~(ftJs1)

4 -------;-----~

o I

10 14

-41------'

PROBLEM 11.61

A particle moves in a straight line with a constant acceleration of -4 filS2 for 6 s, zero acceleration for the next 4 s, and a constant acceleration of

1(.) +4 filS2 for the next 4 s. Knowing that the particle starts from the origin and that its velocity is -8 fils during the zero acceleration time interval, (a) construct the v - t and x - t curves for 0 ~ t s 14 s, ( b) determine the position and the velocity of the particle and the total distance traveled when t = 14 s.

SOLUTION

-'\ t-------'

tV"(ft Is) I'

8

-8

o f---:L---:!~~~ -8

-I~

a - t curve

AI = -24 fils, A2 = 16 ftls

v - t curve

V6 = -8 ftls

Vo = v6 - At = -8 - (-24) = 16 ftls

VIO = -8 ftls

VI4 = 8 fils ~

A3 = 32 ft, A4 = -8 ft As = -32 ft, At, = -8 ft A7 = 8 ft

x - t curve

X6 = X4 + A4 = 24 ft xlO = x6 + As = -8 ft XI2 = xlO + At, = -16 ft

Distance traveled:

o s r s a s,

4 s s t s 12 s, 12 s ~ t s 14 s,

Total distance traveled:

dl = 132 - 01 = 32 ft d2 = 1-16 - 321 = 48 ft d) = 1-8 - (-16)1 = 8 ft

d = 32 + 48 + 8

d = 88 ft ~

PROBLEM 11.62

A particle moves in a straight line with a constant acceleration of -4 ftls2 for 6 s, zero acceleration for the next 4 s, and a constant acceleration of

I() +4 ftls2 for the next 4 s. Knowing that the particle starts from the origin with Vo = 16 ftls, (a) construct the v - t and x-I curves for 0 :$; 1 :$; 14 s, (b) determine the amount of time during which the particle is further than 16 ft from the origin.

SOLUTION

a. (ft/sa) If

x (it) .5Z ;!~

"

(a) Construction of the curves.

a -I curve

AI = -24 ftls, A2 = 16 ftls

v -I curve

Vo = 16 ftls

v6 = Vo + AI = 16 + ( -24) = -8 ftls

VI4 = vlO + A2 = -8 + 16 = 8 ftls

A) = 32 ft, ~ = -8 ft As = -32 ft, ~ = -8 ft

x -I curve

Xl2 = xlO + ~ = -16 ft

(b) Time for Ixl > 16 ft.

From the x-I diagram, this is time interval II to 12•

Over 0 < I < 6 s,

dx

- = v = 16 - 4t dt

PROBLEM 11.62 CON"FINUED

Integrating, using limits x = 0 when t = 0 and x = 16 ft when t = tl

or 16 = 16t1 - 2tt

or

Solving the quadratic equation,

6.828 s

The larger root is out of range, thus tl = 1.172 s

Over 6 < t < 10,

x = 24 - 8(t - 6) = 72 - 8t

Setting x = 16,

16 = 72 - 8t2

or t2 = 7 s

Required time interval:

PROBLEM 11.63

•• '~ A particle moves in a straight line with the velocity shown in the figure.

"" Knowing that x = -540 mat t = 0, (a) construct the a -I and x - t

--'I~4-------ir= I curves for 0 < (. < 50 s, and determine (b) the totaJ distance traveled by

-4D ------------- ' the particle when ( = 50 s, (c) the two times at which x = O.

SOLUTION

(a) Construction of the curves.

Construct the a - t curve.

a = slope of v - t curve

0«<10s:

tlt = 10 s,

~v = 0

~v

a =-=0

tlt

10 s < ( < 26 s:

tlt = 16 s,

~v = -80 mls

~v 2

a = - = -5 mls tlt

26 s < t < 41 s:

tlt = 15 s,

~v = 0

~v a=-=O

tlt

41 s < ( < 46 s:

tlt = 5 s,

~v = 15 mls

~v 2

a = - = 3m1s tlt

46 s < 1 < 50 s:

tlt = 4 s,

~v = 0

~v a=-=O

tlt

a.. (~/S .. ) g ~

t-- __ ~'t)---_--~_+'"-------'---LI-- t(S )

ttl '" So

-5 I-

Construct the x - t curve.

~ = area of v-I curve.

x is maximum or minimum where v = O.

For lOs SIS 26 s,

v = 60 - 5(1 - 10)

v = 0 when

60 - 5( + 50 = 0

or

t = 22 s

Also

xo = -540 m

o to 10 s

Sx = (10)(60) = 600m ~ = .!.(12)(60) = 360m 2

~ = .!.( 4)( -20) = -40 m 2

XIO = -540 + 600 = 60 m

10 s to 22 s

~2 = 60 + 360 = 420 m

22 s to 26 s

X26 = 420 - 40 = 380 m

PROBLEM 11.63 .CONTINUED

llx = (15)(-20) = -300 m

26s to 41 s

X41 = 380 - 300 = 80 m

llx = (5)( -202- 5) = -62.5 m llx = (4)(-5) = -20m

41 s to 46 s

X46 = 80 - 62.5 = 17.5 m

46 s to 50 s

xso = 17.5 - 20 = -2.5 m

(b) Total distance traveled.

o ~ 1 ~ 22 s, d1 = IX22 - xol = 1420 - (-540)1 = 960 m

22 S s 1 ~ 50 s, d2 = Ixso - x221 = 1-2.5 - 4201 = 422.5

d = d1 + d2 = 1382.5 m

d = 1383m'"

Total:

(c) Times when x = o.

