Sunday, February 20, 2011

TOPIC 10 : TEMPERATURE
PRACTICAL
THERMOMETERS

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Sunday, February 20, 2011
THERMOMETERS !
SO MANY TYPES OF

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 Prepared by Cg Edna Maria Hj Osman. E-mail: edna.maria.osman@gmail.com
WHAT ARE THE COMMON
SIMILARITIES BETWEEN THEM?

Sunday, February 20, 2011 3

 FEATURES OF A THERMOMETER

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Good thermometers have the following features:

Able to measure
Safe to Easy to a wide range of
Use read scale temperature

Responsive to Sensitive to small

temperature temperature
changes changes

Sunday, February 20, 2011 4

 Prepared by Cg Edna Maria Hj Osman. E-mail: edna.maria.osman@gmail.com
WHAT CHARACTERISTICS CAN
BE USED TO DESCRIBE
THERMOMETERS ?

Sunday, February 20, 2011 5

 CHARACTERISTICS OF THERMOMETER

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SENSITIVITY
COMMON
CHARACTERISTICS
RANGE

LINEARITY

Sunday, February 20, 2011 6

 Prepared by Cg Edna Maria Hj Osman. E-mail: edna.maria.osman@gmail.com
RANGE
Definition
The lowest reading to the highest reading that can be measured.

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 RANGE
What is the range of this thermometers?

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Sunday, February 20, 2011 8
 RANGE
What is the range of this thermometers?

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Thermometer A Thermometer B

Sunday, February 20, 2011 9

 Prepared by Cg Edna Maria Hj Osman. E-mail: edna.maria.osman@gmail.com
SENSITIVITY
Definition
How large the change in reading is when there is a small change in
temperature.

Sunday, February 20, 2011 10

 Prepared by Cg Edna Maria Hj Osman. E-mail: edna.maria.osman@gmail.com
LINEARITY
Definition
Uniform increase/decrease of the thermometric properties used
with equal increase/decrease in temperature

Sunday, February 20, 2011 11

 LIQUID-IN-GLASS THERMOMETERS
Physical property used to measure

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temperature:
LENGTH

Laboratory Thermometer Clinical Thermometer

Sunday, February 20, 2011 12

 LABORATORY THERMOMETER

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Function
To measure temperatures
or changes in
temperatures with high
degrees of accuracy.

u s e d in
a l l y
Norm r i e s.
a b o r a t o
Laboratory Thermometer l

Sunday, February 20, 2011 13

 LABORATORY THERMOMETER
Its Structure & Function

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Thin wall
Function
glass bulb
Allow conduction of
heat quickly through
the glass

Sunday, February 20, 2011 14

 LABORATORY THERMOMETER
Its Structure & Function

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Small bulb Function
Store small amount of
liquid.
Small amount of liquid
is more responsive to
heat

Sunday, February 20, 2011 15

 LABORATORY THERMOMETER
Its Structure & Function

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Fine & Uniform Capillary bore

Function Function
Allows noticeable movement Allows
of liquid column for small even expansion of the
change in temperature liquid.

Sunday, February 20, 2011 16

 LABORATORY THERMOMETER
Its Structure & Function

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Thick long tube walls

Function
Acts as a magnifying
glass for easy reading
of scales.

Sunday, February 20, 2011 17

 LABORATORY THERMOMETER
Its Structure & Function

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Small-sized thermometer

Function
Portable and cheap to
produce.

Sunday, February 20, 2011 18

 CLINICAL THERMOMETERS

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Function
To measure body
temperature.
Clinical Thermometer

t h om e
u s e d a
or m a l l y in ics .
N a ls / cl
o s pit
or in h

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 CLINICAL THERMOMETER
Its Structure & Function

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Thin wall Function
glass bulb Allow rapid conduction
of heat through the
glass

Sunday, February 20, 2011 20

 CLINICAL THERMOMETER
Its Structure & Function

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Very fine capillary bore

Function
Allows for greater
measurement
sensitivity

Sunday, February 20, 2011 21

 CLINICAL THERMOMETER
Its Structure & Function

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Limited short scale range

Function
Allows for greater
measurement
accuracy

Sunday, February 20, 2011 22

 CLINICAL THERMOMETER
Its Structure & Function

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Narrow constriction above the bulb

Function Function
Prevents the liquid Provides
from entering the bulb a more steady
too quickly. temperature reading

Sunday, February 20, 2011 23

 CLINICAL THERMOMETER
Its Structure & Function

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Pear-shaped cross-section of the stem.

