Metraan Arcot md ArhacretySpeil se YL 6,803, p-1I118 Copyright © 2006 MAA Pineda Greve Alihseeved A study of catasterisms in the ‘phaenomena’ of Aratus ‘A. Rousseau and S. Dimitrakoudis! Section of Astrophysics, Astronomy and Mechanics, University of Athens, Greece (st.seleukos@gmail.com & archeorely@yahoo.fr) Received: 20/4/2006 Accepted: 15/10/2006 Abstract We provide afresh analysis ofthe constellations in Aratos’ Phacnomena, by using the astronomical program CyberSky (by Stephen Schimp2) to check each reference of constellations within the poem for validity in 2800 BCE and 300 BCE (the latter accounting for the broader period of time covering Eudoxus of Cnids and Aratus of Soli). In each case, the latitude of observation was chosen to be 36° ‘North, in agreement with the area of the sky that is not covered in the descriptions of Aratus (and con- tains the unseen constellations for a particular latitude). Each constellation was traced back to its Greek mythological origin through the various writers of antiquity. Our results are collected in a table of the constellations mentioned by Aratus in his epic poem, with respect to the ancient authors who have mentioned each constellation, shaping its myth, the locations on the earth each constellation is associated with and the most likely date of observation, according to Aratus' description, and taking into account precession and the proper motion of stars. Keywords: Aratus, constellations, catasterism, astronomy, Eratosthenes, Hygimus. Introduction 1 276/275 BCE the poet Arats of Soli was tasked by king Antigomus Gonats of Macedonia to write an ple poem about the constellations, based on the astronomical work Phaenomena of Eudoxus (around 370 BCE). The result, Phaenomena kai Diosemeis ‘became the third most popular poetic text in antiqui- 'y, alter Homer's Iliad and Odyssey, acl was widely commented upon by a plethora of later astronomers, including Hipparchus. The mest important issue raised by the poem's commentators was that it can- tained a multitude of astronomical errors that were attributed to either oversights on the part of Eudexus ‘or misunderstandings on the part of Aratu. Some ofthese errors were explained by the discov- ery ofthe phenomenon of precession. Recently (Oven- den, 1966; Roy, 1984; Rogers, 1998b) the other dis crepancies were explained aveay by theorizing that the {initial observations, on which Fudewus based his ‘work, were made in 2600 (2800) BCE. These obser- vations are predominantly in the tropics and the equa- tor, where the constellations are split between the (wo =eA. Rousseau and 5. Dimitrakoudis dates of observation. More recently, this approach bas been undertaken for individual stars that designate those three circles (Henrikson & Blomberg, 2000), again with mixed results, although there appears tobe aaclear majority of star positions that correspond to the Minoan Age. Moreover, in the mythologies linked with constellations, we can also find, in spite of hon- cur, love, or piety, some stories linked with agrarian ‘works and navigation. Discussion 1k fs indeed true that many references in the Greek texts seem to concern navigators; and if Aratus and then Fudoxus used the technique of ecphrasisin their descriptions, itis perhaps not only for teaching. purposes but most of all to adhere to the logic of « celestial globe. For example, by reading this sentence cof Aratus about Hyeira, we can see the logie of ead- ing ona celestial globe: “ls head reaches the middle of the Crab, and its