thuat ciing chi' ung v6i ddi tan do.

Cac bieu thuc tran day duoc tom tat trong bang 4.2. Bang 4.2 con cho bi~t cac quan M tren d6i v<':li tham s6 ddll nl:lp y. Cac quan M do tim ducc dua vao bieu thuc (1.13) va so d6 tuong duong tren hlnh 4.1b va 4.1b'. Cling ~o th~ suy ra cac bieu thiic do tu cac bi~u thtic d6i v<':li tham s6 hOn hop h va dua vao bi~u thuc (1.15)

Bang 4.2

Zv = U 1//1

H6n hop h

(4.2a)

Din nap y

2

3

Trd khang vao

(4.11)

65

Bdng 4.2 (tiip theo)

1 2 3
Trd khang ra
- h" + Zn 1 + y"Zn
Z, = u21'1un ... 0 Ilh + h22Zn (4.4a) Y22 + l!.yZt (4.12)
In =0
HO s6 khuAch d~ dOng di&n h2' (4.5) Y2' (4.13)
- - 1 -I: h22Zt y" + l!.y.ZI
Ki = '21',
H~ s6 khuAch d~ di&n ap -h2,Zt ZI. (4.6b) -Y2,z1 Zt
=KI- ""KI- (4.14)
- - h" + IlhZt Zv 1 + Y22Zt z;
Ku "" U21U,
HO s6 khuAch d~ c6ng suA:t h~,zl ~,ZI
P, (1 + h22ZI )(h" + Ilh .ZI) (4.7b) (1 + Y22Z1 )(y" + l!.yZI) (4.15)
Kp = Py = Ku.KI 4.1.2. Phin ttch theo sa,.(f6 wang dllang lC (sa d6 wang dllang v.t Iy)

Trang nhieu tnrong hop dung so do urong duong lC d~ phan tich thl ra:t thuan 19i. o khu vue Mn s6 cao dung so do tuong duong' t~n hlnh 1.10 va 1.11. d6i ven tranzistor luang cue va 1.23 d6i voi Fet. 0 khu vue tttn siS tMp, dung 80 d6 tuong duong 1.12 cho tranzistor luang cue va 1.22 eho Fet. Tlnh toan cac tttng khuech dai theo phuong phap nay can etl vao vao cac tham s6 eho trang so do tuong duong va thea cac bi~u thtle da bi~t v~ dong, ap va cong su4t.

4.1.3. Ph'n 1Il' tich a.rc vl ngu6n wang dllang (xem bang 4.3)

D~ phan tlch va tlnh toan, nguoi ta bi~u di~n cac phan tu tlch cue bang cac so do co chua nguon tuong duong. Co 4 101:ll ngu6n : ngu~n ap di~u khiln boi di~n ap hoqc bcti dong dien. va nguon. dong di~u khiln bcti ditn ap hoqc bcti dong dien, Dung nguon nao trong so d~ tuong duong cua phiu: tit tlcn cite la phu thuoc uao tinh. ch6t cua phiu: -tit d6, C\! th~ la phu thul)c vao quan M giaa tro khang uao cua phan. tit khu~ch doi ooi tro khang trong cua nguon. ti n hieu va giaa tro khang ra cua phan. tit khu~ch dai v6i tro khang tai.

Trang pham vi tttn so thap, Fet luon luon co t1'O khang vao Jon hen tra khang trong cua nguen tin hieu va tra khang ra cua no thuong Ion hen tro khang tai, Do do co tM bigu dien Fet Mi mot nguon dong' dieu khien bang di~n ap (xem bang 4.3 va so sanh voi so do tuong duong 1.22). Tuong t\1, tranzistor luang cue co tra khang vao nho va tra khang ra len, nan no tuong duong voi met nguon dong dieu khien bang dong di~n. B() khuech dai thu~t toan co tra khang vao Ion va t1'O khang ra nh6, nen no dugc bi~u di~n hOi ml)t nguon ap di~u khien bang di~n ap .

66

Bdng {3

Ph§n til tieh cue Zv Zr Loai ngu6n Sd d6 tuong duong (ngu6n Iy tlldng)
tuong dll<lng
Fet Idn tdn ngu6n dong Go-- $g.~ ~:
di~u khic!n bAng i U6S
dien ap So
Is c
Tranzistor nho Idn ngu6n dong B~ $1 pl.
IlIdng cue di~u khic!n rbeT
bAng dong dien E E

SI> khuech lon nM ngu6n ap L-~
d;Ji thu$t d;~u khitn 1 Ud rv 2
toan bAng dien ap ~
21 4.2. So do emita chung 4.2.1. Ch' ee tinh

Trong muc 3.2.1 dA noi d~n ch~ d~ tInh cua m~t tranzistor. 0 dAy, d~ v~n dung cac Mt qua d6, ta xac dinh di~m cOng tac tInh va cac linh k.i~n cua mach cung c4p cho so d6 tren hlnh ' 4.2a.

Gia thi~t bi~n d~ di~n lip ra y~u cau U; = 2V, dung tranzistor co BN = 100, . UeER = 0,5 (xem hlnh 3.2). Ngoai ra kheng co y~u cau gl khac.

Buoc 1 : tlnh luong bi~n d6i di~n lip ra trsn colecto !1Ue = 2Ur = 4V. Di~n lip t6i thi~u tren colecto Uemin = UE + UeER (xem hlnh 3.2 va hlnh 4.3). Chon Ucmin = 2,5V, do d6 Uee .,. Uemin + !1Ue = 6,5V. D~ d~ trft, chon Uee = 8V.

Buoc 2 : chon di~n ap tren di~n t~ RE d~ 6n dinh di~m lam vi~, chon UE = 2V (len)

Buoc 3 : chon 10 vi kheng co y~u c§u gl d$C bi~t v~ dait§n, t~ khang vao, ... , n~n co tM chon Ie tuong d6i tuy y. Thttang chon Ie trong pham vi mA. Ta chon Ie = 1 rnA.

UE

= UEII E == - = 2 kg

Ie

Buoc 5 : chon Ip = lOIs == 10 IelBN = 100 J-lA Buoc 6 : tlnh (Rl + R2) = UedIp = 80 kg

BUDe 7 : tlnh Rl = UslIp = (UE + USE )IIp = (2 + 0,7)/10-4 = 27 kg (dung di~n

tro chuan) .

67

+ Ucc

0)

B

-

78

c)

cl.:...

Rn B

c

RC

l'

E

E

b)

c!£

d)

Hlnh 4.2. TAng khuech dai emito chung .

a) so d6 ; b) vii c) so d6 tuong duong tin hieu nho cua a) cho truong hop CE = co vi! CE = 0 ; d) so d6 tuong duong cua c) khi Tee > > (RE + Rc).

Bl10C 8 : tlnh R2 = (R1 + R2) - RI = 80 - 27 = 53 kQ. Chon di~n trd chuan R2 = 56 kQ.

BI10c 9 : chon di~n lip tlnh tren colecto. V1 khong co yl!u cAu gi d~c biet, nan khong cho truce Rc. Chon U Co sao cho no nam giua dai d¢ng, nghla la :

1 1

UQj = Ucc - 2[UcC - UE - UCER] = 8 - 2(8 - 2 - 0,5) = 5,25V.

Bl10c 10 : tlnh R; = (Ucc - UCo)/Ic .= (8 - 5,25)/10-3· = 2,75 kQ, chon dien trd chuan Rc = 2,7 kQ.

Cong suat t6n hao trong tranzistor Pth = ICUCE = Ic(Uco - UE) = 10-3 (5,25 - 2) = 5,25 mW phai nho hen cong suat t6n hao cho phep cua tranzistor d nhiet d¢ v~n hanh,

Chli y : neu can 6n dinh truce Rc de dam bao tAn s6 gioi. han tren t; thl cho truce Rc = (1 + 2) kQ va khi tinh

~cr-----------------------

o

t

toan nl!n iln dinh Rc vao buoc 3 sau do Hlnh 4.3. Minh hoa dang dien ap ra tren colecto cua so dl\

moi xac dinh IC. hinh 4.2P (CE hil). .

4.2.2. Sa d6 emito chung dan gilan (khOng c6 h6i tifp Am xoay chieu)

So d6 emito chung don gian dti<;lc bieu di~n tron hlnh 4.2 a, trong do di~n dung cua tu co tri s6 du Ion, sao cho ha lip tren emito chi la ha ap m¢t chieu va mach chi

68

co h6i tiep am dong di~n mot chieu de dn dinh diem lam vi~e tlnh. 8<1 d6 tuong duong dirco bieu di~n tren hlnh 4·.2b. Tit so d6 tuong duong-ta tlnh cac tham s6 C<1 ban cua mach.

+ H~ s6 khusch dai di~n lip toan phan :

ti, UI IeRe rbe

Kutp = -U = Ku . -U = -1-- . + R

n n Brbe rbe n

(4.16a)

Biet S

thay vao ta co

S(Rel/ree) Rn (1 +-)

rbe

(4.16b)

Truong hop Rn < < rbe va Re < < ree thl Kutp dat gia tri cue dl;li KU1P = x; = -SRe

Dong thai thea (1.23) va (1.24) ta co :

rbe ::::: {3rd = {3(UT/IE) ::::: {3(UT/Ie), do do bieu thirc (4.17) co tM viet lai nhu sau :

IeRe Kutp ::::: ---u:- .

T

V~y M so khusch dl;li di~n lip cue dai chi phu thuoc ha lip met chieu tren di~n trll colecto. Tuy nhieri khong nen chon IeRe qua lon. lam cho tranzistor chuyen. sang lam oiec 0 khu VI!C boo hoa va gdy mea Ian. Thuong chon tlch IeRe lon. han mot nria dien. rip cung cap mot chi~u Uee. Khi di~n tro trong Rn cua ngu6n tin hieu Urn, phai tang rbe bang each chon tranzistor co M s6 khuech dai {3 Ion va chon diem lam vi~ tInh sao eho dong tlnh IE nho.

+ H~ so khusch dai dong di~n

(4.17)

(4.18)

(4.19)

+ Di~n tra vao

(4.20)

+ Di~n tra ra

(4.21)

+ Meo phi tuyen :

Thong thuong co the eoi quan M gif1a dong vao ib va dong ra ie la tuyen tlnh. V1 v~y nguyen nhan gay mea chu yeu la do quan h~ phi tuyen cua d~e tuysn vao

69

Is = f(UBE)·

VI dang xet b(l khuech dIP trong pham vi tA:n s6 tMp (tin hieu bien thien cham), neu d(jc tuyln uao tinh cung co thl dung dl bilu dUn quan M cua dong tin hi~u ib va di~n ap tin hi~u ube (hlnh 4.4). Gill. thiet di~n lip vao hlnh sin:

A

U be = UBEo' + U BEsinwt

Biet phuong trlnh cua d~ tuyen

vao

UBE ib = 10ex~, uT

vci 10 = 1Ebh (1 - AN)'

"I'hay ube vao bi~u thuc (4.22), se

(4.22)

nh~n du<;,c

t

t

Hlnh 4.4. D~c tuyen vao.