Function
Acts as a magnifying
glass in one direction
for easy reading of
temperature scales.

Sunday, February 20, 2011 24

 LABORATORY VS CLINICAL
Thermometers

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LIST OUT
THREE
DIFFERENCES
BETWEEN
THEM

Sunday, February 20, 2011 25

 IMPROVING THERMOMETER DESIGN
for Liquid-in-glass thermometers

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More Responsive
to temperature
changes Decrease the
thickness of the
bulb’s wall.

Thinner glass bulb will allow faster and better conduction of heat to the
mercury / alcohol
Sunday, February 20, 2011 26
 IMPROVING THERMOMETER DESIGN
for Liquid-in-glass thermometers

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More Sensitive to
small temperature
changes Decrease the size
of the bore.

Smaller bore size will be able to produce larger liquid column change for
very small change in temperature.
Sunday, February 20, 2011 27
 IMPROVING THERMOMETER DESIGN
for Liquid-in-glass thermometers

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Measure larger
range of
temperature. Increase the length
of the bore and
thermometer.

Longer bore will allow further expansion of the mercury / alcohol column
with temperature.
Sunday, February 20, 2011 28
 THERMOCOUPLE
Physical property used to measure

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temperature:
VOLTAGE / EMF

Thermocouple Thermometers
Sunday, February 20, 2011 29
 THERMOCOUPLE

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Function
To measure wide range of
temperatures, rapidly
changing temperatures
and temperatures of small
objects.

u s e d in
al l y
Norm i e s .
indus t r

Sunday, February 20, 2011 30

 A simple thermocouple thermometer

Sunday, February 20, 2011

Hot
Junction
Its Structure
THERMOCOUPLE

Cold
Junction
Voltmeter

of wires
Two types

31

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 THERMOCOUPLE
Calibrating the temperature scale on a thermocouple

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Voltmeter This value gives us the
reading Calibration Temperature

STEAM POINT ICE POINT

100 degrees Hot Cold 0 degrees
Celsius Junction Junction Celsius
Sunday, February 20, 2011 32
 THERMOCOUPLE
Using a simple thermocouple

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Voltmeter This value gives us the
reading Temperature Difference

Put in
Unknown Hot Cold Keep at
Temperature Junction Junction ICE POINT

Sunday, February 20, 2011 33

 THERMOCOUPLE READINGS

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Use with the Centrigrade Equation to determine the temperature

Unknown
V -V
X 100
temperature Unknown

= temp Ice point

in
0
C V Steam point - V
Ice point

Thermocouple thermometer measures the temperature difference

between the two junctions.

Sunday, February 20, 2011 34

 THERMOCOUPLE
To determine the temperature in Centrigrade / Celsius:

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Voltmeter This value gives us the
reading Calibration Temperature

V -V
Steam Ice
point point

STEAM Hot Cold ICE

POINT Junction Junction POINT
Sunday, February 20, 2011 35
 THERMOCOUPLE
To determine the temperature in Centrigrade / Celsius:

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Voltmeter This value gives us the
reading Temperature Difference

V Unknown
temp
-V Ice
point

Unknown Hot Cold ICE

Temperature Junction Junction POINT

Sunday, February 20, 2011 36

 THERMOCOUPLE READINGS

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Use with the Centrigrade Equation to determine the temperature

Unknown
V -V
X 100
temperature Unknown

= temp Ice point

in
0
C V Steam point - V
Ice point

Thermocouple thermometer measures the temperature difference

between the two junctions.

Sunday, February 20, 2011 37

 THERMOCOUPLE
Advantages of Using Thermocouple Thermometer

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Can measure Can measure
temperatures over temperatures at a
a very large range point

Very responsive to
rapidly changing
temperatures

Can be connected to
electrical equipment for
checking rapid temperature
changes
Sunday, February 20, 2011 38
 IMPROVING THERMOMETER DESIGN
for Thermocouple thermometers

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More Sensitive
to temperature
changes Connect several
thermocouple
together in series

Several Thermocouples connected in series is known as a Thermopile.

Sunday, February 20, 2011 39