For 0 ~ 1 s 10 s,

x = -540 + 601 m

Atx = 0,

-540 + 601 = 0

For 46 s s 1 s 50,

x=17.5-5(/-46)m

17.5-5(1-46)=0 1-46=3.5

1 = 49.5 s ~

Atx = 0,

·PROBLEM 11.64

A particle moves in a straight line with the velocity shown in the figure. Knowing that x = -540 m at I = 0, (a) construct the a - I and x - t curves for 0 < I < 50 s, and determine (b) the maximum value of the

I J position coordinate of the particle, (c) the values of I for which the particle is at x = 100 m.

SOLUTION

0... (~/s .. ) g ~

r- ~lo __ --------~~~~----------~--~I---tG)

Itt 'K So

(a) Construction of the curves.

Construct the a - I curve.

o < t < 10 s:

10 s < t < 26 s:

26s<I<41s:

41 s < I < 46 s:

46 s < I < 50 s:

-5 f-

a = slope of v - I curve

M = 10 s,

Av = 0

Av

a =-=0 At

At = 16 s,

Av = -80 mls

Av 2

a = - = -5 mls M

AI = 15 s,

Av = 0

Av a=-=O

At

AI = 5 s,

Av=15m1s

Av 2

a = - = 3 mls At

At = 4 s,

Av

a =-=0

At

Av = 0

Construct the x - I curve.

Ax = area of v-I curve.

For 10s:C::; I:C::; 26s,

x is maximum or minimum where v = O.

v = 60 - 5(1 - 10)

v = 0 when

Also

o to 10 s

10 s to 22 s

22 s to 26 s

60 - 51 + 50 = 0

or

1 = 22 s

xo = -540 m

Ax = (10)( 60) = 600 m Ax = .!.(12)( 60) = 360 m 2

Ax = .!.( 4)(-20) = -40 m 2

XIO = -540 + 600 = 60 m

X22 = 60 + 360 = 420 m

~6 = 420 - 40 = 380 m

PROBLEM 11.64 CONTINUED

26 s to 41 s

Ax = (15)(-20) = -300 m

X41 = 380 - 300~ 80 m

Ax = (5)( -202- 5)= -62.5 ill Ax = (4)(-5) = -20m

41 s to 46 s

X46 = 80 - 62.5 = 17.5 m

46 s to 50 s

Xso = 17.5 - 20 = -2.5 m

(b) Maximum value of position coordinate. v=Owhent=22s

Xmax = X22 = 420 m ~

(c) Values oft when x = 100 m.

For 10 s s t s 26 s,

x = 60 + 60(t -10) - .!.(5)(t _10)2 2

60 + 60(t -10) - 2.5(t _10)2 = 100

Atx = 100m,

Let r = t -10,

2.5 T2 - 60r + 40 = 0

_ 60 ± ~(60)2 -(4)(2.5)(40) _

r - (2)(2.5) - 0.695

and 23.3 s

t = 10.69 s, and 33.3 s (out of range)

t = 10.69 s ~

For 26 s s t s 41 s,

X::: 380 + (-20)(t - 26) 100 = 380 - 20(t - 26) t - 26 = 14

Atx = 100m,

t = 40.0 s ~

l'

PROBLEM 11.65

A parachutist is in free fall at a rate of 180 ftls when he opens his parachute at an altitude of 1900 ft. Following a rapid and constant deceleration, he then descends at a constant rate of 44 ftls from 1800 ft to 100 ft, where he maneuvers the parachute into the wind to further slow his descent. Knowing that the parachutist lands with a negligible downward velocity, determine (a) the time required for the parachutist to land after opening his parachute, (b) the initial deceleration.

SOLUTION

g(ft/s)

Let x be the altitude. Then v is negative for decent and a is positive for deceleration.

Sketch the v - t and x - t curves using times I., 12 and 13 as shown. Use constant slopes in the v - t curve for the constant acceleration stages.

Areas of v - t curve:

1

A. = --(180 + 144)t. = -1121. ft 2

A2 = -4412

A) = .!.( -44)/) = -2213 2

Changes in position:

ax. = 1800 - 1900 = -100 ft ax2 = 100 -1800 = -1700 ft ~ =0-100=-100ft

-100

I. = -- = 0.893 s -112

-1700

12 = -- = 38.64 s -44

-100

I) = -- = 4.55 s -22

Using ax; = Ai gives

(a) Total time:

(b) Initial acceleration.

~v (-44) - (-180)

a = - = ~--<-_,__- .....

!::J 0.893

a = 152.3 ftls2 ~

PROBLEM 11.66

A machine component is spray-painted while it is mounted on a pallet that travels 12 ft in 20 s. The pallet has an initial velocity of 3 in./s and

can be accelerated at a maximum rate of 2 in./s2• Knowing that the painting process requires 15 s to complete and is performed as the pallet moves with a constant speed, determine the smallest possible value of the maximum speed of the pallet.

SOLUTION

Sketch v - I curve as shown. Label areas AI' A2, and A3

roj (in. Is j

~

o ~--~----------~

t(s)

Al = (3){20) = 60 in.

Distance traveled:

A2 = .!.( ~v )11 = Il in. 2

A3 = (~v)( 20 - II) = 211 (20 - II) in. ax = 12 ft = 144 in.

ax = total area, 144 = 60 + 112 + 211 (20 - II)

Il - 4011 + 84 = 0

or

_ 40 ± ~402 - (4){1)(84) _

II - (2)(1) - 2.224 s

and

37.8 s

Reject the larger root.

II = 2.224 s ~v = 211 = 4.45 in'/s

vmax = 3 + ~v = 3 + 4.45

vmax = 7.45 in./s ~

PROBLEM 11.67

In a 400-meter race, runner A reaches her maximum velocity v A in 4 s with constant acceleration and maintains that velocity until she reaches r--'-"~"';'~""''''';'',,''a'tI the half-way point with a split time of 25 s. Runner B reaches her maximum velocity VB in 5 s with constant acceleration and maintains

that velocity until she reaches the half-way point with a split time of 25.2 s. Both runners then run the second half of the race with the same

constant deceleration of 0.1 mJs2• Determine (a) the race times for both runners, (b) the position of the winner relative to the loser when the winner reaches the finish line.