folds go under Lion's corpse, but its tal is hanged under Centaur; In the middle of ts folds, the erater is laying, and to its extreme part, we can see crow’s pic ‘are which seems hitting Hyer with his beak." Could this celestial globe, depicting a sky seen 2000/2800 years BCE, already represent the signs of the zodiac, when the development ofthe laters gen- erally accepted to have occurred in the 6th century BCE? What is more, did the figures on the celestial slobe which represent personages of Greek mytholo- ay, already exist during this period? Phoenician and Minoan navigators had their iythologies linked to some catasterisms. The most probable hypothesis s that Minoans had transposed their local mythologies into the catasterism myths (predominance of Zeus, his childhood in Crete, story of Taurus with Europe, Argo ship, ete). Indeed the catasterisms linked with Cretan elvlisation are the ‘most numerous and the most ancient quoted by Greek scholars. Then the transmission of this know|- edge could have been presumably from Mesopotamia to Greece, Indeed, we ean see obvious correlations between constellations visible in 2800 BCE and those both visible in 300 BCE and 2800 BCE and ‘Mesopotamian constellations quoted in MUL.APIN, Tablets or Three Stars exch Tablets (Rogers, 19984), Phoenicians who practised divination, could have wansformed agrarian astronomy (used by ‘Mesopotamians) into astronomy applied to naviga- tion, Some of our catasterisms are linked with Phoenicia and the town of Tyre. Europa, for example, used to live in Tyre, We can also find a reference to Derketo, a Phoenician goddess. 1k is obvious that catasterisms were used for remembering more easly the signifiations of con- stellations used for agrarian, directional and religious Purposes. ‘Then, they were also used for the unity of the cal- cendar in the numerous regions of Greece. So the actual names of our constellations are inherited from the Ancient Greeks, who themselves ‘may have inherited them from Mesopotamia, before changing their names. This travel to Greece may have been done by the way of seamen, probably Pho ian and Minoan, But this is just a large drawing of the transmission of catasterisms; there must have been a port of call, lke Egypt for example, But this point will be developed soon in a further anice, Catalogue of constellations ‘The catalogue comprises of four columns. The first column contains the name of each constellation in Latin, with its name in Aratus’ Phaenomena transliterated from the Greek original (bt parenthe- sis). Celestial forms that are not proper constella tions are given by their names in English ollowed by their transliteration from Greek (i parenthesis) and the modern names of the astronomical objects they entail (in square brackets). “The second column deals withthe representation of each constellation in the works of various authors of antiquity. They are: Aratus (AR), Eratosthenes CER), Hyginus (HY), Diodiorus Sicelus (D1), Ovid's Metamorphosis (OVM), Ovid’s Fasti (OVF), Ovid's Fabulae (OVPab), Homer's liad (HOD, Homer's Odyssey (HOO), Hesiod (HE), Apollodorus (AP) 12A STUDY OF CATASTERISS I THE FEAENOMENA OF ARATUS ‘Table 1: Classification of constellations in Phaenomena Constellation | Representation Location Date of cbservation as deserbed {in Phaenomena “Taurus GHaaros) | Bull (AR) /Taorus who carried | Europa tavelled from Phoenicia |300CEq) Europain Cree (HV/-ER!)