Mini Project “10 SPEEDOMETER

MINI PROJECT
REPORT
DIGITAL SPEEDOMETER

SUBMITTED BY,

JOMESH JOSEPH (19)

JOSE TOM K (20)

VINUPRASAD O M (61)

DHANESH PRAKASAN (69)

GUIDED BY,

SHAMLA B

SENIOR LECTURER

DEPT. OF ECE

GEC THRISSUR

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We here by acknowledge our sincere gratitude to all persons who have helped us in
completing our project.

We are grateful to Dr. Indiradevi K. P., Professor and Head, Department of Electronics
and Communication Engineering, for her constant support.

We are greatly indebted to our project guide Mrs. Shamla B., Senior Lecturer,
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, for her valuable guidance in this
endeavor.

We are thankful to all non-teaching staffs for their help in manufacturing of Printed
Circuit Board.

We express our gratitude to all other faculty members, seniors and our classmates who
have constantly encouraged and helped us in completing this project successfully. We thank all
persons who have directly or indirectly made their contribution in this project.

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CONTENTS
1. Introduction
1.1 Aim

1.2 Area of Project

1.3 Motivation

2. Detailed Discussion
2.1 Block Diagram

2.1.1 Input Section

2.1.2 Timer Section

2.1.3 Output Section

2.2 Component Details

2.3 Principle and Working

3. Design and Implementation

3.1 Design

3.2 Implementation

3.2.1 Main Circuitry

3.2.2 Input Section

3.2.3 Mechanical Section

3.2.4 PCB Layout

3.3 Cost of Production

4. Hurdles Faced
5. Application
6. Conclusion
7. Bibliography

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ABSTRACT

The aim of our project is to develop prototype of a product “Digital Speedometer”.

It's used to measure speed up to 999 kmph with a resolution of 1 kmph. It's a hardware project
done in the field of Digital Electronics and Instrumentation. It can replace ordinary analog
speedometer which has low range and resolution. It's rather inexpensive and can be used in
almost all vehicles. It can also be used for measuring speed on industrial machinery and modified
version of circuitry can be used as an rpm counter.

This Digital Speedometer is provided for use in an automotive vehicle and includes a
transducer for connection to a conventional speedometer cable driver. Transducer is equipped
with an IR LED and a photo transistor,that produces pulses in response to the rotational motion
of the speedometer cable driver. Pulses are transmitted to a counting circuit which is reset by
multivibrator circuits. The number of pulses from the transducer is indicative of speed of the
vehicle. It is tabulated by the counting circuits during intervals between reset pulses. The number
of counts tabulated during each period is passed to a visual display.

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1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 AIM

The present invention relates to a Digital Speedometer for use with vehicles having internal
electrical power supply. In particular, the invention relates to a digital speedometer for
automotive vehicles such as auto mobiles, trucks and motor cycles. The Digital Speedometer
designed is highly efficient , low cost and can measure speed up to 999 kmph with a resolution
of 1kmph.

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1.2 AREA OF PROJECT

It‟s dealing with Digital Electronics Circuits and Instrumentation. The main sections
of the circuitry are IR section, Comparator, Timer, Counter, Latching section and LED
display.

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1.3 MOTIVATION

The aim of our experiment is to create an efficient low cost Digital Speedometer. It was
inspired by the fact that most of the modern-day vehicles use analog speedometers which have
resolution of about 5kmph and the range is also limited.

Historically auto motive vehicles have been provided with mechanical speedometers in
which rotation of wheel of the vehicle or of a drive component of the transmission is transmitted
as a torsional impulse the torsional force applied to the cable is typically transmitted to needle in
the instrument panel which is deflected across a scale to indicate speed at which vehicle is
travelling. The Principal dis advantage with such systems has been the requirement for a signal
generating system independent of the conventional mechanical speedometer system associated
with the auto mobile. It increases the cost of the vehicle.

The Digital Speedometer we have designed can measure up to a speed of 999kmph with
a resolution of 1kmph. It‟s rather inexpensive and can be used in almost all vehicles.

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2. DETAILED DISCUSSION

2.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM

IR SECTION COMPARATOR

TIMER

SEVEN SEGMENT DISPLAY COUNTER

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2.1.1 INPUT SECTION

Input Section consists of IR LED, photo transistor, a comparator and a mechanical section. An
opaque disc is mounted on the spindle attached to the front wheel of the vehicle. This disk has
ten equidistant holes on its periphery. On one side of the disc an Infrared LED is fixed and on
opposite side of the disc, in line with the IR LED, a phototransistor is mounted. IC LM324 is
wired as a comparator.