SOLUTION

Sketch v - I curves for first 200 m. Runner A: II = 4 s, 12 = 25 - 4 = 21 s

N_-t Ij A~

~VA_,,~li ~_

0;1 t, '-- ~ ~ tis)

A2 = 21(vA)max

AI + A2 = Sx = 200 m

or

( vA )max = 8.6957 mls 12 = 25.2 - 5 = 20.2 s

Runner B:

AI = ~(5)(VB)max = i.5(vn)max A2 = 20.2(vB)max

AI + A2 = /).x = 200 m

or

Sketch v - I curve for second 200 m.

and

27.279 s

Reject the larger root. Then total time

IA = 25 + 27.279 = 52.279 s

IA=52.2s.

PROBLEM 11.67 CONTINUED

Runner B: (vmwJB = 8.8106, (t3)B = 149.45 s and 26.765 s

Reject the larger root. Then total time

tB = 25.2 + 26.765 = 51.965s

Velocity of A at t = 51.965 s:

VI = 8.6957 - (0.1)(51.965 - 25) = 5.999 mls

Velocity of A at t = 51.279 s:

112 = 8.6957 - (0.1)(52.279 - 25) = 5.968 mls

Over 51.965 s s t ~ 52.965 s, runner A covers a distance d.x

1

d.x = vave(M) = -(5.999 + 5.968)(52.279 - 51.965) 2

tB = 52.0 s .....

d.x = 1.879 m .....

PROBLEM 11.68

.. _ . ..... . A commuter train traveling at 64 km/h is 4.8 km from a station. The train

_._.~ then decelerates so that its speed is 32 km/h when it is 800 m from the station. Knowing that the train arrives at the station 7.5 min after beginning to decelerate and assuming constant decelerations, determine (a) the time required to travel the first 4 km, (b) the speed of the train as it arrives at the station, (c) the final constant deceleration of the train.

SOLUTION

Sketch the v - t curve

A,

t

o

t..

Data:

Vo = 64 km/h = 17.778 m/s Xz = 4.8 km = 4.8 x 103 m

VI = 32 kmIhr = 8.889 m/s

x) = 4.8 x 103 - 800 = 4.0 x 103 m tz = 450 s

(a) Time I) to travel first 4 km.

I) = 300 s ~

(b) Velocity vz.

Vz + V) = 10.667 m

Vz = 10.667 - 8.889

Vz = 1.778 m/s ~

(c) Final deceleration.