'"

UBEo UBE

ib = 10ex~. exp(~nwt)

T T

UBEo 1Bo = 10 ex~ T

(4.23)

Gill. thiet chi luu y den moo phi tuyen do hai bac 2 gAy ra. Ap dung khai tri~n Taylor cho ham e", lll:y den s6 hang b~ 2, ta co :

(4.24)

trong do d~t

/'\

UBE /'\

ul = --u:--sinwt = U1sinwt la thanh phan C<1 ban, T

/'\

UBE2 A

U2 = ----cos2wt = U2cos2wt la thanh phan hai * 2. 4U}

D~ tinh mea phi tuyen dung bi~u thiic (1.57). VI hai bac 2 IOn hon ta:t ~ cac hOO khac, nen co th~ tinh gA:n dung nhu sau :

......

UBE

= 4U 100%.

T

(4.25)

A

V~y M s6 mea phi tuyen k phu thuec VEw bien d~ di~n lip vao USE' Mu6n k ~ 1%

A _

thl UBE ~ 0,04 UT = 1,0 mY. Nhu v~y ngay ca khi bien d~ di~n lip vao be, van co

mea phi tuyen IOn. D~ gid.m meo, dung so d6 co Mi tidp lim xoay chieu (xem muc 4.2.3 va 4.2.4) hose dung mqch. khudch dai vi sai.

70

Chu y rang a t~n 86 cao, bi~u thuc (4.18) va (4.19) khong can dung nira, vi a pham vi t~n 86 cao, phai k~ d~n anh huang ella di~n dung ra Cce ella tranzistor. Dien. dung nay Lam gicim tan 86 gioi han. tren. cua mach,

Luc nay d~ tlnh toan M 86 khusch d~ di~n ap va dong di~n e~n luu y d~n anh huang cia Cce va trong bi~u thirc (4.16a) va (4.19) thay Rc boi Rci/1/jwCce) ; Cce cung voi Re tao nan mOt mAt IQC thong tMp co Mn 56 gioi han:

1

fge = 2:rcR C e ce

(4.26)

. Ngoai ra trong bi~u thuc (4.16a) va (4.19) co tham. 86 [:3 phu thuec t~n 56 (xem hlnh 1.15). Do do dang d~e tuy~n t~n 86 ella KU1P va K, a pham vi Mn 56 cao can phu thuoc vao dang ella [:3. Luc nay tan 86 gioi han t~n 1;. ella ad d6 dUQe X8c dinh theo (4.27):

_1_=1/ 1 + 1

" ~ ~e

(4.27)

trong do fp La tan 86 gioi han. cua M 86 khudch dai dong dien. [:3 khi mac emito chung va duoc X8.c dinh theo (1.38) ; fge duoc xac dinh thea (4.26). .

D~ d~e trung eho dO khusch dai a Mn 86 cao nguoi ta dung tich K.J3, trong do B la dO rl)ng rai Mn cua hi) khuech dai. Wli hi) khusch d~ dai reng, co th~ coi B "" fc' do do theo (4.16a) ta co

(4.28)

VI. ft. ty l~ vdi l/Cce va l/Cb,c nen tit (4.28) 8Uy ra K.J3 tj l~ vOi SIC. Do do d~ qo khuech dai co M 86 khuech d~ Ion va dai Mn rl)ng phai chon phan ttl tlch cue co M ddn S Ion. ua dien. dung tap tan C nho.

4.2.3. Sa deS emito chung c6 h6i ti6p Am dong di~n

Trong 80 d6 4.2a n~u h(j' mach CE thl co h6i ti~p Am dong di~n xoay ehi~u qua RE.

So d6 tuong duong trong truang hQP nay duoc bi~u di~n t~n hlnh 4.2c. D~ doh toan cac tham 86 co ban, bi~n d6i 80 d6 do thanh 80 d6 4.2d. Trong do d~ xac dinh di~n tra rco' ap dung phuong phap bien d6i mang b6n Cl!C thanh. mqng hai Cl!C coo mqcn ra tren

hinh. 4.2c. Dung cong thuc : .

U rh I eng

V1 gia thi~t rce > > RE, nsn Ie "" [:3IB va K, "" [:3, do do

(4.29a)

U

- _ n

I eng = [:31 B = [:3 •

n; + rbe

(4.30a)

(4.3Ob)

·71

Thay (4.30a) va (4.3Ob) vao (4.29a) tinh duoc :

[Rn + rbe + (1 + Kj)RE]

hay

(4.29b)

Ta nhan thffy so d6 tuong duong 4.2d co dang gi6ng 4.2b. VI v~y co the stl dung cac hieu thuc (4.16) ; (4.19), (4.20) va (4.21) cho so d6 4.2d, trong do thay rbe hoi rb/ ; r ce hoi reo va luu y trong trirong hop nay S == Y21e == {3/rbe * .

. N€u gia thi€t "ce > > (RE + Rc), tinh ducc :

+ H:~ s6 khuech dl;li di~n lip toan ph~n

-(3(R/1rco)

(4.31)

V~y h6i ti~p am n6i ti€p qua RE lam giam M s6 khuech dai g Ian, voi {3RE

g == 1 +

Rn + rbe + RE

Do h6i ti€p am, nan M s6 khueeh dai di~n lip giam nhieu. Truong hop mach co h6i ti~p Am Ion, nghla la (1 + (3) RE > > rbe + Rn va {3 > > 1, ta co :

R/1rco Rc

KU1P =::: -~-=-RE

(4.32)

+ H~ s6 khuech dl;li dong di~n :

(4.33)

.

So voi so d6 emito chung khong co h6i ti€p, h~ s6 khueeh dai dong di(ln K, h~u

nhu khOng d6i.

+ Tra khang vao :

(4.34)

+ TrC1 khang ra :

(4.25a)

+ TrC1 khang ra trsn emito : trirong hop 14y di~n ap ra tren emito, tra khang ra duC,1C tfnh nhu sau (xem hlnh 4.2c)

U Eh Rn + rbe

ZrE == =--- =::: (4.35b)

I Eng 1 + {3

Trong mach di~n trsn, n€u chon Ro = RE thl c6 tM' Iffy ra hai di~n lip co bien d~ hang nhau va ng11C,1c pha, vi T c =::: T E' Mach di~n nhu v~y thuong dung de kich thich cho t~ng dlty keo (xem 6.4).

72

4.2.3. Sa d6 em ito chung c6 h6i ti~p Am difn ap

Trang W~l 3.2.4 da xet mach h6i tiep am sang sang di~n lip (hlnh 3.8). Mach di~n dd cung cd h6i tiep am xaay chieu. Trang tnrong hop nay h6i tiep am lam giam M so khusch dai dong di~n, giam di~n tri1 vao va di~n tri1 ra (xem 2.4.2 va 2.4.3). Ta dung so d6 tren hlnh 4.5 de tlnh cac tham s6 cua mach, Ap dung dinh If Miller de chuyen so d6 4.5b thanh so d6 4.5c, ta co :

R' = RF/(1 - Ku) ; R" = RF/(1 - VKu) z RF,

vc'li

K = u

t Uce

B

c

a) E
. b)
R, B
un 18 ! rbe R" Fee Rc Ur
E
C) Hlnh 4.5. So d6 ernito chung c6 h6i liep am song song dien lip :

a) so d6 ; b) so d6 tuong duong Illn s6 Ihllp ; c) sO d6 tuong duong cua b).

Can ell van so d6 tuong duong tren hlnh 4.5c, tfnh duoc + H~ s6 khuech dai di~n lip :

U r -j31 B(R"I/rcel/Rd -j3(Rcl/RFI/rce)

K -

u -

(4.36)

+ H~ s6 khusch dai dong di~n

(4.37)

+ ~ khang vao

(4.38a)

73

(4.38b)

+ Tro khang ra

Urh

Z = - = rcJ/R" "" rcJ/RF

r .ICng

+ He s6 khusch d~i di~n ap toan phan :

U BE Zbe

= Ku -=- = Ku R Z

Un 1+ be

(4.39)

(4.40)

RF

rbel/ 1 _ K R

u F

KUlP = Ku -R-+-R-/-(l---K-) = Ku R _ K R

1 F u F w·l

(4.41)

K~t qua tlnh eho thdy trong mach emito ehung h6i ti~p Am di~n ap, h6i ti~p lam giam M s6 khusch dai dong di~n, tro khang vao va tro khang ra. H~ s6 khusch dIP di~n ap h~u nhu khong thay d6i.

4.3. Sa do Source chung

Cac so do dung Eet cung co tinh eMt gi6ng nhu cac so d6 dung tranzistor luong' cue, Tuy nhien cac so d6 dung Eet eo M s6 khu~h dIili nho hen, vi M dAn cua Eet nho hon cua tranzistor luf1ng cue. Eet kenh. n thuong dung trong pham. vi tan 86 rdt coo, vi d~ linh dl)ng hat dAn cua Fet k~nh n Ion hen cua Fet kenh p.

74

Sa d6 source chung c6 h6i ti~p am dong di~n duoc bi~u di~n tren hlnh 4.6. D~ chuy~n sa d6 4.6b thanh 4.6c tlnh rdo theo bi~u thuc (442.)

U rh .

Tit hlnh 4.6c suy ra

U rh = -SU gs rds ::::s -SU gors

SUgs(rd/IRs) Srds _

_ _c__ = R + rUgs; trong do U ~s· = U go - SU gs (Rsf/rds)'

Rs s ds

trong do

Srds U go

lrng == (R; + rds) [1 + S(rd/IRs)] = S·U go •

Srds S

S· = -:::---:-::c-:----=:-,---=--:__::_::::: -=-----==_

(Rs + rds)[1 + S(rd/IRs)] 1 + SRs

Thay U gs vao ta co

vai gia thi~t Rs < < rds'

Thay (4.4:2sha (4.4·2b)vao (4.4:2) tinh dUQc :

rdo = (rds + Rs) [1 + S(RJ/rds)].

Tinh M 86 khusch dIP. dong di~n K, :

vdi giA thi~t r gs > > Rs. tlnh ducc :

(Rs + RD)!lrds rds

I d = SU gs = SU .

Rs + RD gs Rs + RD + r ds

Thay vao (4.43) se nhan duoc M s6 khusch dIP. dong di~n

Tit (4.44) suy ra

(4.42)

(4.42a)

(4.42b)

(4.42c)

(4.42d)

(4.43)

(4.44)

STg·Srds

r go = r gs + (1 + Kj) Rs = r gS+- (1 + R + R ) Rs

s D + rds

Sau khi da tlnh dUQC rdo va rgo• xac dinh M 86 khusch dIP. di~n ap theo sa d6 4.6c.

