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Chuong 1 : Gidi thiéu 1 i) t GIGI THIEU i 1.1 MG DAU \ Vao nim 1971 ¢4p doan Intel di gidi thigu 8080, bé vi xi ly ( micro- processor ) thanh céng dau tién. Sau dé khong lau Motorola, RCA, ké én la MOS Technology va Zilog da gidi thiéu cdc bd vi xit ly tuong ty : 6800, 1801, 6502 va 280. Ban than cdc vi mach ( IC : integrated circuit ) nay tuy khong cé nhiéu hiéu qua sit dung nhung khi la mét phan cia mét mdy tinh don board ( single-board computer ), ching tré thanh thanh phdn trung tam trong cdc sdn phdm cé ich ding dé nghién ctu va thiét ké. Cac may tinh don board nay, trong dé c6 D2 cia Motorola, KIM-1 cia MOS Technology va SDK-85 cia Intel la déng ghi nhé nhat, da nhanh chéng xm nhap vao cdc phong thi nghiém thiét ké cia trugng trung hoc, trudng dai hoc va cdc céng ty dién tit. Vao nam 1976 Intel gidi thiéu bo vi didu khién ( microcontroller ) j 8748, mot chip tuong ty nhu cdc b@ vi xt ly va 1a chip dau tién trong ho vi diéu khién MCS-48. 8748 1a mét vi mach chiéa trén 17000 transistor bao gdm mét CPU, 1 K byte EPROM, 64 byte RAM, 27 chan xudt nhap bg dinh thai 8-bit. IC nay va ede IC khac tiép theo cia ho MCS- app hanh chong tré thanh chudn cong nghiép trong cdc ding dung Z diéu khién ( control-oriented application ). Viéc thay thé cdc think phan co dién trong cde sin phdm nhv cde may gidt va cde bd dibu khign dén giao thong 14 mét ting dung phé bién ban dau. Cac sin phém khac ma trong dé bé vi diéu khién dugc tim thay bao gém xe 6 té, thiét bi céng nghiép, cdc san phém tiéu ding va cdc ngoai vi cia may tinh (ban phim cia IBM-PC 1a mét thi du sit dung bd vi diéu khién trong cde thiét ké téi thiéu thanh phan ). va Dé phic tap, kich thuge va kha nding ciia cde bé vi diéu khién duge tdng thém mt bac quan trong vao ndm 1980 khi Intel céng bé chip 8051, bé vi diéu khién dau tién ciia ho vi diéu khién MCS-51. So véi 8048, chip 8051 chita trén 60000 transistor bao gém 4 K byte ROM, 128 Me Ho vi diéu khién 8051 byte RAM, 32 dudng xudt nh4p, 1 port néi tiép va 2 bé dinh thoi 16-bit mét sé lugng mach dang chu y trong mét IC don. Cac thanh vién méi dufgc thém vao cho ho MCS-51 va cdc bién thé ngay nay gan nhu cd. gap doi cde dac trumg nay. Tap doan Siemens, nguén sin xuat thi hai ode Bi vi diéu khién thude ho MCS-51 cung cap chip SAB80515, mot cai tién clia 8051 chia trong mét vé 68 chan, cé 6 port xudt nhap 8-bit, 13 ngudn tao ra ngdt va mét bé bién déi A/D 8-bit vdi 8 kénh ngé vao. Ho 8051 1a mét trong nhiing b6 vi diéu khién 8-bit manh va linh hoat nhat, da tré thanh bé vi diéu khién hang dau trong nhiing gan day. Quyén sdch nay khdo sat ho vi diéu khién MCS-51. Cac chuong theo gidi thiéu cdu tric phdn cing va phan mém cia ho MCS-51, déng thai ching minh qua nhiéu thi dy thiét ich ma ho vi diéu khién y c6 thé tham gia vao cdc thiét ké dién tit véi sé thanh phan thém vao t6i thiéu. Trong cdc muc sau cua chuong nay, thong qua viée gidi thiéu vat