_ Vz - v) _ 1.778 - 8.889 _ 00474 rnI: z

al2 ---- --. s

Iz - I) 450 - 300

PROBLEM 11.69

~~~'b~~~~~~~~~ Two road rally checkpoints A and B are located on the same highway and

~ 5 ____.j are 8 mi apart. The speed limits for the first 5 mi and the last 3 mi are

"'" C 3m' • 60 milh and 35 milh, respectively. Drivers must stop at each checkpoint,

and the specified time between points A and B is 10 min 20 s. Knowing that a driver accelerates and decelerates at the same constant rate, determine the magnitude of her acceleration if she travels at the speed limit as much as possible.

SOLUTION

. 10 20

10 mm 20 s = - + -- = 0.1722 h 60 3600

Sketch the v - I curve

fIT (m, /h )
I;; ~ t,
~
'0 -
as - 'i
A, I
I \
I A1.
I
I t(h)
0 --I-
t, 0.1712. 60

1=a

a

25

Ib =a

35

1=c

a

1 1 1 1

AI = 60/1 - -( 60)(la) - -(25)lb = 60 II -1800- - 312.5-

2 2 a a

But

1

60/1 - 2112.5- = 5 a

1 A2 = 35(0.1722 - II) - 351c = 6.0278 - 35/1 - 612.5- a

But

A2 = 8 - 5 = 3 mi 1

35tl + 612.5- = 3.0278 a

Solving equations (1) and (2) for tl and _!_, a

t) = 85.45 X 10-3 h = 5.13 min

_!_ = 60.23 X 10-6 h2/mi a

3 2 (16.616 X 103)(5280)

a = 16.616 x 10 milh =. 2

(3600)

a = 6.77 ft/s2 ....

(1)

(2)

PROBLEM 11.70

In a water-tank test involving the launching of a small model boat, the model's initial horizontal velocity is 20 ftls and its horizontal acceleration

varies linearly from -40 ftls2 at t = 0 to -6 ftls2 at t = tl and then

remains equal to -6 ftls2 until t = 1.4 s. Knowing that v = 6 ftls when t = tl, determine (a) the value of tl' (b) the velocity and position of the model at t = 1.4 s.

SOLUTION

Sketch the a - t curve as shown

a. (ft/sl.)

Vo = 20 ftls, vI = -6 ftls AI = -6tl

1

A2 = --(40 - 6)tl = -17tl 2

-6 = 20 - 6tl - 1711 II = 0.6087 s

II = 0.609 s ....

(a)

12 = 1.4 S

12 - II = 0.7913 s

AI + A3 = -( 6){1.4) = -8.4 ftls A2 = -(17){0.6087) = -0.348 ftls

V2 = Vo + AI + A3 + A2 = 20 - 8.4 -10.348

V2 = 1.252 ftls ....

(b)

by moment-area method

X2 = 9.73 ft ....

PROBLEM 11.71

A bus is parked along the side of a highway when it is passed by a truck traveling at a constant speed of 70 kmIh. Two minutes later, the bus starts and accelerates until it reaches a speed of 100 kmIh, which it then maintains. Knowing that 12 min after the truck passed the bus, the bus is 1.2 km ahead of the truck, determine (a) when and where the bus passed the truck, (b) the uniform acceleration of the bus.

SOLUTION

Sketch the v - t curves.

At t = 12 min = 720 s,

tJ' ("'" Is ') bos
:n.l'~ /l I I
I I
\t:t. 't~ iv-vek I
/ I I I
I I
I I
I i
12.0 t. "k 12.0 Xtruck = (19.44)(720) = 14000 m xbus = 14000 + 1200 = 15200 m xbus = area under v - t curve

!(tl -120)(27.78) + (720 - tl)(27.78) = 15200 2

(a) When xbus = xtruck' areas under the v - t curves are equal.

tl = 225.8 s

With tl = 225.8 s,

(b)

1

-(27.78){tl -120) + 27.78(t2 - tl) = 19.44t2 2

Xtruck = (19.44)(576) = 11200 m

t2 = 576 s'" xtruck = 11.20 km ...

a _ v - vo _ 27.78 - 0 bus - tl - 120 - 225.8 - 120

abus = 0.262 mls2 ...

".'" "" Cars A and B are d = 60 m apart and are traveling respectively at the

!jel" !' !liL __ :.: __ =8Ir!!!' I-C constant speeds of (vA)o = 32 kmIh and (vB)o = 24 kmIh on an icecovered road. Knowing that 45 s after driver A applies his brakes to avoid overtaking car B the two cars collide, determine (a) the uniform deceleration of car A, (b) the relative velocity of car A with respect to car B when they collide.

PROBLEM 11.72

SOLUTION

A,

D

(VA)o = 32 km/h = 8.889 m/s vB = 24 km/h = 6.667 m/s

Sketch the v - t curves.

Al = (6.667)(45) = 300 m

1 1

A2 = 2"(2.222)(45) + 2"V AlB (45)

= 50 + 22.5v AlB

x A = (X A)O + Al + A2 XB = (XB)o + Al

(b)

V AlB = 0.444 m/s ....

o = 60 - 50 - 22.5v AlB

VA = VB +VAlB = 6.667 = 7.111m1s

(a)

a A = -0.0395 mls2 ....

PROBLEM 11.73

.. B .~ Cars A and B are traveling respectively at the constant speeds of ~~1!!l9L __ ~Il.,ll __ .!'I!!I-= (vA)o = 22 milh and (vB)o = 13 milh on an ice-covered road. To avoid overtaking car B, the driver of car A applies his brakes so that his car decelerates at a constant rate of 0.14 ftJs2• Determine the distance d between the cars at which the driver of car A must apply his brakes to just avoid colliding with car B.

SOLUTION

( VA)O = 22 milh = 32.267 ftJs (VB)o = 13 milh = 19.067 ftJs

Sketch the v - t curves.

Slope of v - t curve for car A.

N (-Pols ';

a = - 13.2 = -0.14 ftJs2 tl

tl = 13.2 = 94.29 s 0.14