GiA thi~t Rn < < rgs :

u , tr,

Ku1p = =- = =- = -S· (r do/fRD)

Un U go

Thay S* trong (4.42c)vao (4.46) va gill thi~t Rn « rgs ; rds » Rs. ta c6

(4.45)

(4.46)

75

-S(Rr/lrdo) Kutp :::::. 1 + SRs

Theo bi~u thuc (1.46) va (1.52) xac dinh ducc :

al 2

S :=: s; :=: -:t:::s IUDS:=: const = TU:I ~loIDSS

Thay S vao (4.47) se nhan duoc

(4.47)

(4.46)

Voi mach khong co h6i tiep am (Rs = 0) va gia thiet RD < < rdo (thuong gap trong thuc t€) thl h~ s6 khuech dai di~n ap diroc xac dinh theo bi~u thuc (4.49)

-2IoRo {i0~

Kutp = - S(RD II rds)::::: U -1-

p D

(4.49)

Theo (4.49), mu6n co M s6 khuech dai Ion phai tang ha ap mot chieu loRo, giam I Up I va tang ty s6 lossllD (dong tlnh lD phai nho),

D~ tinh mea phi tuyen, d~t vao cue cua mQt di~n ap hlnh sin sao cho

"

ugs = UGSo + Usinwt

Thay vao (l.46) va khai trien chu6i ta nhan duoc - Thanh phan co ban :

"" "

ul = 2U I UGSo - Up I sin wt = U1sinwt

- Thanh ph an bac 2 :

"2

U "

u2 :=: -U-C0s2wt :=: U2 cos2wt.

2

Meo phi tuyen

A ""

U2 U

k = -ee-t- - 100%

U I - 4 I U GSo - Up I

Cling gi6ng nhu trong bQ khuech dai emito chung, mea phi tuyen phu thuoc bien de? tin hieu vao. Gia thiet Up = -4V ; UGSo = -QV va y~u cau mea phi tuyen k = 1% ;

,"

tli (4.50) tinh duoc bien de? dien ap vao U :=: 80mV. V~y voi cung mot IUQng mea phi

tuyen cho phep nhu nhau (1%) thl Fet cho phep di~n ap vao Ion hen tranzistor lucng cue (xem bieu thiic 4.25). V1 v~y Fet hay duoc dung trong cac tang vao cua cac thiet hi v6 .tuyen di~n (may thu UKV, truydn hlnh, ... )

(4.50)

Cling gi6ng nhu trong mach emito chung, neu chon Ro = Rs thl co the lily ra tren cue mang va cue ngudn hai dien ap co bien de? bang nhau va nguoc pha de kich thich cho tai d6i xung.

76

4.4. Sa do I~p emito

SCI del lap emito (hlnh 4.7) co h~ so khuech d:;ri di~n ap Ku == 1. No thuong duoc dung lam mach bi~n d6i trc'1 khang M phoi hop v{Ji nguon tin hi~u va tai, vi SCI d6 nay co tro khang vao Ion (khoang 0,1 d~n. vai MQ) va tra khang ra nho (nho hen 100Q). Ngoai ra sCI del lap emito con hay. duoc dung trong cac t~ng ra, vi no co dai dOng Ion va meo phi tuyen nho.

SCI d6 lap emito thuc chat la sCI d6 emito chung co h6i ti~p Am dong di~n toan phan. H6i ti~p am lam cho I U be I < I U bo I, do do lam tang dd.i d~ng eua mqch, Di~m khac nhau co ban cua sCI del l~p emito so voi sCI del emito chung la dien. ap oao kMng

dq,t true tiep giiia emito va bazo /1/(/ d£ll,<ii((J 1)(J:o \'£1 d(11 .

Do d6 U he :: Un - U t (Rn ..... 0). Dong colecto ~ tv di~u chlnh sao cho

Un Z U t . Nhu v~y du di~n ap vao Ion (vai von), di~n ap di~u khiA'n chi vai milivon rna th6i.

4.4.1. Che dO tinh va dai dOng

Di~m lam viec cua sCI d6 duoc chon theo bien dO va eve tinh cua tin hieu vao. N~u tin hieu vao eo mot cue tinh thi chl can mot ngudn di~n ap cung cap va dong tlnh Ie kha nho « 100 f-lA). Neu tin hieu vao Ion va hai cue tinh thl di~m lam viec tlnh phai chon sao cho UEo nam giira dai d('lng (hlnh 4.8), hie nay co the phai dung b('l ngu6n eung cap d6i xung (hlnh 4.7a).

Voi SCI d6 lap emito ghep xoay chieu tren hlnh 4.Th, ta tMy khi chua eo tin hieu vao, ha ap met chieu tren RE la UEo == IERE. VI kh6ng eo ha ap mot chieu tren Rt, nen C duoc nap den gia tri UEo. C phai chon du Ion sao cho ha ap tren no kh6ng d6i k~ ca khi co tin hieu vao, nghla la l/wC < < R; GiOi han tren cua dai dOng· cua sCI d6 nay giong nhu cua SCI d6 4.7a, con gioi han duoi ung voi Me tranzistor ngat. Luc nay dong qua RE la dong phong cua tu C : If == UEo/(RE + R1), do do ha ap t~n emito URE == UE~d(RE + Rt)· Tu do suy ra gioi han diroi cua dai dOng:

RE Rt

Utmin == UEORE + Rt-UC==-UEORE + n, == -IE(Rt II RE)·

Do di~n ap nap tren ru C, nan di~n ap ra eo th~ lay cac gia tri am, du cho mach chi dung mot ngu6n eung cap duong. IE chon theo yeu cau doi v{Ji mire am cua dai dOn~. N~u yeu e~u dai d('lng d6i xung, thl tham s6 cua mach phai thoa man dieu ki~n (4.51):

I Ube I ciing
r iice
II Rc
_!t
Rt b)

c)

ffinb 4.7. Mach Il.!p emito .

a) ghep dien lip m(H chieu ;

b) ghep dien lip xoay chieu ; c) co hieu ling Bootstrap.

77

(4.51)

UE

aidi hqn fren cuo dai (Nng : Vce - VeEII '. _ , ,

- - - - :- - -. - - - - - - - - -' Transistor fhong hoon toan,

t

Tronsisior ngdt

Girl; han du'rfi cua dOl dong : - Vce __3_j_

. . Rt r RE

Hlnh 4.8. DAi dOng cua mach I~p emito hinh 4.7a.

4.4.2. Tinh toan tham s6 cua sa do.

D~ phan tlch d~e tinh cua SC1 d6 trong pham vi t~n s6 tha:p, ta dung SC1 d6 tuong ducng hlnh 4.9. Trang do, sc d6 4.9a la so d6 tuong duong eua 4.7a. D~ tinh toan dUQC don gian, ta chuy~n SC1 d6 4.9a thanh 4.9b.

Ib t,
B
rbe Rn
Yet E
tpib
RE
0) b)
t, B
-
Rn rbe
Vt (lrp.)(RE1RtH rce) c)

Hlnh 4.9 a) va b) so d6 tuong duong cda mach I~p emito ; c) sd d6 urong dlldng mech vao,

Clln eu vao so d6 t~n hlnh 4.ge ta vi~t duoc:

Zv = rbe + (1 + (3)(RE II R, II rce) ::::: (3(rd + R'E) R'E = RE II Rt II rce'

V~y di¢n tro gi\:ia emito va cta:t R'E khi ehu~n sang mach vao thl tang l~n (1 + (3) l~n va tang khi (3 tang.

(4.52)

N~u mac them b¢ phan ap R1, R2 d~ dinh thien cho bazo nhu tren hlnh 4.Th thl tri'1 khang vao cua mach giam.

Can cu vao so del tuong duong 4.9c tlnh h~ so khueeh dai di~n ap :

78

Kutp =

(4.53)

Di~n ap ra khi M mach tAi :

Urh = Kutp un'l

R~oo

U·

n

(4.54)

, =

Dong di~n ra khi ngan mach tAi

(4.55)

V~y trO khang ra :

Z = r

(4.56)

Mach co M s6 khuech dai dong di~n P cang' Ibn va Rn cang nho thl di~n trO ra cang nho.

D~ tlnh h~ s6 khusch d~i dong di~n Kj, viet phuong trlnh dong di~n nut d6i vbi nut E cua so d6 4.9 a, ta co :

- - -

I b + Ie + PI b - U tfree = 0 ,

trong do U t = I tRt va -Ie = It + (U /RE) = ItO + RtIRE) TU do suy ra

(4.57)

wi gia thiet (RE II ree) > > Rt·

Trong so d6 hlnh 4.Th trO khang vao diroc xac dinh theo bi~u thitc (4.58)

z', = RI II R2 II z; (4.58)

trong do Z; xac dinh theo bi~u thuc (4.52)

D~ 6n dinh di~n ap cung cA:p eho bazo, thuong chon dong qua RI, R2 : Ip > > Ibo (xem bieu thuc 3.5 va 3.6), do do cac di~n tra RI, R2 kMng 'duoc chon. qua ton, di~u do lam guim. tro khang uao Z'y cua mach, D~ khdc phuc tlnh trang nay, nguoi ta dinh thien eho mach. theo nguyen. tac Bootstrap nhu trong sa d~ 4.9c. Trong so d6 do, di~n

ap U y = U t dU<;1C ghep v~ dliu vao thong qua tu Cs cd tri s6 ra:t len. Do do ha ap tren

R; khong con la U y nira, rna la U y - U r = U y(1 - K). Nhu v4-y dong tin hieu qua R; cling giam 0 - Ku) Ian so vC1i truong hop R, n6i da:t v~ xoay chieu, Dieu nay tuong duong nhu di~n tra R; tang len 1/(1 - K) Ian. Neu di~n ap Un -= 0 thl dong qua R; hang khong, tuong duong vC1i R; = 00 nghla la R; khong anh huang den trO khang vao cua mach, Trang mach di~n nay, di~n trd vao giua cac di~m 1, 0 la

79

Rv

Z'v 110 = 1 _ K I/Zv

u

uoi Ku < 1.

Bang each do cd tM tang trd khang vao ella mach l~n toi vru MQ.

4.5. SO' d6 I,p source (sa d6 drain chung)

So d6 lap Soure gi6ng so d6 lap

emito, nhung trd khang vao ella no Ion hen (eo 107 d~n 10120). So d6 lap Source dUQe bi~u di~n trsn hinh 4.10a va 4.10b,

Rz

So d6 4,1 Ob III so d6 dinh thien thea nguyen tAe Bootstrap, No eho phep giam anh hudng ella cac di~n trd R l' R2, d~n tr<1 khang vao. Tu C2 lam nhiem V1,l ghep di~n ap ra trd v~ d~u vao, do do ha ap tran

R1 la Hinh 4.10. Mach I~p source. :I) mach thong dung ; b) mach co lrd

khang vao I"n.

