GS. TSKH.

NGUYEN (Ch u bien)

VAN M~U

BAT DANG THUC

va mot s6 van

2,

de lien

quan

(Tai Ii~u dung cho lap boi dlf6'ng giao vi€m THPT Chuyen - He 2005)

Ml)C Ll)C

L" nOI d'au or ,. Bat d~ng thirc gifra cac dai hrong trung binh,
NguyJn Van Mt;u

.3

Ham tva dan dieu, tva loi, 16m,

Nguyen. Van Mt;u

18
trinh ham CO' ban,

v~bat phirong
NguyJn Van Mt;u

33

Mot phuong phap lam chat bat dang thirc,

Trinh Dao Chien

39

Mixing variables,
Tran Nam Diing, Gabriel Dospinescu
\,

.41i ban bang dao ham,

"-,--

Chung minh cac bat d~ng thuc

Le Dinh. Thinh.

CO'

,
\ 54

Mot s6 bat d~ng thirc lien quan den tfch phan xac dinh, ts Dinli Thinh

69

Xay dung bat d~ng thirc mot bien nho bat d~ng thirc gifra trung blnh cong va nhan va ap dungbat d~ng thirc, NguyJn Vil Luang 74

Mot s6 plurong phap xay dung bat d~ng thirc bac hai,
NguyJn Vil Luang

81

Mot each chtrng minh bat d~ng thirc dang phan thirc,
Pham. Van Hung

102

Phuong phap don bien,

Nguyin Van Thong

\.""

-", 114\

Bai toan

C\!C

tri trong hinh hoc,

~

Diing Huy Rudn.

120

Mot so d[mg thirc va bat d~ng thirc lien quan,

Duong Cluiu. Dinh

134'
C\!C

Si't dung Dinh ly Lagrange trong bat d~ng thtrc va va day so,
DB Th] H6ng Anh

tri cua ham so 140

Bat d~ng thirc hinh hoc,

DB Thanh San.

146

Nguyen ly Dirichlet va bat d~ng thuc hinh hoc,

z

va Dinh

HoiL

149

LOi noi daD

Chuang trinh dao tao va b6i h9C sinh nang khieu toan bac phd thong hien dii btroc sang nam thii 40. B6n muoi nam d5.qua la mot chu trmh d~c biet gan voi su khoi d~u, tnrong thanh va ngay cang hoan thien mot mo hinh dao tao nang khieu dac bier. Do la huang dao tao mfii nhon co tfnh dot pha, dao tao cac the he hoc sinh co nang khieu trong Iinh vue toan h9C, tin hoc va khoa h9C nr nhien: V~t ly, Hoa h9C va Sinh h9C. Trong dieu kien thieu thon va d~y thach thirc, chung ta dii dung cam tim huang di phu hop, dii di len diroc trong tim toi, tich luy kinh nghiem va sang tao. Cac the he TMy va Tro d5.dinh hmh va tiep can voi tM gioi van minh tien tien va khoa h9C hien dai, cap nhat thong tin, sang tao phuong phap va tap dirot nghien ctru. Gan voi viec tich eire d6i moi phuong phap day va h9C, chuong trlnh dao t<;10huyen Toan dang huang tai xay dung he thong chuyen d~, dang n6 c lIJCva tfch eire khoi dong chuan bi cho viec t6 chirc Ky thi Olympic Toan quoc te nam 2007 tai Viet Nam, ky niem 40 narn cac H~ dao tao nang khieu toan hoc phd thong. Sau 40 nam, co the noi, giao due mfii nhon pho thong (giao due nang khieu) dii thu duoc nhimg thanh nru nrc ra, diroc Nha mroc d~u nr co hieu qua, xii hoi thira nhan va ban be qu6c te kham phuc. Cac d¢i tuyen qu6c gia tharn du cac ky thi Olympic qu6c te co b~ day thanh tfch mang tfnh 6n dinh va co tinh ke thira, Dac biet, nam nay, cac Doi tuyen Toan va Tin quoc gia tham du thi Olympic qu6c te dii dat duoc thanh tfch n6i bat. Tir nhieu nam nay, Cac H~ nang khieu Toan hQCva cac Truong THPT Chuyen thuong su dung song song cac sach giao khoa dai tra ker hop voi sach giao khoa chuyen biet va sach chuyen d~ cho cac H~ THPT Chuyen. H9C sinh cac lap nang khieu dii tiep thu tot cac kien thirc co ban theo thai Iirong hien hanh do B¢ GD va DT ban hanh, Hien nay, chuang trinh cai each giao due dang buoc vao giai doan hoan chinh b¢ SGK moi. Thai hrong kien thtrc cting nhir trat nr kien thirc co ban co nhtrng thay c16idang ke. Cac kien thirc nay dang duoc can nhac de no van nam trong khuon khd hien hanh cua cac kien thirc nang cao d6i voi cac lap chuyen toano VI Ie do, viec tien hanh viet he thong cac sach chuyen d~ cho cac lap nang khieu can duoc tien hanh khan tnrong va diroc xem xet toan dien tir phfa cac chuyen gia giao due va cac co giao, thay giao dang tnrc tiep giang day cac lap chuyen. Duoc sir cho phep cua B¢ GD va DT, Tnrong Dai H9C Khoa HQc Tu Nhien, DHQGHN phoi hop cung voi cac chuyen gia, cac nha khoa h9C, cac co giao, thay giao thuoc DHSPHN, DHQG TpHCM, DH Vinh, Vien Toan H9C, H¢i Toan H9C Ha N¢i, NXBGD, T~p Chi Toan HQc va Tu6i Tn~, cac Tnrong THPT Chuyen, Cac

z:

va DT, ... tel chirc b6i dirong cac chuyen de sau dai h9C nham b6i du6ng C sinh gioi cac mon Toan h9C va kh6i kien thirc khoa h9C t\l nhien nhu la mot h9 tu sach d~c biet phuc vu boi dirong h9C sinh gioi. Chung toi xin gioi thieu cu6n sach cua nhom cac chuyen gia, cac thay giao vai s\l tham gia dong dao ciia cac dong nghiep tham du Tnrong he 2005 ve chuyen de "Bat dAng thtrc va cac bai toan eire tri". Cu6n sach nay nham cung cap mot s6 kien thirc chuyen de bat dang thirc mire dQ kh6 ve dai so, s6 h9C, hinh h9C va giai tfch. Day cling la chuyen de va bai giang rna cac tac gia dii giang day cho h9C sinh cac dQi tuyen thi Olympic Toan h9C quoc gia va quoc teo Chung tol cling xin chan thanh cam an cac ban d9C cho nhtrng y kien dong gop de cu6n sach ngay cang hoan chinh,

Sa GD

TIM Tap the tac gia

GS TSKH Nguyen Van Mau

BAT

DANG

TRUC

GIVA

cAc D~I

LUQNG

TRUNG

BINH

Nguyen Van M~u

Truong DQ,i H9C Khoa H9c TV Nhien, DHQGHN

Trong bai nay chung ta d~ cap d~n mot s6 phuong phap chtrng minh truyen thong B§.t dAng thtrc giua cac gia trj trung binh cong va trung blnh nhan theo y tirdng cua cac toan hQC n5i tieng va mot s6 each chrrng minh dira ra trong thoi gian g§.n day.

Dinh Iy 1. Giii

S'l1 Xl, X2, ... Xl

,Xn

la cdc s6 khOng am. Khi do

···Xn·

~--=-----.:..:. ~ y'XIX2
n
Dfiu diing th-{tc xiiy ra khi va chi khi
Xl

+ X2 + ... + Xn

(0)

= X2 = ... = Xn

Quy nap kieu Cauchy

Day la ki~u quy nap theo cap lnrong (len-xueng) do Cauchy d~ xu§.t vao narn 1821 (Cauchy A.L., Cours d'Analyse de l'Ecole Royale Poly technique, e partie, Analyse alge'brique, Paris, Debure, 1821) d~ chirng minh Dinh Iy 1. MQt s6 ngiroi da loi dung tinh huong nay d@goi ten b§.t dAng thirc (0) la B§.t dAng thirc Cauchy. Tuy nhien, cho d~n nay, theo thong It;!quoc t~ va theo cac goi cua cac nha toan hoc thi (0) la B§.t dAng tlnrc gitra gia tri trung blnh cong (trung blnh s6 hoc) va trung binh nhan (trung binh hlnh hoc).

rr

Tir

tlnrc bac hai

ta suy ra (1)

Th ay

Xl, X2

b' , len Ian 1 U<;1tang cac bi moi

;>.

».»

XI+X2

,X3+ 4 va 2
1

,11

t' (1) ta n han

dU<;1c
Xl

+ X2 + X3 + X4
4
1

>.:
s-:

[Xl
11

+ X2 X3 + X4]
2 2 =
V'XIX2X3X4.

>.:
s-:

~ [(XIX2) 2 (X3X4) 2]2

(2)

u Ti~p tuc qua trlnh nhir tren ta th§.y b§.t ding tlnrc (0) dung vdi n = 1,2.4, ... va noi chung, dung voi n la luy thfra ciia 2. Day chinh la quy nap theo huang len tren. Bay gio ta thirc hien quy trinh quy nap theo huang xuong phia dtroi, Ta chang minh r!lng, khi b§.t ding thirc (0) dung vdi n (n > 1) thi no cling dung voi n - 1. Thay Xn trong (0) bdi
Xl

+ X2 + ... + Xn-l
n-1

va gilt nguyen cac bi~n

Xl

Xi

khac, tir (0) ta thu dU<;1C

n-1 -------------~~---~ n
~ ( XIX2'" Xn-l .l(XI+X2+"'+Xn-l)n )n
1

Xl + X2 + ... + Xn-l + X2 + ... + Xn-l + ~---=-----~-=-

hay
Xl +X2 ---------

n-1
+X2

+ ... +Xn-l
n-l

XIX2'"

Xn-l

)_l_(XI
n-l

+ ... +xn-l)*
n-1

Rut gon bi@uthtrc tren, ta thu diroc

Xl X2 ------:----

+ ... + Xn-l
n-1

n-~XIX2'"

Xn-l.

Tir k~t qua da chang minh thea cap huang (Ien-xuong}, ta thu diroc phep chang minh quy nap cua Dinh Iy 1.

Ti~p theo, theo dung each chang minh quy nap ki@uCauchy, ta d~ dang chang minh B§.t.ding thtrc Ky Fan sau day. Dinh ly 2. Cia s'li Xl,
X2, ... ,Xn

lii. cae s8 dU(fng trong (0, ~). Khi d6

(3)

Dau dilng tluic xiiy ra khi

va

chi khi

Xl

= X2 = ... = Xn

MQt s6 dang da t htrc d6i ximg so c§.p Vieete

... ,Xn dU<;1C hi~u Ill.

Da thirc P(XI,X2, ... ,xn) vdi b9 n bien 86 thirc xI,x2, ham 86 (bi~u thuc) c6 dang

P(XI' X2,···
trong d6

,xn) =

L Mk(XI,
k=O

X2, ... , xn),

Mk(XI,

... , x~) =

'""' Z::
il+·+jn=k

a}I"'}n. xjl ... xjn . In'

i, EN

(i = 1,2, ... ,n). (1)

Trong muc nay ta quan tam chu y~u d~n cac dang da tlnrc d6ng bac (1) bien 86 tlnrc va nhan gia tri thirc, dac biet Ill. cac da thtrc d6i xirng 8C1 dp quen bi~t lien quan d~n cac hang ding thuc dang nho trong chuong trinh toan trung hoc phd thong. Tnroc h@t, ta nhac lai cong tlnrc khai tri~n nhi thirc Newton:

(x + aj" ~ tv (~)an-'xk
+ al)(x + a2)
... (x

Neu ta coi (x khi d6 tfch

+ a)n

nhir Ill.tfch cua n thira 86: (x

+ a)(x + a)

... (x

+ a),

thl

(x

+ an)

ciing c6 th~ viet dirdi dang mot bi~u thirc ttrong tu nhir cong thtrc khai tri~n nhi thtrc Newton nhir sau:

(x
trong d6

+ al)(x + a2)···

(x

+ an)

}=O

(~)pj-kxk,

PI

(2)

Vf),ynen, n@ucac 86 aI, a2, ... , an d~u duong (hoac kh6ng am va kh6ng d6ng thai bang 0) thl khong m§.t tinh t6ng quat, ta co tM coi cac 86 PI,P2, ... ,Pn d~u la 86 dirong (khong am). Ttl (2), ta thu diroc
PI
_ a) +a2+··+an n l:>;i<j:>;n ' aiaj

L:

P2

(;)

(3)

Ta th§.y, PI chinh la trung blnh cong, Pn la trung blnh nhan, va do d6, cac Pj khac cling la cac dai hrong trung bmh d.n d~t ten cho chung nhir la nhiing d6i tirong co ban d.n tf),ptrung nghien ciru. Dinh nghia 1. Cho ala Khi do f(x) b9 n s6 dU(lng {al,a2,oo. ,an} (n 2: 1, n EN).

= (x +al)(x

+ a2) ... (x + an) n-1 + E2(a)xn-2 = xn + EI(a)x

+ ... + En (a) ,

trong do EI(a) =

L ai,
i=l

E2(a) =

l~i<j~n

aiaj,oo.,

En(a) = ala2 00. an·

Dij.t Eo (a) = 1. Ta gQi Er(a) (r E {1, ... ,n}) la oic ham (da ihssc) d6i xung sa ca.p thu r (Er(a) la tang cua ta.t cd ciic ticli r s6 khac nhau cua b9 s6 a).

Ky

hieu
rr a .D (-) _

r!(n - r)!E (-) , ra. n.

Dinh nghia 2. Gid su Xl, X2, ... xn la b9 n cac s6 ilvuc .khOng am (ky hi~u biii (x)) va Yl, Y2, ... ,Yn 10.b9 cac s6 thvc khOng am khac (du(1c ky hi~u biii

(Y)). Hai day (x) va (17) duac qoi 10.dang dr;mg (va ky hi~u (x) "" (Y) n€u tan tai ); E IR (.x i= 0) sao cho ta co Xj = .xYj (j = 1,00' ,n).

Bai toan 1. Cho a to, bi} (al ... an) cac 86 th'ljc dUdng. Diit Po = 1, Pk = Pk(a); E; = Er(a). Chung minh rfing
Pk-l.Pk+l (N~u cac ai d€u dUdng thuc thuc 8'1j). ~ Pf (k = 1,2, ... n - 1).

va

kh8ng d6ng thiJi bfing nhau th'i ta co dau

Mt

diing

ChUng minh. Gia S11 f(x, y)

= (x + alY)(x + a2Y) ...

(x

+ anY) = Eoxn + Elxn-1y + ... + Enyn,

E; la t6ng t§.t

ca cac tich

i s6 khac nhau, p
k-

_ k!(n - k)! E

n.

k·

x cac ai > 0 va - = 0 kh6ng phai la nghiem ciia phirong trlnh y x f(x, y) = 0 nen - = 0 kh6ng phai la nghiem boi trong cac phirong trlnh VI t§.t

ca

nhan tu dao ham cua no. T'ir do ta co th~ k@t luan r~ng cac s6 Pi dirong, tac la phirong trlnh Pk_1x2

+ 2Pkxy + Pk+ly2

=0

nhan diroc tu f(x, y) = 0 b~ng each l§.y vi phan lien ti@p theo x va y. Do phucng trlnh nay co nghiem tlnrc nen Pk-lPk+l ~ Pf.

Bai toan 2. Chung minh Mt diing tMtc

Er-1Er+l ~ E;'.

Chirng minh.
Tu b§.t ding thirc trong Bai toan 3 ta

co

Pk-1Pk+1 ~ Pf· Suy ra (k - 1)!(n - k + 1)! ~-...:.._;__,--~Ek-l (k

+ 1)!(n

n.

n.

-k ,

+ 1)! EX+l

(k!(n

n.

- k)!) ,

2 e;

hay

Bai toan 3. Oho cac 86 ai

>

0 (i E {1, ... , n}) va khOng dang thiJi bang

1 1 1

nhau. CMlng minh bii.t ddng th{Jc PI ChUng minh.

> Pl' > pl > ... > pJ.

(4)

Theo b§.t ding thtrc trong Bai toan 1, ta co

POP2

< Pf

(PIPa)2 <

pi

Suy ra

=>

r: < r::' r-l-I r

=> pr > pr+l . r r-l-I

Nhan xet 1. Ta de dang ch{Jng minh Pr-lPr+l

qui nap,

<

P; biing phuong phap

That v~y, gia S11b§.t ding thirc dung voi n - 1 s6 dirong ai, a2,·· . ,an-l va di=).tE~,P: Ill. cac Er, P; tao bdi n - 1 s6 §.y va gia S11t§.t cac s6 do kh6ng d6ng thai bang nhau.

ca

Khi do E~= anE~_l Tit do suy ra

=> P; = '!__P: '!__anP~_l· +

n n

trong do

A ={ (n - r)2 - 1}P~-l P~+l - (n - r)2 P~

B =(n - r

+ 1)(r + 1).P~-lP~+l + (n

- r - 1)(r - 1)P~-2P~+l-

- 2(r - 1)P~-2P~+1 C =(r2 - 1)P~-2P~ - r2 P;-l.

10

VI cac

ai

kh6ng d6ng thai bang nhau nen theo giii thi~t ta c6

P:-IP:+I P:-2P:+I

< P:P:-2 < P:-IP:

- P~)

n2(Pr_IPr+1

< P~-l =} A < -P:, B < 2P:_IP:, C < P:-I < -(P: - anP:_d ~ o.
- P:

Dieu nay van dung khi al

= a2 = ... = an-I.

Khi d6 an

t= al.

Tir b!t ding thirc (2), ta thu dl1<;1C ding thrrc sau: b!t H~ qua 1.
PI ;;::: ;;:::.. ;;::: P2 . Pn, trong d6 PI P2
_ al +a2+··+an

l~i<j~n

L:

aiaj

(~)

Pn

= y'ala2··· an.

D(ic biet, PI ;;::: D6 chinh la B fit diing tMtc giita gia tri irunq binh. ci)ng Pn· va trung binh. nhan.

Quy nap ki~u Ehlers

Ta chirng minh Dinh 1:9'1 d6i voi bi? 86 dtrong xl, X2, ... , Xn rna (1) Khi d6 (0) c6 dang (2) Giii thiet (2) dung voi bi? n 86 thoa man (1). Giii thi~t r~ng ta c6 bi? n + 1 86 dirong thoa man di~u kien:
Xl

+ X2 + ... + Xn

;;::: n.

Giii thiet r~ng (kh6ng m!t t6ng quat) c6 tfnh chat:

Xl

va X2 la hai 86 tu bi? n

+ 1 86 tren

11

Khi d6 hay
XlX2

+ 1 ~ Xl + X2.
c6 tinh chAt

(3)

Tu (3) va do bo n s6 XlX2, X3, ... ,Xn+l

suy ra
Xl

+ X2 + ... + Xn + Xn+l

~ 1 + XlX2

+ X3 + X4 + ... + Xn + Xn+l

~ 1 + n.

Dinh Iy diroc chirng minh.

D6ng nhat t htrc Hurwitz

Xet ham s6 n bien thuc f(Xl, X2, ... ,xn). Ky hieu P f(Xl, X2,' .. ,xn) Ia tang cac f thea tAt cii n! hoan vi cua cac d6i s6 Xi. Vdi quy iroc nhu vf),y,ta c6

{
91 92 93

PXf PXlX2

(n - l)!(xf

+ x~ + ... + x~),
... Xn.