/—_|t0 Crete (APER-HY) /o pursued] Cow, reer offo (HV-ER)/ by orselly wet to Tonic gulf Jupiter transformed inxoabull _|then by Thracian strait, Bosporus (OVF)/Puos heifer (OVF) | Seythia, roamed between Europe and Asia o Egypt, then Syria and nally Egypt (AP) / Europa wasliving in Tyre, daughter of Sidon" (OVF).. Tyades (iyades) | Hyades (HE-HOTER ARV), [They were chased aay by name well known by tradition | yeurgus, king of Nemea (ARY/5 daughtersof Alas and fin Argolis (HY), / They sent ‘Athra, and one son called Hyas_ | Dioysus to Thebes (HY). (HV2)/7 daughters of yas and Boiotia (V9) Dionysus's ‘annies (HY.OYP), called before Dodonu's nymphs (HY) stars called Hyades by Greek sailors (OVE) /Granddaaghter of Ocean and Thetys (OVF) /6 sisters and yas, sons and daughters of Ail and Aithra (OVE). ee eon) | Lion (AR)(CZodiacal ion [Nemeain Argols (ERY) |300(TCae), 300(Leo) (ERHY)/Nemean lion (ERY) spas ‘Scorpion (AR) Scorpion which | Chios Toland (ERY RDO THCARY (Soepios) lulled Orion (ER-HY) ‘Aquaris iplrochoos, with some water | Deualion was King af Phe, tn [300 rCap) (iydrochoos) | under is fet (AR) /Ganymedes | Thess. Ganymede lived in Troy (VER) /Devealion (HY")/-—— | and Cecrps wasthe king o Attica Cecrops (HY) isc Assrinas | Southern fish (AR)/Biglich | Bambyce (ER) /Syria (1) | 2500(Ce) (oriosiethys) | which drunk the water of Aquarius (ER) / Fish who saved Derketo ER’), or sis (HY) “aula hetos) — | Eagle (AR) /Eagle who caried |The eagle appeared oZews | 300(Le0) uth(Cap) Ganymedes to Zeus (ER-HY)/ |i Naxos (FR) /Kos Island ‘Omen epresented by the eagle | far Merops (HY) in Egypt, which appeared to Zeus when he | where Vern met Mercury ‘wasabouttofightagainst the | (HY)/ Achelous river, where Titans ERHY)/Merops | Vern istaking twansformed into an eagle (HY) | her ath (HY) Eagle which sole Vern shoe (1) Tip (ijn) | Hydra (AR) /Sexpent or Hera S00(Leo), Nether although palled out roma jet (ER) / yaa} 2800 e'sabitboterCAgr), ‘i that impedes the thirsty crow Both Vi), both Seo), ‘ior reaching the crater (HY) both Cap) ‘Giaer eaten) | Cater (ARV Cup used by crow | Town caed Eleonte in [Both (Ea) (ER)/ plier (ER) Crater where |Chersonesss in Thrace (HY) blood and wine ae blended | Mastusian sea and port called (HY!) /Tearus' eupClTV!2) Jar | Center” (HY) ‘where Mars was imprisoned (HY) 13.‘A, Rousseau and S. Dimitrakoudis {Corvus (Korsx) | Ren (AR) / Apel cx (ERY) 2800Ea) Gemini “wins (OH-AR)/Discur (ER) | They grew up ih asm (ER)7 2800 CaS) (ycimei) | Castorand Pollux (OVF-HY")/ | Castor was killed at Aphidnae Hercalesand Apollo (H¥)/ | (Y-OVF) Caso was led Tripiolemus and jason HY) _| in Sparta (HY) Vise ‘aiden, daughter of Astrea (ARY | Athens and Aca OTT" S00TCaT (Pathenes) | and Aurora (HY) / “The personification of justice {AR)/ (Dik, daughter of Zeus and Themis (HYIS-ER!9)/ Demeter (HY-ER)/Iss (ER)/ ‘Ataris (ER) /Tyché ERY Erigone (HY)/Parthenos (HY) Sagitarias The wielder ofthe Bow (AR)7 | Cros ved on Helicon ERC) Both Ea) CTowotes) Archer, considered by many as ‘centaur: Cots, repesened with acrown under him CER-HY") He tsrepresented wih asmall bat under hin (ER) roy Fishes with celestial pode (AR) | Sia, hear Euphrates (OVA) Gehahyes) 1 Grandsons of Southern sh (ER) / Fishes who saved Vems and Cupido (OV), sons of the Southern fish (HY!) ‘Ares (Ros) |The vam (ARY/ Ram with golden | The am cared Pros to Euxn’s [2600(Eq) fleece that eared Phrixosand | bridge to Aites, king of Calehid Helle and was given to themy | CHY) and went by hse othe Nephele (OVF-ER-HY)/Omen_|sky (OVF-ER)/Phrixos was symbolized by aram that sved_| born nthe town of Orchomenus