U v - U r = U /1 - Ku .),

0)

b)

trong do

U3 u,

= =-=Ku ==-

u ; o ;

Do do dong qua R) giam va trd khang vao tang 1/(1-Ku·) Ian,

K* u

Cac bi~u thuc v~ M s6 khuech dai di~n ap, trd khang vao va tr<1 khang ra eo the suy ra tit cac bi~u thuc tuong ung ella so d6 lap emito trong muc 4.4.

Ta eo M so khuech dai dien ap toan phan

1

--=--- "" 1 Rn + rgs

1 + (1 + (3)Rs

(4.59)

Thong thuong' Rn < < rgs va f3 > > 1, do do (4,59) co th~ vi~t lai don gian hen :

(4.60)

Tr<1 khang vao ella mach

Zv = r gs + (1 + (3)Rs "" Trd khang ra ella mach :

(4.61)

(4.62)

Theo (4.62), vi Fet eo de> doe S nho, nen trd khang ra ella mach lap Souree Ion hon ella mach l~p emito.

80

4.6. Sa do bazo chung

Cung giong so do emito chung, trong so do bazo chung de co ch€ de:> tlnh mong muon, co the dua vao emito dong mot chieu thich hop nho ngu6n dong hoac dung hoi tiep Am di~n lip met chieu (hinh 4.11b) hoac mac noi tiep voi emito mot di~n tra de tao hOi ti€p Am dong di~n mot chieu (hlnh 4.lla va 4.llc).

Giang nhu trong so dc'S emito chung, di~n ap tin hieu vao cung duoc dl)t gifta bazo va em ito, nhung voi cue tlnh Am. Dien ap ra lay trsn colecto. Do do tu (4.16) ; (4.17) va (4.18) co the suy ra bieu thirc tinh M so khuech dai di~n ap cho so dc'S bazo chung nhu sau :

t vee

0)

b)

tV"

c)

Hlnh 4.11. Mach bazo chung.

ajso d6 thong dung ; b) so d6 dung h6i lifp 11m diCn lip mOl chieu de On djnh diem lam viec ; c) so d6 dung h6i tifp 11m dong dien mot chieu de On djnh diem lam viec,

S(Rcl/rce) Rn 1+rbe

(4.63)

Khi Rn « rbe va R; « rce ta co

Kutp ::::: Ku = SRe = I eRclUT H~ so khuech dai dong di~n

K. = Me = _f3_ ::::: 1

I ME 1 + f3

(4.64)

(4.65)

Tro khang vao cua so do bazo chung nho hon nhisu so voi tro khang vao cia S<1 dc'S emito chung, vi dong vao con phai ke den ca dong colecto

(4.66)

Tro khang ra cua so dc'S bazo cung duoc xac dinh giong nhu cua sa d6 emito chun~

(4.67)

o pham vi tan 86 coo, d(jc tlnh Mn so cua S<1 d~ bazo chung gi6ng cua 8od~ emito chung, vi M so khuech dai di~n ap cua chung giong nhau. Di~m khac bi~t giira hai so do la di~n dung vao cua chung. Voi S<1 d6 emito chung, di~n dung vao cua no Ia tOng di~n dung Cbe va di~n dung ghep gifta mach ra va mach vao (Ccb) phan anh ve mach vao C'cb' C'cb dUQc xac dinh theo dinh If Miller (xem muc 4.2.3) theo bi~u thuc (4.68).

C'cb = Ku,Ccb No co tri so khoang tu 10 d€n 100 pF.

(4.68)

81

Vbi so d6 bazo chung, di~n dung vao chi la di~n dung bazo - emito, co tri s6 khoang vai pF. Di~n dung nay cung vbi di~n trd trong cua ngu6n tin hieu tao thanh mot khau loc thong tha:p vbi bin s6 gibi han trsn Ibn hon ta:n s6 gibi han trsn cua so d6 emito chung kha nhieu. Do do so do bazo thuang duoc dung eho truong hop lam oiec ooi tan s6 coo.

4.7. Tong quan va ~a lo~i so do co ban dung tranzistor luang Cl!C va tranzistor truang

Sau khi da nghien cuu 3 loai so d6 co ban dung tranzistor luang cue va tranzistor ~ruong, de co the danh gia m(>t each khai quat cac so del do, ta ddn ra bang 4.4 de tom tat mot each dinh tinh cac tlnh chat cua chung.

Bdng 4.4.

~ Emito Colecto Bazo Source Drain Gate
chung chung chung chung chung chung
()
K" L B L 1'8 B TB
K; L L B RL RL B
z; 1'8 L B RL RL B
Zr 1'8=+ L B L 1'8=+ L B L
'P :rc 0 0 :rc 0 0 L : Idn ; B : be ; TB : trung b'nh ; RL : rAt Idn

'P : g6c I~ch pha gjlia dj~ ap ra va di~ ap vao

Cac tinh chat do co the tom tat nhu sau

+ Vl h6 dAn g m cua Fet nho, nen M s6 khusch dIP di~n ap cua no nho va cung vi v~y rna trd khang ra cua mach lap source len hon cua mach lap emito.

+ Cac mach khusch dai dung Fet co uu diem co ban la trd khang vao Ibn (tnt mach Gate chung).

+ Mach emito chung cho M s6 khusch d~ cong sullt Ibn nhat (vi Kj, Ku d~u Ion) , vi v~y no hay duqc dung hon ca. Trd khang vao vii trd khang ra cua mach co gia tri trung blnh, vi v~y mach emito chung ti~n lei d6i v(Ji vi~ ghep vci tai va ngu6n tin hieu. Dien trc'1 tai y~u ca:u cua no khoang vai KQ. Trong khi do, vbi cac bing khusch dIP dung Fet, mu6n co M s6 khusch dai di~n ap l(Jn, phai co di~n tro tai Ibn hon nhieu lam cho ta:n s6 gi(Ji han tren cua b¢ khuech d~giam (xem bieu thttc 1.56).

+ Mach l$p emito va mach l$p source thubng duqc dung de ph6i hop trd khang vbi tai nhe va ngudn tin hi~u co trd khang trong 1(Jn.

+ Mach bazo chung va emito chung co h6i ti~p Am dong di~n qua di~n trd RJ!

thuong ducc dung lam ngu6n dong, con mach lap emito ducc dung lam ngu6n ap, .

Trang pham vi ta:n s6 cao, ta hru y d~n eac d$c diem sau day cua eac sC1 d6 da xet : + Cac mach duqc di~u khien bhng di~n ap (Rn nho) co ta:n s6 gi(Ji han t~n cao hon mach di~u khien bAng dong di~n ..

82

+ Mach emito chung va source chung co t~n s6 gird han trsn kha thap, do anh huang cua di~n dung Miller. D~ tang tdn s6 gi6'i han cua cac mach nay l~n bAng t~n s6 gitli han cua mach bazo chung (Gate chung) phal hy sinh M s6 khusch dl;li cua no.

+ 0 t~n cao, mach bazo chung co nhieu uu di~m so v6'i mach emito chung va colecto chung.

4.8. Sa do Darlin~on

Trong nhieu truong hop, d~c bi~t trong mach lap emito, h~ 86 khulch dq.i dOng dien. kMng du LOO hoac khi yeu cau tang tro khang uao <cua mach, co tM t6 hQP mOt s6 tranzistor thanh so d6 Darlington d~ thoa man cac y~u c~u do. Co nhidu each mdc hai hoac met 86 tranzistor thanh so d6 Darlington. Trsn hlnh 4.12 la mOt' s6 each mdc C<1 ban.

4.8.1. Che dO tinh

TIm quan M giira dong di~n ra Ic va dong di~n van IB = IBI thea so d6 4.18a. Gill thilR R'E = 00, ta co :

ICI = BNlBI + ICEoi va lcz = BN~EI + iCEo2

Ic = ICI + IC2 = BNlBI + ICEoi + BN~EI + ICEo2

(4.69)

c

c

G

c,

I I

b- E

a)

E

E

E

b)

c)

d)

Hiob 4.12. Ml;ICh Darlington .

a) mach chuAn ; b) va c) mach Darlinton - bu; d) gidng mach a)

Tit bi~u thuc (1.9) va (1.14) rut ra dUQc quan M : (IBI + ICBoI)

lEi = 1 _ AN = (IBI + ICBoI) (1 + BNI)

Thay (4.70) van (4.69) nhan dUQc

(4.70)

1

Bi~t 1 - ANI = --- va gill thi~t BN!, BN2 > > 1 ta cO bigu thuc g4n dung : 1 +BNI

(4.71)

83

Tit bi~u thuc (4.71) va so d6 4.12 a suy ra :

- So d6 Darlington co dong di~n du Ian hen so d6 dung met tranzistor, vi dong di~n du cua TIduc;1c T2 khuech dai. N~u mac ba tranzistor thanh so d6 Darlington thl dong du lai ducc T3 ti~p tuc khusch dai l~n. Vi th~ trong thuc te rdt it khi dung so do co ba tranzistor tra l~n.

- Vi cac diot bazo - emito cua hai tranzistor n6i tiep, nsn di~n lip mQt chieu bazo

- emito cua so d6 Darlington cling nhu muc troi cua di~n lip nay Ian g~p doi so vai

truong hop dung mot tranzistor.

- D~ e6 M dAn len, thuong chon IBI > IB2. Di~u nay dat duoc bang each dua vao emito TI met ngu6n dong' hose mac them R'E nhu t~n hlnh 4.12a. R'E phAi e6 hi s6 Ian hen rbe2 nhieu, sao eho toan bO dong tin hi~u lei di vao bazo cua T2.