... Xn = n!xlx2

Xet cac bi~u thirc 9k xac dinh thea c6ng thrrc sau day
= p[(x?-l x~-l)(Xl -

X2)],

p[(x?-2

- x~-2)(XI - x~-3)(XI

- X2)X3], - X2)X3X4],

= p[(x~-3

Nhan xet d.ng khi cac xi (i = 1, 2, ... , n) d~u kh6ng am thi cac bi~u thtrc 9i (i = 1,2, ... ,n), thea dinh nghia, cting nhan gia tri kh6ng am. That vf),y,ta c6

12

luon luon la mot 86 khong am khi cac MM khac ta lai co

gl

Xi

;:?: O.

=P

n Xl

n + P X2 -

n-l Xl X2 -

n-l X2 Xl

= 2Pxf Roan toan tirong

g2

2px~-lX2.

tu,

ta ciing

co

g3

L~y t6ng cac

gl

gi,

ta thu duoc = 2Pxf

2PXlX2 •.. Xn·

+ g2 + ... + gn-l

(1)

Theo dinh nghia thl (1) chinh la

--.!.._--!::..

Xf + x~ + ... + xn
n

---=.::.n XlX2 -

...

Xn

= -2 I (gl n.

+ g2 + ... + gn-l)

;:?: 0.

Phuong trtnh ham

Xet bai toan xac dinh gia tri 16n nh~t cua bi@u thtrc

voi di@u kien

Xl

+ X2 + ... + Xn = a, Xi

;:?: 0, i

1,2, ... ,n.

Ky hieu gia tri Ian nhat ciia M la fn(a) Ta c6 dinh Xn va nhu vay c§.n chon
Xl

Xl, X2, ...

ling vdi n E N va a > 0. , Xn-l thoa man di@u kien

Xn

+ X2 + ... + Xn-l = a -

13

Tit day suy ra

trong d6 11(a) = a. Thirc hien d6i bien Xi = aYi, i = 1,2, ... ,n, ta thu diroc

Tit day suy ra

fn(1) = fn-l(l)[o~:0
Tit h~ thirc 11(1) minh ciia Dinh

y(l - yt-1]

= fn-l(l)~n = n'

- l)n-l.

= 1 ta
1.

thu diroc fn(1)

Iy

1 chinh la di@u phai chimg n

D6ng nhat thtrc Jacobsthal

S11dung hang dg,ng thirc quen bi~t

tn - nt
ta suy ra

+n -

1 = (t - 1)[tn-1

+ tn-1 + ... + t -

(n - 1)], n E N*,

t"

+n -

1 ~ nt, Vt ~ 0, n E N*.

(1)

Ky

hieu

Khi d6 ta c6 dCing nhat thirc (Jacobsthal)

sau:

An = Gn-1 [(n_1)An-1 n Gn-1

Thea (1) thl

+ (~)n].

Gn-1

(2)

(--a; Gn-1

)n

~n--+1-n.
Gn-1

c;

(3)

14

Tl't (3) va (2) ta thu diroc

nl An~-- G n
[ (n-l---(n-l ) An-l )

Gn-l

c; +n-Gn-l

hay

n-l An - Gn ~ --(An-l
Tl't day suy ra An ~

a;

Gn-l, n > 1.

Ctrc tri cua ham s6

Nhu ta da th[y, phuong phap quy nap "tiE~n-lui" cua Cauchy cho ta thuat toan hiru hieu d~ chimg minh b[t ding thirc gitta gia tri trung binh cong va trung binh nhan. Phai chang, ta c6 th~ chirng minh b[t ding thirc gitra gia tri trung blnh cong va trung binh nhan theo phirong phap quy nap thong thirong? Di~u nay thirc hien diroc thong qua cac dang nh[t thtrc nhir da th[y cac muc tren, Sau day, ta S11 dung phtrong phap khao sat ham s6 mot bien d~ thuc hien phep chimg minh quy nap b[t ding thirc C\!Ctren. Xet day s6 dirong Xl, X2,· ... Vai m6i n E N (n > 1), c6 dinh, ta ky hieu

Xet ham s6

fn(t) := ~ (Xn

+ t + LXi)
i=l

n-l

(xn

+ t)

n-l i=l

II Xi

trong khoang (-Xn, +(0). Ta c6 fn(O) = An - Gn va

I 11 fn(t) == - - -(xn

+ t)---n
I-n

Giai phtrong trinh f~(t) = 0, ta thu dU<;1Cghiem duy nhat n

t« =

wI

(II Xi)
i=l

n-l

1
n-l -

Xn,

15

nen

fn(tn)

= minfn(t) 0, ta th§.y
n-l
n

va hi~n nhien, fn(O) ~ fn(tn). SV dung gia thiet quy nap: An-1

Gn-l

n-l

fn(tn)=~(Xn+tn+LXi)n
i=l

(Xn+tn)

IIXi
i=l
n-l .

_ Gn-1
-

+ (n
n

- 1)An-1

n-l

_ n - 1 (A
-

n-l

_G

Vf),y nen

Ham exponent tv nhien

tt;C

MQt trong nhtmg tinh ch§.t eire ky quan trong cua ham mii (exponent) nhien f(x) = e" la tinh b§.t bien ( dirng] cua no d6i vdi toan tv vi phan

(e")' = eX.
Tit do de dang ki~m chimg b§.t ding thirc quen thuoc
eX ~

1 + x Vx E IR, dau " = " {:}x = O.

Tit do, ta nhan diroc

M
~

qua

Bai toan 4.

ex-1

Vx E IR,

dau"

= " {:} = O. x
>0
Vi,

CQi An la trung binh cong ciia cac s6 Xj (j = 1, ... ,n). Cia sv Xi khi do ta co

16

Suy ra

hay

Dau "

Xn = " {:}-Xl = ... = - = 1 hay

An

An

Xl

= X2 = ... = Xn.

9
thi

Hoan v;
... , bn

Nhan xet r~ng, neu bl, b2,

la mot hoan b2

vi ciia bO 86 dirong

aI, a2,···

, an,

-+-+···+-~n. al a2

bl

bn
an

That vay, khong giiim t6ng quat, ta eoi

Khi do, hi~n nhien r~ng

Vi vi;l.y

b b2 i; al a2 an - l + - + ... + - ~ - + - + ... + al a2 an al a2 an

= n.

Ti~p theo, ta d~t

Khi do, theo nhan xet

a tren,

thl

hay

--------

Xl +X2

+ ... + Xn
n 17

~ y!XIX2···

Xn·

HAM TVA DdN DI~U, TVA LOI, LOM

Nguyen Van M~u
Truong Dg,i Hoc Khoa Hoc TV Nhien, DHQGHN
Ta nhac lai dinh nghla: Gia sit ham s6 f(x) xac dinh va don dieu tang tren J(a, b) thl khi do ling vdi moi Xl, X2 E J(a, b), ta d~u co

va ngiroc lai, ta co

f(xt}
khi

;;?: f(x2)

{:}

Xl

X2;

'v'XI,

X2 E J(a, b),

f (x) la mot ham don dieu giam tren J ( a, b). Tuy nhien, trong ling dung, co nhieu ham s6 chi doi hoi co tinh chat y@u hen, chang han nhir:
f(xI) ~ f(x2) {:}
Xl ~

X2,

'v'XI,

X2 >

rna

Xl

+ X2

~ 1,

thl khong nhat thiet f(x) phai la mot ham don dieu tang tren (0,1). Vi du, voi ham s6 f(x) = sin 7fX, ta luon co khang dinh sau day.

Bai toan 1. N€u A, B, C La cac goe eua b.ABC th'i sinA ~ sinB {:} A ~ B. (1)

Nhir v~y, m~c du ham f(x) = sin 7fX khong dang bien trong (0,1), ta van co b§.t ding tlnrc (suy tit (1)), tuong tu nhu d6i voi ham s6 dang bien trong (0,1): sin
7fXI ~

sin

7fX2 {:} Xl

X2,

'v'XI,

X2 >

rna

Xl

+ X2 < 1.

(2)

Ta di d@ndinh nghia sau day.

Dinh nghia 1. Ham 86 f(x) xae dinh. trong (0, b) C (0, +oo) duoc gQi La ham 86 iua dang bien trong khoang do, n€u

18

Tuong cho trudc,

tu, ta cling c6 dinh nghia ham tira nghich bi~n trong mot khoang

Dinh nghia 2. Ham s8 f(x) xac dinh trong (0, b) C (0, +(0) dU(jc qoi to. ham s8 iua nghich bien trong khoang d6, n€u f(XI)

< f(X2)

¢:} Xl

> X2, 'v'XI, X2 >

ma

Xl

+ X2 < b.

(4)

Bai toan 2. MQi ham f(x) bien trong khoang

(0, ~) .
Xl

tua d6ng bien trong (0, b) C (0, +(0) d€u d6ng

ChUng minh diroc suy true ti~p tit Dinh nghia 1. That vay, khi
( 0, ~) thl hien nhien,

Xl,

X2 E

+ X2 < b va

ta thu duoc

(5)
H~ thrrc (5) ~ho ta dieu c~n chirng minh.

Bai

toan 3. d6 ham s6

cu

thi€t r6.ng ham h(x) d6ng bien trong khoang h(x), { h(b-x), khi XE

(o,~].

Khi

f(x)

(0, -2bb],

khixEb,b),

to. ham s8 tua d6ng bien trong (0, b).

Dinh ly 1. De ham f(x) xtic dinh trong (0, b) C (0, +(0) 10, ham tua d6ng bien trong khoang d6, di€u ki~n can va du to. cac di€u ki~n sau day d6ng thi'Ji duac thoa man: . (i) f(x) (ii) f(x) d6ng bien trong khoang ~ f(b - x),

(0, ~)

'v'x E [~, b).

Chirng minh. ou« ki~n can. Khi ham f(x)

toan 1, ham f(x) d~ va
Xl Xl

tua dang bi~n trong Xet

X

dang bien trong khoang

Xl

«o

(0, b) thi theo Bai E [~, b). Khi d6,

Xl

E (0, b) sao cho dang thai

<X

va

Xl

+x < b, ta

c~n chon
Xl

(o,~)

<

b- X E

(0, ~).

Do v~y, moi X2 E [~,b)

ta d@u c6

<

X2 va d~

19

Xl

+X2 < b thl d@th§.y X2 E (~, b- Xl)' nen f(X2)

Vi theo giii thiet, thl f(XI) (do

Xl

< f(X2)

voi moi X2 E (~, b - Xl)'

> f(x)

< X)

Ham tva 16i va ham tva 16m

Ta nh~c lai cac tieu chuan don gian d~ nhan biet tinh 16i (16m) cua mot ham s6. Giii S11 f(x) co dao ham dp hai trong khoiing (a, b). Khi do (i) di@ukien d,n va dii d~ ham s6 f(x) 16itren (a, b) la f"(x) ~ 0, Vx E (a, b). 16m tren (a, b) la

(ii) di@ukien d,n va dii d~ ham s6 f(x) f"(X)

~ 0, Vx E (a, b).

Tuy nhien, trong ling dung, ta nhan thay, do dac thu ciia dang toan, c6 khi chi doi hoi ham s6 da cho c6 tinh chat y~u hen tinh 16i (16m), ching han
nhir:

f(

Xl

+ X2)
2

f(XI)

+ f(X2)
2

VXI, X2 >

° °

, rna

Xl

+ X2

~ 1,

thl khong nh§.t thi~t f(x) phai la mot ham 16itren (0,1). Cung v~y, d6i vdi ham s6 f (x) rna f( XI+X2) 2 ~ f(xd+f(X2) 2 VXI, X2 > , rna
Xl

+ X2

~ 1,

thl khong nh§.t thi~t doi hoi f(x) Vi du, voi ham s6 f(x) cos A

phai la mot ham 16m tren (0,1).

= cos 7rX, ta luon c6 khang dinh sau day.

Bai toan 1. N€u A, B, C La cdc g6c cua i::J.ABC th1.

+ cos B + cos C
3

~ cos

+B

+C

(1)

Nhu vay, mac du ham f(x) = cos(7rx) khong la ham 16m trong (0,1), ta van c6 b§.t ding thirc ( suy tir (1)), tirong tv nhu d6i voi ham s6 16m trong (0,1): cos(7rxd

+ COS(7rX2)
2

~ cos

(X2

+ X2)7r
2

rna

Xl

+ X2 < 1.

(2)

Ta di d~n dinh nghla sau day. 20

Dinh nghia 3. Ham s8 f(x) xac dinh trong (0, b) C (0, +00) d'l1(jcgQi to, ham iua t6i trong khoang d6, n€u (3)
truck.

TUC1ng ta cfing co dinh nghla ham tva 16m trong illQt khoang cho tv,

Dinh nghia 4. Ham s8 f(x) xac dinh trong (0, b) C (0, +00) d'l1(jcqoi to, ham iua lom trong khoang d6, n€u

(4) Tit dinh nghia, ta co ngay khang dinh:

Nhan xet 1. MQi ham J(x) l6i [lom} trong (0, b) C (0, +00) d€u la ham tua l6i (lom) trong khoang d6.

Nhan Nhan

xet 2. N€u ham f(x) iua 16i trong (0, b) C (0,+00) tua 16i trong moi khoang (0, a) vdi < a ::; b. xet 3. MQi ham f(x)

th'i n6 la ham

iua 16i [liim} trong (0, b) C (0, +00) d€u La b ham l6i (lOm) trong khoiing (0, a) vdi 0< a ::; 2".

ChUng minh. Th~t vay, gia thi hi~n nhien,

Xl

Stl

f(x)

tva 16itrong (0, b). Khi

Xl,

x2 E

+ x2 < b va

(o,~)

ta thu diroc

H~ thirc nay chtrng to f(x)

la mot ham 16itrong khoang (0, ~).

Dinh 1:9'2. Giii thi€t rling ham h(x) c6 dao ham Khi d6 ham s8
h(x), khi xE khi

cap hai

va 16i tren (0, ~].

f(x)

={

(0,
xE

~l'
[2",b),

h(b-x),

se

la mi)t ham tua 16i trong (0, b).

21

Chimg minh. 'I'hat v~y, theo giii thiet thl f(x) (0, b) va do h"(x) ~

tren

(o,~], nen
h"(x) ~ 0,

co dao ham bac hai tren

J"(x) ~ {

khi x E (0,

~l'
b'b) .

h" (b - x) ~ 0, khi x E

V~y nen f(x)

la mot ham tva 16i tren (0, b).

Nhan xet 4. Ktt lUQ,neua nhQ,n xit tren van dung d6i vdi ham h(x) 18i tuy

tren

(0, ~] .

Dinh

ly

3. Cha ham s6 h(x)

lien tuc 'va 18i trong (0, ~].

x« ham

s6 f(x)

xae djnh thea djng tMte sau:

f(x)

h(X)' { 2h(2)

khi x E

(o,~]
khi x E

- h(b - x),

(2' b).

Khi do, f(x)

10,mijt ham tva 16i tren (0, b).

ChUng minh.

Theo giii thiet, h(x) 16itrong khoang trong (0, b). Ta c§.n chtrng minh b~t ding thtrc (3): f

«:
E

va f(x)

xac dinh va lien tuc

(Xl;

X2) ~ f(XI)

; f(X2)

'Ix!, x2 E (0, b) voi

Xl + x2

< b.

B~t ding thirc nay tirong dirong voi h(XI;X2) Coi ~ f(xd;f(x2)
VXI,X2

(0, b) voi XI+X2<b.

(5)

Xl < X2. Khi do, neu X2 < ~ thl

;X2) ~ h(xd ;h(X2)

(5) co dang
E (O,b) vdi
Xl

h(XI

VXI,X2

+X2 < b.

Di~u nay la hi@nnhien.

22

x«

trirong hop X2

> ~. D~t

~ = d. Khi d6, (5) c6 dang

h(XI

; X2) ~ h(XI)

+ 2h(d~

- h(b - X2).

De dang
b - X2,

suy ra
Xl

+ X2

- d E (0, d),
Xl

(b - X2)

+ (Xl + X2

~ d) = Xl

+ d.

Kh6ng m§.t tang quat, coi

+ X2

- ~ ~ b - X2. Khi d6
b

Xl ~ Xl

+ X2 - 2" ~

b - X2 ~ d

va theo Dinh

ly

Lagrange,

ta c6

h(d)-h(b-X2)=h'(u)(d--X2),

va
h(XI

UE(b-X2,d) - X2), v E (Xl,

(6)

+ X2

- d) - h(XI) = h'(v)(d ~ h'(u),

Xl

+ X2

- d).

(7)

VI v ~ u nen h'(v) h(d)

Do

tlt (6) va (7), ta thu dU<;IC

+ h(xd

~ h(XI

+ X2

- d)

+ h(b

- X2).

(8)

nen

f ( Xl
(8) va (9) cho ta

+ X2

- d ) ~ 2f (XI+X2) 2

- f (d).

(9)

f(d)
hay

+ f(XI)
2f(d)

~ 2f

Xl

+ X2) 2

- f(d)

+ f(b

- X2),

- f(b -X2)

~ 2f (Xl + X2) - f(XI). 2

(10)

M~t khac, theo gia thiet, ta c6

hay

2f(d)

- f(b - X2) ~ f(X2).

H~ thirc nay va (10) cho ta (5). 23

Dinh ly 4. De ham f(x) xac dinh trong (0, b) la m¢t ham tua l6i trong khodng do, di€u ki~n can va du la cac di€u ki~n sau day d6ng thai duoc thod man: (i) f(x) (ii) f(x) l6i trong

(o,~],

+ f(b

- x) ~ 2f(~),

\ix E

(0, ~). (o,~] va (o,~).

voi

Chung minh. Di€u kien can la hi~n nhien. Di€u ki~n duo Gia 811 f(x) Ibi trong khoang

f(x)+f(b-X)~2f(~), Ta d.n chimg minh b§.t dllng thuc f(XI;X2) Coi

Xl

\ixE

~ f(Xl);f(X2)
?

\ixI,X2E(0,b)

XI+X2<b.
?

(11)
nhien,

b, b < X2· Khi do, hien nhien X2 < 2' Neu X2 ~ 2 thi ()11 la hien
8Uy

Xet X2 > ~. Khi do, de dang b - X2,

,

ra b b + (Xl + X2 - 2) = Xl + 2'

Xl
?

b + X2 - 2

b) 0, 2

'

(b - X2)
b

Khong mat tong quat, coi

Xl

+ X2 - 2 ~

b - X2. Khi do

va theo Dinh ly Lagrange, ta co

va
f(XI

+ X2 -~)

- f(XI) ~ f'(u),

= f'(v)(~

- X2),

vE

(XI'XI

+ X2 -

~).

(13)

VI v ~ u nen f'(v) f(~)

tu (12) va (13), ta thu diroc ~ f(XI

+ f(XI)

+ X2 -~)
24

+ f(b

- X2).

(14)

Do

f
nen

Xl

+ X2)
2

(Xl

+ X2 2

~ + ~)

~f
'"

Xl +X2 - Q.

+f

2"

b) )
'

f(XI+X2-~) (14) va (15) cho ta f(~) hay 2f(~)

~2f(XI;X2)

-f(~).

(15)

+ f(XI) ~2f(XI;

X2) - f(~)

+ f(b - X2),
(16)

- f(b - X2) ~ 2f(XI;

X2) - f(XI).

Mat khac, theo giii thiet, ta co f(X2) • hay 2f (~) - f(b - X2) ~ f(X2) .
H~ thirc (16) va (17) cho ta dieu c§.n chang minh. (17)

+ f(b

- X2) ~ 2f(~),

TU<:1ng ta co tieu chudn d~ nhan bi~t ham tva 16m tren mot khoang tv, cho trirdc. Djnh ly 5. De ham f(x) xac djnh trong (0, b) la m9t ham iua 10m trong khoang do, di€u ki~n can va dil 10,ctic di€u ki~n sau day d8ng th?Ji d'l1c;Jchoa t man: (i) f(x) 10m trong

(o,~],
~2f(~),

(ii) f(x)+f(b-x)

VxE

(o,~).