Liber from thins (HY) /Man_ | Bosotis oF was bora in called Hammon who was the fst] Thessalia (HY) tn Alea rman to give some cattle wLiber| where was built the temple of in afeea (2) Jupiter Hamm (117) Egy ‘Cancer Rakin} Gab (AR) /rab which bi | Swamnp of Lerna (ER) [300 CTCned Heracles during is Sight against Hiya HV-ER)/ ‘ass Asselins | Asses (ARD/ (Diyas Hepes | Swamp of Thesprotia in Epes, “Australis: 6 Canc] and Sayrs asses (HV-ER)/Ases | nea of Dodonean and Aslus | which helped Lberto goto Doone | Jupiter's temple (HY) Borealis: y Caner) (HY) /Liber permed to anasto [neil speak, butt was killed, then iors plan iin dhe sy (HY) ‘The manger | The manger (AR) /Cowshed (ERY (tH orPracsepe) {Phatnel ‘abra (Chl) | Chyla (AR) Whigs (OVP) Boattap Gapricorms | Aegokeros (AR) Son of ipa, [OR Was mountain (ER)7 [Both (Ea) igokeros) | and fosterbrother Zeus | Egype (HY) (ER? HY) Pan's metamorphosis ac Typhon's arrival (12>) ‘Orion (Orion) | Orion, (HE-HIOO-HOLAR-H- | Chis Taland (AR Grete [500 within 5 accepiable ER-OVF) killed by a Scorpion (OVE-ERHY-AR) was with Oenopion (HY) “ue GER-HY) /Orion, killed when he |to Hipparchus(Eq), 300(Cne), both Seo), both See)‘Ara (Thyterion) Alter where dhe pds sealed their alliance befor their war against she Titans, built bythe Cyclops (ARHV-ER) A STUDY OF CATASTERISMS INTHE PHAENOMENA’ OF ARATUS 2200-13508CEy its relation 10 | Arceurs) ®, both(Cap), boar) Ficiades Pleiades) Piciades (AR-EROVE-HE- HOO-HOD 15 (HY) daughters of Alas and Ploné (FV?.OVF) esperid garden (ER) Deseo (Drakon) Dragon (AR) /Bigsnake, keeper of golden apples (ERY) / Dragon send by gintsto fight Minerva (HY) Trabajo (like) (Chariot (AR-HY)/2 bears, nannies of Zeus, Helike was ‘used by Achaean sallors(AR)/ Callisto (HV2-AP), daughter of Tyeacn (HV?-ER*.AP)/ Megisto daughter of Coteus and randdauhter of Lyeaon (HY?) Miamaxa (HY)/ Nanny ofZe0s (AR-DDY Calisto, Cmosure (OVE) [Grete (AR) Tyson was King of Arcadia’ Arcadia (HY) / Noacrs Mountain for Megisto (HY) Myth of Crete where tis goddess was venerated in the town of Engyon (HY)/ Each dweller of Peloponnesus wed this bear (HY! Usa Minor (posure) Bear called chariat (HOO-HOD [Chariot (AR) /2 bears, nannies of Zens, Kynosoura was used by Phencian sailors (AR) / Heli COVEY Phoinike (HY, nymph of Artemis CER) /Kynosour, rymph of Ida and nanny of Zeus (ERY Areas, sm of Callisto (HY) Grete (ARV Kynosoura was the same ofthe portand a neighbourhood of acy, es or Hysol founded by Niostrates (ER) / Phoenicians used this bear (G19) Temple of Lei Jupiter in Arcadia (i¥9/ Hercles (Engonasin) Fre knelr,Engorasin (AR) Heracles with chub and o's skin QDR) (Theses (VY Cates: Lycan'sson and Meis's fates (HV?) /Thameys blinded by Muses (HY) / Orpheus led by Tracan women (HY) / Hercules OvN ighnngLigrians CH) ion wis chains Propethaus with ebains (HY) Aer Feraces Killed the Fespend's serpent: Hesperd garden (HV-FR) 7 Ellopia, near Telthrion mount, [onthe north of Eubee for Theseus (HY) /Areadia for Ceeus/ Thracia for Orpheus (FY) / Tesvtory of Ligurian (HY) / Thessaia, ixion was king of the Laplthes/ Caucasus mount for Prometheus (HY) / P300(Le0), BouhCLib), bora (Ophiovchs) + Serpens (Ophis) [Ophiuchus (OV) /Ophichus vsnake (AR) /Asclepi) (HY? -ER) + snake (ER) /Anguitenens is the usual roman name (HY)/ Carnabon fighting Trptlemus's rogon (HY?) / Hercules fighting Shake (HY) Topas or Phas (GY ging adeagon (2) Traci, for arabes, ingoT Ge (HY) in Lyin near the Sagas iver, which isa Phrygian river, Hercules killed the snake and hen went