NAM THtT IV

So 4

THANG 8 1961

T4P~CHJ NGHIEN-CUU VI$N f)~I·HOC HUE

H9C thuy't c:ua K. Marx ee tnonh hlnh nhu the nee ,. • • . . . • • • • Kicn-ngh~ Nga-so . • . . • • . . M9t loi tim v6 triet-Iy cu9c doi tronq Co 000 Vi~t - nom • . • .

M9t quon ni~m dco dlrc My • . . . Kinh thann Hue . . • .'. . . • • Tim hieu ngon-ngO' (] Vi~t - Nom, NgO' Vi~t (] Quang-tri. .

Hlnh mo ngU'oi s6ng . . . • . .. .

. TRA.N .. yAN-TOAN LI-HCrU-KHAI

LE-TUyEN LE-YAN-DI~M BCrU-KE

NGUvEN-B~T-T"'Y BERGSON CAO-YAN-LU~N djch

*

£)0-1 SONG vu» f)~1· HQC liUE

HO~T-&9NG CUA UY-BAN PHIEN-DICH SLr.lI~U VI~T-NAM T ~I VI~N 9p.-1 - H9C HUE TRONG NIEN - KH6A 1960 - 1961

•

"leN DIH HOf !HI~

ch« trtrong bien-tqp: fRAN-YAN-fOAN

NAM THU' IV

,

So 5

THANG 10 1961

V AN DE cAe NUeJ'e TRIEU Mer MANG

euo Glco-su VAN OVERMEEREN

v6i 51! conq tee ceo trLJong &~I-HQC LU~T-KHOA HUE

C6i nha .

Thanh trl chi cue Trinh - hoot - evc Hoc-kieu va Norn-kv dau the-ky tho 19. Klnh-thcnh Hue . . .

Ng(j-vi~t 6 Quan9-tri. . . .

NGUyeN-V AN- TRUNG

TRAN-KINH-HOA BlrU-KE NGUyeN-B~T-TVY

*

eir: SONG VIEN DAI-HQC HUE

* Le khoi-giang nlen-khoo 1961 - 1962 cue ccc twcng 9Qi-HQe Hue dU'oi quy en chu-too cuo T6ng·Th6ng Vi~t-Nom Conq-Hoo * Ket - qua cuo ccc ky thl eu6i nom tQi cdc twcng 9Qi - HQc

Von-khoa lU9t-khoa va Khoo-hQe Hue

•

vit: v D~I-HQC HUE

Chi: trirtrng bien-t~1p: TRAN-vAN-ToAN

NGUYEN-vAN-TRUNG CAl NHA . . . . . . . 54

TRAN-KINH-HOA THANH TRI CHi eVA TRJNH nosi.otrc HOA KIB U vA NAM

ThU' tir, bai va- giz'i vd : Ong TRAN- V AN- ToAN Giao dicl: ciuig toa btio : Ong NGUYEN-ANH

Btru-phieu va Ngan-phieu g&i ve :

Linh-rnuc CAo-vAN-LUAN

TAP-CHI NGHIEN-CUU SAl-HOC HUE Tea-soan va Tri-su: : So ~O, duirng Le-duih-Dinrng HUE

-------------------------------------------

DAI-HQC

VAN OVERMEEREN

BlrU-KE

NGUYEN BAT-T1)Y BAr-HQC

Muc Luc

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TE cAe Nude THIEU MO'

MANG , , 20

NHUNG fJIB U xts» PHAT TRISN

KINH-TE 25

eONG CU{)C KY NGHe HOA & NHUNGNUdCTHlEU MO' MANG 32

eHiNH SACH THUaNG Mt9.1 . 37

CHiNH SACH fJ.AU TU .. 42

VA.I TRQ CVA CHiNH-PHV 46

VAl TRQ C VA TU NHAN 50

KY eAu THE KY THU 19 62 KINH THANH HUE. . . . . . 75 NGU VIeT o QUANG TRJ . . . 92 otrt SONG VI!;N est.noc HUE .. 06 LE KHAI GIANG NIEN KHOA

1961 -1962 ., 110

KETQuA CACKYTHICUOINAM

Muc .. Luc ,-~:~

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TRAN - VAN - ToAN HQC THUYET CVA K. MARX DA
THANH HINH NHU THE NAO • 3
LE-HO"U-KHAI K/CH-NGHe NGA-S6 32
LE-vAN-DIJ;:l\tI MOT QUAN NIeM DAO DUC MY 51
BERGSON HINH MA NGUCJ'I SONG 58
NGUYEN-B~T-Tl)Y TIM Hritu NG6 TV - NG 0' v.sr .
NAM, NGO"- VIer & QUANG-TR/ 75
BlrU-KE KINH THANH HUE. 92 ,.'
·LE-TUYEN MOT LOI TIM VB TRItT - LY
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c U 0 C "D tr I T R O'N G CAD A 0
vter- NAM . , . .112
.
D~I-HQC oct SONG VI!tN Dfl,.I-HQC HUE. Thir tir, bai va- gll'i v~ : Ong TRAN- V AN- ToAN Giao diclt cimg tba baa: Ong NGUYEN-ANH

Biru-phieu va Ngfin-phieu giri ve :

Linh-rnuc CAo-vAN-LUAN

T~p-CHr NGHIEN-CUU 9~I-HOC HUE Tea-soan va Tri-sir : S6 20, dirirng Lt-dudi-Dirong HUE

TIm-hi't! qUA/-n - Vii 1~

. '£I" -VifJ

, - .

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till· II I hu nh rrt • Bbi o1y c- ~~~.

GiG-linb

• 'b.ii'l:g p -phlp lht,L'~

ok 15. LlI"t1ll U~I. 11111 - nh-clti bE

~Yi N

n

T~ ~lJ-

-C"" .. 1 "i' n iu

L-

1.

• Id-t. i.e.lrrn r:

<l...-.i cl lui .

.~.

'~

3 am~~au lo,6,uj phat ra 0- phan sau mi~ng;

3 dm-hai lie, tra, uoj do 3 am-hEtP ji, tr,u! noi-dai ra.

, '

Nhirng khac 0- B~c va giong tir Quang-Blnh tro- vao Nam, am Quang-

fri con co thsm 3 dm-tqp, thu9c Ioai trtrac-gifra: [e], lael, [is].

1. 1. 1. Cac dm-thuiin. phat ra ro-rang nhtr (y cac noi khac, nhirng cung mQt each du-t~o nhir (y Quang-Binh va Thira- Thien, tfrc la khac 0- Bk va Trung-Nam tir QU<lng-N~m tro- vao, da-s6 d~u co-th€ thirong hay ng~n.

1. 1. 1. 1. lalla m9t am-gifra rQng, co giong thirong hay ng~ trtroc blit-cfr am-cu6i nao. Muon chl giong ngan rat d~ g~p ay, nhfrng ngiroi d~t ra chfr qudc-ngfr da them dau ngo?c ("") len tren a thanh chfi' a rna sinh ra cai ten-gQi ctrc-ki yo-Ii: « a)). Theo phtrong-phap chua-am cua toi, hrong thuong hay ng~ cUa am-chinh djnh-doat boi am-pht.t long hay ch~t thea sau, nen ghi cho dung am-ph\} cu6i Ia biet hrong am-chinh dirng trtroc: ngoai mQt s6 am-mi~ng da biet va phdn-biet dtrQ'c thanh nhirng amlong rb, d, gl va nhirng am-ch~t Ip, t, kl, cac am-mw khong nhirng co 3 am-long Im,n,ngl rna con c6 ba am-ch~t /m,n,nk/. (1)

la/ thtrong i /a! ngan:

lab! (ap) lip! (ap)

lidl (at) latl (at)

ligl (de) lakJ (ac)

laml (am) laml (am)

lanl (an) laftl (an)

langl (ang) lankl (ang)

Ctr-dQng tinh-phat caa am lal (y Quang- Trj so vo-i am lal Cr Ha-noi va Sai-gon c6-th€ ghi-nhgn trong nhfrng do-cua (2) d6i-chieu sau day:

(1) /ng/le ra phai chua bkg dau don /fJ/va 111k/b~ng dau fiji: (y day tam dung dau ghep cho ti~n vi~e an Ioat. Nhtr ta se thliy, nk la mQt dau dit ti~n de thay nh cUdi ma phdn bi~t vai ng cuoi, trong 16i vi~t hang ngay,

(2) DiS-ella nay Iii hinh-ve thea dau-v~t rna lmn c1~ lai tren mQt cal ella nhan-tao <W s~n trong mieng, ap len cua ngtroi-noi. ella nhan-tao nay lam bing gay tot, SO'n vec-ni den va eo boi s~n phcln trang. Khi itrI'Yi danh len d~. phat am, no quet pban di (y nhfrng chi> no cham VaG cua nhan-tao, khien ve xong dO-cUa thi ta ghi -uh~n dU'Q'e nhfrng ~c tinh tinh-phat cita mQt am hay mQt nhorn am.