Tu Dinh ly 3 va 4, ta co thu duoc phirong phap dung cac ham tva 16i tren (0, b) nhu sau. H~ qua 1. De ham f(x) xac djnh trong (0, b) la m9t ham tua l8i trong khoang do, di€u ki~n can va dil 10,t8n tci ham s8 ho(x) lien t'I,LC 18i trong va

(O,~] sao

cho f(x)
=

hO(X)' { hl(x),

khi X E

(O,~] b

khi X E (2",b),

25

trong do hl(X) ~ 2h(~) -h(b-x),

Vx E

(~,b).

Tirong t\!, ta eo each xay dung ham tua lorn tren mot khoang cho trirdc.

H~ qua 2. Di ham f(x) ztic dinh trong (0, b) 10,m9t ham t'l,ta 10m trong khoang do, di€u ki~n can va du 10,tBn t(l.iham s6 ho(x) lien t1J.C 10m trong va

(O,~] sao cho

f(x) = trong do

hO(X)' { h1(x),

khi x khixE

E (0, ~] b
(2",b),
VxE

hl(X) ~2h(~)

-h(b-x),

(~,b).

Cac dinh ly sau day cho ta m6i lien M chat che gitra ham cac ttra d6ng bien (nghich bien) voi ham tua l6i (tua lorn).

Dinh ly 6. Ham khii vi f(x) 10,iua dBng bien tren tQ,p (0, b) khi va chi khi moi nguyen ham F(x) cua no d€u 10,ham tuo 18i tren tQ,p do. Dinh ly 7. Ham klui vi f(x) to, iua tiqhich. bien tren. tQ,p (0, b) khi va chi khi moi nguyen ham F(x) cua no d€u 10,ham iua 10m tren. tQ,p do.

S~p thu tv cac trung binh Mh(X,o:)

Nhtr da th~y a phan tren, b~t b~t ding thirc gitra gia tri trung blnh cong va trung blnh nhan chi la su s~p dtroc ciia hai phan tit trong mi)t day 'bi~u thtrc s~p diroc thu W. Cac bi~u thirc nay la nhiing ham d6i xirng Sd d,p. Ti~p theo, ta xet mot s6 rna rong cac dang trung binh sinh bdi cac da tlnrc d6i xirng. Cac rna rong nay, chii y@udua tren cac tinh ch~t cua ham s6 nhu tfnh don dieu (tua don dieu) d@so sanh , tinh l6i, lorn (tua l6i, lorn) d@s~p thir W theo cac dac trung cho tnrcc, Xet bi) n s6 dirong tuy y

26

va bQ

M 86

dirong (thtrong duoc goi la trong don vi)

n

(a) := (aI, a2,···,

Dinh

an), L
i=l

ai = 1.

nghia 5. Xet cdc 86 th'llc h cong tMtc Mh(x,a)

=1=

O. Khi do t6ng Mh(X, a) xac dinh theo

n

= (LaiX
i=l

?)

",

d'l1r/c99i la trung binh. b(i,ch (theo iroru; (a)).

Nhan xet rang, irng vdi h = -I, h = 1 va h = 2, ta l§.n IU<;1t nhan diroc cac trung binh dieu hoa, trung binh cong va trung binh nhan,

Bai toan 1. Vai m8i b9 n 86 d'l1C1ngx) va tr9ng (a), ta d€u co ( (1) tile lii, giai liati la m9t trung b'inh nMn
8Uy

r9ng.

Chung minh. Tnrdc Mt, ta tinh gioi han

In
h~O

h~O

lim In(Mh(x, a))

lim

L aixf
h

--=i_=.::..l __

Theo quy tilc L'Hospital,

ta tinh duoc

L ai ln z, = In (II Xfi).
i=l i=l

Tu day, de dang 8Uy ra (1). Bai toan 2. Vai m8i b9 n 86 d'l1C1ngx) tr9ng (a), ta d€u co (
h~+oo

lim

Mh(x,a)=max{xi; 27

i=I,2,

... ,n}.

(2)

Chung minh. 'I'hat vay, n@u dat xs=max{Xi;

thi voi moi h

i=I,2,

... ,n},

> 0,

ta c6

a; Xs :::;; Mh(X, a) :::;; Xs'

Tl1 day, chuyen qua gioi han ta thu diroc (2). Roan toan tirong tir, bang each d~t chuyen qua gidi han khi h ta c6
-7

o
-00,

Bai toan 3. Vai m8i b9 n s6 dUdng (x) trotu; (a), ta d€u

lim Mh(x,a)=min{xi; h--+-oo

co
(3)

i=I,2,

... ,n}.

Chung minh. That vay, d@y r[ng

1 'rIh

< 0.

Tl1 day, chuyen qua gioi han ta c6 ngay (3). Tl1 cac k@t qua tren, ta quy uoc:

Mo(x, a) =
M-oo(x, a) M+oo(x, a) Tl1 thtr tu slip diroc min{xi; i = 1,2, ... ,n} :::;;

IIXfi,
i=l

= min{xi; = max{xi;

i = 1,2, i = 1,2,

, n}, , n}.

IIXfi

:::;; max{xi;

i = 1,2, ... ,n},

i=l

ta c6 tlnr tu slip diroc M-oo(x, a) :::;; o(x, a) :::;; +oo(x, a), M M ling voi su slip thtr tu tir nhien thea chi~u tang d§.n

-00, 0, +00.
Bay gid ta c6 thil clnrng minh mot k@tqua manh hon r[ng, day Mh(X, a) la slip diroc thea h nhu la mot ham dbng bien ciia ham s6 bien hER

28

Bai toan 4. Vai m8i bi) n 88 d'l1C1ng (x) tr9ng dMh(x, a)

dh
~,v

(a), ta d€u c6
.
Xn.

0 vt.

lR\{O}

D6.u diing thiic xiiy ra khi va chi khi Xl Ch'l1ng minh. That vay, d~

= X2 = ... =

ding

I:
i=l

aix? In x? - (I:aix?)
i=l

In (I:aix?). i=l

(4)

M~t khac, de dang kiem tra tfnh 16i cua ham s6 g(x) := X Inx trong (0, +00). That vay, ta co g"{x) = 16i), ta thu diroc x

.!:. > 0 img vdi moi x > O. Do v~y, voi g(x) (la ham

g(Xi) ~ f{x)
Tir day, chon x = i=l

+ (Xi -

x)g'(x),

\/X,Xi > O.

2: aiXi,
n

ta diroc

I:aig(xd
i=l hay

~ g(

I:aixi)
i=l In (

L aixi
i=l

In Xi ~. (

I:aixi)
i=l

I:aixi)
i=l

(5)

DAu ding thirc trong (5) xay ra khi va chi khi cac s6 Xi d~u nhan gi.i tri bang nhau. 'I'ir (4) va (5) ta suy ra

dMh(X, a) >- 0 \/h

dh
~,E

lR \ {O}

va dAu ding thtrc xay ra khi va chi khi Xl = x2 = '" = xn.

Nhir vay, neu cac 86 Xi kh6ng nhan gia trj bang nhau thi Mh(x, a) Ia mQt ham d6ng bien theo bi~n h E lR. D6 thi ciia ham y = Mh{x, a) co hai tiem can ngang y = min{xi; i = 1,2, ... ,n} va y = max{xi; i = 1,2, ... ,n}.

29

Bai toan 5. Vdi m8i b¢ n sfJ dUdng (x) tn;mg (a), ta d€u c6 f(h) = h1nMh(X,a)
la m¢t ham l6i tren R Ch'l1ng minh.

VI f(h)

la ham khii vi, nen ta ki~m tra tinh 16i true ti@pthong

qua tinh dao ham cua ham 86

f(h)
Ta c6

= In

(L: aixf)).
i=l

f' (h)

= :._i=.....:l:"_n _

2: aixf
i=l

ln z,

2: aixf
aixf(lnxi

f"(h)

( aixf) (t t
t=l t=l

)2) - (t
~=1

aixf

Inxir

(t

~=1

aixfr

Theo b§.t ding thirc Cauchy, thl

nen keo thea f"(h)

~ O.

TiI day, ta nhan duoc k@tqua cua mot bai toan tim gia tri nho nh§.t lien quan d@ndang trung blnh bac h c6 trong,

Bai toan 6. Vdi m8i b¢ n sfJ dUdng (x) trr;mg (a), zet b¢ cdc sfJ hi (i =
1,2, ... ,n) vdi

uJng

L:aihi i=l
khOng d6i. Khi d6'

= S,

IIM~iihi
i=l 30

~ M~.

(6)

CMtng minh.

Theo Bai toan 5 thl ham s6

f(h)
la ham l6i kha vi bac hai nen
n

= In

(I:aix?))
i=l n

I:ai!(xi)
i=l

~ f(I:aiXi).
i=l

Tlt day, ta e6 ngay (6), dpem.

Xet bo n s6 dirong tuy y

Cling tirong tl,t nhu d6i voi trung binh Mh(X, a) trong muc trtroc, ta xet t6ng bac h d6i voi bo (x). Dinh nghia 6. Xet aic cong tMtc

s6 th7jc h i= O. Khi d6 tJng Sh(X) auu: dinh theo

n
1

Sh(X) = (I:xnh,
i=l

(1)

duac qoi to. tJng bQ,ch ciia b(j s6 (X).

'I'Inh don dieu cua t6ng Sh(X) diroc phat bi~u diroi dang sau.

Bai toan 1. Vai m6i b(j n s6 d'l1dng (x), tJng Sh(X) nghich bi€n trong (-00,0) va trong (0, +00). Ngoai ra,
h-+-oo

lim

Sh(x)=min{xi;

i=1,2,

... ,n}

va
h-++oo

lim

Sh(X) =max{xi;

i = l,2, ... ,n}.

31

Chung minh. VI Sh(X) kha vi trong cac khoang (-00,0) va (0, +00), nen ta kiem tra tinh don dieu true ti~p bang tinh dao ham va xet d§.u ciia no trong cac khoang tirong img. Sfr dung ding thirc h1nSh(x)
=

2: x?
i=I

d~ tinh dao ham hai v~ thea h, ta d~ dang suy ra k~t luan cua bai toano 0 Bai toan 2. Vdi m8i b9 n s8 dU(Jng (x), ham s8 sau: f(h) := h1nSh(x), m9t ham l8i theo h. la

Chung minh. Chung minh duoc suy ra tit tfnh chat 16icua ham s6 (xem Bai toan 5 d muc tren) l1F(h) := h 1nMh(x, a). 0 Tuong tu, d~ dang kiem tra tinh 16i cua cac ham s6 gI(h) = Sh(X) va g2(h) := 1nSh(x) trong (0, +00). Tit day, ta thu dl1<;1C H~ qua 3. Vdi m8i b9 n s8 dU(Jng (x) va b9 s8 dU(Jng (a), xet cac b9 s8 (h) = hI, h2,.'" ti« sao cho Ufng

khOng d6i. Khi d6

2: aiS~:
i=I

~ SM(X),

H~ qua 4. Vdi m8i b9 n s8 dU(Jng (x) va b9 s8 dU(Jng (a), xet ccc b9 s8 (h) = hI, h2, ... ,hn sao cho t6ng

khOng d6i. Khi d6

IIS~:
i=I

~ SM(X),

32

VE

BAT PHU'dNG

TRINH HAM

co

BAN

Nguyen Van M~u

Truong Dq,i H9C Khoa H9C TV Nhien, DHQGHN

Hien nay, nhieu bai toan ciia Dai 86 va Giai tich trong chtrong trinh ph6 thong da biit dilu ti~p can d~n cac d~c trung COban ciia ham 86 giin voi cac phep bien hlnh SOd,p nhir tinh ti~n, phan xa, d6ng dang, phep quay va phep nghich dao. MOt s6 dang toan khac lien quan d~n cac khai niem COban ciia hinh hoc nhu khoang each, chu vi, dien tich, ... Xin phep diroc gioi thieu voi cac ban mot s6 ham s6 co tinh chat tuong tu nhir ham khoang each, chu
VI, ...

Ham khoang each

Voi moi s6 thirc x E lR ta dat tirong ling mot di~m A(x, 0) tren true hoanh cua mat phang toa dO De-cac, Nhan xet r~ng phep tirong irng do Ia motmot va khoang each til A d~n g6c toa dO 0(0,0) diroc tinh bang cong tlnrc p(OA) = p(x) = Ixl. Khi do, ham p(x) co cac tinh ch~t sau: (i) p(x) ~ 0, \Ix E R, p(x) = x = 0, (ii) p(x + y) ~ p(x) + p(y), \Ix E R Trong muc nay, ta se khao sat cac ham 86 co tinh ch~t nhu ham p(x) va mot s6 ham 86 lien quan.

° {:}

Dinh nghia 1. Ham s6 f(x) xac dinh va lien tuc tren lR dU<;1C la ham goi khoang each neu no thoa man d6ng thoi cac tinh ch~t sau: (i) f(x) ~ 0, \Ix E lR, f(x) x 0, (1)

(ii) f(x

+ y)

~ f(x)

+ f(y),

° E{:} \Ix R

(2)

Bai toan 1. Chirng minh rang ham s6 f(x) va chi khi a E (0,1].

= Ixlo la ham khoang each khi

Bai giai. Nhan xet r~ng ham s6 f(x) = IxlQ thoa man di~u kien (1) khi va chi khi a > 0. Xet dieu kien (2). Vdi x + y = thl (2) luon luon thoa man.

33

Xet truong hop x

+ y > o. Khi
Ix+y

do

--+---1 I x I I x+y y -

VI vf),y

l_x_IO< x+y
va

+ I-y-IO<
x+y

~ 1, 'Va E (0,1]

l_x_IO< x+y

+ I-y-IO<
x+y

:::;1, 'Va E (1,

+00).

Vf),y, khi a > 1 tht ham 86 f(x) =' IxlO< khong thoa man di~u kien (2). Xet trirong hop x + y < O. Khi do
Ix + yl :::;max{lxl, Iyl} nen Ix

+ ylO<

:::; IxlO< lylO<, 'Va> +

o.

Vf),y, ham 86 f(x)

= Ixlo<Ill. ham khoang each khi va chi khi a E (0,1].

Tuong tv, d6i vdi truong hop hai chien, ling vdi m6i 86 thuc x E lR ta d~t tirong irng mot di@m A(x,y) tren mat phl1ng toa dQ De-cac (Oxy). Nhan xet r~ng phep tirong ling do Ill.mot-mot va khoang each tit A d@n di@m B(Xl' vi) duoc tinh bang cong thirc

Truong hop rieng, khoang each tit A d@n g6c toa dQ 0(0,0) cong thirc

duoc tinh b~ng

p(OA) = p(x,y)

= ';x2 + y2.

Khi do, ham p(x) co cac tinh ch~t sau: (i) p(x, y) ~ 0, 'Vx, y E lR, p(x, y) = 0 <=> (ii) p(AC) :::;p(AB) + p(BA), 'VA, B, C.

(x, y) = (0,0),

Ti@p theo, ta 8e khao sat cac ham 86 co tinh chat tirong tl,t nhu ham

p(x, y) va mot 86 ham 86 lien quan. Dinh nghia 2. Ham 86 f(x, y) xac dinh va lien tuc tren lR x lR diroc goi Ill. ham khoang each n@u no thoa man dang thai cac tinh ch~t sau: f(x, y) = f(y, x), f(x, y) ~ 0 'Vx, y E lR, f(x, y) = 0 {:} (x, y) = (0,0), (3) 34

f(XI-X3,Yl-Y3)

~ f(XI-X2,YI-Y2)+f(X2-X3,Y2-Y3),

VXl,X2,X3;Yl,Y2,Y3 (4)

Bai toan

2. Cho f : JR2 --+ JR thoa man cac di~u kien (i) f(x, y) = f(y, x) voi moi x, Y E JR, (ii) f(x, kYI + Y2) = k(J(x, Yl) + f(x, Y2) vClimoi k, x, Yl, Y2 E JR, (iii) f(x, x) ~ 0 voi moi x E JR va f(x, x) = 0 khi va chi khi x = O. Chung minh r~ng ham 86 f(x, y) thoa man di~u kien a) If(x, Y)12 = f(x, x)f(y, y) vClimoi x, Y E JR, b) v'f(x+y,x+y) ~ v'f(x,x)+v'f(y,y) vClimQix,yER

Bai giai. Tu dieu kien (ii) voi Yl = Y2 = y, ta dtroc

f(x, (k
hay

+ 1)y)

= (k

+ 1)f(x,

y)

f(x, ky) = kf(x,

Tir do
8Uy

y), Vk, x, y E R

ra

f(x, y) = f(x, y1) = yf(x,

Vf).y nen

1) = yf(1, x) = xyf(1,

1).

(1)

f(x, x) = X2 f(1, 1), f(y, y) = y2 f(1, 1). If(x,y)12

(2)

'I'ir (1) va (2), ta thu duoc = f(x,x)f(y,y) voi moi X,y E R

'I'Ir (1) ta diroc

f(x+y,x+y)
Tir (2) va (3) ta co ngay dpcm. Bai toan 3. Cho p

= (x+y)2f(1,1).

(3)

> 1.

Chimg minh rang ham 86

n
1

f(x)
thoa man di~u kien

= f(Xl, ... ,Xn) = (2::IxiIP)p

i=l

f(x

+ y)

~ f(x)

+ f(y),

VXI,".,

Xn; Yl, ... , Yn E R

(5)

35

Bai giai. Nhan xet ding (5) chinh 180 qua cua M.t diing thtrc Mincovski. M That vay, ta c6
n

1 _ +Yil)p]p ~

1 _

f(x+y)

[:L(lxi
i=l

[:L(IXil + IYiI)P]P
i=l

Theo bilt ding thirc Mincovski thl

n

1 _ ~

1 _

1 _
= f(x)

[:L(IXil + IYiI)P]P
i=l

(:L IXiIP)P + (:L IYiIP)P

i=l i=l

+ f(y).

V~y nen

f(x

+ y)

~ f(x)

+ f(y).
1 y) =

Bai toan 4. Chirng minh rang ham s6 f(x, khoang each khi va chi khi P ~ 1.

(lxlP + lyIP)P
1

180ham

Bai giai. Nhan xet r~ng ham s6 f(x, y) = (lxlP + lyIP)P (3) khi va chi khi P > O. Xet di@u kien (4). Vci P = 1 thl (4) hien nhien thoa man. Xet tntbng ap dung bilt ding thirc Holder cho cap s6 (p, q) vdi ~

thoa man di@u kien hop P

> 1. Khi d6,

+ ~=
q

1, ta thu dU<;IC

(IXI 2
sau:

x31P

+ IYI -

Y3IP) =

(I(XI -

X2)

+ (X2

- x3)IP

+ I(YI -

Y2)

+ (Y2

- Y3)IP)

B§.t phirong trlnh ham vdi cap bien t\l' do

thoa man d6ng thci cac di@u kien

Bai toan 1. Xac dinh cac ham s6 f(x) (i) f(x)

(ii) f(x

~ 0, \Ix E R,

+ y)

~ f(x)

+ f(y),

\Ix, Y E R

Bai giai. Thay x = 0 vao di@u kien dAu bai, ta thu diroc

f(O) ~ 0 f(O) ~ 2f(0)

36

ay

f 0 = O.

()

VfJ.,y nen

f(O) = f(x
Suy ra f(x) ra.

+ (-x))

~ f(x)

+ f(

-x)

o.

