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Introduction :
A wireless sensor network (WSN) is a wireless network consisting
of spatially distributed autonomous devices that use sensors to
monitor physical or environmental conditions. These autonomous
devices, or nodes, combine with routers and a gateway to create a
typical WSN system. The distributed measurement nodes
communicate wirelessly to a central gateway, which provides a
connection to the wired world where you can collect, process,
analyze, and present your measurement data. To extend distance
and reliability in a WSN, you can use routers to gain an additional
communication link between end nodes and the gateway.
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DARPA:
Distributed Sensor Nets Workshop (1978)
Distributed Sensor Networks (DSN) program (early 1980s)
Sensor Information Technology (SensIT) program
UCLA and Rockwell Science Centre
Wireless Integrated Network Sensors (WINS)
Low Power Wireless Integrated Micro sensor (LWIM) (1996)
UC-Berkeley
Smart Dust project (1999)
concept of ´motesµ, extremely small sensor nodes
Berkeley Wireless Research Centre (BWRC)
Pico Radio project (2000)
MIT
ƫAMPS (micro-Adaptive Multidomain Power-aware Sensors) (2005)
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1. Area monitoring
2. Environmental monitoring
Greenhouse monitoring
Landslide detection
3. Industrial monitoring
Machine health monitoring
4. Water/Wastewater monitoring
Landfill ground well level monitoring and pump counter
Agriculture
5. Fleet monitoring
6. Health Monitoring
7. Security
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1. Embedded processor
2. Transceiver
3. Memory
4. Power source
5. Sensors
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Challenges Vs Internet :
1 . Bandwidth Is very Expensive in WSNs
2. Ad-hoc
3. Energy
4. Wireless and Collaborative use
5. Collect and Decimate
Research Challenges :
1. Medium Access Control(MAC)
2. Routing
3. Localization
4. Operating Systems
5. Security
6. Programming Abstractions and Query Processing
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Unattended operation.