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COMPOUNDS
Organic compounds
1. Hydrocarbons – organic compounds that contain hydrogen and carbon elements only.
2. Non-hydrocarbons – organic compounds that contain other elements (oxygen, nitrogen,
iodine, phosphorus)
3. Saturated hydrocarbons – only single bonded (Carbon-Carbon) hydrocarbons.
4. Unsaturated hydrocarbons – at least one double / triple bonded (Carbon-Carbon)
hydrocarbons.
5. Complete combustion – organic compounds burn completely which form CO 2 and H2O.
6. Incomplete combustion – organic compounds burn with sufficient supply of O 2 which
form C (soot), CO and H2O.
Homologous Series
2. Two or more types of branches are present, name them in alphabetical order.
3. More than one side chains are present, prefixes are used.
4. Root – the parent hydrocarbon (the longest carbon chain).
Number of carbon atoms Root name Number of carbon atoms Root name
1 meth- 6 hex-
2 eth- 7 hept-
3 prop- 8 oct-
4 but- 9 non-
5 pent- 10 dec-
Combustion of alkanes
Complete combustion
Example:
CH4 + Cl2 –> HCl + CH3Cl (Chloromethane)
CH3Cl + Cl2 –> HCl + CH 2Cl2 (Dichloromethane)
CH2Cl2 + Cl2 –> HCl + CHCl3 (Trichloromethane / chloroform)
CHCl3 + Cl2 –> HCl + CCl4 (Tetrachloromethane)
The rate of reaction between bromine and alkanes is slower than the rate of reaction
between chlorine and alkanes because chlorine is more reactive than bromine.
Alkene
1. General formula: C nH2n. Where n = 2, 3, 4 … (n = number of carbon)
Combustion of alkenes
Complete combustion
Hydrogenation
Hydrogenation is the addition of hydrogen to alkenes
Hydration
Alkenes can react with a mixture of alkene and steam pass over a catalyst (Phosphoric
acid, H3 PO4). The product is an alcohol.
Isomerism
Isomerism – existence of two or more compounds having the same molecular formula
but different structural formula
Isomer – compounds exhibiting the same molecular formula but different structural
formula
Alcohol
1. General formula: C nH2n + 1OH. Where n = 1, 2, 3 … (n = number of carbon)
2. Alcohols are non-hydrocarbons which contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms.
Name Molecular Melting point (°C) Boiling point (°C) Physical state at 25°C
formula
Methanol CH3OH -97 65 Liquid
Ethanol C2H3OH -117 78 Liquid
Propanol C3H5OH -127 97 Liquid
Butanol C4H7OH -90 118 Liquid
Pentanol C5H9OH -79 138 Liquid
Combustion of alcohol
Complete combustion of alcohol.
Oxidation of ethanol
Two common oxidising agents are used for the oxidation of ethanol which are
Dehydration
Alcohol can change to alkene by dehydration. It results in the formation of a C=C double
bond.
Two methods are being used to carry out a dehydration in the laboratory.
2. Carboxylic acids are non-hydrocarbons which contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms.
Solubility – generally in carboxylic acid (the less than four carbon atoms) are very
soluble in water and ionise partially to form weak acid.
Density – density of carboxylic acid increases down the series
Boiling points – relatively high boiling points than the corresponding alkanes.
Colour and Smell – colourless and pungent smell
Oxidation of an alcohol
The oxidation of ethanol is used to prepare ethanoic acid.
2. Esters are non-hydrocarbons which contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms.
Simple esters are colourless liquid and are found in fruits and flowers.
sweet pleasant smell.
insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvent.
less dense than water.
cannot conduct electricity.
The higher and more complex esters have higher boiling points and less volatile.
Fats
non-hydrocarbons which contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms.
belonging to the group in ester.
are formed from glycerol and fatty acids.
2. Plant oils have higher percentage of unsaturated fats than saturated fats.
Fats (animal) in general are solids at room temperature and acted as:
Fats (plant) are called oils. Oils are liquids at room temperature.
5. Effect of fats
obesity
high blood pressure
arteries become hard and leading to heart problems and stroke
Natural rubber
Monomer: isoprene, 2-methylbuta-1,3-diene.
elastic
cannot withstand heat (become sticky and soft – above 50°C; decompose – above 200°C;
hard and brittle – cooled)
easily oxidised (present of C=C)
insoluble in water (due to the long hydrocarbon chains)
soluble in organic solvent
6. Vulcanisation of rubber
Vulcanisation – process of hardening rubber and increases rubber elasticity by heating it with
sulphur or sulphur compounds.
7. Comparison of vulcanised rubber and unvulcanised rubber