== O. Thu lai, ta th§.y ham s6 f(x)

== 0 thoa man di@u kien bai

Bai toan 2. Cho truce ham s6 h(x) = ax, a E R Xac dinh cac ham s6 f(x) thoa man d6ng thai cac di@u kien sau:
(i) f(x) (ii) f(x

~ ax,

"Ix E JR,

+ y)

~ f(x)

Bai giai. D@ Y r~ng = h(x) + h(y). Di;it f(x) do ta thu diroc cac dieu kien (i) g(x) ~ 0, "Ix E JR,

+ f(y), h(x + y)

"Ix, y E R
= h(x)

+ g(x).

Khi

(ii) g(x + y) ~ g(x) + g(y), "Ix, y E R Lap lai each giai Bai toan 1. Thay x = 0 vao di@u kien d§.u bai, ta thu dl1<;1c

{
VfJ.,y nen

g(O) ~ 0 g(O) :::;0

ha

y9

(0)

= o.

g(O) = g(x

+ (-x))

~ g(x)

+ g(-x)

o.
= thoa man d6ng

Di@u nay keo theo g(x) == 0 hay f(x) ax thoa man dieu kien bai ra.

= ax.

Thu lai, ta th§.y ham s6 f(x)

Bai toan 3. Cho s6 dirong a. Xac dinh cac ham s6 f(x) thai cac dieu kien sau:

(i) f(x)
(ii) f(x

~ aX, "Ix E JR,

+ y)

~ f(x)f(y),

"Ix, y E JR.

Bai giai, D@ y ding f(x) > 0 voi moi x E R VfJ.,y co tM logarit hoa hai ta v~ cac b§.t ding thirc cua di@u kien da cho. (i) Inf(x) ~ (lna)x, "Ix E JR, (ii) Inf(x + y) ~ Inf(x) Inf(y), Vx,y E R Dat Inf(x) = cp(x), ta thu diroc (i) cp(x) ~ (lna)x, "Ix E JR, (ii) cp(x + y) ~ cp(x)cp(y), Vx,y E R

Ta nhan dircc Bai toan 2. Bang each di;it cp(x) = g(x) diroc cac di@u kien (i) g(x) ~ 0, "Ix E JR, (ii) g(x + y) ~ g(x) + g(y), "Ix, y E JR 37

+ (lna)x,

ta thu

va g(x) == 0 hay cp(x) = (lna)x. Suy ra f(x) s6 f(x) = aX thoa man di~u kien bai ra. Bai toan 4. Xac dinh cac ham s6 f(x)

aX Th1111;J,i,a th§.y ham t

thoa man cac di~u kien sau:

f(x)

~ f(O),

(X;

Y) ~ f(x) - a = g(x).
>- g(x)

; f(Y),
Khi

"Ix, Y E R

(1)

Bai giai. D~t f(O) = a va f(x) g( x:;..-,g )>-0

do (~) co dang
'

(X + Y) 2:;"-

+ g(y) 2

Vx,y

E IR

(2)

vdi g(O) = O. Thay Y = 0 vao (2), ta thu diroc

g(~)

~ g~x)

hay g(x)

~ 29(~),

"Ix E R

(3)

Ttr (2) va (3), ta suy ra

hay

g(O) = 0, g(x) ~ 0, g(x

+ y)

~ g(x)

+ g(y),

"Ix, y E R

(4)

Ti~p thea, ta nhan duoc Bai toan 1. Suy ra g(x) == 0 va f(x) = canst. Th1111;J,i,a th§.y ham s6 f(x) == c thoa man dieu kien bai ra. t

38

MOT

PHlJdNG

PHAp LAM DANG THUC

II

CHAT" BAT

Sa

Trinh Dao Chien

Ciao due va Dao tao Cia Lai

B§.t d~ng thirc la mot trong nhirng noi dung quan trong trong chirong trlnh toan ph6 thong. Viec sang tao cac b§.t d~ng tlnrc la mot viec lam d.n thi~t trong qua trinh day va hoc toano Diroi day la mot trong nhimg phirong phap sang tao d6: phuong phap lam "chat" b§.t d~ng thirc, Gici sit ta c6 b§.t d~ng thirc dang A < B. Neu c6 C sao cho A < C < B, thl ta n6i rang b§.t d~ng thtrc thir nh§.t da diroc lam "chat'' hen bdi b§.t d~ng thirc thtr hai. Di~u nay dmroc tucnrng tv d6i voi dang b§.t d~ng thtrc

A ~ C~ B.
Trude het, ta nhac lai nhirng dinh nghia sau v~ ham s6 l6i, 16m, trong chirong trlnh toan ph6 thong: Dinh nghia 1. Cho ham 86 J(x) auic dinh tren khaiing (a, b). - Ham 86 J(x) duac gQi to. 16i iren khaiing do n€u vdi moi XI,X2 ta d€u co:

E (a, b),

J(xd;

J(xz)

~ J(XI;
Xl

X2).

(1)

tu« diing tMtc xiiy ra khi va chi khi

, Ham s6 ta d~u c6:

x2.
Xl,

J (x)

diroc goi la 16m tren khoang d6 n~u vdi moi

X2 E (a, b), (2)

J(XI)

+ J(X2) >- J
2 ~
Xl

(Xl

+ X2)
2

'

D§.u d~ng thirc xay ra khi va chi khi

= X2.

Ti't d6 thi cua cac ham s6 16i, 16m ta th§.y r~ng , c6 th~ lam "chat" hen nfra cac b§.t d~ng thuc (1) va (2) boi b§.t d~ng thirc dirdi day, chang han:

39

voi

duong va dli nho. Cu th~ hon, ta c6 dinh li sau:

€

Dinh
va
Xl

ly 1. Cho ham s6 f(x) xac djnh di.ng f" (x) > 0 vai moi x E (a, b). The
< X2,
ta co:

va lien iuc tren khoang (a; b). Cia sit thi vai Xl, X2 E (a, b) xtu: djnh trttac

trong do 0 ~

€~

X2 -

Xl.

Chung minh.

a) N~u 0 ~

€~

X2 ;

Xl

thi

Xl ~

Xl

+€ ~
(Xl, Xl

X2 -

€~

X2. Theo

Dinh ly Lagrange thl

f(XI f(X2) VI
()l

+ €)

- f(XI)
€)

= !'((h)€, = !'(()2)€,

vdi voi

fh
()2

+ E),
€,

- f(X2

E (X2 -

X2).

< ()2 va f"(x) >

€~

Mat khac, do

0 nen f'(()t} 0 nen

< !'(()2).

hay
f(XI)

+ f(X2)
~
€

~ f(XI Xl

+ €) + f(X2
, Xl ~

- E).
€~ Xl

b ) Neu ~ Theo Dinh

f(X2 f(X2) VI
()3

'

X2 -

Xl

< X2

thi

X2 -

+ € ::;; X2·
X2 - E),

ly

Lagrange thl
= !'(()3)(X2 Xl Xl -

- €) - f(XI) - f(XI

E), voi ()3 E E), vdi 04 E

(Xl, (Xl

- €) = f'(04)(X2

+ €, X2).

< 04 va f"(x) > 0 nen f'(()3) < !'(04). Mi;i.t khac, do X2 - Xl - e ~ 0 nen

hay
f(XI)

+ f(X2)

~ f(XI

+ €) + f(X2

- E).

Dinh

ly

dU<;IC

chirng minh.

o
40

Ttrong Dinh

tu,

ta c6 k@t qua sau:

ly 2. Cho ham 86 f(x) xac dinh va lien iuc iren khoiing (aj b). Giii 8'li rling f"(x) < 0 uoi moi x E (a, b). The thi vrJi Xl, X2 E (a, b) ztic dinh truac va Xl < X2, ta co:
trong do 0 ~

f.

< X2

Xl.

Cu th@ h6a cac k@t qua tren, ta c6 th@ lam "chat" mot s6 b§.t ding thirc va tir d6 c6 th@ sang tac ra mot s6 bai t~p v~ b§.t ding thirc. Gia sli f(x) la ham 16m tren khoang (a, b). Vdi m6i cap Xl ~ X2, ta dM
f.r

Xl, X2

(a, b)

voi

= r(X2 -

Xl),

<r <

1.

R6 rang

f.r ~

o.

Nhan xet r~ng, voi Xl, X2 XaC dinh, f.r la ham tang theo r . Ngoai ra, f.r -+ 0 khi r -+ 0 va f.r -+ X2 - Xl khi r -+ 1.
Dl;i.t

F(r)
1- N@u rl,r2 2- N@u rl,r2

= f(XI

+ f.r) + f(X2

f.r).

Khi d6, de dang kiem tra diroc rang: E [0, ~], rl ~ r2 thl F(rt) E [~,1],

~ F(r2)j ~ F(r2)j

rl ~ r2 thi F(rl)

3- N@u rl E [0, ~], r2 E

G,l],
~ F(r2) ~ F(r2)

thl n@u rl ~ 1 - r2, n@u rl ~ 1 - r2,. la ham I6i tren khoang

F(rl) F(rt) (a, b).

Tirong

tu,

ta ciing thu diroc k@t qua voi f(x)

' 111 , - Cho r Ian 111Qt han cac gia tri 5' 3' 2' theo trirong hop 1, ta c6 bat n ding thiic sau:
(4Xl:

Bay giG ta thli minh hoa cac y tirong tren d6i vdi mot ham don gian, ching han vdi ham f (x) = x2, ham 16m tren khoang (- 00, +00 ).

X2) 2 + (4XI : X2) 2 ~ (2XI:

41

X2) 2 + (2XI : X2) 2

~ 2(

Xl +X2)2 2 ' V'XI,X2 E R

- Cho r IAn IU<;Jt han cac gia tri ~, ~, ~, thea truong hop 2, ta c6 bAt n ding thtrc sau:

(Xl:

2X2r

(2XI: ~ 2(

X2r XI+X2)2 2

~ eXI;

3X2r

+ (3XI;

2X2r

' V'XI,X2 E JR.

- Cho r IAn IU<;Jt han cac gia tri ~, ~, theo truong hop 3, ta c6 bAt ding n thirc sau:

(2XI:

X2r

+ (Xl:

2X2r

~ (2XI ; 3X2r

+ eXI;

2X2r,

V'XI,X2~E JR.

Bay gio, chang han, xet ham f{x)

.

= yX ~,

ham 16m tren khoang (O, +(0).

Trnrng tu, voi nhtrng gia tri cua IAn IU<;Jt hu tren, ta diroc nhirng bAt ding n thirc sau, voi moi Xl, X2 > 0:

a)

v'5(

v'4XI

1+ X2 + v'XI 1)4X2?' ~ J3( v'2XIl + X2 + v'XI 1)2X2 + +

2

~v'2
b)

v'XI

+ X2

,
l ~

J3 (v' Xl ~ 2X2 + v'2XI + X2) 2 ~v'2 , y'XI + X2

v'5 (v'2XI +

3X2

v'3XI ~ 2X2)

Tren day chi la nhtrng vi du minh hoa don giiin nhat. Ban doc c6 tM ti~p tuc rna rong vAn d~ nay thea cac huang sau day: - Xay dung M thong bai tap theo cac ham s6 khac nhau cho trirdc, - T6ng quat h6a cho trirong hop n bien s6 Xl, X2, ... ,Xn. - Thi~t lap cac bai toan tirong tu bang each thay Xl + E boi Xl + EI va X2 - E bdi X2 - E2, vdi EI ~ 0, E2 ~ 0, EI ::I E2,'" Tuy nhien, vAn d~ con la cho, phai tim kiem cac each chung minh phu hop vdi chuong trinh ph6 thong, sau khi da dung cong cu "cao cap" d~ sang tac bai t~p v~ bAt ding thirc.

42

MIXING
Tran Nam Dung

VARIABLES
Gabriel Dospinescu
(2)

(1) -

One of the main properties of most inequalities, especially polynomial ones is the fact that equality holds when all or some variables are equal. Mixing variables method is based on this property and its purpose is to decrease the number of variables, reducing the problem to an easier form, which can be proved using factorization, AM-GM, one-variable calculus or by mathematical induction. To prove the inequality

(1)
we can try to show that

or that

(3)
And then, if we succeded in proving this, we reduce proving (1) to proving the inequality (4) which has one less variables. Of ,course, inequalities (2) and (3) can' be totally wrong or can be true only with some additional condition. In (2) and (3) we change only two variables, so usually it is not hard to verify them. The following example will show that this technique can be used both for easy inequalities and hard ones.

equality:

Example 1 (Kwant). Let a, b, c > O. Show that we have following in-

Solution. 43

Let's consider the function

f(a, b, c) = 2(a2

+ b2 + C2) + 3.y a2b2c2

- (a

+ b + C)2.

The expression of f itself suggests us to mix two variables into their geometric mean (to keep .ya2b2c2 unchanged). We have

f(a, b, c) - f(a,

vbc, vbc)

= 2(b2

+ c2 -

2bc)

+ (a + 2vbc)2

- (a

+ b + c)2

= (v'b - yc)2[(v'b + yc)2 - 2a].

So, if a = min{a,b,c} (and we can obviously suppose that) then we have

f(a, b, c) ~ f(a,

vbc, vbc).
_., .....

Thus, to prove the initial inequality, it is sufficient to show that f(atb,_p~O for all a and b. But this inequality is equivalent to " .... ,

or

a2+3~~4ab,
which is true by AM-GM for a2, ~, ~, ~. The following example is much more difficult.

Example 2 (Vietnamese IMO Team selection Test, 1996).

Let a, b, c be arbitrary real numbers. Prove that

Solution We will show that with some additional condition

F(a, b, c) ~ F(a, (b
Indeed, long but easy computations

+ c)/2,

(b + c)/2).

show that we have

F(a, b, c) - F(a, (b (a+b )4+(b+c)4+(

+ c)/2,

(b

+ c)/2)

c+a )4_( a4+b4+c4) -2( a+(b+c) /2)4 - (b+c)4+( a4+2( (b+c) /2)4) = (a + b)4 + (c + a)4 - 2(a + (b + c)/2)4 + c((b + c)4/8 - b4 - c4) = a(4b3 + 4c3 - (b + c)3) + 3a2(2b2 + c2 - (b + c)2) + (b4 + c4 - (b + c)4/8)

44

= 3a(b

+ e)(b - e)2 + 3a2(b - e)2 + (3/56)(b - e)2[7b2 + 7e2 + lObe]

= 3a(a

+ b + e)(b - e)2 + (b - e)2[7b2 +7~2 + lObe].

r(

The last term is nonnegative. If a, b, e have thes~~e sign, then the initial inequality is trivial. If a, b, e have different sizns then at least one from a, b, e ~"mH"""li~1has the same sign as a + b + e. WLOG, suppose that it is a. From the last equality we have F(a, b, e) ~ F(a, (b + e)/2, (b + e)/2). Thus, it is now sufficient to show that F(a, b, b) ~ 0 for all a, b, or

Ifb = 0 then inequality is trivial. If b f= 0, then dividing the two sides of the inequality by b4 and putting x = alb, we reduce it to the equivalent form:

2(x + 1)4+ 16- (x4 + 2) ~ O. 2(x + 1)4 + 16 - (x4 + 2). We have f'(x) x
The last one can be proved by one-variable calculus. Consider f(x)

8(x + 1)3 - x3• f'(x)

= 0 <=>

+1=

y1x

<=> x

= ~2.9294.

Thus

fmin

= f(-2.9294)

= 2(-1.9294)4 + 16-

(4/7)(-2.9294)4

- 8/7

= 0.4924.

For free of conditions inequalities in general we can mix variables into whatever we want: arithmetic mean, geometric mean, harmonic mean, quadratic mean ... and in some cases, we can even define special means. A beautiful example is the following famous (due to its difficulty) problem.

Example 3 (Iranian Mathematical Olympiad 1996). Let a, b, e be positive reals. Prove that (ab+be+ea)

1 ( (a+b)2

+ (b+e)2 +

(e+a)2

1)

4'

Analysis: We can mix a, b into (a + b)/2, but then both terms in L.S.H will be changed and the ~esyJt-~ITi__beyery··b1Jlky.~,,', Naturally, we want to keep one telm~ll!l;c.;hanged. For example, we will keep ab + be + ea unc.ll_9.!lged. F~rthis gQ_a!t e mi~ band e into t such that w ab + be + ea = at + t2 + ta.----~, If we solve this equation (in t) we get

t = -a + J(a + e)((a + b).

45

Let

f(a, b, e) = l/(a

+ b)2 + l/(b + e)2 + l/(e + a)2.

Our goal is to show that f(a, b, e) ~ f(a, t, t). Investigating this inequality, we see that it holds only with some assumption, for example for a = min{ a, b, e}. Solution. WLOG, we can assume that a'= min{a, b, e}. Let t = -a+J(a + e)((a + b), g(a, b, e) = ab + be + ea and

f(a, b, e) = l/(a

+ b)2 + l/(b + e)2 + l/(e + a)2.

Then g(a, b, e) = g(a, t, t). We will show that

f(a, b, e) ~ f(a, t, t).

Note that a+t = J(a (*) is equivalent to

+ e)(a + b),
l/(a

J(a

+ e)(a + b) ~

t ~ (b+e)/2.

Also,

(l/(a

+ b) -

+ e))2

~ 1/4t2 - l/(b

+ e)2,

which can also be written

Now,

b + e - 2t = (a = (v'a+b-

+ b) + (a + e) -

2 J (a

+ e) (a + b) =
v'a+e)2

v'a+e)2

= (b-e)2/(v'a+b+

and it sufficient to show that

But this is trivial because J(a + e)(a + b) ~ t ~ 2t ~ b + e. Thus, all we have to do now is to prove that

g(a, t, t)f(a, t, t) ~ 9/4.

This can be done by easy computation:

g(a, t, t)f(a,
¢:>

t, t) ~ 9/4 (2at

¢:>

4(2at

+ t2)(2/(a + t)2 + 1/4t2)

~ 9t2(a

~9

+ t2)(St2 + (a + t)2)
46

+ t)2

¢:>

(2at

+ t2)(9t2 + a2 + 2at)

~ 9t2(a2

+ 2at + t2)

¢:>

at(a - t)2 ~

o.

Mixing variables can be used not only for free of conditions inequalities, but also for inequalities with additional conditions. In these cases, when we mix variables, we have to be sure that the conditions still hold. So, we have less variants to choose.

Example 4 (Vietnamese Mathematical Olympiad 2002). Prove that for arbitrary real numbers x, y, z, satisfying

the inequality

2(x
holds. Solution. Let f(x, y, z) = 2(x + y when x2 + y2 + z2 = 9.

+ y + z)

~ xyz

+ 10

+ z)

- xyz. We have to show that f(x, y, z) ~ 10

To leave the condition x2 + y2 + z2 variables into their quadratic mean.; Consider

9 unchanged, we will mix two

f(x, y'(y2
= 2(x

+ z2)/2,

y'(y2

+ z2)/2) + z2)/2

- f(x, y, z) = - 2(x

+ 2y'(y2 + z2)/2)

- x(y2

+ y + z) + xyz
'<1
'~l'

= 2( -y - z) - x(y - z)2/2

= (y - z)2[2/( +y +~) - x/2].

'V~

If x, y, z > 0, we consider two cases. The first one: 1 ~ x ~ y ~ z, Then

H':'"

2(x

+ y + z)

- xyz ~ 2y'3(x2

+ y2 + z2)

- 1 = 6V3

< 10.

The second one: 0

< x ~ 1. Then
~ 2x+2y'2(y2

2(x+y+z)-xyz

< 2(x+y+z)

+ Z2) = 2x+2y'2(9

- X2)

= g(X).