bak to Arges. (HY) / Topas washing of Tessa (HY) 1 Phorbes came to Rhodos which ‘vasa island infested with snakey called “Ophivsss", then Rhodians made a sacrifice before their sailors went 19 sea (HY) 2RO0CTHCa), 2ROO CED, 300(Crn), 300(Gem), both(Lib), bot Sr) ‘Bootes (Booted Astaphan) Herdsman (AR-OVE HOO), Bear keeper, Arcturus, Aretopbylax (AR) /Bear keeper called Areas, son of Zeus and cas lived in atown called Tapezonte in southwest Arcadia (ER) / sanctuary of Zeus Lycaios} (HV-ER) / Athens and Aiea (2¥)| as. 300(Cac), 300(Tan), Both Lib)‘A. Rousseau and S. Dimiteakouis Callito(FTVER™) /Arctophylae (8 /earos HY) /Philomelos, som of Ceres and Jsion (HY) / Men who killed learos went to Keos Island, which was hit by disease and hunger (HY)/ PPhilomelos had one son, called. arias, whose became king of Parians and of Farlow town (HY) ‘aries ‘Gharotzer (AR) /Erichionios Athens’ Acropolis (ER) / Argos [2500(TCn2), 3006), (eniochos) | (ERHY) /Henochius (HY)/ | (14Y)/Myztos Island near Eubes|boeCTa) Auriga the Lain name (HY) / | (OVFab*) Orslogue (HY) /Myetlos (eR) ‘Theshe goat | Gout called Olean goat and her [Ta mouat in Greie ERATOVF] and herkids | kids (AR) /Gout (OVF®!AVER),|/ Aixand Helice gave thelr names (i.gmAweand | daughterof Helios, ny of Zeus, | to uhree towns: Olenon in Auld, pla) ‘grenby Amnakea (OVE-HVER) | Helice in Peloponnesus and Aege {igal 1 Axcand Hele, éaghersof |i Haemeonia (HY) ‘Olenos nannies of Jupiter (HY) daughters of Metisse"), Iking of Crete which had to feed Jupiter as ababy (HY), but as be didn’t have mil, a goat named] -Amalthea brought len up with her 2 kids GY") / Aix wasa ‘goat like Amalthes, which fed Jupiter as ababy (AR-AP) The ‘passion of jupiter fr Aix, wife of an, ge birth oEgipan or Jupiter Egioehos (HY?) ‘Ces (ics) | Sea Monster, Cetus (AR-ER-AY) [300 (ErCap), Both(Lb), Bath sent by Poseidon kill (Seo) othC Tan) bot(Ger) ‘Andromeda (ER-HY) Fides ver all ofa: Eidans (AR) 3007 Gem), Bon) (Exidanes) __| / ile (ER-18Y) / Ocean CY) ‘egasus (Hippos) | Horse that made Hippocrene’= | Welicon maou in Beotia (ARER] T000(TxGue), Neher date bat soure spurting owt(AR)/ | Hippocrene's source (AR) called | Hipparchus finds no fauleLib), Fippoctene’shorse (ER)/ | today Kyopigndi/Argosand —_ fboth(Vie) egisus (ERHY37.OVF) Hip | Lye for Bellerophon (HY) (ERY? /Ballerophon's horse (HY)/ Prophets swansformed iewo.amare 11Y) Conca ‘Cena (AR) /Chiron (ER-OVF) | Chiron weed Tve [2800, cough Hipparchus finds (ensures) | /Centaue called Pholos (HY) | on Me Pelion (ER) no fale CxCap), 300 (P<), both Lib), both Seo) Tapas Therion) | Beast (AR-ER)/ wine flask (ER) 00(Ps),both(Seo) victim of the centaur (HY) ‘ego Geo) | Argo (ARER-HY) Rego was all Tn Magaesta, [300 (Wie, 300 (Cap), both (LB) : caster region ofThesali in |300 (Sye), 300 though 2800 is arownealed Demetras, rear Jao close (So), both (119) ‘Actian’s All's temple HY") Cephens Capea ERA ‘King of Ethiopia (ERY) — | 500 (Se), 300 though 200 (kephers) sso close (5c, bah (Lib) Cassiopeia] Castanea AERA) Ep F300 though 2800 also (Kassiepeia) lose (Seo) -1is-A STUDY OF CATASTIRIS 1N THE PHAENOMEWE OF ARATUS Andromeda | Andromeda (AR-ER-IHY) Ethiopia /2800(txCne), 300(440), (Andromeda) both( Lib), bot(Sex) Perseus (Ferseas) [Bom in Seriphos he underoak | 300CIrCn), 300(Cap), aquest tobehead the Medssa, | both(Agr), beth(An) beyond the Ocean. On bisretum, Ine passed over Ethiopia, where he rescued Andromeda from the | Sea Monster (Ketos). He returned| tohismateral bome-cty of Argos ee and later retzed