/a/ Hl-NC)i

i : 'NGU¥BN BJ.\ T - Tt)Y , '

la/ Quang- Tri IDnh 1

/al Sai-Gon

1. 1. 1. 2. lalla ml}t am-gifra trung, c6 giong tlnrong hay ngiin triroc am-moi va arn-n&u Cr khap noi. Muon chi giong tlurong, nhfrng ngtroo d~t chfr qu6c-ngfr dii dung ch1i' 0', con muon chl gicng ngan, dang Ie d~t ml}t d~u ngoac ("") tren 0', nhu:<ta tam th~ nao d€ tao ra at ngiroi ta lai dung mQt chii' khac la a ma gin cho n6 rnQt ten-goi ding vo-Ii khOng kern gi: «(r)),

Nay ta dung hin a thay cho 0' dE cho cung co dau -rnfi nhir e, 6 rna chi loai am-trung, vo-i ten-goi 13 «0'» thoi, ta thay (y Quang- Tri, khong nhirng cac am-mang-cua ch~t c6 lal ngan dtmg trtroc, rna cac am-mang-cua long con c6-th€ c6 lal thirong di. v&i:

lal thirong : liil ngan :
Ihabl (Mp) Ih~pl (hap)
Ihftdj (Mi) Ihatl (Mt)
Ibag! (Mc) Ib'akl (bdc)
Ikarnl (co-rn) Ikaml (cam)
!kanl (co-n) Ikanl (din)
Irna-ngl (mrrng) Iminkl (mang) Hai tieng in, d,~m chl nhfrng v~n g~p Cr 4 mien Tinh-Binh- Trj- Thien trong nhfrng trirong-hop phit-ilfn blnh-thtrong. Rieng (y Quang- Tri, ta con c6 them nhfrng tieng sau day voi la! thtrong r cho-ng (gitrong), . phU-tnO'1ig(ten cay); m?Yng '(dihtinhta), ~ merc (ten cay), It'im-nerc'hay md~~ d6-~; (lain-nung), trer~g' (trfr~g), :.iv •.

C6-nhien, cfing nhtr voi lat. tt'r Thira- Thien vao dt!u Nam, nhfrng; phat-am v&i·. /.a/ thuong trtroc cac am-mang-cua long !g,ng/ rat thongthtro-ng vi do s~ l~n am-n&u q16i veri arn-ttiang-cua, nhimg do lai Ii IDQt vjn-d€ khac: Ibadl (bUt), thanh Ibag/, lhanl (hO'n) thanh /hang!, vv,

Ctr-dQng tinh-phat cua am /a/ ro hon cua ,[ai, vi m~t-ltrOi niing len cao han mQt chut, nen dau hr&i tren caa nhiin-t~o to hon, dau Ii veri ngtrOi Quang- Tri, ngtroi Ha-NQi hay ugtroi Sai-gon:

lal Quang- Tr] Hinh 2

1. 1. I. 3. IlX/la mQt am-giih hep, If.1on-IuOn co giong agio & Qua~gT r1 ~ung nhtr & de no'i khac, Le ra cling phai d~t dau ngo~c tren tr trong cac ti~ng nhtr birn-btrt, nimg-nirc, v.v., vi neu mQt am-chinh hep ira dung' theo giong ng;in trong ngfr- Vi~t, ngu'&i- Vi~t van phat-am dtrQ'c [is] theo giong thtrong, va bay gio- se chua am [is] thtrong Mng each nao? Ch.'ing han, ngay trong ngfr- Van-Kit:u & Quang- Trj, ta co nhfrng ti~ng co [u] tlnrong nhtr sau ; fhU'd/, «hut»: [oesrn], «CO»; !ktrm nu:ngf, «ngon chan», vv. Do 1.1 nhfrng /U'/ co am-phl;lIong thea sau, va vei phep chua-am can-ctr vao dQ-ch?m am-CUOt ta thi~t-l~p dU'Q'c nhfrng c~p doi nhau v€ hrong tinh-vi nhat rna khOng din d€n cai ngoac, Ta hay so-sanh e

[is] thirong Van-Kieu [u] ngan Vi~t

/htrd/, (l)«(hUt, fhM/ t

/dlXngl, « d~U1) IdlXnk;

/ktrm/, «ngon- /klXm/ khong righia

/ebtrnf, «thlch- /btrl1{

la! Ha-NQi

I jlt

fa/ Sai-Gon

(1) Trong ngfr-Van-Ki~u, cling nhtr & nhi~u ngfr-ThU'Q'ng ill!:, cac thanh, c6 rat it hay gan nhir khong co, nen thanh ngang ciing g~p & nhung tieng cO am-

mi~ng cuoi (g9i la tieng mi?ng cubi). .

A •

. I I " ~ tt'r Thira - Thien tra· vao, khi am - nou ch~t

Chinh VI U'a U' ngan nen, . , , 1 A

._. hr] 't"ong Ibt'rll-btrt/ chang han;: bien diem-ph~t rna than 1 am-

cum sau =t» .• • ,_, k b kl .

, 'a t., van co nhfrng phat-am veri giong chat: IbU'n - t;' •

mar.g-cu., •. '.

C' d~ng tinh-phat caa am Itt! ra han etta la! va caa la/, vi m~t-ltro:

11'- 0 l , el < , 1 '

A IA • 'bo'n rifra va !'O nhieu vao cua nhan-tao, nhir cac o-cua (.U'O'I

nang en cao • < ".

day c6-th€ C~lO thay,

, ,

/U'I Quang- Trj Hinh 3

Itt I Sat - GOI1

Hl-NQi

1 ~ 1 A ,. ng the-eng tnroc

1. 1. 1. 4. leila m9t am-trtrCr_c r9ng, uon- u~n co, ~lQ _ ,

. .. (I "- g la' Ib m/) va am-nCru (oao gro- cung la !d,n/), tuy

cac am-mOl oao gro- cun ,

trong loi vic~ hang ngay Ii p, m va t, n: ep, em, it, en.

RA a tnro-c cac am-m~mg-cua, n6 co-the thirong, nlnr trong len~/,

, "len:1hU' trong lenk! tanh). (j Bac, nhfrng van co lei thtro'ng trU'~c

va ngan, , , • hirng a Binh- Tri-

am-mang-cua r~t hiem : leng-keng, keng, xeng, xeng, n " . .

'A • 1 - ~ nlnr thi;. co "the gap de-dang trong hal trreong-hcp:

ThIen nmrng van 1 ~ t-

Co nhfrng tieng von c6 lei thiro'ng tnroc ls. =: ee, con kec, thee (ngu), t9Pc ba IfC (th6t eli m~t), meng (mieng), meng (mieng), vv.

Co nhfrng tieng co [e] thirong tnroc Ig,ng/ irng v&i nhfrng tiengI& Bic co lei ng~n trtro'c Ik,nk/:

[e] ng~n Bic:

[e] thirong QT:

~ /legl (lec) Ih;gJ (If c) jmegl (mec) /segl (xec)

IIekl (lach) Il~.kl (lq.ch) /mekl (mach) Isekj (xQch) .

. Am cuoi

mi~ng

1. 1. 1. 5. {ella mQt am-trU'o'c trung, luon-luon cO giong thuong trU'<Yc cac am-mOL (bao gio- ding la Ib,m{) va am-n&u (bao gio- ding II {d,n/}, tuy trong loi viet hang ngay 13. Pr m va t, n: ep, em, et, en.