We have g'(x) = 2 - 2~> 0, so it follows that g(x) ~ g(l) = 10. If among numbers x, y, z there is a negative number, WLOG, suppose that x < O. Then

f(x, y'(y2

+ z2)/2,

y'(y2

+ z2)/2)
47

- f(x,

u, z)

~0

and we reduce our problem to proving that f(x, J(y2 10, or

/

+ z2)/2, J(y2 + z2)/2) ~

or

h(x) = x3 - 5x + 4J2(9 - x2) ~ 20. We have: h'(x) = 3x2-5-4xJ2/(9 - x2). Solving the equation h'(x) = 0 (where x < 0), we get x = -1. It is maximal point of h, thus h(x) ~ h( -1) =
Example 5 (Gabriel Dospinescu). Prove that if a, b, c > 0 verify a2 + b2

20.

+ c2

= 3 , then

Solution. Again, the purpose it to preserve the relation given in the problem. That is why we study the difference

f(a, b, c) - f(a, t, t),

wheret= ~ V~.

It is easy to compute the difference. It is

Let us take a = min{a,b,c}.

Then

b3+c3_2t3

= (b+c)(b2-bc+c2)-2t3)+t2

~ 2t(b2-bc+c2)-2t3

= t(b-c)2.

So, the difference is at most

since 2t - b - c ~ 0 and a ~ t. Thus, it remains to prove that if a2 + 2t2 = 3 , then f(a, t, t) ~ 6. This can be written

a3t

+ at3 + t4
¢:}

¢:}

at(3 - t2) ~ 3 _ t4

(3 - 2t2)t2(3 - t2)2 ~ (3 _ t4)2

and this one is true since it is equivalent to

48

Thus, it isn't always trivial to show the inequality for two numbers. We will see that there is an easier solution for this problem, thought this is the most natural solution. We finish with an inequality proposed for the final round of the Romanian mathematical olympiad in 2003: Example 6 (Mircea Lascu and Marian Tetiva). Prove that if a, b, e > 0 have .product 1, then the following inequality holds: '/I'~ "" . a
2

+ b2 + e2 + 3 ~ a + b + e + ab + be + ca.

Solution. Now it's obvious that we should consider the function: f(a, b, c)

a2

+ b2 + e2 + 3 -

a - b - e - ab - be - ca.

It is also easy to deduce that f(a, b, c) - f(a,~,

Vk) = (Vb - y'C)2((Vb

L.

+ y'C)2

- 1 - a).

So, we would like to have the last term positive. Naturally, we choose a = min{a,b,e}. By AM-GM we have that (Vb

+ y'C)2

~ 4Vk = ~ ~ 4 ~ 1 + a,

since a ~ 1. Thus, it is enough to prove that in fact a2

f (a, VbC, VbC) ~

0 and this is

(.:a - 1)
+ 2va

+ 2 ~ a + 2va +1~
a2

and it is obviously true since a

~ 2a

+ 2.

In considered examples, we mix variables into their means. We do so, because equality holds when these two variables are equal. But for some inequalities, this property does not hold, and we have to choose other expression to mix into, rather means. Usually, in these cases we use boundary values (look at the ends priciple). Example 7 (Gabriel Dospinescu, Gheorghe Vranceanu Contest, 2003). Let n be a natural number, n ~ 2. Find the greatest value of the expression (ab)n (be)n (ea)n

--+ 1 - ab

1- b - e 49

+-- ' 1- ea

when a, b, e are arbitrary nonnegative reals satisfying a + b + e = 1. Analysis: The investigation of the easiest case (n = 2) shows that the maximum value is not achieved in the point (1/3, 1/3, 1/3), but in the point (1/2,1/2,0). This fact suggests that we should mix a and b into a + band O. But in additional condition that e = max{ a, b, e}. When one variable is equal to 0, the function becomes a simple one-variable function. . Solution. Let's assume that a ::;; ::;; e. Put b

I( a, b,e )
We will show that

---+ 1 - ab

(ab)n

(be)n 1- b-

+--. e 1 - ea

(ea)n

I(a, b, c) ::;; I{O, a

This is equivalent to

+ b, c).
(a

--+ 1 - ab
We write consequently

(ab)n

(be)n 1- b- e

+--::;; 1 - ea
anen ae -

(cc)"

+ b)nen

1 - ae - be

----'--~ 1 - ae - be

(a

+ b)nen

(an

+ nabn-1 + bn)en
1 - ab - be

~1

+ be 1 -

anbn ae -

+---be 1 - ae - be

bnen

and we get (*). All we have to do now is to find the maximum value of 1(0, b, c) = (be)n , 1- be where b + e = 1. This is an easy exercise, since the function h (x) = z" / (1- x) is an increasing function on (0, 1) and be ::;;(b + e)2/4 = 1/4, so

..

max

1 = h(1/4) = 1/(3.4n -

1). for example

This is the answer to the problem, since the value is attained when a

and e = O. 2 As it can be easily deduced from the above, mixing variables is most useful for 3-variable inequalities. The reason is simple: if we can mix variables for a 3-variable inequality, then we get 2-variable one, which, in most of

=b=-

50

cases can easily reduce to I-variable (for example, a homogenus 2-variable is equivalent to I-variable inequality). When the expression which needs to be evaluated has more than 3 variables, using this method meets more difficulty, because every mixing does the expression more complicated. Especially in the case of a general inequality (with n variables), the difficulties are more than obvious: mixing variables change the general form and we cannot use induction, which is the most appropriate approach. Mixing variables will be more effective if we use it together with other arguments, for example, the properties of continuous functions on a compact. . Example 8 (Gabriel Dospinescu). Prove that for positive reals whose product is 1 we have 1 1 --+--+ 1 + X2 1 + Xl Analysis. Let 1 ...+--"" 1 + Xn ./
Xl Xl,

X2, ... , Xn,

+ x2 +...+ xn + n
4

""

1 __ 1_. x+I We have to show that if XI.X2 ... Xn = 1 then

f(x)

= x+

f(Xd

+ f(X2) +...+ f(xn)

o.

..../

We will show that if Xl, X2, ... , Xn = 1 then f(XI) +f(X2) +...+f(xn) ~ O. First, we will show that there exists a minimal value of S(XI, ... , xn) =

If min{J(xI) + f(X2) + + f(xn)} = f(xi) + f(x'2) +...+ f(x~), we will show that xi = x'2 = = x~ = 1, and we get that min = O. It is trivial if we can prove that if x,i =1= x'2 then f(xi) + f(x'2) > 2f( ~). But why does this minimum exist? Sometimes, we ignore this fact, considering it trivial. But it is one 'of main question in this problem. Some properties of continuous functions will help us. Solution. Let f(x) = x+ 1 __ 1_. 4 X+ 1

The conditi~xl.X2···Xn =i")forces us to mix XI,X2 into ..jXIX2,y'X1X2. But after that?-We can mix some pairs of variables, but if the number of variables is odd? More detailed consideration shows that mixing variables brings us to result iff n = 2k. What' we-can do in other cases? We can work backward!

51

f(Xl)

+ f(X2)

+ ....

+ f(xn)

on the surface = I}.

{(Xl, ... ,Xn) E (IR+tIXl.X2···Xn

Note that f(I)+···+ f(l) = 0 and 1/(I+XI)+I/(I+X2)+' So, if Xi > 3n for some i then S(XI, , xn) > O. Similarly, if Xi < 1/(3n)n then Xl Xn/Xi > (3n)n,

·+I/(I+xn)
and

< n.

Xl

+ ... + Xn

- Xi > (n - I)(XI ... xn/xdl/n-l

> 3n

and S(Xl, ... , xn) > O. Thus, we can find the minimal value in the compact:

S(Xl, ... , xn) is continuous on C, so the first thing is done.

Secondly, let

We will show that xi = = .... = can find xi =F We will show that if

xi.

xi

x~ = 1. Indeed,
X

=F y

if it is not so, then we

then
'/

f(x)
which leads to a contradiction.

+ f(y) > 2f(ffy) /,y

But .' 2/(1+) -1/(1

(*)
{:>

{:>

(x + Y - 2)/4>

+ x) -1/(1

+ y) ..'
'/

r-

02>

[2(1 + x)(1 + y) - (1+)(2 + x + y)]/(I+)(1

{:>

+ x)(1 + y)

02/4>

02(1- )/(1+)(1

+ x)(1 + y)

which is true. Finally, we conclude that

f(XI)

+ f(X2)

+ ... + f(xn)

~ f(l)

+ '" + f(l)

= O.

Problems for self-study

1 (After Kvant problem). Prove that for arbitrary real numbers Xl, X2, ... , Xn we have

52

2 (Talented Team selection test 2002). Find all positive integer k such that inequality 2(ak

+ bk + ck) + 3~

~9

holds for all positive reals a, b, c satisfying a + b + c = 3. 3 (Vasile Cartoaje, Gazeta Matematica A). Let x, y, z be positive reals satisfying x3 + y3 + z3 = 3. Show that x4y4 + y4z4 + z4x4 ~ 3. 4(Proposed for 2000 Moscow Olympiad). Prove that if x, y, z > 0 have product 1 then: x 2

+ y2 + z2 + X + y + z

"--_

~ 2(xy

+ yz + zx).

5 (1993 Imo Shortlist, proposed by Vietnam). Prove that if a, b, c, d are nonnegative reals which add up to 1, then abc

+ bed + cda + abd

~a

1 + 176abcd 27 the following inequality:

6. Prove that for all a, b, c a 2

> 0 we have

+ b2 + c2 + 2 + abc

+ b + c + ab + be + ca.

7. For positive real numbers a, b, c prove that (a 2

+ b2)(b2 + c2)(c2 + a2)(ab + be + ca)2

~ 8a2b2c2(a2

+ b2 + c2)2.

8 (Vietnamese Team selection test 2005). For positive real numbers a, b, c prove that (a

+ b)3 +

a3

(b

+ c)3 +

b3

c3 3 (c + a)3 ~ S·

9 (Gabriel Dospinescu, After Vietnamese 1996 problem). For arbitrary real numbers a, b, c, show that (a+b)6+(b+c)6+(c+a)6 16 ~ 63(a6+b6+c6).

(1) Lecturer of Mathematics and Informatics department, Hochiminh city University of natural science (2) Romanian student, from 2004 does his study in France

53

CHUNG

MINH cAc BAT DANG THUC BAN BANG DAO HAM

Le Dinh Thinh

co

Truong D(li Hoc Khoa Hoc TV Nhien, DHQGHN

B§,t ding thirc co ban Cauchy (B§,t ding thrrc giira trung binh cong va trung binhnhan ) va Cauchy - Bunhiacopxki dl1<;1C dung r§,t rong rai trong su nha truong, khi do thi va su dung r§,t thuan tien d~ giai cac bai toan tlnrc tien. Rieng b§,t ding thirc Cauchy (B§,t ding thirc giira trung binh cong va trung bmh nhan) da co nhieu each khac nhau d~ chirng minh. Diroi day la mot each chirng minh b§,t ding thirc Cauchy bi§,ngdao ham r§,t dep va clnrng minh b~,t ding tlnrc Cauchy suy rong ciing dt dep bang dao ham va tir do suy ra cac b§,t ding thirc tlnrong gap nhir b§,t ding thirc Ienxen, Ienxen suy rong, b§,tding thirc Honde va b§,t ding thirc Cauchy - Bunhiacopxki. Trude het ta chirng minh.

B5

d~ 1. N€u f'(x)

>0

Vx ;? Xo f(xo)

= 0 thi f(x)

>0

Vx

> Xo.

Chung minh. Do f'(x) > 0 Vx ;? Xo nen f(x) :::} fmin = f(O) = 0 :::} f(x) ;? f(O)

d6ng bien khi x ;? Xo = 0 :::} f(x) > 0 Vx > Xo.

Bai toan 1. Chung minh rling ex-I;? Giai.

Xet f(x) VI f'(x)

x Vx, dfiu

={:}

x = 1.

:::} f(x)

= ex-1 - x ;? f(l)

< 0 khi x < 1, f'(x)

= ex-1

x, ta eo f'(x)

> 0 khi x >

= ee-l

0 {:} ex-I;?

- 1 = 0 {:} x-I = 0 {:} x 1 :::} fmin = f(l) = O. x. Dau ={:} x = 1.

1.

54

Suy ra

Suy ra

Dau ={::} -

Xl

= ... = -

Xn

= 1 {::} Xl = ...

Xn.

Thi du 1. (D@thi hoc sinh gioi Mien B~c nam 1976). Cho k va n la nhirng s6 ttr nhien va Xl, X2, ... ,Xn la nhirng s6 thirc duong sao cho Xl + X2 + ... + Xk = 1. Chang minh r~ng

Gicii. Vi

Xi

> 0 =} xin > 0

k

'tin

=}

z: xi
i=l Xl (

-n _ ~
-

0
i=l

n ~k X
t

k 7l"i=1

n' z:
t

Hen 1l11a Suy ra

XIX2

...

Xk

+ X.2

+k ...

+ X k)
k
kri

k __

("k1)

-k- ~ 7l"i=l

Tv

I:7=1

Dau ={::} Xl = X2 = ... =

(*) va (**), ta co xin ~ k ifkT!k = k . kn = kn+l. , 1

Xk

=k

Thi du 2. (D@thi hoc sinh gioi nam 1976).

Xac dinh dang cua tlABC, neu, a cos A a cos A

+ b cos B + c cos C
56

+ b cos B + c cos C

+ b+ c
9R

trong d6 a, b, c la de?dai 3 canh, RIa ban kfnh duong tron ngoai ti~p 6.ABG. Gilli. Ta bien d6i tli s6 d v~ trai 'thanh R(sin2A

+ sin2B + sin2G)

= 4RsinAsinBsinC

(da sli dung dinh If ham sin). Mau s6 d v~ trai. ~ 3..yabcsinAsinBsinG

= 6R{!(sinAsinBsinG)2::;.
si

::;. v~ trai ( ~,ysinAsinBsinG.C6 Mat khac, v~ phai bang. 2R(sinA

(*)

+ sinB + sinG)
9R =

9"

3..ysinAsinBsinC

= '(**)

3"'

..ysinAsinBsinC

TIt (*) va (**) ::;. 6.ABG

d~u .

Thi du 3. Chimg minh rang Va, b Giai.

> 0 ta d~u c6 2 a+.y a2b . b2a ( a2 + b2.

Bat ding thuc da cho tirong dirong voi

2ab = ( -a+b Thi du 4.

({vIab)2

(Cauchy)

= ab (

a2 --

+ b2
2

1/ Chirng minh r~ng day

Xn

=
+

2/ Chirng minh rang day (1 Giai.

~r
57

(1

~r.

tang thuc su, E Z+.

< 3 Vn

1/ Theo b!t diing thiic Cauchy suy rong ta c6.

D§.u ={::}1 + ~ = 1 => khong dat d!u ==> Xn < n

thirc su, 2/ Theo cong thtrc nhi thirc Niuton ta c6.

xn+l,

ttrc la day

Xn

tang

(1 + n VI
,

~)n = CO +C
n

1 . n

2 en.

n2

+ ... +

cr . ~k n n

+ ...

e~·n k
n n

n(n-l)

.. ·(n-k+l) k'. k

= (1-~)

... (1-

k -1) n

1 . 2· .. k

< _1 .
2k-l

=> (1 + ~)

n = CO + c: .~ + ... + en . ~2 < 1 + 1+ ~ + _!_ + ... n nn nn 2 22

1 1 1 2n-1
,

+ _1_' < 2n-1

< 1+1+-+-+"'+--+-+ 2 22
( ? ,

1
2n

.. ·=1+--=3 1_ 1
2

ap dung cong thirc tong cap so nhan lui vo tan voi a =

Xn

Tu 1/ va 2/ suy ra day

= (1
n

~r
x

2' .

1)

hoi tu, c6 gioi han la

n--7OO

lim (1 + ~)

= e = 2,718281828459045....

Giai han nay goi la gioi han tuyet dieu thir hai. Thi du 5. Chrrng minh rAng \/0

<

<

2 ta d~u c6 (1 -

i) ~< ~.

Giai. Ta viEitb!t ding thirc da cho dirci dang

58

D~t P = -,

(4) voi x = tgx,

Tl

1 q = - =>
T2

"i

> 0,

T2

> 0, -

Y = eotgx,

ta diroc. tgr1x + -

Tl

+-

T2

= p + q = O. ap dung

xr1 r2 + '!j__ ~ xy
Tl

1
¢:} -

T2

Tl

T2

eotgr2x;;::

tgx eotgx = 1.

(3). BAt dAng thtrc Honde,

C·• • ' lasurangxl,x2,···,Xn;Yl,Y2,···,Yn> khi d6 ta e6 b!t ding thirc Honde.
n

0 ,p> 0 ,q> 0'va-+-=, 1 1

p q

LXiYi
i=l

:::;;

Chung minh. Di;l.t

A = (t xf) * , B = (t Y;) ~
1=1 P 1=1 q

Khi d6 ttl (4)

=> Xi . Yi ~ Xi + J!.L i = 1 ... n

A B '" pAP qBq' ,

L!y t6ng theo i ttl 1 d@n n va chu

n
~TI

y
P

,. :L~l xf = AP , :L~l Y; = B" ta diroc.

~n q

L
1=1

~~

:::;; 6;A~Xi

+ 6~Bl/i

= ;; +

q = 1.
(2 Yl 2 + Y2 + ... + 2) Yn

(4). Khi p = q = 2 ta diroc b!t ding thirc Cauchy - Bunhiacopxki. (XIYl

+ X2Y2

+ ...
a2,···

+ xnYn

)2

(2 :::;; Xl

2 x2 .

+ ... +

2) xn . s6 p

(5). BAt dAng thirc Mincopxki

Cia S11aI,
, an ;;:: 0;

bl, b2,···

,bTl ;;:: 0,

> 1 khi

d6 ta c6 .

Chung minh. Ta c6 ding thirc hi~u nhien.

11 11

L(ai
i=l

+ bd = L
i=l

ai(ai + bdP-l + L

11

bi(ai + bi)P-l.

i=i

60

ap dung b§.t ding

1, q

Honde cho moi ti5ng CJ v@ phai. Neu 1 p-1 = p, - = --. q p Bell v<).y
•. _

>

1 thl

,p-1

- +-

= 1, p

>

--

Chia 2 v@cho [ I:~=l ai + b;)P ( Thi

al,'"

1'

e=.!.

ta diroc hiit ding thirc cAn chirng minh.

du 7. D~ do viet ta viet 2: c6 nghia Iii. 2:~I' Cho 3n s6 thuc, ,an; bl,'" ,bn; Xl,'" ,Xn thoa man cac dieu kien sau.

Chung minh rang.

Gilli. Ttr gii thiet => 2: aixit = 0 Vt E R ding thirc Cauchy -Bunhiacopxki.

=> 2:(ait + bi)x = 1. ap dung b§.t

(L xi) ( Ltait
"'"' x2 Di

+ bi))' + (2:
1 aibdt

~(

L xi(ait
_ b; - At2

Hi))'
1

=>

>s-:

(2: al)t2

+ 2:

+ 2Bt + C'
2: ai bi 2:

' ' ' Bat d• ang t hire dung \./ vt

' ' " => b' d• t htrc dung Val k at ang

=-

a;

=-

B A

Mau

= A A2 + 2B·
"'"'

B2

-BA
2

+C =

1
A (AC - B2)

=>

D Xi

>-

s-:

0:: a;)(2:

2:

bl) - (2: aibi)2 (dpcm).

a;

61

D~t P = - , q = - => "i > 0, r2 rl r2 (4) voi x = tgx, Y = eotgx, ta diroc.