4,8.2. O,c tfnh eua rnaeh trong ph,m vi tin s6 th'p

D~ xet eac d$e tinh cua mach dung so d6 tuong duong hlnh 4.13. Tit hlnh 4.13a, gia thi~t ree2 = 00, tinh duoc dong di~n ra khi ngan mach tai

I eng = f3l b - f3zI el

- - --

Vi leI = -(1 + f3I)Ib, nan Icng = f3IIb + f32(1 + f3I)Ib z f3J32Ib

V~y M s6 khusch dai dong di~n cua so d6 Darlington

f3 z f3J32 = h2Ie

(4.72)

Cling tit hinh (4.13a) tinh dUc;1e di~n tro vao cua mach. Dien lip ha trsn bazo - emito :

Ube = I birbel + I bI(1 + f3l)rbe2 Do d6 di~n tra vao cua mach

= rbel + (1 + f3I)rbe2 I bi

hay hlle = rbel + (1 + f3I)rbe2

N~u bo qua rbb' thl rbe co bi~u thirc :

(4.73)

(4.74)

rbel ::::: f3I(UTIIEI)

rbe2 ::::: f3Z<UTIIE2) ::::: ((:J2/f3I)(Ur/IE1)= rbelf3 Khi f31 = f32 thi bi~u thuc (4.74) co th~ vi~t Iai don giAn hon

hlle = 2rbel'

(4.75)

Dien tra ra cua so d6 duoc xac dinh bai tl s6 di~n lip ra khi M mach tal va dong di~n ra khi ngan mach tai:

.U rh

rce = ::::: ree2 = lIh22e

I eng

Truong hop f31 = f3z, ta c6 M dAn cua so d6 Darlington

h21e f3J32 f31f32 82

8 = ~:::::--=---

hlle 2rbel 2f31rbe2 - 2

(4.76)

(4.77)

84

Vf}.y M dAn cua so d6 Darlington nh6 han M dAn cua met tranzistor don, do do mach khusch dai emito chung dung so d6 Darlington co M s6 khusch d~i di~n lip nho hen khi dung tranzistor don (vdi cung mOt di~m tlnh) , vi trong truong hop nay Ku tl l~ voi S (higu thiic 4.16).

•

- -

Trsn hlnh 4.13c, leI < < Ie2, nan khong nhat thi~t phai n6i colecto TI va T2 vC1i

nhau. Nhu vf}.y co thg n6i C I va C2 vdi hai ngu6n di~n lip cung cA:p met chidu khac nhau nhu tren hlnh 4.14.

Trong cac tdng khusch d~ cong su4t, thuong phai dung tranzistor cOng su4t lon, loai npn hoac pnp. Co the dung mach Darlington M thuc hien cac loai tranzistor cong su4t nhu vf}.y. Do la mach Darlington bu. So d6 tren hlnh 4.12h la so d6 Darlington bu, tuong duong vC1i mot tranzistor pnp va 4.12c tuong duong vdi mot tranzistor npn. Trong cac sCI d6 tren, T 1 la tranzistor kich, T 2 la tranzistor cong sulit.

So sanh so d6 tuong duong 4.13c cua mach Darlington bu voi so d6 tucng duong 4.13a va 4.13h cua mach Darlington thong thucng ta thay chung co dang gi6ng nhau, vi vf}.y cac d~c tinh cua cluing cling gi6ng nhau. Chung chi khac nhau 0 di~n tra vao, trong mach Darlington bu di~n tro vao :

rbe = rbel (4.78)
Ib Ie ~ Ie
- C 8
8 I
I
rbe, pITb, ~ Orcez . rbe,
ICez
E,=Bz --~(-Ie,~ reez
rbez (I+{3,)rbez
E
a) b)
t, C,=Bz C=E;z Ib
--- B - C
8

fbe, r-. rbe, reez
Prang Ib E
E E
C) £,=C2 d) Hlnh 4.13. So d6 tuong duong tin hieu nho cua mach Darlington.

a)sd d6 tuong duong cua hinh 4.12a ; b) so d6 tuong duong cua hinh 4.13a ;

e) so d6 tuong duong cua hinh 4.12b va 4.12e ; d) so d6 tuong duong cua hinh 4.13c. /3tE.ng = /h(1 + /12) -/Jifh

4.9.1. M,ch kaskode

Mach Kaskode dung tranzistor luong cue duoc hieu di~n tren hlnh 4.15. Cling co tM xAy dung mach Kaskode hoi Fet hoac tranzistor Ittang cue hoac Fet Mn hQP.

Mach Kascode g6m hai tranzistor, tranzistor vao Tl mac theo so d6 em ito chung va tranzistor ra T 2 mac theo so d6 hazo chung, R 1 va R2 de dinh diem lam vi~ tInh cho Tl va T2. Tti sO cua chung duoc chon sao cho di~n thl bozo T2 du ZOn di cho Tl lam

85

vi~ trong mi~n tich cue (UCE1 '" 1 V) ; vi di~n th~ colecto T 1 Am hon di~n th~ bazo T 2 khoang 0,7 V.

B

+

c

'l'gng ra lam nhiem V\1 ngan each anh htiang cua mach ra d~n mach vao, d$C bi~t la a tb s6 cao. Mach Kascode co M s6 khuech d~ di~n ap bAng M 86 khu'ch dqi di~n 6p cua mqcb emito chung, Nhung khac voi mach emito chung, mach

kascode cd di~n dung Miller trong mach vIlo nho,

vi h~ s6 khuech d~ di~n ap cua tranzistor Tl Hlnh 4.14. Mach Darlington dung ngu6n rieng

ra:t nho (Ku1 .~ 1). Do dd ta:n s6 giai han t~n cho eoleeto.

cua no (khi Rn nho) cung bac v{ji tgn s6 gi{ji

han trsn cua mach bazo chung ; trong khi dd tr<'J khang v~;l0 cua n6 1~ lCJn hon tro khang vaa cua mach bazo chung. D6 III uu di~m co ban cua .uach Kascode. C6 th~ rut ra d$C tfnh cua mach Kascode nho so d6 ttidng duong 4.15b. So d6 d6 dtiQc xAy dung tit so d6 tuong duong cua mach emito chung va bazo chung.

E

+ucc
R,. Rc
Tz. c,' Fz Cz
B,
ffi .». U;al I
o, rbe, \ reo 0 iJ,o Rc
rd
U'O 11 . 1 I 1
...L
T, iJra E, Bz
Uv! , c)
.i 1..
J_
0) 8, 8' Cbe, C,=E2
. --1
rbb' ( I
Uv ...L ...J... -L. C ' u"a
Che,-,- ree, rdz --r'Cb'e -r- bcz R,
I I l I
1 I _ _j I 1
I ...L
b) Hlnh 4.15. Ml;Ich Kaseode dung tranzistor ItIdng cue .

• (/302'''''1 )

a) so d6 ; b) so d6 wong duong eao tAn voi '00 = '",,2 1 + + = /302Tce2

'eel 1'be2

dUQc sur" til bitu thuc (4.29) e) so d6 tuong duong t~n s6 thlip, v6i Ibb' < < /3c 'eel> > 'd ;

Si = lc/UT ... Sil - Si2 ; '00 » Rc ; /3c ; /302 = 1.

vi dong tinh. Ie chay qua hai tranzistor gan bang nhau, nan di~n tra khuech tan emito va h6 dAn trong cua chung cling ggn bang nhau : rdl ~ rd2 (voi rd = UTIlE)'

Sit ~ Si2 (vdi Sj = o<Jr d ~ [JUT)

86

Tu SCI d6 tucng t1uClng hlnh 4.15b, ta rut ra U'r

= -Std = -<Xu = -1 ti;

o;

Ku = = Ku1·Ku2 = -SiRe

Uv

Co the can cu vao SCI d6 tucng duong hlnh 4.15c de xet dl}C tinh cua mach (J pham vi Mn s6 cao. Ap dung dinh ly Miller de tim di~n dung Miller cho mach vao, ta co :

Vf}.y

(4.79)

C; = Cb'el + Cb'cl (1 - Ku1) = Cb'el + 2Cb'cl Do do hhg s6 thoi gian cua mach VIlO :

Tl ="Cv[(Rn + rbb')llrbel], vai Rn : di~n tro trong cua ngu6n tin hieu.

Ngoai hang s6 thCti gian T1, con co cac hang s6 thci gian T2 va T3 anh hudng den tan s6 giai han tran cua mach ; vf1i

1

T2 • Cb'e2rd2 ::::: 2.7tf. va T3 = Cilt , a2

trong do R, = R; II reo va Cp : di~n dung ra cua mach,

Trong 3 hang' s6 TI, T2, T3, hang s6 nao co gia tri Ian nhat s~ anh huong nhieu nhat den tan s6 giai han tren cua mach.

Tren hlnh 4.16 la sCI d6 Kaskode

dung hai tranzistor bu.

Nguyen tilc lam vi~c cua mach giong sCI d6 hlnh 4.15a. 0 d~y chu y chon RCl rat Ian so vai di~n tr<'1 vao cua T 2 ; di~n ap UB2 co tinh quyet dinh d6i vdi dien the colecto cua T 1 va dong qua RCl. Su phan b6 dong gitra

Tl va T2 phu thuec vao bien d(l di~n lip vao. Khi tang U; thl dong qua Tl tang, con dong qua T2 giam met hrong nrong ung, do do di~n lip ra U; giam.

+

Hlah 4.16. Mach Kaskode dung tranzistor bu.

Vu diem co ban cua mach Kaskode loai nay so vai mach t~n hlnh 4.15a la co the chon. di~n lip ra tlnh bang di~n lip vao tlnh, do do co the ghep nhieu tang vai nhau.

4.9.2. M,ch t6 hqp Fet - tranzistor krang a,rc

Co. tM US hop Fet va tranzistor luang cue thanh cac mach di~n co uu dil1m cua ca hai loai do : co tro khang oao [an va co h~ 86 khuich dai dien. ap [an. Trong mach t6 hop do, Fet duoc b6 trl a dau vao va mac thea kieu Source - chung hoac Drain - chung (tro khang vao ra:t Ian) va tranzistor luang cue dugc b6 tri trong mach ra, vi tranzistor luang cue co M dAn len, nen mach s~ co M khuech d~ di~n lip Ian va tr(J khang ra nho. Mach. duoc ghep Mi tiip 11m kha 811u.

87

Tran hlnh 4.17a III mot mach tiS hQP nhu v~y, c'J ddy Fet ducc mac thea so d3 Soure chung, con tranzistor luong cue mac theo so d3 emito chung. Tit so d6 tuong duong 4.17a suy ra :

U ra = -f3[ b(Rc + Rs) + SU g/ls = SUgs[Rs + f3*(Rc + Rs)] RD

vC1i f3* = f3 .

rbe + f-D

l!

G 0 B

rl lc
Uv \ lUra
1 1
0) 1

b)

IDnb 4.17. T6 hop mach source chung vii mach emito chung. a) so d6 vdi RD, Rs : viii kQ ; Ri, R2 : viii MQ ;

b) so d6 tuong duong t~n s6 thllp (00 qua rd, vii rce).

Thay (4.82) vao (4.83) se co

1/S + (1 + f3")Rs

* * 1 •

'I'huong f3 > > 1 va RJ3 > > S' do do ta nhan duoc bi~u thiic g~n dung

Rc

::::: 1 +

Rs

Tr<'1 khang vao cua mach

Zv ::::: R} II R2 co gia hi ce MQ.