Rieng trtro'c cac am-ming-cua, {e! co-the thuong, nhir trong {eng, eg/t va ngfu1, nhir trong {enk, ek/. (y Bk chi c6 mQt tieng keng trong congkenh la co le{ tlnrong, cho & Quang- Tri nhfrng vin nhir the co nhieu hon va g6m cl nhfrng am-cuoi mieng va miii:

'Vii tieng v6n co leI thirong tnroc /g,ng{: dic (ngu-dai). con noi hi dai dic-dic" cay neng, cay cheng (cay den), vv:

MQt so tieng khac cO fer thirong irng veri nhfrng tieng & cac noi khdc co IiI ngan tnroc Ik,nk!:

KhOng nhu voi lei, tir Thira-thien tro vao, cidm-n61} eu?'i /d:n/ k~o~g bi tan thanh am-mang-Clla /g,ng/ sau jej, va cac tieng t4n:eungA ban~ et, e:: v~n phat-am y nhtr the. Tham chi vai tieng t~-eUng bang /ekl con no» thanh ledj Cr Quang- Trj va Thtra- Thien, vi neu khOng thi am-ehin~. se bien diem-pMt va hrong rna thanh lae/ trong !aet! (x. 1.1.3.). NgU'~ ta thtrong noi: Et thang ba ca thang miriri de ca-tung cai ngoncaa con « ech". v~ thang ba va caa can « ga » v~ thing rmroi.

lenk/ (anh) !benkf (blinh) !kenk/ (canh) {h;nkl (lq.nh) /senk/ (xanh)

I/eng{ (eng)

, /bengl (beng)

Am cuOi miii Ikengl (keng) Il~ngl (lfng) {sengi (xeng)

. ,

Ta tMy dng theo dung loi phan-biet aui thi nhirng leI ngan d€u phaI c6 dau ngo~c 0- trent chinh vi biet nh?,n ra giong ngin ay nen m9t so ngiroi, tuy tam e la a theo loi viet hang ngay, oa co sang-kien dung iinh thay vi anh.

le{ Ha-NQi

Ie! thuong QT: !l~gl (con lic) {trengl (cai treng) Im~ng{ (lang meng)

Sf! Urn [e] ra la/ nay thay dtro-c trong da-so cac thien khao-ctru cua ta cilng nhir cua ngtro'i mro'c ngoai (1). Co Cadiere, trong Phonetique annamite : dialecte du Haui-Annam, tr. 5, sau khi oa ghi-nhan dng « amchinh a theo sau boi am-mw dinh nh tuy noi rna doi thanh e hay i trong khi am-mili cuoi khong thay-doi ») nhir thiy trong cac hinh-thirc: lqnh, l~nhr linh ; bq.nh, binh, binh, co viet them nhir sau:

« Cac tir-vi co ke nhfrng hinh-thirc khac nhau ~y, nhirng co rnQt o~cdi~m rna tf!-vj khOng noi den Ia Sf! bihl-06i CGa a thanh e trong tllQt so l&n cac tieng t~n-cung bang am-mili dinh nh hay bang am-phi cua Chi & trtronghop nay, nhfrng am-phl,1 ~y, mQt am thi dOi thanh am-mui ng, m9t am thanh am-pM hong c (k): bing thay vi btinh, lee thay vi lq.ch »,

Neu chua-am dtroc dung nhu- tren kia, ta thliy am-chinh khong dbi khac rna chi bien ItrQ"ng tir ngin thanh thirong, trong khi cac am-mfmg-cua cuoi chl bien oQ-ch~m tir ch~t ({k,nk!) ra long (jg,ng/) thOi. Con khi tir .Thira- Thien tr& vao, ngtroi ta noi fhedf (het) thanh jheg/, [tieu] thanh jheng/, do 1a Sf! I~n am-euoi Idl hay In/ thanh IgI hay [ng], rna hrong caa arn-chinh cung d:Q-ch~m cua am-phl,1 v~n nguyen.

CLing nhir /a/ so voi /a,trj, [e] c6 dQ-phat r9ng nhat nen 0- do-cua ta thliy dau m~t-lU'&i uro-ng-doi nh6 hon khi phar de am fe,i/.

(t) O. M.B.EMMENEAU, trong Studies in Vietnamese (Annamese) Grammar, tr, 28, co nh~n ra am I~I nay trong lanh/llinh.

O. NGUYEN DINH HOA, trong Speak Vietnamese. trai l~. <fa <fi qua lC3, xa han cl !oi vi~t quoc ngfr, khi chua anh Ia /ayCJ/ (tr. '5).

NG'O'YAN 'B~ T - TQT .

85

[e! Quang-Tri Hinh <I

leI Sat-GOO

Iii ngan de noi :

Ilik/ (itch) {trink/ (trinh) /mink! (minh)

leI Ha-NQi

/il thirong :

/kig/ (cue-kic = cu) /igl «ic- ic)

/Hng/ (xa Ba- Ling)

Ten chung: fkmery.g/" «(fam}); /kneng/, «rang», /tmeng/t «na~; /abeng/, «canh»j /keng/, «ben»; [cetig], «chanh»: /pheg/; «khoi-], /rengbang/, «thaidirong»; Iping/, «dtan;/tving/, «siy)); /kaning/, «ram'l... '

'. ' ",

Tir Thira- Thien vao Uri Binh- Tuy (trir xa Hiep-Hoa), lid, in/ khOng chiu anh-htro'ng cua hi~n-ttrQ'ng Un di~m-phat am-pht.t et,Ioi nhir cac van co am.-ri&u cuoi khac, Phii vao t&i Nam moi.co 51)' « si€t-ch~t » [n] thanh {n./, Idl thanh It/ ma keo theo st! d6i diem-phat va d6i tu-gng caa am-~hinh,

khi€n lisx] thanh jirii!, lidl thanh /U:t/. '

lei Quang- Tri Hinh 5

leI Sai-Gon

IiI Ha-nQi

Vi !a mQt am-ht;p, Iii nh~n diroc tren do-eua voi dau lucri to hon cit so vm /e,e/, vi m~t-1U'cri da ap nhieu len ciia:

I, 1. I. 7. 101 1.1 mQt am-sau f<?ng, luon-luon cO giong thuong tru-oc de am-moi (bao gi<'r cfing la /b,m/) va cac am-n&u (bao gi<'r eilng Ll Id,rt), tuy trong loi vi~t hang ngay Ii p, m V2. t, n: op, am, at, on.

/if ngan: /kik/ (kich) jikj (ich) ,linkJ (linh)

Rieng tnroc cac am-mang-eua, 10/ Bilc it khi thtrong : boong, coong, loong-toong, xoong, nhung /0/ Quang- Tri co-the thtrong triro'c /g.ng! hay ngan tnroc Ik, nk/ mQt each ttr-nhien, ho~c vi mQt tibtg phatam s~n nhtr the, ho~c vi Sl)' bien d9-eh~m cua am-pht.t cuoi.

Con khi phat-am leI thi khoang-cach gifra m~t-ltrcri va cua rQng hon eua Ii/ rna hep hon cua lei, nen dau ltr&i tren ctia nhdn-tao cilng vira-phai, xtrng voi t£:n « am-trung l} rna ta dung d~ goi lei:

1. 1. L 6. ji/fa mQt am-trU'&c hep, luon-luon co giong tlnrong trtroc cac am-moi (bao gio- cilng la /b,m/) va cac am-n&u (bao gio- ciing 1.1 /d,n/), tuy trong loi viet hang ngay la p, m va t, n: ip, im, it, in.

Rieng tnroc am-mang-cua, III Quang- Trj co-the thirong, nhtr trong [uig], ig], va ngiln, nhtr trong link, ik/, trong khi & Bilc khOng co mQt tieng nao e6 Ii/ tlnrong truxrc /g,ng/, rna chi co toan [i] ng:in tru-oc /k,nk/. Khac tnrong-hop nhfrng am /a,a,e,e/ da H tren, lit thtrong (y day Ia nhfrng am von co, cho kheng do Sl)' no'i-Iong am-pht.t CUO!, nen nhfrng ti~ng c6 Ii/ ngan dem ra d6i-ehi~u voi chi cot lam n6i b~t SI)' sai-biet v~ phat-am thoi:

Nhdn tieng Ba-Ling nay, ta nhan-xet them dng ngfr- Thtro-ng & Quang- Tri co nhieu van lig, ingl cling nhie leg, eng, cg, eng/, va tacoth~ dtr-doan mQt phan nao anh-hU'c-ng caa 1al an-noi ay dai voi ngfrVi~t, d£u do Ia ten rieng hay ten chung:

Ten rieng : PJc-Leng (& xa Ba-dang, qu~n Ba-long), L€nh (& xa Hirong-quang, qu~n Htrong-hoa], L?c (& xa Htrong-rni, qu~n Htrongh6a).

til Quang- Tri Hinh 6

Ii/ Sai-Gon

co nhfrng ti~ng'co sll.n giQng long (y cuoi, nghia la t~n-eung bing /g,ng/, khien /01 co hrong thirong: choong (cai mail, cay moong, roong (dar), r{J{Jng (ruQng), t66c (ra), toe ba lee (thot di milt), v.v ...