>
1

0, -

rl

+-

r2

=p

+q

= O. ap dung

xTt
rl

+ ¥__
r2

T2

~ xy <=> -

rr

tgTlx

+-

r2

eotgT2x ~ tgx eotgx = 1.

(3). B§.t d~ng thuc H6nde. G·• su fang ia • '

Xl,

X2,' .. ,xn;

Yl,

Y2,'"

,Yn

11 > 0 ,p > 0 ,q > 0'va -+- = 1,

khi do ta co b~t ding thirc Honde,

n

Pq

LXiYi
i=l

:::;;

Chung minh. D~t

A = (t Xf) * , B = (' i:Y;) ~

l=l l=l P q ,2

Khi de
I

0,

tl1

'(4)

Xi Yi· => Xi . u. ~ pAp + qBq A B ""

1 = ,"', n.

L~y ti5ng theo i tit 1 d~n n va chu

n ~n

y
p

2:7=1 xf = AP , 2:~1 Y; = B" ta diroc.

~n
q

L~~L.,;A~xi + L.,;=Sl/i = p + q = 1. :::;;

l=l

(4). Khi p = q

= 2 ta

diroc b~t ding thirc Cauchy - Bunhiac8pxki.

( XlYl

(2 )2 :::;;Xl + x22 (5). B§.t d~ng t htrc Minc6pxki .

+ X2Y2 + ... + xnYn

+ ." + xn2)
0, s6 p

. (2 Yl

2 2) + Y2 + ... + Yn

G ii S11aI, a2, . .. ,an ~ 0; bl, bz, . "

.o« ~

>

1 khi do ta co .

Chung minh. Ta co ding thirc hi~u nhien,

n

L(ai
i=l

+ bi)P

Lai(ai
i=l

+ bi)P-l + L bi(ai + bi)P-l.

i=i

60

ap dung b~t ding

1,

Honde cho moi ttSng

v~ phai, Neu

q > 1 thi

p-1 --

= p, - = --.

1 q

p-1

- +p q

= 1, p

>

Bdi vf}.y

Chia 2 v, cho [

L:~=l(a, + b,)P

1'

e=..!.

ta diroc bAt ding thtrc din chirng minh:

Thi d1,17. D~ dB viet ta viet L c6 nghiala Cho 3n s6 thirc. ai, ... , an ; b1, ... , bn ; Xl, ... , Xn thea man cac dieu kien sau.

L7=1'

Chung minh dng.

Giai. Tir giii thiet => L aixit = 0 Vt E R ding thirc Cauchy -Bunhiacopxki.

=> L(ait + bi)x = 1. ap dung b~t

L x; ~
_ B2 Mau = A A2

(L a;)t2

(L aibi)t + L b; = At2

+ 2Bt + C'

' Bat d? ang t hti du \..I ire ung vt

,. B => b'at d? t hii d'ung val k = - L aibi = - A ang ire La;

+ 2B
'"

. -BA
2

+C =

1 A (AC - B2) =>

c: Xi

>s-:

La; (L a;)(L bn - (L aibi)2 (dpcm).

61

Thi du 8. Chirng minh rang Val, a2, ... ,an> (al+a2+···+an)2 al a2

0 ta c6 bat d;1ng thtrc, an

~-;;---;;------;;:-:- ~ + + ... + --2(ai + a~ + ... + a~) "" a2 + a3 a3 + a4 al + a2

Giai. Sit dung bat ding thtrc Cauchy -Bunhiacopxki.

I: XiYi ~ vI: xJ I: YJ (I:XiYi)2 ~ I: x; ... I: Y;

{=}

voi

Xk

= J ak (ak+l + ak+2),

Yk

ak+1c;ak+2'

ta diroc

Md rorig pham vi ling durig bfit d~ng t htrc Cauchy - Bunhiac6pxki .

Sau day la mot trong cac htrongmo Tong bat d;1ng tlnrc Cauchy -Bunhiacopxki. Xet hai day 86 ai, a2, ... ,an va Cl, C2, ... ,en c6 cac 86 hang khac O. Thea bat ding thtrc Cauchy -Bunhiacopxki ta c6.

(L: a,)2 ~ ( L:a;c;~)' .; (L:a!c;)' ( L:

"2 Dat c: c1 = en ta
l

c~)'

dl1<;JC

()2 ai L

en L ai2ci2 .

DAu = Q9-t dtroc

{=}

cac day {aicd

va

{:J

tl 1~.

62

~ (La.)' <i(tp+~Q) Vt>O.

Liiy t

Ii:::} = (La;) La;) (Dia.)')

tP

+ ~Q
4

2..jP(J,

ta duoc

biit dling thirc CaCXC1n.

< ~,(

Cac dai hrong trung binh

,n. Trong thuc tien thirong

Gia sir ai > 0, i = 1,2""

trung blnh sau. (1). (2). (3). (4).

dung cac dai hrong

Trung blnh congo M1 = - 2:::7=1ai, n~_ Trung binh nhan, M2 = y'IIi=lai, n Trung binh dieu hoa . M3 = 2:::n ..1'

!=lr-a..:....i --_
Trung blnh blrih phirong. Ta e6 lv14 = . ~ 2:::~1 n -

aT,

M thirc sau gitra cac dai hrong trung blnh,

M3 ~ M2 ~ M1 ~ M4.

Dinh ly 1.

Trong truong hop n = 2,

nghia hlnh hoc ciia dinh

ly

nhir sau.

a A.

Xet 1l11a dirong tron dirong kinh BG, tam O. Gia su OD .L BG tai O. Tir di@rn E biit ky i= D, B, G ta ke ti@p tuyen voi duong tron, ctBG keo dai

Ke EF

j_

BG, F E BG.

Dat AB = a1

>

0, AG = a2

> 0(a1 i= a2).

Khi d6.

AE (canh huyen Ian hen canh g6c vuong), rna AE =

VA02

- OE2

V(AO

+ OE)(AO

- OE)

= JAB·

AC

= y'ala2.
AG (M

:::} M3 = AO > AE = M2. hoac AE2 = AG . AB :::}AE = JAB· thirc hrong trong vong tron ) .

64

Thea cong thtrc

2(x2

+ y2)

= (x

+ y)2 + (x
(AO

- y)2 ta e6
= jAC ;

AD =
Thea

J A02

+ OD2+j(AO

- OD)2;

+ OD)2

AB2 = jar;

a2

M thirc hrong trong tam giac vuong. AF· AO = AE2 =>

AF = AE2 = ala2 = 2_!_ 2 AO al al

!a

+ _!_

a2

= M3

VI AD > AO > AE > AF => M4 > MI > M2 > M3. Chtrng minh dinh IY.
(I). Thea b~t ding thirc Cauchy.

(2). Thea b~t ding thirc Cauchy - Bunhiacopxki.

~ai

=L

l·ai ~ JL

12JLa;

= FnJLar

=> ~

2::ai

= Nh ~ j~

La;

= M4

(3). Thea b~t ding thirc Cauchy.

M2 ~ M,

Thi du 9. (D~ thi hoc sinh gioi nam 1980)

(1)
Giai.

65

Boi vay

1 2: m[ + 2: m;

;;::k

2 (T2 + T2 ) k2 k

(dpcm) .

Bai
(1).

t~p
(D~ thi hoc sinh gioi nam 1976). ta

Chung minh ding, voi bit ky di~m M nao n5.m trong tam giac ABC d~u co

(1)
trong do da, db, de 1a khoang each tit M l§.n hrot d@ncac canh BG, GA, AB; a, b, c la dO dai cac canh va S la dien tich cua tam giac. Hay rna rong (1) cho tu dien trong kh6ng gian.

(2).
Cho co

(D~ thi hoc sinh gi6i Lien X6 nam 1976).

Xl

2; xn+l

x;

,1

5" :::; Xn < 2.

5~

+ 1,

1,2",

'. Chung minh ding 'tin

>

1 ta

(3). Chung minh r~ng Va, b, x > 0 ta d'u c6 ( ~:~ (4). Chang minh r~ng
(5).

) 1+, ;, ali'

day S5
Xi

Vn ~

(1 _ ~)
va

thuc $\1 tang.

= p,
ri

Chung minh rang, neu

>0

2:~1 Xi

E Z+

66

thi

L:~l ?'xi+I ~ n + 1 .

(6). Chung minh rang Ifa >

(7).

I,

» 0 ta d~u co

(1-~)".(I-~

r,;;
I.

(D~ thi hoc sinh gioi Hungari).

Chimg minh r5.ng neu a 130 g6c nhon thi

(1 + _.1o ) (1 + _1 a ) > 5. sin cos

(8). Chung minh ding, neu a 130 g6c nhon thl

( 1)(
1+-sm o dau

1+--

cos a

1)

=
(9).

dat diroc

¢:}

= 45°.

Cho al,· .. ,an; b1,· .. ,bn 130 cac s6 thuc, Chung minh rang

1/
2/

jf;.i + Ifb'i ~JL:(ai jf;.i -Ifb'i

2

+ bi)2. + bil·
3k
4
lOOk

~L:

lai

(10). Giiisit
Chung minh rang Chu

1k mk = -

+ - + - + ... + -3

2k

101 ' 3k 4

kk =

1 2 ...
,,

m~~ mk+1 . mk-l.

"

y.

1k Bat dang thrrc dung '\Imk = 2

,?

+ - + - + ... + --'\In
3

2k

nk

n+1

E Z+.

( 11) . Chii mm h r] img . rang

VXi

> 0'va W vn

E Z+ ta d" co eu

,,,n

L..,i==l Xi L..,i==l

"n

-1 ~ Xi

(12). (D~ thi hoc sinh gi6i nam 1981).

Cho n s6 thuc tI, t2, ... B·<. rang A let ~ 1 = n "n - L..,i==l

tk va

. 'B = -1 "n n
67

.t«

sao cho 0

<p

~ tk ~ q voi k = 1,2,· .. ,n.

2 tk· Chu 11Irg min

L..,i==l

. h' rang

A2 -B ~

( 4pq )2 va tim di@u kien d.n va dii dJ c6 d§.u ding thtrc, p+q

Chi dan
(1). S = ~(ada

+ bdb + cdc).

Ap dung b§.t ding thirc Cauchy.

Ma

81 V4 rong dAdBdCdD ~ 256SASBSCSD'

(2). Ap dung b§.t ding thirc Cauchy cho v@trai, V@phai, Tim di@u kien don dieu cua Xn .

1, P2 = X. (4). (5).

(3); Apd\lng

b§.t ding tlnrc Cauchy morong,

cho al

= a,

a2

= b, PI =

Sit dung k@t qua bai 3, hoac lam nhir thf du 4. Ap d\lng b§.t ding thirc Cauchy
p-I

,j(Xi+1)~.

rna

rong voi chu

f/xi

+1 =

B§.t ding thirc Cauchy (6). 1 + b-I Sit dung bat ding tlnrc Cauchy

rna rong,

cho ta al = 1-a-1

,a2 =

PI = a, P2 = b. (7). (8). (9). acopxki, Sit dung b§.t ding thirc Cauchy. Sit dung b§.t ding thirc Cauchy - Bunhiacopxki. Binh phircng hai v@r6i ap dung b§.t ding thirc Cauchy _ Bunhi-

(11).

Sit dung b§.t ding thirc Cauchy - Bunhiac6pxki. ~

(12). Chuy 0 < P ~ tk ~ q {:} (tk-P)(tk-q) ~ 0 {:} tk-(P-q)tk+pq O. L.§.yt6ng theo k tu 1 d@n n. Liru y A = MI , B = M] .

68

MOT

SO

BAT DANG TRUC LIEN QUAN PRAN xAc DINR

DEN TicR

Le Dinh Thinh
Truatu; DQ,i H9C Khoa H9C Tv Nhieti, DHQGHN

Ngay nay tich phan xac dinh diroc dung ph6 bi@n ij bac ph6 thong, ta nen c6 mot s6 bai toan lien quan d@n tich phan xac dinh. Thi du 1. (D~ thi hoc sinh gioi Belarutsia, 1994). Tren d6 thi ham y = ax3 ,(a> 0) cho cac di~m AI, A2,'" ,An (vdi hoanh do duong). N6i cac di~m nay vdi g6c tea do. Ke cac dirong vuong g6c Aixj vdi Ox. To mau tr~ng den theo quy t~c ban co. Chung minh ding dien tfch cac 6 tr~ng bang dien tich cac 6 den.

Giai.
Ta chtrng minh r[ng dien tich tam giac cong OAjAj+1 bang dien tich hinh thang cong XiAjAj+lxj+l. Ky hieu S, la dien tich gioi han boi cung OXj va day cung OXj, T; la dien tich tam giac cong OXjAi ; R; la dien tich tam giac thing OxjAi, khi do

S, +Ti = R;
Ta c6:

~=

2"0Xi

. XiAj
3

= 2"Xj' aXj

2"aXj

T; =

J
D

Xi

ax dx

1 = 4"aXi4 => S,

14 R; - T; = 4"aXI = Ti.

Thi du 2. (D~ 106 cau IVa, BQ d~ thi D;:J.ihoc) . Chung minh rling, neu f(x) va g(x) la hai ham lien tuc, xac dinh tren [a, thi ta c6:

b]

69

(J
a

f(X)9(X)dX)

::;

J
a

f2(X)dx

J
a

g2(x)dx.

(B~t ding tlnrc Cauchy -Bunhiacopxki).

Giai.
"It E lR ta c6 0 ::; [tf(x)
=}

+ g(x)]
b

= t2 f2(x)
b

+ 2tf(x)g(x)

+ g2(x)
D,_' ::;

0 ::; t2

J f2(x)dx
a
b

+ 2t J f(x)g(x)dx
a

+ J g2(x)dx.
a
=}

V§ phai la tam thirc bac hai khOng am "It

biet thirc thu gon

=}

(J
a

f(X)9(X)dX)

-1
::;

f2(x)dx·1

g2(x)dx::;

=}

(dpcm).

Thi du 3. (B~t ding thirc Honde ) . Gia s11 f(x) va g(x) la hai ham tuy y, kha tfch tren doan [a, b]. Gia sft p va , 11 ,. q la hai so Ion hon 1 sao cho - + - = 1. Khi d6 ta co bat dang thirc Honde: pq

/J
a

f(X)9(X)dX/

(J
a

If(xWdX)

p.

(J
a

19(XWdX)

-.

ChUng minh. Do tfnh thuan nhat cua b~t ding thirc, Wc la neu b~t ding thirc dung voi f(x), g(x) thl cling dung voi tf(x), kg (x) =} xet trtrong hop

.f
a

if(x)g(x)dxi

::; 1 va

J a

ig(x)iqdx

::; 1 1a du, va ta chtrng minh b~t ding

thirc

/J
a

f(X)9(X)dX/

::; 1.

Ta viet b~t ding thirc Ienxen tai diiim x b~t ky E

[a, b] d5i vdi f(x)

va g(x)

Tich phan hai v§

70

VI

If

f(x)g(X)dxl

:S flf(X)9(X)dXI

~ (dpcm).

Chu y: Khi p

=q=

2 ta nhan duoc b!t ding thirc Cauchy - Bunhiac6pxki.

Thf du 4 (B!t ding thirc Trebirsep). Nhac 19-ib!t ding thirc Trebirsep dbi voi cac day s6 0 < Yl :S Y2 :S ... :S Yn ; ,Zl ~ Z2 ~ ... ~i> 0 la :
n

L
i=l

YiZi :S - LYi n i=l

L
i=l

Zi·

B!t ding thirc Trebusep d6i voi tich phan: Neu f(x) va g(x) xac dinh lien tuc tren [a, bien, thl
b b

b], f(x)
b

d6ng bien, g(x) nghich

/ f(x)g(x)dx
a

:S b ~ a / f(x)dx
a

/ g(x)dx
a

(1)

ChUng minh. Chia

[a, bj thanh n phan bang nhau boi cac di~m chia Xi; d~t
f(Xi)
= Yi ,g(Xi)

= Zi
n

-+

l
/
a

a
b

f(x)dx

'n-r+oo

b lim ~

'" Yi; 6
i=l

/
a

g(x)dx

= n-+ooty lim

b-aL. -n

Zi;

f(x)g(x)dx

~=l

= n-+ooty lim

b-aL. -n

YiZj

1=1

Bay gio (1) nhan diroc tit b!t ding thirc Trebrisep bang each chuyen qua gioi han. T6i d@xu!t sang tac cac bai toan b!t ding thirc dua vao y nghia hinh hoc cua tich phan xac dinh vaphuong phap tinh g§.n dung tfch phan xac dinh nhir sau: Bi@t y
a

J f(x)dx
,Y

S(x)

180 dien tfch hlnh thang cong gioi han bdi

= f(x)

= 0,

= a,

=b

(voi gia. thiet f(x)

do:

~ 0 tren [a , b j ).
b - a = h boi cac

Chia dean [a, bj thanh n doan nho bang nhau c6 dQ dai di~m
Xo

= a < Xl < ... < Xn = b khi

71

Cong t huc hinh chfr nhat:

Sl = h[f(xo) S2 = h[J(Xl) Cong thrrc thang:

+ f(xt} +
+ f(x2)

+ f(xn-1)] + + f(xn)].

(1) (2)

(3)
(1). N~u ta chon

f (x)

lien tuc, la ham 16i, dong bien thi:

S3 <
(2). N~u ta chon f(x)

J
a a

f(x)dx

< S2·

lien tuc, 180 ham lien tuc , 16i, nghich bien thi:

S2 <
(3). N ~u ta chon

J
a

f(x)dx

< SI·

f (x)

lien tuc, 180 ham 16m, d6ng bi~n thi:

s, <
(4). N~u ta chon f(x)

J
b

f(x)dx

< S3·

lien tuc, 180 ham 16m, nghich bien thi:

S2 <
Thi du 5. Chung minh rang

J
b

f(x)dx

< S3·

3nv'n < 1 + h + J3 + ... + v'n <

Giai.

4n+ 3
6

v'n, '<In E Z+ '.

72

Xet ham y =

..;x tren
~nv'n

[0, n] (la ham 16i, lien tuc, don dieu tang)

=> 8 = 83

J
o

y'xdx

= VI + v'2 + 82 = VI + v'2 +
Do f(x) trang 2)

+ vn=I + + v'n

V; = (VI + v'2 + ... + vn=I + v'n) - V;,

<
82 (x . 1.

..;x

la ham lien tuc, 16i va d6ng bien => S.3~nVn

=> 1 + v'2
82 V~y 2 -nv'n 3
-

+ ... + v'n' - fo <

23'

~nv'n 2

< 1 + v'2 + ... + v'n

=

fo

< 8 => 82 <

2 + 3nv'n
4n
6

fo

4n

+3

v'n.

< 1 + v'2 + ... + v'n < .

+ 3 v'n.

Thi du 6. Chung minh rang n!<n 1 n+ 2·e-n+1,VnEZ+. tuc, la ham 16i, d6ng bien .

Giai.
Xet ham y = lnx tren doan [1, n]lien Suy ra 83
n

<

J lnxdx
1

= nlriri - n

+ 1 < 82

83 =

ln1

+ lnri
2'

+ ln2 + ln3 + '" + In(n

- 1)

=ln1

+ ln2 + ... + lriti

1

1 - 2"lnn(do lnl = 0)

1 =nn! - 2"lnn =>lnn!

< nlnn - n

+1

<

(n

+ 2")lnn + lne-n+1
= lnnn+l . e-n+1

=lnnn+l

+ lne-n+1

=>n! < nn+! . e-n+1

73

XAy TRUNG

D1JNG BAT DANG THue BINH eONG

MOT GIVA

BIEN NHO BAT DANG THue

vA TRUNG BINH NHAN vA Ap DVNG

Nguyen Vii Luong

Truong Dr;,i Hoc Khoa Hoc Tv: Nliien, DHQGHN

Bai 1. V6i 0 ~ a ~ 1 , chrrng minh rang: a(l - a) ~ ~ Ghii. Ta c6: a

2

+ ~ ;;::: +-+ a(l - a) ~ ~, a

dau ding thirc xay ra khi a = ~.