TrO khang ra cua mach

--,

[nil;

88

(4.80)

(4.81)

(4.82)

(4.83)

(4.84a)

(4.84b)

vai

(4.85)

Thay bi~u thuc (4.80) va (4.81) vao (4.85)

Rs

= SUgs ([3' + R + R ) s C

(4.86)

Rut Ugs tit bi~u thuc (4.82) (cho U; = 0) r6i thay vao bi~u thuc (4.86) se co

va

Do do

(4.87)

4.10. BQ khuech dfili vi sai

.-----

Trong cac b¢ khuech dai tin hieu xoay chieu, nguoi ta khong quan tam den hien

tuong troi, vi qua phan tit ghep di~n dung, troi khong duoc dua den d~u ra. Tr6i chi lam thay d6i M s6 khuech. dai cua mach. kh hudng nay co thl khac phuc duoc bang Mi tilp 11m.

Nguoc lai, trong cac b¢ khuech. dqi tin hieu mot chieu, troi ciing duoc khulch dai va dua dln dau ra nhu tin hieu, VI vay trong truong hQP nay pluii tim each. guim. troi. Trang thuc t~ khong tM tac d¢ng true ti~p vao tranzistor d~ giam troi duoc, nan nguoi ta dung b¢ khuech. dai vi sai. B¢ khuech. dai vi sai khuech. dai hieu hai dien. ap dijJ d dau uao, do do di~n op ra cua no chi chiu iinh. huang cua hieu cae dien. up troi cua tranzistor. Do do b¢ khusch dai vi sai co muc troi rat tluip, Truong hop mach. hoan. toan. d6i xung tbi troi duoc khit hoan: toano D~ phat huy uu di~m do CUR mach nguoi ta khong nhiing dung b¢ khulch dqi vi sai dl khuech. dai hieu hai dien. tip rna con dl khulch doi m¢t dien. ap. Dien. ap do duoc dua ddn m¢t dau ViLD, dau viLo thu 2 duoe n6i dat.

4.10.1. Sa d6 va tham s6 co ban

So d6 va cac tham s6 co ban cua b¢ khusch dai vi sai dung tranzistor luang cue va Fet dUQc bi~u di~n trong bang 4.5.

B¢ khusch d~ vi sai la m¢t b¢ khusch dai tin hieu met chi~u d6i xung, co hai dau vao va hai d~u ra. Trong b¢ khuech dai vi sai di~u dang chu y lil nsu cac di~n ap vao Ud = Uv1 - Uv2 duoc khusch d~ I~n Kud I~n thl cac dien. tip oao co tri s6 bang nhau chi duoc khulch dqi Ian Kern I~n, vdi Kern < < Kud. Di~n ap vao duoc chia lam hai thanh phan : thanh phan di~n ap d6ng pha, ky hi~u 18. Uern chlnh 18. tri trung blnh d~ s6 cua

89

hai di~n ap vao

U vI + Uv2 2

(4.88)

va thanh phan dien ap hieu

U d = Uvi - Uv2

(4.89)

Vi gill thi~t mach hoan toan d6i xung nen di~n th~ emito (di~m P trong bang 4.5) luon luon kheng d6i. Do d6 cac so do trong bang 4.5 co thd coi nhu so d'6 emito chung hoac colecto chung co dien. tip uao tren. m6i transistor la U ctI'!... D~ tfnh M s6 khuech dai Ku, K, va trCI khang vao Zv, tr<'1 khang ra Zr co th~ ap dung cac bi~u thuc cua so do emito chung va Source chung da. bi~t.

+ H~ s6 khusch dai hieu

vdi gill thiet U em = 0

o tan s6 thlip cling nhu 0 tan s6 cao Kud d~u co tri s6 gi6ng nhu cua mach. emito chung hoac source chung, Truong hq'p din ldy tin hieu tren. mot dau ra so uoi ddt, ta co M s6 khulch dai d6i uoi mot dau ra :

UrI Urd Kud

Kudl = Kud2 = U = 2U =2

d d

bang m(lt mra M s6 khuech dai hieu khi Illy di~n ap ra d6i xung.

Khi 0 dau vao chi c6 di~n lip dong pha tuc Ud = 0 thl Uem = Uvi = Uv2, thl mach lam vi~c <'1 ch~ d(l khuech dai tin hi~u dong pha. Luc nay ca. .hai tranzistor d~u duoc dieu khi~n Mi mot dien. tip co bien. df) ua pha nhu nhau, Do mach. d6i xung, nen dong dien. tren. ccic Cl!C tuong ring cua hai transistor Mng nhau. Do d6 ta c6 so do tuong duong hlnh 4.18a. Vi di~n the emito cua tranzistor bAng nhaurnen kheng c6 dong chay trong day din n6i hai emito vci nhau, do d6 trong S<1 d6 tuong duong khong ve day n6i d6. Tach so d6 tuong duong thanh hai mra d6i xU'ng, m6intta nrong ung vai mot mach

Rc

Re

0)

Vem

~----~r0r-----~

Vd

b)

Hlnh 4.18. So d6 Wong duong cila bO khuech dai vi sai dung tranzistor Iudng cue . a) d6i v6i dien ap vao d6ng pha ; b) d6i v6i dien ap vao hieu,

90

emito chung co di~n tro emito Ia 2RE hoac mot mach source chung co di~n trCJ nguon Ia 2Rs va co hoi tiep am dong di~n.

H~ s6 khuech dai tin hieu d6ng pha Kern co tM suy ra tit bi€u thuc dB. CG d6i voi so do emito chung va source chung co h6i tiep am dong di~n. Di~n tro h6i tiep 2RE hoac 2Rs cang Ion thl Kern cang nho. Neu cac dien tro nay rat Ion (tuong ung UEE cling rat am) thl dong emito cua hai tranzistor htiu nhu khong d6i trong qua trlnh lam viec, nghla Ia tren da:u ra di~n ap hau nhu kheng d6i, do do Kern tien Wi bAng khong.

Tom lai s\i khac nhau co ban giua eM d¢ khuech dai tin hi~u va che d¢ khuech dai tin hieu hieu d6ng pha Ia CJ chO : CJ che d() khusch dai tin hieu, RE va Rs khong c6 tac dung h6i tiep am ;. nguoc lai CJ che d¢ khusch dai tin hieu d6ng pha chung co tao dung hoi tiep am Ion lam cho M s6 khuech dai tin hieu dong pha giam.

Bdng 4.5.

~,.~- ... -~,~.-."."~'''-''.~~'''-''
Tharn Vi du b~ng s6
Tranzistor ludng cue Fer
s6
tranzistor Fet
1+ J~ Re = RD = 5HJ
RE = R, = IOkQ
Rc [ Rc RD RD Rn = 0
so d6 'ce = 'd, = 50kQ
L J ~ ~ f1 = 100
RIV r p r Rn p IV
~~E . r:
'be=2,5kQ t. =IX>
gs
I Sj=40rnAN S=2rnAN
Kud f1(Rell,~h (1)
s; + 'be S(RD II'd,) 180 9
-f1Re ~SRD 1 1
Kern
Rn + 'be+ 2(1 + f1)RE 1 + zss, 4 4
CMMR 1 RE ~ [ 1 + 2SRS t) "" SR,
-[1+2,8-- ] (2) 400
2 Rn + 'be 20
'd 2r'i} 5kQ
2rbe 00
1 1 '4'iRlds
"em '2 ['be + 2(1 + f1R~J 2['gs(I+, +R +2R)+2R,] IMQ
ds D , IX>
C)4) <. Cd
"" 2 Sj(Re II' ce) = +S(RDII'd') 450 pF 22,SpF
'rd 2rce 2rds lOOkQ lOOkQ (1) N@u f1 » 1 ; Rc « rce ; 'be = f1UT II thl Kud = Rc/E/UT E

(2) 'ce -+ IX> va f10 » 1 (3) 'd. -+ IX>

(4) B6 qua Cde noac Cgs

Trong b¢ khusch dai vi sai, nguC1i ta con dua ra khai niem ve M 86 nen tin hieu d~ng pha G (CMRR) Ia ty s6 gifra M s6 khusch dai hieu va M s6 khusch dai d6ng pha.

91

Kudl

G(CMRR) = I K I (dB)

em

De co M s6 nen tin hieu d6ng pha len, chon RE hoac Rs Ion. Tuy nhisn kMng the chon RE) R; qua Ion sao eho IE·RE hoac I~s nho hon (10 + 15)V de dam bao di~u kien ve cong suat t6n hao tren di~n tro va di~u ki~n v~ ngu6n cung ca:p -UEE. Vl v~y trong thuc tir, thay cho RE va R; nguai ta dung m¢t nguon. dong co dien. tra trong ion, ua ha tip tren. no nh6 (hlnh 4.19). Tren so d6 hinh 4.19 ta cd Ie = IE' tri s6 cua no thay d6i duoc nho thay d6i UB' Uee va R'E' BAng so d6 nay co tM dat duoc G (CMRR) toi (60 + 80) dB. Neu mac n6i tie'p nhieu b¢ khuech d~ vi sai con co the tang (CMRR) hon nira,

Trong thuc te thucng hay g~p truong hop di~n ap d~t VaG b¢ khuech dai vi sai g6m

- -

ca hai thanh phan Ud va Uem' luc do di~n ap ra

Ur2 = Kudl u; + KemU em

Trong b¢ khuech dai vi sai, nguci ta phan bi~t tra khting uao hieu.

Zd = Udllv

viL tro khting uao dong pha:

-

z.; = Uemllem

Tu so d6 tuong duong hlnh 4.18b, ta tMy rang CJ che d(> khuech dai hieu, nguon. tin hieu. mac n6i tiep vai cdc d~LU uao cua tranzistor, do do tro khang uao hieu tang len hai Zan so uoi tra khting VaG cua mach. emito chung hoqc source chung don gidn. Nguoc I~, tra khang VaG d6ng pha giam di hai Ian so vdi trCJ khang VaG cua mach emito chung hoac source chung co trCJ khang h6i tie'p la 2RE hoac 2Rs' Thuong trCJ khang vao d6ng pha Zem > 100 Zd'

Dien tro ra ella mach chinh la di(ln trCJ reo nam giira eoleeto Tl va dat, no co tri s6 dung bang tri s6 reo cua so d6 emito chung hoac source chung co dien tra hoi tiep liL RE II rdl' trong do rdl Ia di(ln trCJ ra khusch tan emito ella TI ; rdl = UTIlE I (d6i vdi tranzistor Itiong cue) va rdl ::::: 1/8 (d6i voi Fet).

De danh gia ddi dong ella tin hieu vao b¢ khusch d~ vi sai, ta xet df)..c tuyen. truyen. dot tinh Ie = f(Uvi - Uv2) ella no.

Khi gill thiet exp (UBdUT) > > 1, ta co bieu thiic gan dung bieu di~ri quan M giira dong eoleeto Ie va di(ln ap bazo - emto UBE ella tranzistor TI va T2 nhu sau :

(4.90)

, ,

I ,

~

R' E

b)

0)

Hlnh 4.19. BO khuech dai vi sai dung ngu6n dong trong mach emito :

a) so d6 ; b) so d6 tuong duong, reo dIJ"e xac dinh thea (4.29).