CO nhirng ti~ng khac do Sl)' noi-long am-euoi tir /k, nkl thanh Ig,ng/, khie~ /0/ co giong thirong thay vi ngan, nhu & cac noi kh.1c. Ta hay so-

.. ' .

sinh:

. Muon phat-am /0/, cuoi-m~t-hrm phli narlg len cuoi-rnang-cua, nen dau ltroo tren caa nhan-tao khong c6 la bao. Cac d6~cUa dU'oo day cfing c6-th€ cho ta' mQt y-ni~m v~ each phat-amcua lof va luI, c6-th~ tuy ngU'01 ma de lai nhfrng dau to hon hay nhohon d:La /0/:

1.1.1.8. /o/la mQt am-sau trung, luon-loon c6 giong thircng trtroc cac am-moi (bao gier rung la /b,m/) va cac am-n&u (bao gio ciing Ia /d,nf), tuy trong loi viet hang ngay la p, m va t, n: op, om, 6t, on.

Rieng tnroc cac am-rnang-eUa, 101 Quang- Tri co-the thirong hay ngtm (y nhieu trt.rerng-hQ'p, trong khi (y Bk chi tieng b06ng cO giong thirong.

C6 nhfrng tieng co sln giong long (y cuoi v&i /g,ng/, khien /0/ e61U'Q'ng thtrong: d6ong-d06ng (mang tren cO, nhir ding keng) , m9{k (ten cay), thMng [tui day).

T6i co nhc mQt lin ti~p chuyen vO'i mQt can-be cao-cap di cong-can (y Ph6- chiu, gin cuai tlnh Quang-ngai. Ong nglfCri Quang-Nam, noi r~t ro tieng (h~g(, co phan nan v&i t6i Tling giong n6i cea ong lam nhieu ngU'()'i che dieu., TOl da xac-nh~ v&i eng rling giong ong rno-i sat goc va dung· chit nho '. Dieu do lam oug thea man lam, vi bay gio eng yen-tam dug tieag hqc-tro cua eng gin tienl'l nho goc hq.c-d6 hon tieng hoc-tro van thong dung.

, Nay toi ding de-nghi dbi cong-thirc -x-hcc- thanh -x-hac- d~ nhfrng-hacgia • thich theo Tau co-the tha h6 noi: ngtr-hqc, am-thanh-hq.c, viin-phq.m-Izq.c vv .. r rna buong tha cho tieng h9c di con dirong • ta • cua no, vi no v~n dirng mQt minh dU'gc trong nhfrng cau-noi : co h9C khong co hanh, cdi hoc thieu can-ben. vv ...

. Tei U'ac mong dng tan ceng-thirc • x-h~c. se dU'gc tac-gia bai nghien-ctru noi tren hoan-hl tiep-clon, vi no moo tMt la • hgp cau-thirc " khOng • go-b6 va gi<\-t~o '. Rieng tei thi toi khOng dam noi chuy~n « cong-tbirc .!

/0/ th'.r(mg QT:

, IOQgj (d{J9C)

I/magl (mooe) InQgI (nhl}c)

, fthog! (tn6oc) jtrQg! (tr99c)

! Irongl (rbong) jtrongl (troong)

long/ (oong)

/0/ ng5n de noi: /dQk/ (d{Jc) Im6kj (moc) /nQk/ (nh9c) /thokj (thOc)

/sQkl (soc), Itrt)kf(tr{lc) frankl (rbng) = Ioi.

./tronk/ (trong) lonkl (ong)

/0/ I-U-NQl

Ammi~ng

Am mlii

Lai co nhfrng tieng, va tnrong-hop nay th~t d~c-bi~t, khong theo xubtr&ng siet-ch~t am-euoi (y cac mien khac, rna bien thang tir tieng nho goc, von t~n-ctlng bang am-long, voi S1}' dbi di~m-phat am-chinh thOi:

jk6g1 (co6c) bien tMng (y tieng nho xu-a Ikagj }ij, chir .khOng dinh-Iiu gi too tieng nho nay giac hay tieng nom goc (y cac noi.

IbOgj (boac) bien thing & ti~ng nho jbagl (Mc) ~ IJ, cho- khOng phai la mQt giong bien cua /b6k! (bOc).

/hQgj (hQ9g(bib thing (y tibg nho « chinh-tong » jh~gj (hq.c, M + ngq.c) If, cho . khong phai la /hQk/ (hQc) da n6i trai thanh, nhtr ta co th~ tU-CYng l£m. Hien-tirong nay con thay (y Nam-Ngai, no-i do ngtro-i ta n6i Ih,}ogl voi m¢t am-gifra lao/b-l& gifra fa! va /0/. (1)

(1) Xem v~y, hoc la mQt tieng nom, vi tb~t ra trong h~-thong nho khong co van lokI ding nhtr van l=l- khi toi noi: hoc-ngir, hoc-tim-loi, hoc-meo-ngir, v;v .. , toi cia dung m9t tieng nom dung vO'i vi-tri cUa no, vi toi hieu nhirng tieng ay la: ',cal h9C ve ngfr " • cai h9C ve am cua leri " ' cai h9C ve rneo cua m9t ngfr " vv ..•

1)a danh rang do la m9t 16i noi la tai, vi trai voi thoi-quen cua rnoi ngiroi, nllat fa nhfrng ngtro'i ' sinh nho " nhtrng trong hQi-s6ng , nguyen~tlr » nay rna chi bo-bo voi mQt cai vCln vay-mtron dtroc cua ngtroi, m{lt le-Ioi bat-chiroc diroc rua ngirei, khong dim ca-gfmg lam m9t cal gi rno'i rna thlch-hop v&i kha-nang cla minh, thi suot d&i ta va con-chau ta chi di lam toi-mci tinh-than cho ngtroi, va 4W-ti)C Vi~t-Nam se chi tien QU'gc nhfrng biroc rua.

Toi khong tin dng cha de cua cai cong-tlnrc • x-hoc • trong bai • Ngfr-hoc ~u-thirc» (y Viin-h6a nguyh-san scl 59, tr.266, co oc bao-tha nhtr the. Toi nghi r~ng ongchtra co dU'gc mQt cai nhln TQng-rai bao-quat dlfgC cl ngff-Viet,'ma lai chiu fu1h-hU'Ong qua n~ng cua nhfrng thuyet Au-Mi nhi~u khi chU'a th~·ap-dt.mg dU'gc vao ngfr ta, n~n m&i h~ ti~ng , go-oo va gia-t<1-o • d~ gQi cach noi • hQc-ngfr • cila tei.

10J Quang- Tri Hinh 7

(oj Sai-Gon khenh dau

ful ngftn QT (ti.r Ngh~) : hUp: IhUpl tup: ItupI hum: Ihuml tum: Ituml

luI thirong B;ic (to-i Thanh}:

Ihub/ {tubl !hum! /tuml

/lie/ (lia) /itri! (lU'a) !luo! (lua)

!lien!

/h.rfm! (bl'crn) /luon!

IJ

83

.,. Nr!.T_~"" B"· ..... TTTVI

.. t': ._""'W·.qJ.~ ~J.-_i.'~ ~l:,' i I

am-mi~ng

I /dQg{ (khi d{irk) !nog! (nMa) !trogl (tr6lic)

)

long/ (oong) /hOngl (bOong) IdQng/ (d{i{jng) IhOngl (Mong)

Idftk/ (khi-d{ic) !nok! (noc)

/trok! (trac = dau)

loukj (ong)

jbonkj (bOng) jdQukl (d{jng) IhOnk/ (hong)

Giong thU'cl'l1g nay caa !u! se thliy mQt each thU'?",ug-xuyen ttr ThiraThien tr& vao d~u Binh- Tuy (trir xa Hi~-Hoa), (y nhfrng ti~ng c6 am-n&u long Id,n! da bien di~m-phat thanh am-mang-cua ciing long /g,ng!: !lunl1.td/ (litn-1IJt) thanh /lungll}g!. Roi rieng & mi~n Narn, gi9ng thirong ~y se rhanh ngan & cung nhfrng ti~ng bien giong ay: /lun-h,d! (lun-IlJt) thanh IUluklt,k/. Nhtr v~y nghe phat-am m9t tieng ghep lim lui ta co-the phanbi~t ra ,atfcrc nhirng ngU'eri (y ba mien Bic, Trung, Nam.