to Tyrins (AP) ‘Corona Horeaie | Aradne's crown (ARCERAY [On Minos ersitoryin Grete | 300(Ghe), Nether dae bu (Geephanos) | OVE-OVM) /es'crown given |(ER-HY)/Dia Island (HV)/ | Hipparchus finds no faul(Lib), to Liber (HY) Theseus’ crown |Neae Argos territory, ata gate to | both(Sco) am Hades called Stephanos (HY) _ Fangalom Delia (A /*Dela, fastener Nether) (Deters) of zeus (ER) “Delia fom of the Nile (ERD /Deltoton (1) irs eter of Jupiter form of Ni coc form af Silly (HY) Tyra (Ghaja) | Hermes’ AR-ERSY) ype CAR” | Manian ealed Lefhethres, on ]300(Vir), botb(Lib,bothiSen, ER-HY.OVF) ture scale (AR)/ |Panges, pace where Orpheus | 2800 though 300 isalso Orpheus bye (ER-HY) ied (ER) /Moune Olympos | elose(Cap) separating Macedonia and Thrace (GTY9/ Mount Cyllen in Arcadia, place where Hermes bil his yt (QT¥y Lesbos Island (HY) Gams Omi) | Bin (AR) Zeus metamorphosed | RMhamnonta in Aiea (ER) 30s), Neither dat bat ito Cyrus to seduce Nemesis ipparcius finds no fault(Lib) ceRay)/ Sagina (isos) [Arrow (AR) Apollos arow In iyperborea ear a temple made | Bac, ok (Cap) ‘sed toll the Cyclopes (ER) |offeathers (FR / (Mount Cancae Hercules’ arrow used tll he fin Seythi) cage which ae Prometheus’ iver G7) : Delphi (Deis | Dolphin (ARERTI/ Tyenian | Alla Ialand coast (ER) Naxos [Band sles changed into dolphins by |island (HY) From Sicilian seato aber (Y"°) Dolphin which [Tenare which ia Laconian transponed Avion (HY-OVP) | headland for Aioe (HY) Canis major jen | Orion's dog (ARER-HOD)7 | Thebes for Cephalos (ER) | 300(trCap), 300%Lz0), 3005), Situs (AR) Europe's dog, then |Macradied ina welcalled | 300(Vit) Cephaos'dog (AR-ER)Iearos's | Anigros in Attica (HY) dog (H¥-OVF) called Macra (HY) aris tainor Procyon (AR) 7Prosjon, BOOCTEY,BoRRC CART rocyon) Orion's dog AR-ER) | Lepas(Lagnos) —] Grey Fare, without name (AR)7 | People of Lemnos Taland placed [300(IxCap), 300(Le0), Hare pursued by Orion's dog |the aren the sky toremember | both See) (ERY Hares of Lemnos |this tragedy (HY) stand (HY) and the Orphic Hymns (OH), different sources, Bold font denotes the names of key The third column details the locations entaled in _Tocations in each myth. Italic font denotes supple- the myths behind each constellation, according tothe mentary mythological information, ur‘A. Rousseau and 5, Ditltrakoudis “The fourth column isthe product of our study of the validity of Aratus' observations in 2800 BCE and 300 BCE, Results that are derived from the locations of constellations on the Equator or the Tropics ae in bold font, with the celestial circle utilized in each ‘case in parenthesis, while results derived from the risings of constellations include the name of the uti- lized constellation in parenthesis, Specifically: (FiCne): From the description of the tropic of Cancer (FiCap): From the description of the tropic of Capricomnus (Eq): From the description ofthe Equator (Lib): From the rising of specified constellation Gin this case Libra) 300 text (): True in 300BCE with [text] condi tions from the deseription of 0 2800 text (): True in 2B00BCE with [text] cond tions from the description of Bold: Having todo with the tropics and equator ‘Normal: Having to do with the rsings of zodiacal constellations Italic: Having to do with the description of con- stellations €-g 300(TrC) means thatthe constellation isas ‘Aatus describes itn 300BCE and notin 2B00BCE, References Bérard, V. 