1

A2 = -(13.2)(94.29) = 622.3 m 2

o '---------'- E(S)

o t,

XB = (xB)o + Al

x A = (x A)O + Al + A2

or

0=d-A2

d = 622m~

PROBLEM 11.74

An elevator starts from rest and moves upward, accelerating at a rate of 4 filS2 until it reaches a speed of 24 ft/s, which it then maintains. Two seconds after the elevator begins to move, a man standing 40 ft above the initial po it ion of the top of the elevator throws a ball upward with an initial velocity of 64 fils. Determine when the ball will hit the elevator.

SOLUTION

-3l.2

t,

Construct the a - I curves for the elevator and the ball. Limit on A, is 24 fils. Using A, = 41

t~\ 4/2 = 24 12 = 6 s

Motion of elevator.

For 0 s I, s 6 s,

Moment of A, about I = I, :

41 !J_ = 212

'2 I

Motion of ball. At I = 2

For I, > 2 s, A2 = -32.2(1, - 2)ftls

Moment of A2 about I = 12: -32.2(/, - 2)C' ; 2) = -16.1(/, - 2)2

x8 = (X8)o + (VB)o(/, - 2) -16.1(/, - 2)2

= 40 + 64(/, - 2) -16.1(/, - 2)2

When ball hits elevator,

18.1/~ -128.41, + 152.4 = 0

Solving the quadratic equation,

I, = 1.507 s

5.59s

I, = 5.59 s ~

and

The smaJler root is out of range, hence

Since this is less than 6 s, the solution is within range.

PROBLEM 11.75

.,,',,7Hm!h ,;;,70"0''' Car A is traveling at 70 km/h when it enters a 50 km/h speed zone. The =_1' '!~9t. __ ~1l1ll __ !A Ir!' ~ ='!'IPC driver of car A decelerates at a rate of 5 mls2 until reaching a speed of 50 km/h, which she then maintains. When car B, which was initially 19 m behind car A and traveling with a constant speed of 72 km/h, enters the

speed zone, its driver decelerates at a rate of 6 mls2 until reaching a speed of 48 km/h. Knowing that the driver of car B maintains a speed of 48 km/h, determine (a) the closest that car B comes to car A, (b) the time at which car A is 22 m in front of car B.

f.-----l ... -----l

SOLUTION

At f = 0, (XA)O = 19m, (vA)o = 70km/h = 19.444m1s (xB)o = 0, (vB)o = 72km/h = 20.000mls

(VB)! = 48 km/h = 13.333 mls

Final speeds,

Deceleration of car A: a A = -5 mls2

fA = (VA)! - (vA)o = 13.889 -19.444 = 1.1111 s

aA -5

and

Deceleration of car B: aB = -6 mls2

(tB)2 = 0.9500 + 1.111 = 2.0611 s

Sketch the V - t curves for the two cars.

AT (WI Is )

(XAIB )min

occurs when

(a)

For (tB)1 < t < (tB)2'

VB = (VB)o + aBet - (tB)IJ VA= (VA)!

I
I I I
I I I
I I I I
(
III !II t(s';
(tIS). t, t;.,(tl!)~ Equating, setting t = tm, and solving for tm,

= 0.950 + 13.889 - 20 -6

= 1.9685 s

PROBLEM 11.75 CONTINUED

(VA)o + (VA)j

= (XA)O + 2 tA + (VA)j(tm - tAl

= 19 + 19.444 + 13.889 (1.111) + (13.889)(1.9685 -1.1111) = 49.426 m 2

(XB)m = (xB)o + area under v - t curve for car B.

- (VB)O+(VA)j[]

- (xB)o + (VB)o(tB)! + 2 tm - (tB)2

= 0 + (20)(0.950) + 20 + 13.889 (1.9685 - 0.950) = 36.258 m 2

(XA/B) . = xA - XB = 49.426 - 36.258 = 13.17 m .....

mm

(XB)2 = (xB)o + area under v - t curve for car B.

(VB)O+(VA)j[ ]

= (xB)o + (VB)O(tB)! + 2 (tB)2 - (tB)!

= 0 + (20)(0.950) + 20 + 13.333 (2.0611- 0.950) = 37.517 m 2

(XA)2 - (XB)2 = 50.712 - 37.517 = 13.195 m < 22 m

For XA/B = 22 m, t > (tB)2

xA = (XA)2 + (vA)j[t - (tB)2] and xB = (XB)2 + (vB)/[t - (tB)J

Subtracting,

XA - xB = XA/B = [(xA)2 - (xB)J + [(VA)j - (vB)j J[t - (tB)J

_ () XA/B - [(XA)2 - (XB)J _ 20611 22 -l3.195

t- tB + -. +----

2 (VA)j-(VB)j 13.889-13.333

Solving for t,

t = 17.91 s .....

PROBLEM 11.76

Car A is traveling on a highway at a constant speed (VA)O = 100 kmlh and is 120 m from the entrance of an access ramp when car B enters the acceleration lane at that point at a speed (v8)0 = 25 kmlh. Car B

accelerates uniformly and enters the main traffic lane after traveling 70 m in 5 s. It then continues to accelerate at the same rate until it reaches a speed of 100 kmIh, which it then maintains. Determine the final distance between the two cars.

SOLUTION

R. g '2'l 17------ ......

/.

(V8)0 = 25 k:m/h :;;: 6.944 rnIs

Sketch acceleration curve for car B over 0 < t < 5 s.

Using moment-area formula at t = 5 s.

X8 - (X8)0 = (vo)t + (a8}(5)(2.5) 70 = (6.944)(5) + 12.5ao a8 = 2.822 rnIs2

Determine when B reaches 100 kmIh.

tC,,) (v8)f=(v8)0+A2

27.778 = 6.944 + 2.82218 18 = 7.38s

A2.

o . ! / /~ " ts t.

A2 = (2.822)(7.38) = 20.83 rnIs

Then,

X8 = (X8)0 + (vB)o 18 + A2 t; by moment-area formula

x A = (x A)O + (vA)o t 8

and

Then, X8 - xA = 120 + (6.944 - 27.778)(7.38) + (20.83)(7.~8)

X81A = 43.1 m

Car B is ahead of car A. ~

PROBLEM 11.77