Bk Trung Nam

lun-l!)t: /lun1v.d! jlUnglv.gj Ilunkll}k/

1. 1. 2. Ba tim-hai lie, tra, uo/ (y Quang- Tri khong khac am-hai & cac noi khac la bao, vi neu n6 kheng au-ng mQt minh thi 1uon-1uon di vCri nhfrng am-euoi long, d~u Ii am-phv. hay am-ban, dau Ia am-moi, am-n&u

hay am-mang-clia:

" Nhirng nh~g :iin~ ijp thana b&i SI)' n&i-long am-euoi ti.r /k,nkl thanh /g,ng/, khien /0/ co giong thU'Crpg thay vi giong ngan nhtr 6- cac noj khac, moi th~t nhi~~. Ta, hay thti- so-sanh ; '

/0/ thirong QT:

10/ ngan de noi :

am-mui

,Tir Thi.ra- Th~en v~o dtn Nam, hai van long, og/ cfing rlt thongtlnrong, ~htrn: 1;.11 Ii ket-qua caa SI}' I~n di~m-ph:it cua am-n&u long cuoi Id,.~/ thanh am-mang-eua long Ig,ng/: /nonnQd/ (nh6n-nMt) thanh

/nongnf}g/· .

• T~tr&e cac a~-mang-cua, luj Quang- Tri ciing nhtr /ul de noi, luonluon co Iirong ngan va di to-i /k,nk/: dimg-duc, mimg-muc, sung-sue. vv.

Nhirng trong ngfr-Van-IG~u & Quang-Tri, ngtroi-Tlnrong v~n dung':

nhfi I I h ' .

~ng u t trong trtroc /g,ng/: /pung/, «bung»: [txumg], «mfii»; /kbunglt

«mall, vv.. l

Trong quy~n Hoc dm-liri V!~t-Nam (quy~n I: Hoc-tim-lei tinh-phdt toi se chirng-minh ki-cang dng nhfrng each viet ia, ll'a, 12a 121 dit sai-Iam: do ding la trU'cmg-hQ'p cua each chua-am then 10i Mi clla ong Nguy~n-dinh-Hoa thanh /i/\/u/\/tr:/\/ (1). Cac do-cua caa ba am-hai ay cfing na-na nhu cua cac am don Ii, tr, u], nen tU'Cmg khong can trinhbay (y day. Dang chu-y nhat phai chang lit nhieu tieng c6 am-hai & cac no'i khac lai e6 am-chinh don & Binh- Trj- Thien vi de mi~n nay con gifr nhieu tieng xtra diroi hlnh-thtrc dO'I1-gi!m hon, nhat Ii nhfrng tieng c6 am-gifra va am-sau rQng, nrc faj va /0/. So-sanh:

Am-dO'll Quang- Tri: Am-hai cac noi :

1..1:1. 9. /u/la mQt am-sau hep, luon-luon thirong tnroc cac am-n&u (bao gio- cilng' Ia /d,n!), tuy trong 16i viet hang ngay 1a t, n: un, lit.

Triroc cac am-moi, trai lai, [u] Quang- Tri ding nhir [u] tlr Ngh"-A

, " N ~ n

vao to: a~, lu6n~luon ngan va am-phI} theo sau la !P,;;;'/, trong khi & Bic

[u] 1\11 tlurong Va-I /b,m/ theo sau:

( ~~ lira
lU'!Yi
na nzra
fal /tral nac nuirc
t n6~g mro-ng
nga ngira
nhq. nh~t:a (1) Speak Vietnamese, tr. 25. Bia !hie! Vi~t phat ra v&i m9t lei yey con beer Anhm&i cO am cuoi nga v~ /()/.

NGO'-VI$T 0' QUANG-rn

91

~,

rum

rut)t sulit

. .

, 'a (y trtl'o-ng-hgp nhfrng tinh-phit ket:-hgp,

Vi nhfrng am-tqp nay ChI g.P ' •. d . d'" hl'm ella am-phu uan-sat bang cua nhan-tq_o khong th\1'c-h1t,n U'gc. a~, A •

S\1' q _, " hi h 'lam sai-lac cac ket-qua. Tuy v~y,

~, - d' 1" lU'O'l cua am-c III rna .

C~Ol se ~ e~ tri tinh-phat diroi day.se cho th~y d)-rang ba am ay phat ra

do-lU'O'c cac v!- .

(y kh~ang nao so vo'i cac am-chfnh khac.

/01 fuol

Itt not rbi r!Jt s6t

tlia nuOt

NgU'Q'c lai, co vai trtrong-hop rna ngiroi Quang- Tri Iai dung am-hai vao cM am-dO'n 0- cac noi khac, Ching han, cling m9t tieng ghep linh-li bien thanh linh-loi hay lanh-le, rai thanh nhanh-nhe, nhanh-nhen, (y nhieu noi, thi 0- Quang- Trj lj con thanh ita, nghia la « mau II, trong: lam lia ail Tieng Ita nay ciing g~p (y Bic trong lia-lia. Lai nhtr tieng muiii (tt'rc mui), ding g~p (y cac mien trong, n~n thay dtroc trong: em thec dO. muoi, tire 1a « em nglt da say », Cac tibg lutrt, trong linrt van, mU'l1n, trong mU'l1n ghe nU'9'c, trong nU'9'c ao, trng v&i ldt, man, mq.c, dtrQ'c thong-dung khap nc-i.

Am. trU'&c

Am-trll'&c-gifra

Am-gifra

Am-sau

- .

1. 1. 3. Cac dm-tqp g6m co ba am f<£, ae, fir, goi la am-tru-&c-gifra vi co diem-phat (y khoang gifra cac diem tnroc caa /e,e,if va cac diem gifra cita fa,a,trf. Ba am nay Ia ket-qua cua S\1' Ian cac am-mang-cUa cuoi ch~t /k,nkl sau /e,e,i/, trong nhfrng tieng nhir anh, enh, inh, ach, ech, ich, thanh am-n&u ch~t It,n/, nh~ tMy til' Quang-Blah. Vi diem-phit am-pht,t cuoi di-chuyen til' mang-cua 0- phia sau ra nou (y phia trtroc, trong kill m~tItrcri chira dirt-khoat voi vi-tri cli, nen di~m-phat Clla am-chinh, von 1a am-trtr&c, hoi bi keo lui I~ sau, Ta co :

Am-h~p

Am-trUllg

Am-rQng

Hlnh 8.

NGUYEN B~T Tl)Y (con ti~p)

/tek! (tach) thanh /tae/, ciing nhtr /tenkl (tanh) thanh /I?k/ (l~ch) thanh !~et/, cflng nhir /l~nk/ (l~nh) thanh /taen/ /If!en./, /dik/ (dtch) thanh /dirt/ cung nhir /dink! (dinh) thanh /dir'Uf. SI! Un am nay khong phai Ii nhf!n th~y 0- roan-the nguoi Quang- Trj, vi cling co mQt so ngtroi noi ro diroc de v.1n lenk, enk, ink, ek, ek, ik/ (x. phan « Amphu ll). No cflng khOng phai Ii anh-htr()'flg den roan-the cac titng co nhfrng van ~y, vi nhtr ta dath~y 0- 1.1.1. 4 va 1. 1. 1. 5., thay vi bien diemphat, mQt so tieng chi bien dQ-ch~m am-pht,t cuoi, khien am-chinh bienhrong thdi, neu khong bien them dQ-khuech :

(lrrkl ( lq,ch) thanh fl~gf, cling nhtr flf;nk/ (lqnh) thanh /l~agl

.

llik! (lich) thanh Mg/, ciing nhirt /lhip.k/ (minh) thanh Im~ng/.

\ 1

~ . ~ .;

Tim hi~u ngon-ngfr Vi~t-N3m

Ngil:- vu« a Quang -Tri

NGUYEN B~T-T(JY

I. AM QUANG- TRT (ti§p theo)

1.2. Am-ban Quang-tri. Am-ban la mQt loai am-chinh phat ra mau nhtr am-phV: vi v~y am-ban luo~-luon keu nhir am-chinh tuy co nhirng d~c-tinh cua am-phv, nghia la co-the long hay chat.