92

(4.91)

(4.92)

trong do : IE}' IE2 - dong emito ella tranzistor T} va T2 ; IEbh}, IEbh2 - dong bao hoa emito ella T} va T2, UT - di(ln ap nhiet ella tranzistor.

Gili thiet eli hai tranzistor co dl)c tuy€n tlnh nhu nhau va co cung nhiet dO, ta co

IEbh} = IEbh2 = IEbh

o ch€ dO khu€ch dIP hi~u, dong qua RE khong d6i va co tri s6 IE tOng =:. IF! + IE2·

Thay vao bi~u thuc (4.92) ta nhan dl1Qc

UBE2/UT IE tOng - lEI = IE2 = IEbhe

Thay IEbh trong (4.93) vao (4.91), rut ra dttqc bi~u thirc sau

(4.93)

(4.94)

Tuong tl,t nhu v~y ta tlm duoc bieu thuc d6i vdi dong colecto T2 IEtOng

(4.95)

Cac quan M (4.94) va (4.95) duoc bieu di~n tren hinh 4.20. Nhan xet :

1) Di;lc tuy€n truyen dat co dO d6c Ion nhat khi Ud = USEI - USE2 = 0

dlc1 IE tOng s., Siol

d(UBEl - UBE2) I Ud=O = 4UT = 4" = 2

2) Mi~n khuech dai tuy€n tinh gidi han trong pham vi -{]T < Ud < UT (vdi UT :::::: 30 mV).

3) BO khuech dIP vi sai tra thanh mach han bien khi I Ud I > 4UT.

Co th~ noi rAng mea phi tuy€n xuat hien khi dung bO khuech dIP vi sai nho hen nhisu so vdi truong hop dung mach emito chung. Nguyen nhan chu y€u la do sl,t bu trir d~c tuy€n vao ella hai tranzistor.

Trang bl) khuech dIP vi sai con phai luu y d€n dien. ap uao d"fmg pha cho phep U cmct: Di(ln ap vao d6ng pha cho phep la mot thanh. phan eua di~n ap

1.0

O,B

0,6

0,4

0,2

o -6 -* -2 a 2 4 6 Ud

iJd = iJv,-iJvz = UBE1-iJBEz

Hlnh 4.20. D~c tuytn truyen dat tinh cua bl') khuech dlJi vi sai.

93

uao. Tri s6 cua no khong duoc phep vuot qua mot gia tri nao do de dam bao cho bl? khuech dai lam viec trong mien khuech dai tuyen tinh, nghla la d6i voi tranzistor luang cue phai dam bao dieu ki~n ngat cua diot colecto (xem bang 1.2) va I IE I > 0, doi voi Fet phai dam bao dieu kien I UDS I > > I Un So I va I Is I > O.

4.10.2. Hi~n tu(;mg troi

Trong b~ khuech dai vi sai, cac loai troi hlnh thanh do nhirng nguyen nhan khac nhau (troi nhiet, di~n ap ngu6n khong 6n dinh, tham so tranzistor va linh ki(ln thay d6i) co trj 56 nhu nhau va d~t VaG hai tranzistor d6ng pha d~u khong anh huang den tin hieu ra ; vi cac loai tr6i do tac dung VaG mach gi6ng nhu mot di~n ap d6ng pha. Trong thuc te, mach khong hoan toan d6i xung, do do s\i thay d6i nhiet d¢ gay ra mot di~n ap hieu (troi di~n ap l~ch khong)

I:!.Uo = I:!.UBEI ... I:!.UBE2

Dien ap nay tac dung vao mach nhu mot tin hieu, Khi nhiet d¢ thay doi 1°C, I:!.Uo "" 2 ". 3 mY. TMm uao do, neu dong eoleeto eua transistor ciing thay d6i co 10% thi dien lip l~eh khong dat toi tri so I:!.Uo "" 2,5 ... 3 mY. Ta co the chung minh dieu do nhu sau :

Theo (1.11a) ta suy ra (rbb' = 0)

ICI "" lEI "" IEbh(e UBEI/UT - 1) UBE2/UT

IC2 "" IE2 ::::: IEbh (e - 1)

Tit do tlnh duoc

leI

"" UT In(i + 1) va Ebh

Ie2

UBE2 "" UT In(i + 1) Ebh

Dien lip l~ch khong d~u VaG (do s\i khac nhau cua dong eolecto gay ra) chinh la hieu dien lip bazo - emito

leI + IEbh leI

~UBE = fInEl - UBE2 ::::: UT In ::::: UT In-

Ie2 + IEbh Ie2

Khi kh6ng co tin hieu vao, tren cac d~u vao cua b~ khuech d~ co dong (dong bazo boac dong gate). Hi~u cac dong mot chieu 10 = IBI - IB2 gr;>i Iii. dong l~eh khnng, tri trung blnh dai s6 cua chung goi Iii. dong di~n tInh It:

IBI + IB2

It = 2

Dong di~n nay chay qua cac di~n tra hai ctra vao cung voi su khong d6i xung cua mach gay nan tren d~u ra mot di~n lip l~h khong, Co the khtt di~n ap nay bang each d(lt VaG mot di~n lip l~h kh6ng phu (co dau nguoc 1~) gifia hai ctta VaG cua b() khusch dai vi sai.

94

4.10.3. MOt s6 sa d6 co ban cua bO° khueeh d(li vi sai

C6 th~ mac bQ khuech dai vi sai thea nhieu sCI d6 khac nhau. Tren hinh 4.21 la mot 86 loai SCI d6 hay dung.

+

Rc Rc

Q) b)

+

Ngu6n dong tOi oqng

r+r ---<) iJ rz -L

,et

I

.J.._

e)

Hlnh 4.21. so d6 bO khuech dl;li vi sai .

a) khuech dl;li vi sai Darlington; b) khuech dl;li vi sai Darlington bu ; c) khuech dl;li vi sai c6 h6i tiep 11m dong dien ; d) khuech dai vi sai c6 tai dOng; e) khuech dl;li vi sai Kaskode.

C)

95

So do hhuech. dai vi sai - Darlington (hlnh 4.21a\ co dong tlnh nho va tro khang vao len, co tM dat duoc IB ::::; (5 ... 10) nA va di~n tro vao hieu rd ::::: (10 -:- 20)MO. Mach co nhuoc diem la di~n lip I~ch kMng d~u vao va trci nhiet Ian (± 3 m V va ± 15,uV(lC).

So do khueeh dai vi sai Da:Lington - bu (hlnh 4.21b). So do nay co tlnh chat gi6ng so do 4.21a. So do co uu diem d~c biet la chi co troi cua hai tranzistor dau vao rna khong phai cua ca b6n tranzistor anh htnrng den tr6i di~n lip I~ch khong.

Sa do khuech. dai vi sai co hOi tiep 11m dong dien. (hlnh 4.21c). Nho mac them mot dien tro h6i tiep co (50 -:- 100)0 vao mach emito, nan di~n tro vao tang va me reng duoc mien khuech dai tuyen tinh cua b() khuech dai. Nhung do h6i tiep tim, nan h~ s6 khueeh dai giam.

So do hhuech. dqi vi sai co tdi d¢ng (hinh 4.2d). Trong so do thay di~n tro Rc Mi ngu6n dong co di~n trd trong vi phan Ian nsn co the nhan duoc M s6 khuech dai rat Ian. Ngu6n dong co di~n tro trong vi phan co (1 -:- 10) MO. T3 lam viec trong mien khuech dai, ha lip mot chieu tran nguon dong khoang vai von. Vai so do nay co the dat duoc h~ s6 khuech dai hieu tai 10.000 I~n.

So do khulch dqi vi sai - Kaskode (hlnh 4.21e). So do khuech dai vi sai Kaskode co rat nhieu uu diem. Trong so do nay co the dung tranzistor luang cue, Fet hoac Mn hop tranzistor luang cue Fei deu duoc. So do co trd khang vao Ion, dong tlnh nho, M s6 nen tin hieu dong pha len, di~n dung vao nho do do so d6 co the lam vi~c trong dai tan rong.

4.11. M~ch ghep giua cae tang

Mach ghep giira cac tang co nhiem V1,l truyen. dq: tin hieu tu mot tang sang t~ng tiep thea sao cho ttJn hao tren no nhO nhdt. VI di~n lip ra tang tru(1c thuong khac vci dien lip vao tang tiep theo, nen ngoai nhiem V1,l truy~n dat tin hieu, mach ghep con co nhiem V1,l dicli mile de ph6i hop mile ra tang truoc vai mile vao tang sau, Sau dtiy ta se gioi thieu met s6 each ghep quan trong nhat.

4.11.1. Ghep tn,rc tiep (hinh 4.22a)

Ghep true tiep Ia loai ghep don gian nhA:t. No truy~n dat duqc cac tin hieu met chieu va hay duoc dung trong cae moch. ttJ hop, nhA:t Ia cac mach dung MOS - Fet. Trong each ghep nay, di~n the bazo tang sau phu thuoc vao di~n the colecto t~ng trudc. Day la van de c~n luu y de chon diem lam vi~ tInh khi s11 dung loai ghep nay.

4.~1.2. Ghep ditn tra (hinh 4.22b)

Do co cac dien tra R1, Rz, nen trong mach ghep co ttJn hao va no tao ra mot mile dich. dien. tip nao do. Neu trong mach phan ap co them phan t11 phu thuoc t~n 56, thl mach ghep nay co the tao nan mot ham truy~n dat tuy y phu thuoc tan s6. Trong thuc te, di~n dung vao cua tranzistor tang sau co tham gia vao mach ghep, do do dl1y La mot mach. ghep phu thuoc tan. 86. De truyen cac tin hieu t~n s6 cao, nguoi ta mac song song vdi R} them mot tu di~n. Mach phai thoa man di~u ki~n 10 (qua R1, Rz) > > IBZ sao eho di~n the diem b h~u nhu khong d6i.

Ghep di~n tro it duoc dung trong cdc mack t6 hop, vi cac di~n trd Ian chieni the tich lan, Co the thay Rz boi met nguon dong co di~n tra trong vi phan Ian. Do do 0 t~n s6 thap khi Rl con « (Rv II Rj), hau nhu kh6ng co ha lip tren mach ghep.

96

4.11.3. Ghep diot Zener (hinh 4.22d)

. Trong mach phan ap hlnh 4.22b thay R bCli mot diot Zener, ta co ghep diot Zener.

Loai ghep nay vAn tao ra duoc mot muc dich di~n lip nao do, trong khi ha ap t~n no kMng . dang M, vi dien. tro vi phan. cua diot Zener nh». De eho dint lubn lam vi~ trong khu V\!e Zener, phai co dong Zener co 1 !11A chqy qua diot.