During a manufacturing process, a conveyor belt starts from rest and travels a total of 0.36 m before temporarily coming to rest. Knowing that

the jerk, or rate of change of acceleration, is limited to ±l.5 mis2 per second, determine (a) the shortest time required for the belt to move 0.36 m, (b) the maximum and average values of the velocity of the belt during that time.

SOLUTION

Sketch acceleration curve.

Let

. . k da } ::::: jer = dt

amax ::::: j(M)

Then,

1

Al = lamax (2M) ::::: amax (M)

= j(M)2

v f ::::: Vo + Al - A2 O:::::0+AI-A2 A2 ::::: Al

dx = Vo ( 4M) + ( AI) (3M) - A2 ( M)

::::: 0 + 3j(dt)3 _ j(M)3 ::::: 2j(M)3

J~ 0.36

M ::::: \J2J = 3 (2)(1.5) ::::: 0.4932

Average velocity:

4M::::: (4)(0.4932)::::: 1.973 s ... vmax ::::: Vo + Al = 0 + j(Mf

::::: (1.5)(0.4932f ::::: 0.365 mis'"

itt 0.36

vave = - = --::::: 0.1825 mis'"

4M 1.973

(a) Shortest time:

(b) Maximum velocity:

PROBLEM 11.78

An airport shuttle train travels between two terminals that are 5 km apart. To maintain passenger comfort, the acceleration of the train is limited to

±1.25 m/s", and the jerk, or rate of change of acceleration, is limited to

±O.25 mls2 per second. If the shuttle has a maximum speed of 32 kmIh, determine (a) the shortest time for the shuttle to travel between the two terminals, (b) the corresponding average velocity of the shuttle.

SOLUTION

Sketch the a - t curve.

From the jerk limit,

(A) _ amax _ 1.25 - 5

or LltJ - -- - -- - s.

j 0.25

1

AJ = -(5)(1.25) = 3.125 mls 2

Vmax = 32 kmIhr = 8.889 mls = 2AJ + A2

A2 = vmax - 2AJ = 8.889 - (2)(3.125) = 2.639 mls

A _ A2 _ 2.639 - 2 111

Llt2 - -- - -. s

amax 1.25

Total distance is 5 km = 5000 m. Use moment-area formula.

x = Xo + vot + (2AJ + A2)(tJ - MJ - ~M2) - (2AJ + A2)( MJ + ~M2) = 0 + 0 + vmax (t - 2MJ - M2)

x 5000

(a) t = 2MJ + M2 + - = (2){5) + 2.111 + -- = 10 + 2.111 + 562.5 = 575 s

vmax 8.889

t = 9.58 min ....

s 5000

(b) v = - = -- = 8.70 mls

ave t 575

Vave = 31.3 kmIh ....

PROBLEM 11.79

An elevator starts from rest and rises 125 ft to its maximum velocity in T seconds with the acceleration record shown in the figure. Determine (a) the required time T, (b) the maximum velocity, (c) the velocity and position of the elevator at t = T 12.

SOLUTION

t(s)

Indicate areas AI and A2 on the a - t curve.

AI = ~(2) ~ = ±T ftls

A2 = _!_(2) 2T = ~T ftls

2 3 3

a (ft/~')

2~

By moment-area formula,

tis )

x = Vol + (AI)(~T) + A2(~T)

125 = 0 + ..2_T2 + ~T2 = ~T2

27 27 9

T2 = (125)(9) = 225 S2

5

T/2

T

(a)

T = 15 s ~

1 2

vrnax = Vo + AI + A2 = 0 + - T + - T = T

3 3

(b)

Vrnax = 15 ftls ~

Indicate area A3 and A4 on the a - t curve.

I T I (I)

A3 = -(2)- = -T = - (15) = 2.5 ftls

2 6 6 6

1 AI = - T = 5 ftls, 3

1 T 1 (1)

A3 = -(1.5)- = -T = - (5) = 1.875 ftls

2 6 8 8

(c)

V = Vo + AI + A3 + A4 :: 0 + 5 + 2.5 + 1.875

V :: 9.38 ftls ~

By moment-area formula,

x = Vo T + AI (T _ 2T) + A3 (~ . T) + A4 (.!. T)

2 2 9 3 6 36

= 0 + (5)(5T) + (2.5)(T) + (1.875)2:_ :: 1.7708T

18 9 18

= (1.7708)(15)

x = 26.6 ft ~

PROBLEM 11.80

16

An accelerometer record for the motion of a given part of a mechanism is approximated by an arc of a parabola for 0.2 s and a straight line for the next 0.2 s as shown in the figure. Knowing that v = 0 when t = 0 and x = 0.8 ft when t = 0.4 s, (a) construct the v - t curve for 0 s t s: 0.4 s, (b) determine the position of the part at t = 0.3 sand t = 0.2 s.

a (rl/s2)

24

o 0.2

SOLUTION

Divide the area of the a - I curve into the four areas AI' A2, A) and A4.

S Al
0 t(s)
0.1. O.!> Oll
ItT (.m, )
-'.17
5.41
4.27 Velocities: Vo = 0
OJ. o.~ 0.4 2

AI = 3(8)(0.2) = 1.0667 ftJs

A2 = (16)(0.2) = 3.2 ftJs

A) = '!'(16 + 8)(0.1) = 1.2 ftJs 2

A4 = .!.(8)(0.1) = 0.4 ftJs 2

VO.4 = vo.) + ~

VO.2 = 4.27 ftJs ..... vO.3 = 5.47 ftJs ..... vO.4 = 5.87 ftJs .....

Sketch the v - t curve and divide its area into As, ~, and A7 as shown.

1'8 dx = 0.8 - x = f.4 vdt or x = 0.8 - f.4 vdt

At t = 0.3 s,

Xo.3 = 0.8 - As - (5.47)(0.1)

With As = 3.(0.4)(0.1) = 0.0267 ft, 3

At I = 0.2 S, Xo.2 = 0.8 - (As + ~) - A7

With As + ~ = 3.(1.6)(0.2) = 0.2133 ft,

3

xO.) = 0.227 ft .....

and

A7 = (4.27)(0.2) = 0.8533 ft

Xo.2 = 0.8 - 0.2133 - 0.8533

Xo.2 = -0.267 ft .....

PROBLEM 11.81

H

)
. \

I "I'-.
I--
I'- :-- -
, 0.& 07G I!.; 1.5 115