2.1.2 TIMER SECTION

Timer section consists of astable and monostable multivibrator circuits. So we use IC 556 for this
purpose. Astable section is used to trigger the monostable multivibrator. IC 7400(AND gate) is
used to set the gating period.

2.1.3 OUTPUT SECTION

Output section consists of counter and latching sections along with LED display. IC 7490 is used
to implement the counter section. The number of pulses counted during the gating period is the
speed N in kmph. IC 74175(Quad D flip-flop) is used as the latching circuit. It helps in keeping
the LED display constant for a particular period of time so that displayed value could be read. IC
7447 is used as BCD to seven segment decoder. Common anode LEDs are used in the output
section to view the speed measured.

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2.2 COMPONENT DETAILS

IC 74175

IC 74175 is a quad, edge-triggered D-type flip-flop with individual D inputs and both Q and Q
out puts. The common buffered clock (CP) and Master Reset (MR) inputs load and reset (clear)
all flip flops simultaneously.

TYPE TYPICAL fmax TYPICAL SUPPLY CURRENT

74175 35 MHz 30 mA
74LS175 40MHz 11mA
74S175 110MHz 60mA

(Fig.1)

IC 7490

IC 7490 is a monolithic counter contain four maser-slave flip flops and additional gating to
provide a divide by two counter and a three stage binary counter for which the count cycle length
is divided byfive. It has gated zero reset.

Supply voltage 7V
Input voltage 5.5 V
Inter emitter voltage 5.5 V

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Operating temperature 0 to 70‟C

Storage temperature -65 to 150‟C

(Fig.2)

IC 7447

It‟s a decoder driver IC used to drive a seven segment indicator. There are two types of decoder
drivers suitable to two types of seven segmented displays. Logic circuit inside the 7447 convert
the 4 bit BCD input to seven bit output which are active low.

(Fig.3)

TYPE ACTIVE OUTPUT SINK MAX TYPICAL

LEVEL CONFIGURATION CURRENT VOLTAGE POWER
DISSIPATION
SN7447 LOW OPEN-COLLECTOR 40mA 15 V 320mW

IC 7400

It‟s output will be „low‟ if all the inputs are in „high‟ state. IC 7400 is a Quad 2 input NAND
gate.
It‟s logic diagram and functional table are shown below.

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(Fig.4)

PARAMETER MINIMUM NORMAL MAXIMUM

VCC 4.75 5 5.25
VIH 2 - -
VIL - - 0.8
IOH - - -0.4
IOL - - 16
TA 0 - 70

IC 556
This device provide two independent timing circuits of the NA555, NE555, SA555 or SE555
type each package. These circuits can be operated in the astable or monostable mode with the
external resistor capacitor timing control .

(Fig.5)

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IC LM 324
These devices consists of four independent high gain frequency compensated op-amps that are
designed specifically to operate from a single supply over a wide range of voltages.

(Fig.6)
Applications include transducer amplifiers, dc amplification block and all the conventionasl
operational amplifier circuits that can be more easily impemented in single supply voltage
systems.

PHOTO TRANSISTOR

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(Fig.7)

IR LED

2.3 PRINCIPLE AND WORKING

This instrument displays the speed of the vehicle in kmph. An opaque disc is mounted on
the spindle attached to the front wheel of the vehicle. This disk has ten equidistant holes on its
periphery. On one side of the disc an Infrared LED is fixed and on opposite side of the disc, in
line with the IR LED, a phototransistor is mounted. IC LM324 is wired as a comparator.

When a hole appears between the IR LED and phototransistor, the phototransistor
conducts. Hence the voltage at collector of phototransistor and inverting input of LM324 go
„low‟, and thus output of LM324 becomes logic „high‟. So rotation of the speedometer cable
results in a pulse at the output of LM324, The frequency of this waveform is proportional to the
speed.

Let „N‟ be the number of pulses in time „t‟ seconds and numerically equal to the
number of kilometer per hour (kmph).

For vehicle with a wheel circumference of 1.38 meters, and number of pulses equal to

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10 per revolution, we get the relationship:

(N pulses)/t = N kmph

= (N×1000)/(3600×1.38) m/s

= (N×1000×10)/(3600×1.38) pulse per second.