Muon phat ra mau, am-chinh thanh-ban phai co dQ-khuech nho nhat a~ m~t-hr&i dira len de-dang, va ta thay dng trong 9 am-chinh can-bon aa mo-ta tren kia chi co ba am-h~p/i, 11',u/ co du di~u-ki~n~ Ngoai ra, mQt khi aa khong COn la am-chinh nfra thi, ciing nhtr am-phv, am-ban khong th€ l~p v~n met minh d11'Q'c rna phai dtra vao m"t am-chinh khac. Tam gac ngoai Sl,l' so-sanh quan-diern cua toi v~ nhfrng van co-ban voi quanai~m Au- Tay v~ nhfrng diphtongues descendantes, se d11'Q'c trinh-bay a~y-du trang quyen Phonologie vietnamienne (Tome I: Phonologic articulatoire), toi chi noi qua & day v~ vai m6i quan-he ket-hQ'p d~ ban-doc khoi b5'-ng5' trtro-c mot so tieng-dung rnoi.

Vi am-chinh la diem-chinh trong van nen cac tir-cach cua am-ban, ding nhir caa am-phV, d~u d11'Q'c dinh theo vi-tri cua no trtro-c am-chinh, ttrc la trtrirc-chinh, hay sau am-chinh, tire la sau-chinh, Nhan do mQt am-chinh khong co am-trtro'c-chinh thi goi Ia trdn, co thi goi la phil; khOng co am-sau-chinh thi goi la thiing, co thi goi la tdc.

MQt am-ban hay am-phv tru-c-e chfnh COn goi la phat-nur vi bQ-quanphat phai dong Iai r6i mo. ra cho am-chinh phat tiep theo. MQt am-ban hay am-phV sau-chinh con goi la phat-dong vi khi phat xong am-chinh thl bo-quan-phat dong kin lai d~ dong-th&i thirc-hien am-ban hay am-phV theo- sau,

NG(t . -vrsr (f QUA.NG-TRI

~93

Trong ngfr-Vi~t, mQt am-ban phat-rno co-th~ la mot am-dau, nghia la dirng dau van, nhir trong Iwa/, hay la mot am-trong, nghia la dimg trong van, sau am-phv va trtroc am-chinh, nhtr trong /hwai. Con .,tnQt am-ban phat-dong luon-luon la mQt tim-cubi, nghia la dirng & cu(h van, nhir trong jaw/.

Nhir v~y, ba am-chinh hep Ii, U', u,1 theo nguyen-de, se thanh 6 amban: 3 long va 3 chat, Trong quyen Hoc-tim-lei Vi~t-Nam(Quy~n I: Hoctim-liri tinh-phat) toi se chirng-to rang ngfr-Viet tong-quat co au 6 am-ban ay. tr day, noi rieng v~ ngfr Vi~t & Quang- Tri, ta chi k~ dtH1C 4:

2 am-ban-trtr&c long va chat: /y, yl

2 am-ban-sau long va chat: Iw, wi

1.2.1. Am-ban-tru6'c la loai am-ban co diem-phat & phan trtro c mieng, do d1u-mat-I11'oo nang rnau H~n di~m-phat cua Iii & gifra-cua rna khong sat cua, khien'chi canh-hrei cham vao ria cua roi roo ra ngay: ta co IDQt am-long lyJ hay mQt am-cMt Iyl tuy & sirc-ep cua Itr5'i len cua.

1.2.1.1. lyJ la mQt am-ban-trtr&c long co-the vira phat-rno.vlraphit-dong, nghia la dirng trtroc hay dirng sau mot am-chinh.

a. Tnro-c am-ehinh, /yl chi g~p trong tieng /yang/, cfing nhtr & QuangBinh, irng voi rieng liionkl (nhOng) Nghe- Tinh va tieng Ic6nkl (chOng) & cac no i khac. Th~t ra theo 16i viet thtro-ng, tieng nay se ghi la nh6ong, vi khOng nhtr cac mien & phia nam dec Hal-Van, Quang- Tri khong co, hay khong con Iy/ nfra. Nhung nb Inl Quang- Tri khong phat-arn nhtr Inl cac no'i khac (x. 1.3.2.3.), am-dau trong nhOong cang khong phai la rnl rna thien v~ giong Iy/: tieng Iyongl co-the la di-tich cuoi cung cua nhirng ti€ng c6/yj xira kia. Mu6n nhan cho ro am nay chi cO each la nghe mQt ngtroi dan-ba QuangBinh hay Quang- Trj noi : cdy-nh60ng) tire « V9' chong Ji, hay nh{jong tui, tire « chong toi »,

MQt giong Iy/ y€u han nfi'a con nhan thay sau am /'1./ Quang- Trj, mQt am dit nhe phai chua 1a ~y mo'i dung va irng vo i gi cua 16i viet thrro'ng : do la loai am« da-yo », ngnia la ho'i co them giong I y j (x.L3.1.8). Ta hay nghe .Ill9t {( 0 » duyen-phan him-hiu mia-rnai mQt « mu » may-man han aa kiem duoc mQt tam chong son-ire:

·1

II

94

NGUYEN B~T-Tl)Y

Trai to' khiing lay gai to',

Di dau 19t-dijt rna vO' ma-giong ?

Va ngtroi dan-ba venh m~t dap lai:

Ma-giong ba thir rna-giong,

Trai to' du-ng d6 (rna) trong long khbng Ira!

. Tieng I rna I;Yo/nkl lay di lay lai chirng-to dngtienglf~-d6ng &B~c, co ghi trong ttr-vi, ro-rang la. the-bien cua no ( cling n6i 130 mt:-giong) do sir

nghe lam Im~/ra/n~/ va phat-arn I;yonkl ra Izonk/. ,.

. b. Sau am-chinh, /yl l~p thanh nhfrng van ban-cuoi VO'l cac am tr:n tr~ luol hay phu du 10,!-i. Co-nhien no khong ill dll'Q'c voi cac am dong diem-phat vo'i no, ttrc la ba am le,e,il hay am-hai lief:

Tran

Phu

vo-i jaj : faYI (ai)

v&i lal layj (O'i)

v&i jll' I jtry I (lri)

jkayl (cai) Ikay/ (cO'i) Ikiry/ (czh)

Ikll'ay I ictroi = san) Ikoy/ (coi)

IkoYI (coi = tren) /kuyl (cui)

Iku6y/ (cuOi)

voi jll'al : voi 101 vc-i 10/ vo-i lui vo-i lu6/

Ill'ayf (lrO'i) loy I (gio-oi) loy I (oi) luyl (ui)

. ~en ~.hu-? them ding am-chinh trtro-c Iyl co hrong thtrong cho- khong phai la dai, nen chua-am laYI bang la.yl nhtr eng Nguyen Dinh Hoa da chua la khong dung. 1

1. S_pea!( Viet~~mes;, tr:!24. 9. H~a da ap dung phtrong-phap chua-am ct'ta ~ v~ da theo 101 phan-biet « dai, ngan > rna khong nger ding am-chinh Viet chl co hat l;rQ'~g « ~ll'~~g , va • ~ga~ " cho- Itrong' c dai ' chl g?P 0- nhtrng trironghQ'!, ph .. t-am ,-?-c-b!"t •.• Vi. 1~1, 0' tr, 149, ong I~ chua lvvl 1il luy/, thi phai c~:ng ong muon de hieu rang [s], va lu! triroc fyf co hai ItrQ"Ilg khac nhau '? f)Iem b~t-nhlt nay se thiiy them v&i la.w/ va /iw/ va bat ngu6n ttr str da chat c~~a /:y/la jayl r6i. ANgoai ra O. Ho~ khOng nen bop meo am v~ . Vi~t qua GOI den not chua luoyj, rna chii' quoc ngii' ghi da dung, Mng /w..y/ (xth, 1.2.2.1, lch. 1).

, ;1

95

Bo-cua cua /y/ phat-dong trong lay/ cho thiy dng diern-phat cua alL' ban va am-chinh irng vOoi no khOng khac nhau 1a bao, diu 1a & QuangTri, & Ha-N?>i hay & Sai-Gon (x.h.VII).