0 O!:. 10 ~n 1(,,1 Two seconds are required to bring the piston rod of an air cylinder to rest; the acceleration record of the piston rod during the 2 s is as shown . Determine by approximate means (a) the initial velocity of the piston rod, (b) the distance traveled by the piston rod as it is brought to rest.

SOLUTION

Approximate the a - I curve by a series of rectangles of height a., each with its centroid at I = t.. When

equal widths of = 0.25 s are used, the values of Ii and ai are those shown in the first two columns of the

table below.

Ii ai 2 - Ii ai(2 - Ii)
(s) ( ft/s2) (s) [ft/s]
0.125 -3.215 1.875 -6.028
0.375 -1.915 1.625 -3.112
0.625 -1.125 1.375 -1.547
0.875 -0.675 1.125 -0.759
1.125 -0.390 0.875 -0.341
1.375 -0.205 0.625 -0.128
1.625 -0.095 0.375 -0.036
1.875 -0.030 0.125 -0.004
I -7.650( ftls2) -11.955( ft/s) At I = 2 s,

~ Vo + (Ia;)(M)

o ~ Vo - (7.650)(0.25)

Vo = 1.913 ftls ....

Using moment-area formula,

x = Xo + vot + ~ai(t - li)dt ~ Xo + vol + Iai(2 - li)( I)

~ Xo + vol + (Iai(2 - li))(Ll/)

~ 0 + (1.913)(2) - (11.955)(0.25)

x = 0.836 ft ....

PROBLEM 11.82

The acceleration record shown was obtained during the speed trials of a sports car. Knowing that the car starts from rest, determine by approximate means (a) the velocity of the car at t = 8 s, (b) the distance the car traveled at I = 20 s.

SOLUTION

Approximate the a - I curve by a series of rectangles of height a., each with its centroid at I = Ii' When equal widths of t:J = 2 s are used, the values of Ii and a, are those shown in the first two columns of table below.

Ii ai 20 - Ii ai(20 - Ii)
(s) ( ftls2) (s) (ftls)
1 17.58 19 334.0
3 13.41 17 228.0
5 10.14 15 152.1
7 7.74 13 100.6
9 6.18 11 68.0
II 5.13 9 46.2
13 4.26 7 29.8
15 3.69 5 18.5
17 3.30 3 9.9
19 3.00 1 3.0
L 990.1 (ftls) (a) Att = 8 s

Since I = 8 s, only the first four values in the second column are swnmed:

Lai = 17.58 + 13.41 + 10.14 + 7.74 = 48.87 ftls2

(b) At! = 20 s,

Vs = (48.87)(2)

x20 = Vol + ,0 a(20 - I)dl = 0 + Lai(20 - 1).(6/)

Vs = 97.7 ftls ~

= (990.1)(2)

X20 = 1980 ft ~

PROBLEM 11.83

.111 t

\
I
-- -F=-l-..-
I =-,
.~

.\
I
• ~ IU 15 til .. , ... 1.'1 " ..... A training airplane has a velocity of 32 mls when it lands on an aircraft carrier. As the arresting gear of the carrier brings the airplane to rest, the velocity and the acceleration of the airplane are recorded; the results are shown (solid curve) in the figure. Determine by approximate means (a) the time required for the airplane to come to rest, (b) the distance traveled in that time.

"

o

SOLUTION

The given curve is approximated by a series ofunifonnJy accelerated motions.

- 0. (Wl/S")

- -- -....,I't.S ~

,- - - - 1 \;>

I 1- --,,,.5

G) I G) I I --l8

I 10: 0 I 'a

I r1",

L-- _._ ___..I ! 1 r\!.) t (s )

s 10 IS '20 2S s« 3'2

For uniformly accelerated motion,

or

!1t = v2 - VI a

or

For the regions shown above,

Region VI (mls) V2(mlS) a(mls2) L\x(m) !1t(s)
I 32 30 -3 20.67 0.667
2 30 25 -8 17.19 0.625
3 25 20 -11.5 9.78 0.435
4 20 10 -13 11.54 0.769
5 10 0 -14.5 3.45 0.690
r 62.63 3.186 (a)

t = r(6t) = 3.19 s <III x = Xo + r(L\x) = 62.6 m <III

(b) Assuming

xo = 0,

r (tills

)
- I
I ........... ,--~ -
/ I
/ I
I I
II
1 2 .. :;

2.0

1.0

I

I) lUI. O!;O 075 100 1.2'1 thlll

PROBLEM 11.84

Shown in the figure is a portion of the experimentally determined v - x curve for a shuttle cart. Determine by approximate means the acceleration of the cart (a) when x = 0.25 m, (b) when v = 2 mls.

SOLUTION

U dv. h dv I f h .

se a = v- noting t at - = s ope 0 t e given curve.

dx dx

Slope is calculated by drawing a tangent line at the required point, and using two points on this line to

. dv t1v

determine Sx and v. Then, - = -

dx /).x

(a) When x = 0.25,

tw = I m/s

(b) When v = 2.0 mis,

t1v = I m/s

v = 1.4 mls from the curve

and

Sx = 0.25 m from the tangent tine

dv = _1_ = 4 S-I

dx 2.5

a = (1.4)(4)

a = 5.6 mls2 ~

x = 0.5 m from the curve.

and

Sx = 0.6 m from the tangent line.

dv = _1_ = 1.667 S-I

dx 0.6 '

a = (2)(1.667)

a = 3.33 mls2 ~

PROBLEM 11.85

Using the method of Sec. 11.8, derive the formula x = Xo + vol + ..!.a12 2

for the position coordinate of a particle in uniformly accelerated rectilinear motion.

SOLUTION

a

t

The a - I curve for uniformly accelerated motion is shown. The area of the rectangle is A = at,

Its centroid lies at

1

T = -I. 2

By moment-area formula,

I 2 = Xo + Vol + -al 2

PROBLEM 11.86

Using the method of Sec. 11.8, determine the position of the particle of Prob. 11.61 when t = 12 s.

SOLUTION

From the a - t curve, Al = (-4)(6) = -24 ftls