Therefore, time „t‟= 0.4968.

As shown in timing diagram, at t=0, output of astable flip-flop IC1(a) goes low and
triggers monostable multivibrator IC1(b). Pulse width of monostable multivibrator IC1 (a), ton
=0.513 and toff = 0.01 sec. The outputs of IC1 (a) and IC1(b) and the signal from the transducer
section are ANDed. The number of pulses counted during the gating period is the speed N is
kmph.

At the end of gating period, output „B‟ of monostable IC1(b) goes low and B goes high.
The rising edge of B is used to enable the quad „D‟ flip-flops 74175.

At this instant, ie at t=0.5068, the number (speed) „N‟ will be latched

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corresponding to the „D‟ flip-flops and displayed. At t= 0.510, output of astable flip-flop IC1(a)
goes low and remains low for 0.01 sec. This waveform is invented and applied to the reset
terminals of the all counters (active-high).

Waveforms as shown below,

(Fig.8)

Thus the counters are rest and counting begins afresh at t=0.520. up to the time t=0.520 +
0.5068 sec. However the „D‟ flip-flops are not enabled and the previous speed is displayed. The
new speed is displayed at t= 0.520+0.5068 sec. In this way speed will be updated every 0.520
sec. This speedometer can measure up to 999kmph with a resolution of 1kmph.

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3 DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION

3.1 DESIGN

Gating Period:

Let „N‟ be the number of pulses in time „t‟ seconds and numerically equal to the number of
kilometer per hour (kmph).

For vehicle with a wheel circumference of 1.38 meters, and number of pulses equal to 10 per
revolution, we get the relationship:

(N pulses)/t = N kmph

= (N×1000)/(3600×1.38) m/s

= (N×1000×10)/(3600×1.38) pulse per second.

Therefore, time „t‟= 0.4968.

Input Comparator Section:

For the comparator, resistance values are determined by the voltage divide rule. Equal voltage
(2.5V) are assumed across the + and – terminal. Thus we use 56K at the positive terminal. In
order to obtain perfect output we used a 1M potentiometer at the collector of phototransistor.

Astable and Monostable Multivibrator Section:

For astable multivibrator, ton = 0.693.(R1+R2).C = 0.51 Sec

Let R2= 1K and C= 10µF.

Thus we get, R1= 72.9 K. So we use 100 K potentiometer.

For monostable multivibrator, T= 1.1RC = 0.4968

Let C= 0.47µF.

Thus we get, R=960.9K. So we use 1M potentiometer.

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3.2 IMPLEMENTATION

3.2.1 MAIN CIRCUITRY

(Fig.9)

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3.2.2 INPUT SECTION

(Fig.10)

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3.2.3 MECHANICAL ARRANGEMENT

(Fig.11)

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3.2.4 PCB LAYOUT

(Fig.12)

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(Fig.13)

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3.3 COST OF PRODUCTION

SL COMPONENT SPECIFICATION QUANTITY COST

NO. (RS)

1. DECODER IC 7447 3 45

2. D-FLIP FLOP 74175 3 45

3. BCD COUNTER 7490 3 45

4. NAND GATE 7400 2 20

5. COMPARATOR LM 324 1 10

6. IR LED 1 1

7. PHOTO TRANSISTOR 1 50

8. 7- SEG. DISPLAY LT 542 3 15

9. RESISTORS 27 5

10. CAPACITORS 4 5

11. PRESET 100K, 1M 2 10

12. MOTOR 12V DC 1 100

13 LED 5 5

14. MISCELLANEOUS 300

END COST 656

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4. HURDLES FACED

Fluctuation in display while starting.

Alignment of potentiometer is very difficult

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5. APPLICATION

It can be used in almost all vehicles.

It can be used for industrial machinery speed measurement.

By modification in the circuitry can also be used as rpm counter and odometer.

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6. CONCLUSION

An efficient low cost digital speedometer which can measure speed up to 999kmph with a
resolution of 1kmph has been designed.

Resolution can be improved by using additional displays.

Circuit can be modified using microcontroller and LCD display.

PROJECT VIEW

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7. BIBLIOGRAPHY

1) Mano M M, Digital Design, PHI

2) David A Bell, Electronic Instrumentation and measurements, PHI
3) Sedra and Smith, Microelectronic Circuits, Oxford University Press
4) Electronics For You magazine
5) www.efymagazine.com
6) www.elektor.com

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