/y/ Sai-Gon

IYi Quang- Tri Hinh X

/y/ Ha··Nqi

1.2.1.2. If/la m?>t am-ban-trll'&e chat, diu & Qu!mg-Tri hay bat-ru dau. V6n co hoi-noi qua 16i mui nhieu, no khong thlch-hop voi nhfrng tnronghop ph:it-m& trong do mot loi-thoat duy-nhat eho hoi-noi can den de lam d~-d~mg cir-dQng tinh-phat chat caa bQ-quan-phit. Ron nfra, amban ch~t trong ngfr- Vi~t chi ket- hop voi nhfrng am dong di~m-phat vOoi no, nen ba am /e,e,il khcng di diro-c voi /yl thi lai luon-luon c6-k€t voi /yl rna thanh ba nhom /e~1 (ay), ley/ (ay) va li;/.

Ba n~om nay thirc-hien bang each dtra Ill'CYi len vi-tr] cua am-chinh d~ ph at no, roi cho dau-ItrCYi danh manh len cua vao di~m-phat caa ji/. Neu cai danh-ltroi ay lam dung VaG mqt v~n c6 /yl cu6i, am-long nay se thanh chat va keo theo VaG diern-phat cua no bat-ru am-ehinh nao dirng trtroc rna cO diem-phat gan no, khien am ay dang thirong thanh ng~n va co-the tuy tru-ong-ho'p thay-doi ca d.?-khuech.

a. V~ ley!, khong nhir nhfrng ngtroi b' phia narn deo Hai-Van thuong khOng sir-dung dU-Q'e, hay sir-d1,1ng mot each yeu-&! cai danh-hrci ay sau am-mo- [e] rna Un ley/ vo-i lay/, ngtroi Quang- Tri noi rat d~u, cling nhtr ngm::ri cac no'i ,0- phia bac deo Hai-Van:

"

Ibeyi trong My-ve, ben canh jbay{ trong bai-trl

fsey/ trong xay vi§c, ben canh /xil trong khl cbng

Nhirng co met tnrcng-ho'p dang chu-y la: Cling nhtr /neyj (nay) thanh fnel neu khong cO am-ban chat cuoi, s\!, ro-t mat h!ln cai danh-lu'o'i & tieng

.,

1'01

"

NGUYEN B~ T -rus

y&i,/il vo-i lief vo-i /a/ v&i /a!

/wi/ (uy) /wienl (uyen) Iwa/ (oa)

Ikwil (qui) /kwien/ (quyen) IkwaJ (qua) Ikwa/ (quO')

Th~t fa van /waf it nh~n thay, vi muon chi tieng-khoc cua dtra tre,

ngtroi ta tra noi o-hoa hon oa-oa. Ta hay nghe ngirc-i Quang- Tri do nhau:

Chan au-au-a, mieng kh6c o-hoa, Khiing dqp bqu thi C{l'C long choa, Dqp bgu thi phdi agp choa cho roi!

Cau nay khong d€n n6i phai nho' den « thong-ngon » va cfing d~ doan ra la con « ~u6i ", nhirng chinh phan-su- khac nhau cua hai chfr a trong o-hoa neu len van-de nhat-tri lai each viet.

o dtr~g mQt minh chi mQt am-chinh sau rQng, nhirng a trong hoa chi mQt am-bin churn da chiu Sl! hap-dan dQ-khuech cua am-rQng lal thee sau. Ta biet dng am-chum la mQt loai dm-ghep co hai di€m-phit, met diem chinh (y cuoi mieng do cuoi-mat-hroi nang len cuoi-mang-cua rna thanh, mQt diem phu (y tnro-c mieng do hai moi chum tron rna ra. Khi chju 51.!: hi'ip-d.in dQ-khu€ch thi chi di€m phu (y moi bien-tinh, cho- diem chinh (y Itr&i khOng thay-doi: ta v.in co /wl trong oa, oe, ciing nhtr tfong ue, uy, UO'. Muon tranh Sl! phan-biet phien-toai va vo-b6 gifra a va u tot hon ca la nen dung w trong loi viet thtrong.

h. Sau cac am-chinh, trir ba am d6ng di€m-phit v&i no la fo,otul va am-hai /uof, /wl tao ra nhfrng van c6 am-ban long cuoi va am-chinh tran hay phu.

NGO' -VI~T IT QUANG- TRJ

101

/wl Quang- Tri Hinh XII

Cilng vi cung mot li-do nhtr Iw/ trtro'c-chinh, Iwl sau-chinh da dtrgc ghi trong loi viet thirong bing 0 sau a, e, va bang u sau e, i, 0', u-: chfr w thay cho ca 0 l~n u se ti~n-lgi va he-p-Ie hon nhieu, Ngoai ra, ding nhir da nhan-xet (y 1.2.1.1, am-chinh trtro-c Iwl cO hrong thirong chokhong phai la am-dai nen khong the chua law/Ii la.wl nhir 6. Nguy~~ Dinh Hoa da chua. 1

Cac c&-dQng cua 11.1'&i v&i Iwl trtro-c-chinh va sau-chinh van khong khac nhau Ia may, ta co-the xern d6-cua cua /wi (y cuoi ti€ng jawl cung du.

1.2.2.2. !w/la met am-ban sau chat chi co th€ phat-dong vi ll-do da trinhbay (y 1.2.1.2. ve NI, va chi ket-ho p vo'i nhfrng am dong-diern-phat v&i no, nghia la ba am lo,o,u/, von kh6ng di dtro'c vo-i am-long /w/. Ta co ba nhorn low, ow, uw! thirc-hien bang each dtra I1.1'&i len vi-trl cua am-chinh d€ phat no, roi cho cuoi ltr&i danh manh len cua vao di€m-phit cua [u], Nett cai dinh-Itr&i lam dung vao mQt van co /wJ cuoi, am-long nay se co giong chat rna keo thea vao di~m-phit cua no bat-cte am-chinh n;1O d{.r~g tru-oc rna e6 di~m-phit g~n n6. Am-chtnh ay dang thieo-ng se thanh ngan va co-the tuy tnrorig-ho'p thay-doi ca dQ-khu€ch.

a. vt. jowj, khong nhu' nhfrng ngtro'i (y phia nam deo Hai-Van khong phat diro c giong chat ay mQt each ro-rang vi thieu cai dinh-l1.1'5'i rna l~n jowl vo-i jaw/, ngiroi Quang-Trj noi rat r6 van nay khOng khac f,i nhfrng ngtro'i tir Thira- Thien trer ra:

1. Speak Vietnamese, tr, 149. M{}t di~m bat-nhat nira nhan thliy gifra, ja.wi va/iw/, cfing nhtr gifra ja.yl va luyl (x.1.2.L1, lch.I), vi hai am-chinh tr~O'c !wl co itrgng thiro'ng cl rna chua-am khac nhau m9t cham. Ngoat ra, c. :£:loa .CU~g l~m them fiewj thanh fiAw!, vi ong d3 di, sal dirong ngay tu' hie chua 11e! 1a jlhl rbi (x. 1.1.2. lch. 1).

jwl Sai-GOn (kh6ng dau)

Tran Phil
voi [e] lew/ (eo) /kewj (keo)
vo-i /ej jew/ (eu) Ikewj (keu)
v&i Iii I: liwj (iu) /kiw/ (kiu)
voi lie! ! jiewj (yeu) jkiewl (kieu)
voi [z] I Jaw/ (ao) Ikaw/ (cao)
, '
v&i jaj /ngaw/ (ngG-u)
voi Itrj /trWj (lru) /ktrwl (czru) ~
v&i l1.1'al : Ih1.1'aw/ (hu-O'u) lwl Ha-NQi

102

NGUYEN B~T-Tl)Y

/rowl trong rnu-dtra, ben canh Irawl trong ren rao Ikowj trong tru-cau, ben canh Ikawl trong cao-lon

Hi~n-tU'Q'ng chuyen-hrot tinh-phat eta khien moi ngu-oi tU'(mg-t~rri r~ng trong low} co /aj vi, a rnieng mQt s6 ngtrai khong phai la tit ca, aoi khi ltroo khai tir di~m-gifra, tire diem-phat ella j;Jf von ia di~m nghl-ngoi ella no, rna dtra l'ili di~m-phat ella [o] a phia sau d~ phaS-am. Bat-eir ai cling eo th~ nghiern-xet dr-dQng ella lU'6'i, biing each noi lal d~ ghi-nhan dng IU'cri nang len eM nao, roi noi jow I d~ so-sanh xem lU'6'i thtrc-str eo nang len eitng ehb tnroc khong.