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Phainomens, In Astronomy and cultural diversity, Pro ceedings ofthe International Confrence sOxford VI ‘and SEAC 99», La Laguna, 21-29 jne 1999, Tenerife, 300-310, Endnotes: 1 ER and HY quoted Euripides in Phriaos, (Vth century 300 BCE fo he origin ofthe my, 2HY or ER quoted Musaeus, a Greek scholar, for the origin the my, > Hy quted Alexander Poybisto (eum 0 00] for the eign ofthe myth 4 quoted Peres of Aens (VI centry 300 BCE) 2 HY quoted Aclepiades of Tragi (Veet 300 0CE) ‘ER quaed Pesan of Rhodes (VI enry BC) 7 sty quoted Hepesanac in Pemmeny (Und entry 300 BCE) forthe origin ofthis myth ‘er quoted Eu (1V th cetury 300 BCE) 2 ER & HY quoted Cea (Vth centr 300 CE) fr the ‘origin of the myth, aus|ASTUDY OF CATASTERSMS IN THE PHATROMENS OF ARATUS 2 ER and HY quoted Aglaosthenes (IVth century 300 CE) forthe origin ofthe myth. 1 pay quoted Phylacus lll century 300 BCE) who sid that ancient astronomers placed this cup int the sky, forthe orgin ofthe myth 1 quoted ER (forthe origin af the myth 19 44Y quoted “aot of astronomers” of “some astronomical books", or the origin of he myth Hy quoted AR forthe origin ofthe myth, 2S Hy quoted Hesiod and ER Hesiod and AR forthe origin ofthismyth. 261, in the chapter about Bootes, with the story flares snd Ergon 27 ER and HY quoted Sostheus Mn century 300 BCE)for the origin of the myth 28 Hy quoted Diogenes of Eritrea (Und Wd CF) forthe cxgin ofthe myth HY quoted wrongly ER, fr the origin ofthe myth. 2 quoted Hermipps (Ie century 300 BCE), forthe ‘rg ofthe myth. 21H quoted Leo the Egyptian forthe origin ofthe myth. 22 R quowed Epimenidas in Creica, (VI th century 300 wer) 241 quoted “Egyptian pret and some poets forthe or sinofthe myth. 2+H1Y 6 FR quoted Hesiod, but we are not sure that Hesiod developed this myth 2 Hy quoted Araios of Teens (Vib, 1th centuries 300 CE) fr the origin of thie yh, 2 ry quoted that Thales was the fist co call it Bea, becuse he was Phenican (according to Herodote of Mile) 2 HY quoted Araiios of Tages and Anacreon (it dees't seems tobe the famous Anaereen of eos but a poet suthor of Phaceoment) for the origin ofthis myth, 28 HY quoted Aeschylus (Vith Vth century 300 BCE) in Delivered Prometheus (los ok) for the origin ofthis myth. 24ry quoted Polyzeus of Rhodes in Rhoda (7), forthe origi ofthis yh 20 HY quoted Hermippus and Peelides, mythopraph of Crete >The ids are mentioned but nt explained. ‘Amalie and Melise, legends see Amalthela like nymph (Ovid, Fi 115-128; ppoedorus Libri, 1,6) o ike a goa PHY quoted Parmeniscus forthe origin ofthe myth +1 quoted that Clesrats of Tenedos (Vth BCE) was the fis to mention theses 2 is. ER quoted Evemers of Mesene (Vth or Ul etary BCE), forthe origin of he myth 26 quoted Homer nad or the eign ofthe myth, Ty quoted AR (who do noe mention Peas) and “alot, of thors” forthe origin ofthe myth ER and HY quoted Euripides in Melanppe cha or the origin of he nyt >on quoted Callimachs (ed BCE) for the origin of the ryth “ER quoted Euripides for this mention “gy quoted Conon the mathematician for the irvention of this conselation (id BCE) and Callimachus. in Ovid, Fable 84 for Myztlos endnote frm transl toraf tv, Prats (405-405) claims that tbe constellation Arnis opposite to Arcs. The commentators Atlus a ‘ipprchusexpanthat what mean isthat Arisa far avy rom the South Pleas Arcturus is rm the North ole, Hlppachus states tht that i mo te, since Arcturus ie 59 from the Noh Pole, while Aras cy 46" from the South Pole. Depending onthe pint of reference used for Ar, Aratus claim would have been ru sometime within the tne range 2200 BCE — 1350 BCE. as.