A2 = (4)(2) = 8 ftls

Over 6 s < t < 10 s, v = -8 ftls

or

-8 = Vo - 24,

or Vo = 16 ftls

By moment-area formula,

xI2 = Xo + vot + moment of shaded area about t = 12 s

Xl2 = 0 + (16)(12) + (-24)(12 - 3) + (8)(12 -11)

Xl2 = -16ft'"

PROBLEM 11.87

tl(m/s2) T '. An automobile begins a braking test with a velocity of 30 m1s at t = 0 and

o k------.-------r-, (5) comes to a stop at I = t) with the acceleration record shown. Knowing that the area under the a - I curve from I = 0 to I = T is a semi parabolic area, use the method of Sec. 11.8 to determine the distance traveled by the automobile before coming to a stop if(a) T= 0.2 s, (b) T= 0.8 s.

(a) T = 0.2 s.

A) = f( -8.4)(0.2) = -1.12 mls A2 = (-8.4)(1) - 0.2)

= -8.41) + 1.68

VI = Vo + U

o = 30 - 1.12 - 8.41) + 1.68

I) = 3.638 S

A2 = -28.88 m1s

I) - T = 3.438 s

By moment-area formula,

x) = Xo + VOl) + moment of area

[(3 ) (3.438)

x) =0+(30)(3.638)+(-1.12) 8(0.2)+3.438 +(-28.88) -2-

XI = 55.6 m ....

(b) T = 0.8 s.

AI = ~(-8.4)(0.8) = -4.48 mis, 3

A2 = (-8.4)(11 - 0.8) = -8.4/) + 6.72

or

o = 30 - 4.48 - 8.41) + 6.72, II = 3.838 s

t) - T = 3.038 s

A2 = -25.52 m1s

By moment-area formula,

[3 ] (3.038)

x) = 0 + (30)(3.838) + (-4.48) 8(0.8) + 3.038 + (-25.52) -2-

Xl = 61.4 m ....

PROBLEM 11.88

For the particle ofProb. 11.63, draw the a - t curve and determine, using the method of Sec. 11.8, (a) the position of the particle when t = 52 s, (b) the maximum value of its position coordinate.

SOLUTION

Construct the a - t curve.

a = slope of v - t curve.

0< t < 10 s,

!1t = 10 s,

L1v = 0,

L1v a=-=O

!1t

10 s < t < 26 s,

!1t = 16 s,

L1v = -80 mis,

L1v 2

a = - = -5m1s !1t

26 s < t < 41 s,

!1t = 15 s,

L1v = 0,

L1v a=-=O

!1t

41 s < t < 46 s,

!1t = 5 s,

L1v = 15 mis,

L1v 2

a = - = 3m1s !1t

46 s < t < 52 s,

!1t = 6 s,

L1v = 0,

a=O

AI = L1v = -80 mls A2 = L1v = 15 mls

(a) x att = 52 s.

= -540 + (60){52) + (-80)(52 -18) + 15(52 - 43.5)

x = -12.5 m ....

(b) Calculation of Xmax•

lA(tfIII/' }' ... S

t.

-5

PROBLEM 11.88 CONTINUED

v = Vo + A3 = 0

60 - 5 (t1 - 10) = 0

11 - 10 = 12 S, 11 = 22 S

11 + 10 = 16 s,A3 = -60 mls 2

= -540 + (60)(22) + (-60)(22 -16)

Xmax = 420 m ~

PROBLEM 11.89

The motion of a particle is defined by the equations x = 17.6 - 0.8t(t2 - 9t + 24) and y = -13.8 + 0.6t(t2 - 9t + 24), where x and y are expressed in feet and t is expressed in seconds. Show that the path of the particle is a portion of a straight line, and determine the velocity and acceleration when (a) t = 2 s, (b) t = 3 s, (c) t = 4 s.

SOLUTION

Let

Then,

du = 3t2 _ 18t + 24, dt

x = 17.6 - 0.8u ft

dx = -O.8du

dt dt

d2u

dt2 = 6t -18

y = -13.8 +0.6u ft

and

dy = + 0.6 du dx dt

dy dy 06

- = ~ = -_._ = -0.75 = constant

dx dt 0.8

Since dy does not change, the path is straight.

dx

(a) At t = 2 s,

du = 0 dt '

and

Vx = : = (-0.8)(0) = 0, Vy = : = (0.6)(0) = 0

d2x 2

ax = -2 = (-0.8)(-6) = 4.8 ftls, ay = (0.6)(-6) = -3.6 ftls2

dt

v = 0, a = 6.0 ftls2 ~ 36.9° ...

(b) Att = 3 s,

du = -3 dt '

and

Vx = (-0.8)(-3) = 2.4 ft/s,

Vy = (0.6)(-3) = -1.8 ft/s

a = 0 y

v = 3.0 ftls~36.9°, a = 0'"

(c) At t = 4 s,

du = 0 dt '

and

ax = (-0.8)(6) = -4.8 ftls2, ay = (0.6)(6) = 3.6 ftls2

v = 0, a = 6.0 ftls2 36.9° ~ ...

PROBLEM 11.90

y(ft)

The motion of a particle is defmed by the equations x = (4cosll"t - 2)/(2 - COS1l"t) and y = 3sin1l"t/(2 - COS1l"t), where x

and y are expressed in feet and t is expressed in seconds. Show that the

path of the particle is part of the ellipse shown, and determine the ",(ttl velocity when (a) t = 0, (b) t = 1/3 s, (c) t = 1 s.

SOLUTION

Substitute the given expressions for x and y into the given equation of the ellipse, and note that the equation is satisfied.

x2 y2 (16cos2 m - lficos sr + 4) 9sin21l"t

-+-= +-----::-

4 3 4( 2 - COS1l"t)2 3( 2 _ COS1l"t)2

= 4cos21l"t - 4cos1l"t + 1 + 3sin2 tit = 4 - 4cos1l"t + COS21l"t = 1

(2 - COS1l"t f (2 - COS1l"t)2

Calculate x and y by differentiation.

x = -41l"sin1l"t _ (4cos1l"t - 2)(1l"sin1l"t) = -61l"sin1l"t

(2 - COS1l"t) (2 - COS1l"t)2 (2 - COS1l"t)2

Y = 31l"cos1l"t _ 3sin1l"t(1l"sin1l"t) = 31l"(2cos1l"t -1)

(2 - COS1l"t) (2 - COS1l"tf (2 - COS1l"t)2

(a) When t = 0 s,

and

y = 31l",

v = 9.42 ft/s t ...

(c) When t = 1 s,

-61l"(J3) 4

x = 2 = --1l" - J3 y = 0

(2-1f 3 '

. 31l"( -3)

y = (3)2 = =n,

v = 7.26 ftls - ...

1 (b) When t = - s, 3

x=O

and

v = 3.14 ft/s ~ ...