Tang I "'(Jch ghip tNac:o R,

0)

d)

9)

Ur, Rz UV2 Rv 1
I
.t 1 Cv

b)

c)

+

h)

i)

Phon fIJ ghep

ffinh4.22. Mach ghep giiia cac t~ng .

a) ghcp true 'tiep ; b) ghep dien trd ; e) sq d6 tuong duong cua b ; d) ghep diot Zener.

e) ghep tranzistor ; f) ghep RC ; g) ghep bien lip ; h) ghep tranzistor bu ; i) ghep tranzistor biJ vdi b(l khuech dai vi sai ; k) ghep dien quang.

Ghep diot Zener dAt hen cac loai ghep khac, nan no it dUQe dung. De giam gia thanh co the thay diot Zener bCJi m~t hay mc:?t s6 diot thuong mac n6i tiep va dUQe phan cue thuan hoac dung mach ghep tranzistor nhu tren hlnh 4.22e, tranzistor ghep co h6i tiep fun di~n lip va no gift eho di~n lip ra khong ddi. Mach ghep nay thuong dUQe dung trong cac Mng. dlty keo,

97

4.11.4. Ghep RC (hlnh 4.221)

DAy la loai ghep ducc dung ~ng rAi trong cac mach rCJi rae. Di~n dung ghep nglin mach tin hieu tit d!u ra t~ng tru(1c Mi d!u vao t!ng sau. Di~n th~ t~n d!u ra t!ng tru(1c va tren. di'iu VM ti'ing sau co tM chon tuy y, vi kMng co dong mot chieu. 'qua tu ghep, Nhuoc digm co ban nhl1t la mqch. kMng truyen dgt duoc tin hieu co ti'in s6 thap va loai ghep nay gfty ra di pha co thl dnh hu6ng dIn tinh 6n dinh. cua b" khulch dqi, no it duoc dung trong cdc macn t6 hqp vi kh6 tich hop duoc cac tu dien co dien dung lon.

4.11.5. Ghep bien ap (hlnh 4.22g)

DAy IA mot IoEP ghep cel nhat, Dung ghep bi~n ap co thl each. ly duoc v~ dien. giaa dau ra va dau oao va dl ph6i hop tra khang. Tuy nhien, macb ghep bien. 6p co ddi ti'in lam vi~c hep, co kich. thuoc va trong luong ton, kMng tM ghep mot chi~u duoc va kMng tM tich hop duoc. Vl Ii do do hi~n nay no r4t it dugc dung.

4.11.6. Ghep tranzistor bu

Ghep tranzistor bu (hlnh 4.22h) khong nhtrng' co thl dicb muc dien. ap trong mot dai ~ng va vOi CI!C tinh. tuy y ma con cho M 86 khulch dai tin hieu IOn. St;t khac nhau ve di~n thl giiia colecto T 1 va bazo T 2 duqc kM.c phuc boi tranzistor bit T 3' LoEP ghep nay thucng hay duqc dung v(1i bO khusch d~ vi sai (hlnh 4.22i). Su dich mac di~n ap v~ phia duong do b() khusch dai vi sai (T1, T2) gay ra se ducc bu IEP nho bO khuech dEP vi sai bu (T3, T4) va ha ap cua mach lap emito Ts. Trong cac mach tel hop, R3, R4 thirong duoc thay th~ Mi cac ngudn dong.

4.11.7. Ghep ditn Quang (hinh 4.221<)

Ghep di~n quang Ia met loai ghep di~ tri thea kilu ghep biln ap, nhung no co dq,c tinh tan s6 thuan. loi han ghep bien. ap. No cd thg tru~n d~t dUQc tit cac tin hieu. mot chieu dIn cdc tin hieu co tan s6 nam. trong pham vi GHz. Mqch ghep co tM each. di~n duoc toi vai kV. No duoc dung chu y~u dg truy~n d~t cae tin hieu 86. Do phan tit ghep di~n quang co sai s6 phi tuy~n tuong 'd6i Ion (c(J vai %0 d~n 1 %), n~n dQ chinh xac cua mach ghep IoEP nay co gidi han, N~u dung manh ghep nAy trong so d"f) day keo thl sai s6 phi tuy~n co duoc bu mot phan.

98

Chtnrng 5

, _, K _ ,,_

CAC sa £)0 KHUECH £)AI CHUYEN DUNG VA TAP AM

TRONG BO KHUECH £)~I ..

5.1. B9 khuech d~i chon IQc 5.1.1. Khili ni(!m

B9 khuach dai chcn.loc co nhiern vu khusch dai tin hieu trong 1119t dai bin va nen tin

hieu ngoai dai tan do; " ,

Trong ca c b9 khuech dai chon loc, di~n tro' tei duo'c thay the bO'i mot. me eli c9ng" 1Hl'O'Ilg" hone mot: IWJch 19C. Cac di~n dung ra ciia tang, song song vo'i mach cong huong se lam thay d6i chut it tan so cong huong, nhung khong anh hirong den he so khuech dai cua mach & tan so cao nhir trong bi? khuech dai tai dien tro. Do d6 b(j klniecl: a?i cbou 19C co the khuecl: aCjli tin bieu co tcln s(f cao 11O'n so v6'i be;! khuech dei t:h ai~lJ trc;

Bekhuech d~l chon loc thuong duoc dung trong .cac tang cao tan cua may thu thanh, duoc dung de khuech dai tai tin trong may phat tha~h. Cac tang khuach dai trung gian trong may thu thanh, thu hinh cung la cac bi? khuech dai chon loc.

Csc chi tieu co' ban aijt ra aOl voi mot bij kbuech aCjli chon 19c Iii ar) khuech dei, tinh chon 19C veo tclJ1 so; tinh on dinh, tep am, mea phi tuyen. Ngnai nlnrng chi tieu tren con co the dua ra nhimg yeu cau khac, nhu yeu cau ve kha nang W d(>ng dieu chinh he so khuech dai de dam bao mire d(> tin hieu ra khong d6i khi mire tin hieu vao thay d6i, ve kha nang W d9ng dieu chinh tan so va W dieu chinh dai thong,

5.1.2 Van de chon IQc tan so khuech d~i

De dam ba o tinh cho n lo c ve tan so' cu a bi? khue'ch d~i, co the' t.hu c h i e n m a ch thea mo t trong ba dang sau (hinh 5.1)

- MAc xen ke mo t so' m a t loc RLC vo'i vai tang khuech dai I1Qc phan bo)

- M<1c m o t mach l o c gom nhieu mat lee v6'i met bg khuech dai nhieu tang (Ioc tap trung).

- Gh ep hoi tle'p tu dau ra ve dau vao bi? khusch dai thong

~ [> L9GRLC1 ·1 [> L9GRLC~


b)
'--1 toe I$p Irung 1 ·1 t}> •
c)

~ Kh8u 19G Rcll- --.1.1 ~

..

qua cac khau loc RC (IQc tich C\!C Hinh s.i. Cac dang srr d(1 khueeh dai chon 1 • .'c.

RC) a) hC, khuech dai chon luc phan hr.; h) hi) khuech dai chon Inc tap

trung; clb(, lee tich cue Re.

99

Thuong c6 g:1ng mac cac phan tit chon IQc ngay a dl1u vao b(l khusch dIP d~ tranh qua ap va tranh di~u ch~ giao thoa.

5.1.3. v4n d4i 6n dlnh eua bO khu'eh d,i

Nhu da xet trong chuong 4, a tl1ns6 cao, phai M d~n anh huang cua Mi tiep tit dl1u ra v~ dl1u vao b(l khusch dIP thong qua dien. dung giiia cue eua phan. tU hhuech. dai. Dac bi~t trong b(l khuteh dai chon. lQC tro kluuig tdi r(£t Ion, do d6 M s6 khuech dai cua mach rl1t Ian lam tang dien. tip Mi titp v~ d~u vao c6 tM 'dlin d~n hi~n tugng t\1 kich cua mach.

Bi~t rang, M s6 khuech dIP eua mot b(l khusch d,p. co Mi ti~p duoc xac dinh theo bi~u thuc (2.1). Theo do, n~u

11 + KKhtl =e;; 1

thl mach co h6i ti~p duong. Tit (5.1) suy ra di~u ki~n t\1 klch cua mach

KKht ;;, 1 (5.2)

V~y M s6 khusch dai cua mach cang Ion thl mach cang kern 6n dinh, Tit di~u ki~n (5.2); theo [4], nguoi ta da chung minh duoc rAng : git'1i han cua M s6 khuech dIP d~ dam bao c1n dinh, co th~" xac dinh thea di~u ki~n (5.3) :

s; = (0,45 + 0,63)~ S/wC12 , (5.3)

(5.1)

trong do Ks - M s6 khuech d,p. 6n dinh ;

S - M dlin cua phan tit tlch cue ; t» - Mn s6 cling tac ;

C 12 - di~n dung h6i ti~p tit dl1u ra v~ d~u vao,

De mach lam viec c1n dinh, M s6 khuech dIP K cua no phai luen luen nhO hon hoac t6i da la bang M s6 khuech dIP c1n dinh Ks'

Tan 86 lam oiec cang eao, cang kh6 dq_t duoc M 86 khuech. dq_i lon, ntu din dam btio 6n dinh,

Han che M so khusch dai khong phai la m(lt bi~n phap tlch cue, nhung duoc ap dung rong rai trong cac b(l khusch dIP dung den di~n tit. Vai cac tranzistor, dung bien phap nay khong co Igi, vi Gl2 cua tranzistor km, do d6 Ks nhe va M s6 khuech dIP K cung buoc phai nh6.

M¢t bien phap tlch cue d~ dam bao On dinh rna khong lam giam M s6 khuech dIP la bien. phap trung hoa, 0 dAy nguoi ta dung met mach h6i ti~p ben ngoai d~ khit tac dung hOi ti~p bsn trong. MI;lCh do duoc goi Ia mach trung hoa, Mach trung hoa la mot mang b6n cue mac tit d~u ra v~ d~u vao va song song vt'1i mang b6n cue khusch dai, do d6 ddn nap cua mot mang b6n cue khuech d,p. c6 trung hoa dugc xac dinh nhu sau:

Yij• = Yij + Yij Yij• - ddn nap cua phan tit khusch dIP co trung hoa

Yij - ddn nap cua mang b6n cue khuech dIP ;

Yij - dan nap cua mang bon cue trung hoa.

KMo sat so d6 tuong dtrong va cac phuong trlnh cua no, da eho thl1y chfnh Y12 gAy ra h6i ti~p tit dl1u ra v~ d~u vao, do do mach trung hoa co nhiem V1,1 lam triet tieu

(5.4)

Y12, sao cho :

100