tat ve cdu tric may tinh, ta sé phat trién tir ving cia nhiéu tir dude cau tao tit chit déu ciia cdc tit khde va cdc tir dang duge sit dung phé bién nhung dé nhém Jan trong linh vuc nay. Do nhiéu thugt ngi cé dinh nghia mo hé va tring lap phu thudc vao dinh kién cua cdc tap doan Jén va cdc ¥ chot nay ra ciia nhiéu tdc gid khde nhau, cdch gidi quyét cua ching ta mang tinh thuc tién hon 1a tritu tvgng. Méi mot thudt ngit duge gidi thiéu trong khung canh chung nhét cling véi sy gidi thich r6 rang. 12 THUAT NGU Mot may tinh ( computer ) duge dinh nghia bdi hai diém chinh - kha nang dugc \ap trinh dé thao tdc trén dir liéu ma khong cdn dén sy can thiép cia con ngudi. - kha nang luv tri va khéi phye dir ligu Téng quét hon, mot hé may tinh ( computer system ) cling bao gdm cdc thiét bi ngoai vi ( peripheral device ) dé truyén théng véi con ngudi cing nhv cdc chuong trinh ( program ) dé xi ly dif ligu. Thiét bi la phan cting ( hardware ) va chvong trinh 18 phan mém ( software ). Ching ta hay bat dau vdi phan cing cia may tinh bang edéch khdo sét hinh 1.1 Hinh 1.1 1a so dé khéi don gidn, khéng chi tiét mét cdch od ¥ nham muc dich tiéu biéu cho tat cd cde loai may tinh. Nhv ta da thay, mot hé méy tinh bao gém mét don vi xi ly trung tam CPU ( central processing unit ), don vi nay két néi vdi bé nhé truy xudt ngdu nhién RAM ( ran- dom access memory ) va bé nhé ghi dec ROM ( read only memory ) thong qua bus dja chi ( address bus ), bus dif ligu ( data bus ) va bus diéu Chuong 1 : Gidi thigu 3 khién ( control bus ). Céc mach giao tiép ( interface circuit ) két ndi cde bus cia hé thong ( goi tat 14 bus hé théng ) véi cdc thiét bi ngoai vi. Ta sé dé cp chi tiét cdc don vj vita néu trén. bata ing Hit it LUIGI ont Peripheral Hinh 1.1: So dé khéi cia mgt hé may vi tinh CPU : don vi xitly trung tam RAM : b@ nhé truy xudt ngdu nhién ( hay bé nhé doc / ghi ) ROM : b§ nhé chi doe Interface circuitry : mach giao tiép Peripheral devices : cfc thiét bi ngoai vi Address bus : bus dia chi Data bus : bus da liéu Control bus : bus diéu khién 1.3 DON VI XU LY TRUNG TAM CPU, tréi tim cia hé may tinh, quan ly tat cd cde hoat dong ciia hé va thyc hign tat cd cde thao téc trén dif liu. Hau hét cdc CPU chi bao gém mét tap cde mach logic thyc hién lién tuc hai thao téc : tim nap Ignh va thyc thi lénh. CPU cé kha nang hiéu va thye thi cdc lénh dya trén mot ma nhi phan, mdi mét ma nhi phan biéu thi mét thao tée din gidn. Céc lénh nay thudng la cdc lénh sO hoc ( nhv cong, tri, nhén, chia ), céc lénh Jogic ( nhy AND, OR, NOT, v.v.. ), cdc lénh di chuyén dif ligu hoac cdc lénh ré nhénh, duge biéu thi béi mét tap cde ma nhj phan va duge goi la t4p Iénh ( instruction set ) Hinh 1.2 cho ta mét ci nhin rat don gidn bén trong cia CPU. Hinh nay trinh bay mét tap cdc thanh ghi ( register ) cé nhi¢m vu hm gitt tam thdi cdc thing tin, mét don vi sé hoc logic ALU ( arithmetic-logic unit )

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