M9t 56 ap dung
< a, b, c <
1, chirng minh trong ba ding thrrc
1

Bai 2. V6i 0

a(l - b) > 4" b(l - c) > 4"

c(l - a) c6 it nhat mot bAt ding thtrc sai.

1 1

> 4"

Gilti. Giii S11 3 bAt ding tlnrc d~u dung. Suy ra:

abc(l - a)(l - b)(l - c) > 64

(1)

74

M~t khac ta c6:

a(l - a) ::;4 b(l - b) ::;4 e(l - e) ::;

Nhan cac b§.t ding tlnrc tren ta thu duoc: 1

abe(l- a)(l - b)(l - e) ::; 64

Tir (1), (2) suy ra mau thuan, bai toan duoc chtmg minh.

(2)

Bai 3. V6i 0 ::; a ::; 1, chirng minh ding:

1)

a1-a)<(

- 3V3
-4if,1
n

2)
3)

a(l _ a3) < _3_ a(l - an) < -----:== - (n+1)ytn+1

Ghii. 1) Ta c6 :
3

a +-+-~3·a·-·-=a

3V3

3V3

s-:

V3 V3 - 3V3
1

Suy ra:

2 2 a(l- a ) <-

2) Ta c6:

411 a +-+-+-~a

4if,1

4if,1

4if,1 s-:

Suy ra:

3 3 a(l- a) <-

-4if,1
1 1

3) Ta c6:
an+1

(n

. + ... + ~a + 1) vn+T (n + 1) vn+T

n s6 hang 75

Suy ra: a(1 - an)

<

- (n+1)ytn+1

----==

ti

Mot so bai t~p ap dung

Bai 4. Voi a, b, c

> 0 thoa

man di~u kien a2

+ b2 + c2

= 1. Chirng minh ding:

Gilii. Bit diing thirc da cho ttrong dirong voi: abc 1- a2

1- b2

1_ c2

3..)3 -2-(a

+b +c

2 )

V~y ta chi d.n chirng minh:

-->--a 1 - a2 2
C?'

3..)3

a(l - a ) ~ 3..)3

(da clnrng minh )

Bai 5. Voi a, b, c, d 13.cac

s6 thuc dirong thea man di~u kien

Chung minh r~ng:

-:-::------::-_-.:- 3 3 + 3 3 3 + 3 3 3 >+3 b3 + c3 + d3 c +d +a d +a +b a + b + c s-:

Gicli.

a2

b2

c2

d2

-3-

V ':I:

3"4

:3)

Ta co:

V~y ta chi d.n chimg minh:

--

a2 1 - a3

C?'

>- -a

4~ 3

a(l - a )

< --3 - 4~

76

Dau dang thirc xay ra ++ a =

,? ?

1 = c = d= W

Bai 6. V6i a > 0, chimg minh r~ng: 1) 2) Giai. 1) Ta co:

a3
,;., ,;?

a2(1 - 2a) a (1- 3a)

3

- 27

<~

< -1 - 256

+ a3 + - >27
7

a2 ++ a2(1 - 2a)

<27
-

Dau dang thirc xay ra ++ a = 3" 2) Ta co:

a4

+ a4 + a4 + _1_. >256
7

a3 ++ a3(1 _ 3a)

<
-

_1_

256

, 1 Dau d? ang t h'? xay ra ++ a = 4 ire

Mot 86 hili t~p ap dung

Bai 7. V6i 0 < a, b, c < ~ thoa man dieu kien a + b + c = 1. Chung minh
rang: 1 a(2b+2c-1) 1 1

P= Giai. Ta co:

+ b(2c+2a-1)

+ c(2a+2b-1)

~ 27

a (1 - 2a) 1

- 27

< -1

1 ++ a 2( 1- 2a ) ~ 27 ++ 1
a(2b

++ a ( 1- 2a ) ~ 27a
Suy
ra:

+ 2c -

1)

~ 27a

p ~ 27(a

+ b + c)

= 27

(dpcm)

77

Bai 8. Vci 0 < a, b, c, d ~ ~ thoa man di@u kien a

minh rang: p= 1 a2(3b

+b+c+d +

= 1. Chtrng

+ 3c + 3d 1

2)

+.

1 b2(3c

+ 3d + 3a 1

2)

+ c2(3d+3a+3b-2)
Giai. Ta co:
a (1 - 3a)
3

+ d2(3a+3b+3c-2)

~ 256

< -1

- 256

+-+ a3(1 _ 3a) ~ 256 +-+ a2(3b

+-+ a2(1 ~ 3a) ~ 256a

Suyra: P~256(a+b+c+d)=256

+ 3: + 3d _

2) ~ 256a

Bai 9. Chirng minh rang: 1) 2) 3) Giai. 1) Ta co:

J2a -1 < 1 a ~~1
a

_:__--a

yfna - n

+1<
-

~--<
2) Ta co:

J2a - 1 2a - 1 + 1 =1 a 2a

(D~u ding tlnrc xay ra +-+ a = 1)

---< a
3) Ta co:

~3a - 2

3a - 2 + 1 + 1 =1 3a

(D~u d.ing thirc xay ra +-+ a = 1)

v'_ - (n _......:... ~ na ___:~. 1) <

a

na - (n - 1) + 1 + 1 + ...
n - 1 86

+1
=1

na
78

(D§.u ding thirc xay ra ++ a = 1)

Bai 10. Voi a, b, c >~;

p= Giili. Ta e6:
a2

+ b + c = 3.
+
b2

Chirng minh r~ng:

}5 - 2(b + c)

}5 - 2(c+ a)

c2

}5 - 2(a + b)

~3

..j2a -1 < 1
a

++ ++
Suy ra :

..j2a - 1 a2

<1
~a

J5 - 2(b

+ c)

P~a

+ b+ c =

Bai 11. Voi a, b, c ~ ~, chtrng minh rang:

P=

..j2a - 1 abc

ij3b - 2

.y4c

-3

< -

Giili. Ta e6:

..j2a - 1 ~ 1
a

~<1

V'4C=3 - 1 < c
Cong t§.t

ca cac

ding thirc tren suy ra:

p ~3

(dpem)

79

MQt s6 bai t~p va h liang dan

Bai 1. Voi 0
a
2

< a, b, c < ~,
(1 - 2b) > 1 27'

chirng minh rang trong 3 b§.t ding thirc: b (1 - 2c)

2

>

1 27'

2 1 c (1- 2a) >"27

c6 it nhat mot ding thirc sai. Huang d§.n. N~u

ca ba
a2b2c2(1

b§.t ding tlnrc tren dung, suy ra: - 2a)(1 - 2b)(1 - 2c) 2b)(1 - 2c) a3

> (2~)3
suy ra mau thuan. minh rang:

MM khac: Bai 2. Vai

a2b2c2(1 0

- 2a)(1-

S (2~)3

< a, b, c S ~,
. 1 P = -1 - 3a

+ b3 + c3 = 634' Chung
1 3b

+ --1

+ --1
H --

1 3c

~ 12
~

Huang

dan. Tu

a (1- 3a)

1 S -6
25

Thu diroc:

P ~ 256· (a3

+ b3 + c3) =

1 - 3a 3 256 . - = 12

256a

64

Bai 3. Vdi a, b, c ~ ~,abc

= 1. Chung minh r~ng:

v'2a - 1 . ~3b - 2 . V'4c - 3

<1 S b,
V'4c - 3

Huang

d§.n. Suy ra tlr: ..j2a - 1

S a,

~3b - 2

Sc
= 1.

Bai 4. Voi a, b, c, d Chung minh dng:

>

0, thea

man di@u kien a4

+ b4 + c4 + d4 + e4

80

MOT so

PHudNG

PHAp

xAy

DlJNG

BAT DANG THue BAc 2

Nguyen Vii Luong
Truong Dr;,i Hoc Khoa Hoc T'I/ Nhien, DHQGHN

Me dftu
B~t ding thtrc Bunhiacopski la b~t d£ng thirc diroc xay dung nho tfnh chat ciia tam thirc bac 2. Kha nhieu bai t~p hay trong cac ky thi hoc sinh gioi quoc gia va quoc t@ diroc xay dung nho b~t ding tlurc nay. Thy nhien do phirc tap cua cac bai t~p phu thuoc nhieu VaG cac phep bien d6i d~c biet. Cac phep bien d6i bac 2 khac nhau se thu dircc cac dang bai t~p khac nhau. Cac b~t ding thirc thu diroc cluing ta goi la cac bat ding thirc bac 2. Trong bai viet nay chung toi trinh bay mot s6 dang C\! th~ nhu sau: 1. B~t ding thiro bac 2 trong tam giac, 2. Binh phuong mot b~t ding thirc, 3. Phep bien d6i thuan Bunhiacopski, 4. Phep bien d6i nghich Bunhiacopski, 5. B~t ding thirc thu tv xay dung tit b~t ding thirc Bunhiacopski, 6. H~ng ding thirc va b~t ding thirc Bunhiacopski, Bai viet chi quan tam d@n mot pham vi nho rna chung Wi t6ng k@t hay xay dung duoc nen cac k@t qua thu diroc la bUGCd§.u, d.t mong cac y kien g6p y tit cac ban doc.

Harig d~ng t htrc va mot dang h~ qua cua bftt d~ng t htrc Bunhiacopski
(2x

Tit hang ding thtrc:

+ 2y

- z)2

+ (2y + 2z

- x)2 + (2z

+ 2x

_ y)2 = 9(x2

+ y2 + z2)

Ta xay dung b~t ding thirc

81

Vi du 1.1.

V6i a, b, c, x, y, z E JR., chimg minh ding

Ta c6 c(2x + 2y - z) + a(2y + 2z - x) + b(2z = c(2x + 2y + 2z - 3z) + a(2y + 2z + 2x - 3x) = 2 (a + b + c) (x + y + z) - 3 (ax + by + cz) Suy ra:

Bdi giiii.

+ 2x - y) + b(2z + 2x + 2y

- 3y)

9(a2 + b2 + c2)(x2 + y2 + z2) +-t 2(a+b+c)(x+y+z)-3(ax+by+cz) ~ 3J(a2 +b2 +c2)(x2 +y2 +z2) 2 +-t '3(a + b + c)(x + y + z) ~ J(a2 + b2 + c2)(x2 + y2 + z2) + (ax + by + cz) (2(a

+ b + c)(x + y + z)

- 3(ax

+ by + cz)

r~

(dpcm) Tv hang diing thirc:

(x + y + z - t)2 + (y 4(x2 + y2 + z2 + t2)

+z +t

- x)2

+ (z + t + x

- y)2

+ (t + x + y

- z)2 =

Ta xay dung biit diing thirc: Vi du 1.2. V6i a, b, c, d, x, y, z, t E R Chung minh r5.ng:

(ax

+ by + cz + dt) + J(a2 + b2 + c2 + d2)(x2 + y2 + z2 + t2)

~ '2(a
1

+ b + c + d)(x + y + z + t).
+y - z) =

Bai giiii.

Ta c6: d(x+y +z -t) +a(y +z+t -x) +b(z +t+x -y) +c(t+x = d(x+y+z+t-2t)+a(y+z+t+x-2x)+b(z+x+t+y-2y)+c(t+x+y+z-2z) = (a + b + c + d)( x + y + z + t) - 2 (ax + by + cz + dt) suy ra:

( (a

+ b + c + d) (x + y + z + t)
~ 4(a2

- 2 (ax

+ by + cz + dt)

+-t

+ b2 + c2 + d2)(x2 + y2 + z2 + t2) +-t (a + b + c + d)(x + y + z + t) - 2(ax + by + cz + dt) +-t 2J(a2 + b2 + c2 + d2)(x2 + y2 + z2 + t2) J(a2 + b2 + c2 + d2)(x2 + y2 + z2 + t2) + (ax + by + cz + dt)

~ '2 (a + b + c + d) (x + y + z + t)
82

S11dung cac b§.t ding thirc thu diroc chung ta chirng minh mot s6 b§.t ding tlnrc sau: Vi du 1.3. Vci a, b, c, d, E JR, chirng minh rang:

+ d + be + 3 J

(1

+ a2 +

b2) (1 + e2

+ d2)

2(1 ban.

+c +

d) + 2 (ac + ad + bd)

Bdi giai. B~t ding thtrc da cho vi~t lai diroi dang
CO

(1, a, d) (a,b,l)
nhu sau:

a+bc+d+J(1+a2+b2)(1+c2+d2)

2 ~ '3(l+a+b)(l+c+d)

(suy ra tu vi du 1.1). D§.u ding thirc xay ra khi a Vi du 1.4. Voi a, b, e, d, E JR, chtrng minh r~ng:

= b = c = d = 1.
~

(a + 2b + 3c
Vi du 1.5.

+ 4d)

+ J30(a2

+ b2 + e2 + d2)

5(a + b + c + d)

(suy ra tu vi du 1.2). Voi A, B, C la 3 g6c cua mQt tam giac, chirng minh rang:

(3sinA+4sinB+5sinC)+5V2(sin2

A + sin2 B + sin2 C) ~ 8(sinA+sinB+sinC)

Bat d~ng t htrc bac 2 trong tam giac

Ta xet phirong phap S11 dung tam thirc bac 2 d§ cluing minh mot b§.t ding thuc dan gian sau:

F = cos A + cos B + cos C

Ta c6: F = 1- 2sin2"2
t-t

t-t

2"

A A

+ 2sm "2 cos

.A

B-C
2 sm"2 + F - 1

2 sm "2 - 2 cos

B-C.
2

O.

Suy ra:

6.' = cos2 B - C _ 2F + 2 > 0 2 -1-

< 1+

cos2

B-C

2 83

<_.

-2

Dau ding thirc xay ra khi va chi khi

{:n=t= ~
Roan toan tirong t\1 chung ta clnrng minh diroc cac b§.t ding tlnrc sau: Vi du 2.1. A, B, C 130 g6c ciia mot tam giac, chung minh rang: 3

a/ b/ c/

SIll-

.A
2

. . + SIll-B + SIll-C <-3 2 2- 2

sin2 A
SIll -

+ sin2 B + sin2 C < ~ -2 + SIll -2 + SIll -2 - <2

.B .C
3

.A
2

Nhan xet 1. Phuong pluip tam thsic b(ic 2 cho phep chUng ta thu duoc cac

Mt

dii,ng thitc ttuuih. han.

Vi du 2.2. cos A Bai giai.

A, B, C 130 g6c cua mot tam giac, chung minh rFl.ng: 3

+ cos B + cos C < 1 + -

COS2A-B 2

+ cos2

B-C

+ cos2

C-A

Cong ba b§.t ding thirc:

COS2B-C 22 COS2C-A 22 COS2A-B 22

cos A COS A COS A

+ cos B + cos C ~ 1 + + cos B + cos C + cos B + cos C

~ 1+
~ 1+

Vi du 2.3.
SIll

A, B, C 130 g6c ciia mot tam giac, chimg minh rl1ng: 3

.2A

+ SIll

.2B

+ SIll

.2C

< -

2 cos2(A-B)+cos2(B-C)+cos (C-A) 12

84

Biii giai.

Cong ba b[t ding tlnrc:

sin2 A + sin2 B + sin2 C ~ 2 + ~ cos2(A - B) sin2 A + sin2 B + sin2 C ~ 2 + ~ cos2(B - C) sin2 A + sin2 B + sin2 C ~ 2 +

4" cos2(C - A)

Vi du 2.4.

A, B, C la 3 g6c cua mot tam giac, chtrng minh rling:

sm - + sm - + sm -

.A 2

.B 2

.C 1 2B-C < - cos 2-8 2

Nhan

xet 2. Sit d'l,tng m¢t 88 dilng thsic:

cos

B-C
2

--- Za

b; r

cos A + cos B + cos C = 1 + R sm-

.A .B .C r +sm+sm=2 2 2 4R

Chung ta thu diroc mot s6 b[t ding thirc cua cac y§u t6 dQ dai sau: Vi du 2.5. Chirng minh rling :

h2 h2 h2 6r Z; + Z~ + Z; ~ R'
abc

Vi du 2.6.

Chung minh rang : h2 2r _!!>z2 - R' a

Nhan xet 3. Ta co m¢t Mt dilng tMtc don gian:

85

I -a---7

A-BI

2: IA-BI -(3-;

1 < a< (3.

cos A : B

I~

cos A ~ B

+-+ cos -- a

A-B

< cos -

A-B
-(3

Sli dung iroc 111<;1ng don gian tren chung ta thu dl1<;1C mot s6 b§.t d!ng
sau: Vi d1,l 2.7. Chung minh ding: 3( Bai giiii. Ta . 2A sm

thirc

a2+b2+c2)
R2

~ 24

+ [; +
abc

h2

h2 l~

h2 lr

co
2 2 2

. .2C +cos (C-A) + sm 2B + sm < 2 + co.s (A-B) +cos (B-C) ~_;_--~--~-_...:.--____:--....:. 12 cos2 A-B + cos2 B-C + cos2 C-A

suy ra:
a

<2+

12
h~
[2

'2

+ b2 + c2
4R2

~2

+ 12 [f +
abc

1 (h~

+r

h~)

.
B-C

Vi du 2.8. cos A Vi du 2.9. cos A

Chung minh rang:

+ cos B + cos C < 1 + Chung minh r~ng:

cos2

A-B

+ cos2

+ cos2

C-A

1 A+ cos B + cos C~1+ 6' ( cos -2-B +

'
,?

cos''

B 3C -

+ ~ cos

-2-

C - A) .
,

N h~n xet 4. Thay the biU dang tluic cos

btit dilng thitc
C05(

B-C

~ 1 trong cccli giiii bang

aB - ,C) ~ 1 chUng ta thu duac mot 58 Mt dilng tiuic:

86

Vi du 2.10.

Clnrng minh di.ng: cos A + cos (B -

2)

+ cos

2 :::; 2".
.A B - 2C
2

3C

Bai giiii.

Ta c6

cos A + cos (B -

2) +

cos

2 = cos A :::;" 2
3 (d~t

3C

+ 2 sin

2 cos 2).
A

.A :::;cos A + 2 sin 2 D~u diing thirc xay ra Vi du 2.11.

t = sin

+-+ {sin ~
B=2C

=~

Chung minh rhg:

.A. C). sm - < -. 3C 1 F = sm - sm (B - 2 22 4-8 Bai giiii.

Ta co: 1 < _.

1. . A) < - sm - ( 1 - sm _ 1. A . A) F = - sm A2 ( cos B - 2C - sm 2 2 2 -2 2 2-4 ctic Mt diing tluic:

Nhan xet 5. Dua tham 88 vaa cdc Mt diing tMtc b¢.c 2 chung ta thu dUr;fC

Vi du 2.12. Clnrng minh r~ng: Ba; giiii. Ta c6:

F = cos A + 2msinA2 cos (B ; C) :::; os A·+ 2m sin ~. c .2A .A m2 F :::;- 2 sin 2 + 2m sin 2 + 1 :::;1 + 2.
Roan toan ttrong Vi du 2.13.

tv :

Chung minh di.ng: sm2 +m

.A

( sm B +sm. C) .

1m :::;+ 2.

87

Vi du 2.14. sin 2 Bai giiii.

Chirng minh di.ng: 2

ABC

1 A . + cos -2 + cos -2- < 1 + - cos 2 -2 + sm 2

A (B

cos 2

+ cos -C) 2

sm 2

.A

+ (. sm(
B

A . A C) + (. sm -- + C - sm - cos 2 2 2 A +B . -A cos -B) < 1 + -1 cos2 ) - sm 2 2 22

-.