Khi tieng nho cha 'i m¢t dang bien thanh chaa roi qua dt hay doi voi b4u (xem cau-do a 1.2.2.1), mQt dang bien thanh ta dt roi con thanh hoac tao trong tao may, tao may & pharr-dong cac no-i, ho~e tau trong tau mi a NgM- Tinh-Binh- Trj- Thien, S\1' nay them mQt cir-d¢ng tinh-phat ban nay khOng gian-di nhir ta ttro-ng :

Trong tao ta co mQt a:::,,-ban long Iwl them VaG Ital eho thanh iusv«], voi mQt la/ khong thay-doi.

Trong tau ta co mi?t am-ban chat jw/ them VaG Ita I dil khien fal d6i di~m-phat theo no thanh 101 rna bien lirong tir thiro'ng thanh ngiin: Itow!( 1).

tr hai mien Nam-Ngai ta se COn thay Itawl noi thanh jtow! v&i nhorn fowl von kho phat a cac mien khac vi khOng ho-p voi khi-nang phat-arn chung: do la hinh-thirc khoang-trung gifra lawl va fOWl rna ta cling ghinh~n dtro'c & vting Cao-Lao tlnh Quang-Binh, no-i do chinh ten Cao-Lao noi la Ikow low / .

b. V~ jowl, vi lo! thuoc loai am-trung la IO;Ji am de ph at va de ket-hop voi cac am khac, cai danh-lufri thirc-hien khong kho-khan gi a Quang- Tri cling nhir & de mien khac tir Bie chi Nam.

Khi thi no them VaG sau mQt am /0/ cuoi mot each th~t gian-di: /10:"/ trong ddu-liiu, do 110/ trong ti€ng nho d6.u-16

Iki?~/ trong cgu dra, aoi voi /ki?/ trong tieng Bic ehdn-cp

1. Giong ngan ngay ciing dii dU'Q'e Philiphe Binh ghi ro trong hinh-thirc iiu rna ong dung luan-chuyen voi au:

• Mdu ay thl chfra nhg ke mu mit, ell ke que quat chan tay .• iSach gireng truyen, tr.78,/8/5,9,2, d.13).

« Toi tMy hai Thay ay noi bay nhieu di~u thi diiu dan trao lao.· tTruyh: nh4t trinh" 1817, k.24, d.22).

NGO'-Vli;T Cr QUANG-TRI

103

Khi thi no them vao sau m9t lui cuoi rna khien d9-khu~ch am nay noir9ng ra, hay lam bien giong long ella am-ban Iw/ e6 s.ln trong /U'w/ ma khien am-chinh dbi di~m·phit va di?-khueeh:

flow I trong ldu ngay , do tieng :1110 ltrti Jhrw I IkOw! trong cdu noi, do tieng nho cu !ku!

Nhfrng each chua-am au trong lei viet tho-eng, hay lAW! trong cac thien khao-ciru ella ngU'ai Mi va cua O. Hoa (1), diidien-tasai eir-d9ng tinh-phat rna ta nhan thay di~m-kh&i a ngay sau mieng v&i 101 cho khong phai a gifra mieng vo-i /a/.

c. V~ luw!, so ngU'ai n6i van nay khong co Ia bao va chi g~p & vai trirong-hop phat-arn d~e-bi~t, vo-i vai tieng ; ngu thanh Inguw/, ria thanh !daw!, va mi?t so ten ngiro-i t~n-eung bang luI rna diroc goi bang mi?t giong tMt git: PM /fuw/, Tii Ituw/, vv ...

Tuy v~y, e6-th€ noi Ia giong Quang- Tri eta chira-dtrng marn-rnong caa luw!, m9t hien-trrong se nay-no' lan-tran tir Binh-Djnh vao den Nam (2), cfing nhtr, vi COn gifr nhieu giong ngin va hep, nO da co siin mam-m6ng cua low! trong nhfrng hinh-thirc xu-a voi lui ella no, Ta hay so-sanh giong' Quang- Tri, tieu-bieu cho he-thong Nghe- Tinh-Binh- Tri- Thien. vo-i giong cac noi khac:

Quang- Trj !bul /k\f! [nu]

/sul Itru! Itrul

Cac n0'1: /b6w! (bilu) !kQW I (egu) !now! (nau) (sA~! (sau) ftroGI (trau) !trow! (trau)

Dei-cia ella (wI phat-dong trong low! cung nhac eho ta eir-di?ng tinhph at cua [is], vo-i mQt vung-cham nho ho-n khi phat am-long Iw/. Nhung

1. Speak Vietnamese, tr. 149.

2, L. C. Thompson, trong bai «Saigon Phonemics • (Language, q.35, so 3,1959), nghien, CU-l! ve giong Sai gon, eo de, e~p den nhfrng am, ban sau /i,u! & giong Nam, nhirng nhan, xet con thieu, sot. f)gc bai nay va so, sanh each chuaam trong do val each trong quyen Speak Vietnamese ta se thiiy d. hal on& Hoa va Thompson cung «ch(l» (tieng' Q'Tri: (trong) thay) am Vi~t qua m(lt. e~p « kinh Mi '.

Trong bai « Ngfr- Vi~t 0- Quang- Tri » dang & Dai-Hoc so 22, eO in nham nhfrng ehq- sau day, vay xin dinh-chinh lai cho dung:

104

NGUYEN B~T-ll)Y

vi dau hr<'Yi caa rw/ da nho rna SI! sai-biet /w:(#/ khong Ion nhir su' saibi~t /y:y! (x, hinh XI) nen ta kh6ng can neu them dh lU'iYi cua /w/ ra day (x. hinh XII).

DINH CHINH

DfNH CHINH

105

Trang Dong Thay vi

/~/ Hil-N9i

/~ / Quang- T ri Hinh XIII.

/w/ Sii-Gon (kh6ng dau)

TMt ra, & Quang- Tri con eo am /w' /, am-ban chat cua /U'/, nhtr 0- de no'i, nhat lil ttr Binh-Dinh tro- vao, nhimg mQt phan vi am nay co giatri tinh-phat hon gia-tri rae-dung, mQt phan vi no ehi nhan thay 0- vai canhan hay vai trtrong-hop d~e-bi~t, ta co-the khong k~ den am ay. Muon bier ro am ay phat ra the nao, ta hay tim den mQ! ba dang an trau, rnieng dang hing-phung quet-trau rna chira kip nho, Ta hay kiern each hoi hay xin mQt di~u gi cho ba dap « tr » hay « a » la ta se thay ba hoi ngira mat ien cho quet-trau khoi r&tra khi noi, roi danh manh cai lU'iYi len de gifr cho quet-trau khoi doc vao hong: hai cir-dQng ay di€n ra dong-thai voi tieng « tr» hay« a)) phat ra nen ta nghe thay /tr~'1 hay I~~'/,

Am-ban eMt /~' / nay n'h?n thay trong ngfr Van-Ki~u 6. Quang- Trj, vo-i mot gia-tri tac-dung ro-rang va ciing rieng sau de am-gifra: /aza~ll, « rnen »: /pla~'/, «d~u»; /plw'/, e di »; /tabU'Q'/, «( chieu »; /kaU'w'/, « bong »); V.v ..

86

DU'&i day la bang-ke cac am-ban Quang-tri :

Am-ban-sau

Am - ban - tnroc

Long /y/

Chat: ('/

jwJ j~J

(con tiep) Nguyen Bq_!- Tuy

79 6 lam the nao

09 80 84

85

16,17f /kam/ Ikan/
.16 /kU'm rnrngj
(hinh 5' 0- tren)
'")' Unh
£.0
7 dbi ttro ng
22 t9C ba lee
4 jnQgl/nQk/
16 Ih99g/
20 am-gifra
22 lonk/, khi
6 khong sau
14 /nonnQd/
15 /nongnQgj
26 di to-i /k, nk/
13 mr{Yc, trong nU'{Yc ao
22 /tae/
(tanh) thanh Mkj
26 (l~nh) thanh /tae/
3 len lU'iYi 87 88

91

Xin doc

lam the jkan/ /kan/ ikU'm DU'ng/

(dern xuong du-o-i d.S) Ung

dOi hrong t99c ba lee

rnQg/ .'i1Qk/

(h99C) am-sau-gifra Jonkj. Khi kh6ng dau lfionnQd/ /nongnQg/

di voi jk,nk/

mU'{Yc, trong mtrirc ao Idet/

(tanh) thanh /taen/, /l~kj (l~nh) thanh

len dau lU'iYi

.1 "