A
2

sin

A A .B . C) 2 + cos 2 ( sin 2 + sin 2

~ 1+

T'
cos2 A.

(ChQn m = cos 2)'

Nhan xet 6. Xet aic di€u ki~n hr;m cM d8i viii g6c A chung ta thu dUr;Jc ccc Mt diing thuc.
Vi du 2.15. V6i A, B, C lao ba goc cua mot tam giac kh6ng nhon, hay tim gia tri Ion nhat ciia bieu thirc:

F = cos A Bdi g'iiii.

Ta F

+ cos B + cos C

co :

A = cos A + 2 sin 2 cos

+ 2 sin -2 + 1
.A

(B - C) -2<1

.• ( gra

Sl1

•A

7r) 2'

---)0

tt 1 ,A dat t = sin -, - > - ---)0 M < t = sm . 2 2- 4 v2 2 Ta co F ~ - 2t2 + 2t + 1 = f (t)

.A F < - 2 sin 2 AA

J2 ~ t < 1
V~y F max =

---)0

f(t)
khi

~ f(

J2)
.A

J2.
1

J2

B=C {
Sln-

=-

J2

Nhan xet 7. Chuyin cac Mt diing thsic trong tam giac thanh cac Mt diing thssc dr;tisB chUng ta thu duac m9t s8 Mt diing thuc sau:

88

Vi du 2.16.

Voi a, b, e

> 0, ab + be + ea = I, clnrng minh dng:

a2

.2 1+
Biii giai.

2 1-a ) (

(1-b2)

1+ b2

(1-e2)

1 + e2

S·

T'ir di@u kien suy ra c6 t6n tai 3 g6c ciia mot tam giac sao cho:

tg -

ABC b 2'

tg -

2'

tg-

va b!t ding thirc tren ttrong dirong voi 2 cos A Vi du 2.17.

+ cos B + cos C

9 S.

Voi a, b, c la cac s6 thuc dirong thea man cac di@u kien:

ab + be + ea = 1, a + b + e + abc;::: 2.

Chung minh rAng:

1 - a2 1 - b2 --+--+--<v2 2 1+ a2 1+ b
Bai giai. Tu dieu kien a, b, e g6c A, B, C sao cho :

1 - e2 1 + e2

In

> 0, ab + be + ea = 1 suy ra c6 t6n tai cac

Tir di@u kien suy ra: (1 - a)(l - b)(l - c) ~ 0

+7-- .. 1+ a2

1 - a2

--.

1 - b2 1+ b2

--

1 - e2 = cosAcosBcosC 1+ e2

<0

Vay tam giac kh6ng nhon tren thu dircc: cos A cos B cos C ~

(vi du 2.15).

Binh phu'dng mot b~t d~ng thirc

Trong cac d@thi cho hoc sinh gioi cua nhieu quoc gia tren tM gioi c6 xuat hien mot s6 dang b!t ding thirc thu diroc bang each blnh phirong mot b!t

89

ding tlnrc rna each giai kha hay va kh6. Trang muc nay chung ta xay dung mot s6 bat ding thirc dang nay. Vi du 3.1. (Rumani) Chung minh ding: sm 2 Bai giiii.

.A

+ sm- 2 + sm- 2 - sm- 12 + sm-.6R <

sm 2

.B

.C

. 17

Xu§.t phat tu b~t ding thirc rna chung ta coi nhu bac 1:

,A

+ sm -2 + sm -2 - sm < 2 + sin

,B

,C

,3

Ta xet:
H

[2(sin ~

+ sin

4( sin ~
,A ( sm

+ sin ~ + sin
.B

~r9 ~
+

~) -

3]

2~

0
+ sin
2

12( sin ~

+ sin
2

~)

(1)

Dieu dang quan tam la xay dung iroc hroc:

'2 + sm 2 + sin 2

C)2

:::; '2 + cos 2 + cos 2' cos

Ta chung minh:

tg-smB 2 tg 2sm

A.

tg ~ sin A ~

tg ~ sin A 2 2

tg

B 'B 2 sm

= 4 sm

.A

'2 sin B 2

B,C

+ +

C'B tg - sm 2
tg - sm 2

B,C > 4·sm - sm -

C'A tg '2 sm

A,C

> sm - sm 2

4,C.A

Cong cac b§.t ding thirc ta thu duoc: tg ~ (sinB ~ Ta c6 tg

. A ,B ,B, C . C . A) 4( sin '2 sm 2 + sin 2 sin 2 + sm '2 sin '2

'2 (sin B + sin C) =
=
A. ,
sin A
cos A 2

+ sinC) +

tg ~ (sinC

+ sinA) +

tg ~ (sin A

+ sinB)

'
B- C
2 =

2 sin 2

,B

+C
2 cos

cos 2·

2 cos

B+C

B-C

= cos B

+ cos C.

90

Ta thu diroc: cos A + cos B + cos C 2A +-+ cos "2

2:

A.B .B. .C. 2(·sin "2 sin "2 + sin "2 sm"2C + sin "2 sm"2A) . (.
sin "2

B C + cos 2 "2 + cos 2 "2 2:

.B + sin "2 +

sm "2

. C)2

(2)

Tu (1), (2) suy ra:

4(cos2

+ cos2

B + cos2 C)
2 2

+ 9>

12(sin

A2 + sin B + sin C)
2 2

+-+ 2 (3 + cos A + cos B + cos C) + 9 2: 12 ( sin ~ + sin ~ + sin ~) r) (.A +-+ 2( 4 + R + 9 2: 12 sm"2 . + sin
"2

. + sin

"2

C)

A B. C 17 r +-+ sin "2 + sin "2 + sm"2 :::; 12 + 6R

(dpcm).

Vi du 3.2.

Clnrngminh r~ng:

p(r Boi giiii.

+ 4R)

:::; 6y'3r2

(6.ABC - nhon ).

Ta c6 b.§.t ding thirc:

A B C· ( tg "2 + tg"2 + tg"2 A +-+ ( tg

In) 3

2: 0 2:
. (1)

"2 +

tg"2

tg"2

C)2

+3

2:
Ta c6 ding thtrc: suy ra:

2V3 (Atg"2
+ 2 cotg

+ tg"2 + tg"2

C)

tg a

2a = cotg a.

cotg"2 + cotg"2 + cotg"2 = 2( cotg A + cotg B + cotg C)+ +tg~+ tg~ + tg~

ABC

23(

tg~+

tg~

+ tg~).

(2)

Tu (1), (2) suy ra:

2V3(

tg ~ + tg ~ + tg ~)

:::;3 + ~ ( cotg ~ + cotg ~ + cotg

~r.

91

r + 4R r2 2V3 < 3-2 p - 9p

Chung minh ding: 4 ( sin

r2 r + 4R < ;;; - 6v3p

( dpcm).

Vi du 3.3.

A.

2"

B . C)2 6r + sin'2 + sin '2 + 3 2: R

Bai giai. Ta c6
4(cos A + cos B + cos C)2 + 9 2: 6(cosA + cos B + cos C). Suy ra: 4 ( sm'2 Vi du 3.4.

.A

.B . C)2 + sin '2 + sin '2 + 9 2: 6 1+ R

(r)

( dpcm ).

Chung minh rcing:

B 1 1) 15+ cotg2_A +. cotg2_ + cotg 2C > 4(1 --A + --B + --c . 2 2 2sin 2' sin 2' sin 2' Bai giai. ( -Suy ra:

Ta c6 1
sin A. 2

+ -- 1

sin !i 2

+ -- 1)2 sin Q 2

+ 36> 12(1 --

sin A. 2

+ -- 1

sin !i 2

+ -- 1) . sin Q 2

3(1 --+--+-- 1 sirr' A. sin2 22222 !i

B

sin2 Q

1)

+36>12 (1 --+--+-- 1
-

sin A.

sin !i

sin Q 2

1)

B C) 3(A cotg 2- + cotg 2- + cotg 2- + 36 2: 12 -:-:::r + --:-y:r + ---:--c 3+ 2 2 2 sin 2' sm 2' sin 2'

(1

1)

suy ra (dpcm),

Phep bien d6i t.huan Bunhiac6pski

Kha nhieu b§.t d~ng thirc trong cac ky thi quoc t~, vo dich quoc gia cua nhieu mrdc tren th~ gioi. Tuy nhien neu xu§.t phap tit (a + b + c)2 chung ta thu diroc cac b§.t d~ng thirc co ban. Nhung cac bai toan v~ dang nay trong

92

nhirng nam g~n day thirong kh6 hen VI xuat phat tu cac bi~u thirc d6i xtmg khac nhir:

(~+~+~)2; (~+~+~)2;
abe ab be ea

(~+~+:')2; ....
b
e

Trong muc nay cluing ta chrrng minh mot s6 ba.t ding thtrc trong cac ky thi quoc gia cac mroc, quoc t@ va xay dung phuong phap chirng minh va xay dung cac ba.t ding tlnrc dang nay. Vi du 4.1. (the 14th Japanese 0, a + b + e = 1. Chung minh rang: Math Olympiad. 2004 ). Voi a, b, e

>

l+a l+b --+--+--< I-a I-b

l+e
l-c-

2(b e -+-+- a) abe

Bai giiii. Chung ta trinh bay mot each giai holm toan khac vdi dap an da c6 nhu sau: 2a 2b +-f3+--+--+--<2 I-a I-b
H
H

_1_) + 2b(~a __ I-b1_) + 2e(~b __ 1-b > 3 1_) a(~ __ 1_) + b(~ __ 1_) + e(~ __ 1_) > ~
2a(~ a I-a
e

2e l-c-

(b

e -+-+abe

a)

b+e ab e(b+e)

a e+a b a-s-b be ca 3 + >_. a(e+a) b(a+b) - 2

-2

ap dung ba.t ding thirc bunhiacopski,

suy ra : b

(I¥ I¥
+
M~t khac ta c6: ( ap dung:

f{-r ~p. 2(a +

+ c).

(a + b + e)2 ~ 3(ab + be + ea))

( Vlab + V;; + VJca)2 ~3(b + e + a). --;; ~ b

93

Thu dircc P ~ Vi du 4.2. minh ding:

2"

(dpcm). Math Competitions. 2004 ). Voi a, b, e 27

(Romanian abc . be(e + a)

> O. Clnrng

P=

ea(a

+ b)

ab(b

+ c)

> -.,----.....,-::- 2(a

+ b + e)2

(Petre Batranetu). Bai giii:i. (trong tai lieu khong co lei giai). Ta co

[§"_ (b ~) ( YbZ + Y~ + Y-;;b

=

2_

(J

bc(c: a)

.;c+a +

V ca(ab+ b) Va +b + J ca(ac+b) va+b)

~ P . 2(a

2~

+ b + c).

(1)

Mat khac ta co

(Yfa +/b~ + Yfc)2 bZ Y -;;b

Tu (1), (2) suy ra: P Vi du 4.3. biJu thirc: (USA).

> 3(~ + ~ + ~) >

abc

- (a

+ b + c)

27

(2)

>

- 2(a

+ b + e)2
> 0, abc

27

( dpcm ).
= 1, hay tim gia tri nho nh~t cua

VCli a, b, c 111 a2(b

p=

+ c)

b2(c

+ a)

c2(a

+ b)

Bai gidi.

(~ + ~ + ~)2 = abc
=( a

Ta co

~~+ b+c

~JC+a+ b c+a ~P·2(a+b+c).

~Va+b)2 c a+b

(1)

Mat khac ta co:

1 1) (1 + -1 + -1)2 ~ 3 (1 + -be + -ea abc ab

94

3(a+b+e) abc

= 3(a + b + c).

(2)

Tu (1), (2) suy ra: P 2:: 2"

3

= P rnin

(Khi

= b = e = 1).

Tir cac bai giai rnau tren chung ta xay dung phirong phap giai cho cac b.§.t dl1ng thuc dang nay nhu sau: Bircc 1: Cach nhirng thira s6 dang t6ng trong b.§.t dl1ng thrrc d@tim bi@u thirc xu.§.t phat.

Biroc 2:Tu bi@u tlnrc xu.§.t phat rna ta bunhiacopski trong b.§.t ding thirc.

bi@u thirc chfnh c6 mot

Budc 3: S11dung mot s6 b.§.t ding thirc trung gian quen thuoc chtrng minh b.§.t ding thirc, Sau day chung ta xet mot s6 vi d1,1minh hoa: Vi du 4.4. Vdi a, b, e > 0, abc = 1, Chung minh rang:

1 1 1 1 P = a3(b + c) + b3{c + a) + e3(a + b) 2:: 2"(ab + be + ea).

Bai giai. Ta c6

(~+~+~)2=
abe (

1 aJa(b+e)

Ja(b+e)+

1 bJb(e+a)

Jb(e+a)+

1 eJe(a+b)'-

Je(a+b)

)2 (1) (2)

<

:s: p.
Mat khac:

2(ab

+ be + ea).

1 1 1)2 ( ~ + b + ~ = (ab + be + ea).

Tir (1), (2) suy ra: Vi du 4.5.

P 2:: 2"(ab + be + ea).

Voi a, b, e > 0, Chung minh rhg: ~ ~ ~ 1 P = b2 ( c + a) + e2(a + b) + a 2(b + c) 2:: 2" (a + b + c)

Bai gia·i.
( a2 2

Ta c6
2

+ b + e2)
e a

= b2
C2)

bv'c+'CL ve+a + e v'a+b vIa+b + a Jb+C ~ e+a a+b b+c

a2

:s:

95

~P·2(a+b+c). Mat khac ta c6:

(1)

1 1 1)2 ( ;;:+ b + -;; = (ab

Tit (1), (2) suy ra: Vi du 4.5. p= Bai giai.
( a
2 2

+ be + ea).

(2)

2: 2"(~b + be + ea). Voi a, b, e > 0, Chimg minh ding:

P
a4

b2(e

+ a)

+ e2(a + b) + a2(b + e)

b4

e4

1 >-(a+b+e). -2

Ta c6
2 2

+b +e)
e
a

= b2 ra+bVa+b+ e a+b ~P·2(a+b+c). e2)

2

~ve+a+ b e+a

a2

Jb+Cv'b+C a b+e

~
(1)

MM khac ta c6:

a2 (b

+ -;-+ -;

b2

2)2

2: (a + b + e)2.

(2)

Tit (1), (2) suy ra: Vi du 4.6. P= Biii giiii. a3 b3 ( -+-+b e

=(
a3

1 P 2: 2" (a + b + e).

Voi a, b, e
a6

> 0, Chung minh rang:

b3(a+e)

b6 e3(a+b)

e6 a3(b+e)

2:

1 2"(a+b+e).

Ta c6 e3) 2
a

=
+ ba +
b3 evea

bvbe

+ ba

Vbe

+ eb

V ca + eb +
+ be + ea).

e3 aJab

+ ae

vab

+ ae

)2

<
(1)

~ P . 2 (ab

Mat khac ta c6:

( a3

b + -;-+ -;
P

b3

e3)

2: (ab + be + ca) 2.
(dpcm)

(2)

Tit (1), (2) suy ra:

2: 2"(ab + be + ea).

96

5
Nhieu nghich Vi du clnrng

Phep bien d6i nghich Bunhiacopski

b§.t ding thirc xoay vong hay diroc xay dung tu cac phep bi@n d6i bunhiacopski rna chung ta se trinh bay trong muc nay. 5.1. (M.S Klam Kin). Voi p, q, r va x, y, z la cac s6 thirc kh6ng am, minh ding:

p = _P_x2 q+r
Biii giai.

+ _Q_y2 + _r_z2
r+p p+q

2:: (xy + yz + zx) _ ~(x2 + y2 + z2).

2

D@nhanh ch6ng xay dung each giai cho cac b§.t ding thirc dang nay chung ta trinh bay cac biroc giai cu th@ nhu sau:

Biroc 1: Them vao cac s6 hang d@rut (p + q + r) lam thira 86 chung, ta c6:

Biroc 2: Bi@u dien duoi dang bunhiacopski, p = ~((y'q+r)2

+ (y'r+p)2 + (y'p+q)2}
X )2

((
Suy ra:

..;q+r

vir + p

)2

vip + q

)2) _ (x2

+ y2 + z2) .

D§.u ding thirc xay ra +-t:

--y+z-x
Vi du 5.2. minh rang:

= --x+z-y

= ---- r x+y-z

Voi a, b, C la cac canh cua mot tam giac, x, y, z E lR.. Chirng

C (b~+b-1

)2
x

a + (C~+~-1

b + C) 2:: ( 3 - -a- yz + ( 3 -

) y 2 + (ab+~-:-l ) z 2 2:: b C + a) a + b) -b- zx + ( 3 - -c- xy.

97

Khi x, y, z nhan cac gia tr] cu th~ chung ta thu diroc cac b§.t ding tlnrc sau: Vi du 5.3. Voi a, b, c > 0, tim gia tri nho nhat cua bi~u thirc. P =~ Biii giai. Ta c6

b+c

+__£:_ +~,
c+a

a+b

V~y

Pmin

~(-/3 + 2 + /5)2
b+c

-12, =

khi:

-/3

c+a 2

a+b
yI5'

Bfit d~ng t hirc t hir tlj xay dtrng tu bfit d~ng t htrc Bunhiacopski
s6 b§.t ding thirc thu

Nho b§.t ding tlnrc bunhiacopski chung ta chuyen mot tl,t don giiin thanh nhirng b§.t ding thtrc thu tu bac 2. Vi du 6.1. Voi a ~ b ~ c

> 0, ChUng minh ding:

c2a >a+b+c b2-

a2b b2c -+-+c2 a2 Bili giai. Ta c6

98

Ta chtrng minh:

a2b b2c c2a ab2 bc2 ca2 -2 +-2 +-b2 ~-2 +-2 +-b2' cae a H~~+~2+~a3~a3~+~~+2~ Ha3b3(a - b) + b3c3(b - c) + c3a3(c - a) ~ 0 Ha3(b3 - c3 + c3)(a - b) + b3c3(b - c) + c3a3(c - a) ~ 0 Ha3(b3 - c3)(a - b) + c3[a3(a - b) + b3(b - c) + a3(c - a)] ~ 0 Ha3(b3 - c3)(a - b) + c3 [a3(c - b) + b3(b - c)] ~ 0 Ha3(b3 - c3)(a - b) + c3(b - c)(b3 - a3) ~ 0
( Hi@n nhien dung) Suy ra:

Vi du 6.2.

V6i a ~ b ~ c a2 c b2

> O. Chung
c2 b
-

minh ding:

- 3 + - 3 + -3 > -_
a
Boi giiii. Ta

+-

v1JC

+ -.

yea

co

Ta chimg minh bit ding thtrc:

99

b2 c2 a2 a2 b2 c2 3" + b3 + 3" ~b3 + 3" + 3" ace a t-tb5c3 + c5a3 + a5b3 ~ a5c3 + b5a3 + c5b3 t-ta3b3(a2 _ b2) + b3c3(b2 - c2) + c3a3(c2 - a2) ~ 0 +-ta3(b3 _ c3 + c3)(a2 _ b2) + b3c3(b2 - c2) + c3a3(c2 +-ta3(b3 _ c3)(a2 _ b2) + c3(b2 - c2)(a3 - b3) ~ O. ( Ri~n nhien dung ). Suy ra:

a2)

Roan toan tirong tv ta chang minh dl1QCb§.t ding tlnrc: Vi du 6.3. Vai a ~ b ~ c > O. Chirng minh r~ng:

~+~+

a3b

b3c

c3a . b3 ~(a+b+c).

100