Professional Documents
Culture Documents
CLASSIFICATION &
BIOMECHANICS
of
PARTIALLY
EDENTULOUS
arches
DR. ANUSHA SINGH
CONTENTS:
complete Partial
extracoronal Intacoronal
REMOVABLE PARTIAL DENTURE
Advanced Age
Reduced life expectancy and
Frequently failing general health contraindicate the
expensive and tedious dental procedures
Long edentulous span
Easier to repair
help to balance bite. This means better chewing and a healthier jaw
joint.
existing natural teeth extracted for any reason, new teeth can be
added
DISADVANTAGES OF RPD
Low patient acceptance.
1. Major connector
2. Minor connector
3. Rest
4. Direct retainer
5. Indirect retainer
6. Denture base
7. Artificial tooth replacement
MAJOR CONNECTOR
Def: The major connectors connect the parts of the prosthesis
located on one side of the arch with those on the opposite
side. All other parts of the partial denture are attached to it
either directly or indirectly.
Properties:
Be rigid
Provide vertical support and protect the soft tissues
Provide a means of obtaining indirect retention where
indicated
MINOR CONNECTOR
Def: The connecting link between the major connector or
base of a rpd and the other units of the prosthesis, such as
clasp assembly, indirect retainers, occlusal rests, or cingulum
rests.
Functions :
To transfer functional stress to the abutment teeth.
To transfer the effect of the retainers, rests, and the
stabilizing components to the rest of the denture.
REST
A rest is a rigid extension of a partial denture that contacts a
remaining tooth (or teeth) to dissipate functional forces.
DIRECT RETAINER
A clasp or attachment placed on an abutment
tooth for the purpose of holding a removable
denture in position.
INDIRECT RETAINER
A part of RPD which assists the direct retainers in
preventing displacement of distal extension
denture bases by functioning through lever action
on the opposite side of the fulcum line.
DENTURE BASE AND TOOTH REPLACEMENTS
Communication
4. Be universally acceptable
CUMMER’S CLASSIFICATION
CLASSV
Edentulous area bounded anteriorly and posteriorly by
natural teeth but in which anterior abutment (lateral
incisor)is not suitable for support
CLASS VI
Teeth adjacent to the space are capable of total support
of required prosthesis
APPLEGATES RULES
RULE 1
Classification should follow rather than precede any
extractions of teeth that might alter the original
classification.
RULE 2
If a third molar is missing and not to be replaced, it is
not considered in the classification.
RULE 3
If a third molar is present and is to be used as an
abutment, it is considered in the classification.
RULE 4
If a second molar is missing and is not to be replaced, it
is not considered in the classification .
RULE 5
The most posterior edentulous area/areas always
determine the classification.
RULE 6
Edentulous areas other than those determining the
classification are referred to as modifications and are
designated by their number.
RULE 7
The extent of the modification is not considered, only
the number of additional edentulous areas.
RULE 8
There can be no modification areas in Class IV arches.
BAILYN’S CLASSIFICATION
Proposed by Bailyn
Based on whether the prosthesis is tooth-borne,
tissue-borne ,or a combination of the two.
RPD
ANTERIOR(A) POSTERIOR(P)
Based on :
- number and position of the remaining
teeth
- number ,length and position of the
spaces
CLASS I
Bilateral space with
no teeth posterior to it
CLASS II
Bilateral space with
teeth present posterior
to one space
CLASS III
Bilateral space with
teeth present posterior
to both spaces
CLASS IV
Unilateral posterior
space with or without
teeth posterior to it
CLASS V
Anterior space with
Unbroken posterior
arch
CLASS VI
Irregular spaces around
the arch
BECKETT’S SYSTEM
Proposed by Beckett in 1953
3 classes
CLASS 2
saddles(denture bases)
which are mucosa-borne
CLASS 3
inadequate abutments
and mucosa to support
the saddle
FRIEDMAN’S SYSTEM
‘C-A-B’space
CRADDOCK CLASSIFICATION
By Craddock in 1954
CLASS II
RPDs –teeth are
posterior
to denture base
CLASS III
abutment teeth are
related anterior to
denture base
CLASS IV
denture base both
anterior and posterior
to remaining teeth
CLASS V
abutment teeth are
unilateral to denture base
WATT etal CLASSIFICATION
IN 1958
Based on :
- ability of boundary teeth to supply abutment facilities
for the partial denture
-the location of the edentulous spaces in relation to the
teeth which remain
CLASS I
All remaining teeth are anterior to bilateral edentulous
space
Most frequently occurring
Mandible(highest incidence)
CLASS II
Remaining teeth of either right or left side are anterior to
unilateral edentulous ridge
CLASS III
Edentulous space bounded by teeth both anteriorly and
posteriorly
CLASS IV
Edentulous space lies anterior to the remaining teeth which
bound it both to right and left of median line
CLASS V
-Edentulous space bounded anteriorly and posteriorly by
teeth but the anterior boundary tooth not suitable for
abutment service
-Mostly in maxillary arch
CLASSVI
Edentulous space bounded anteriorly and posteriorly by
teeth and where boundary teeth are capable of total
support
SWENSON CLASSIFICATION
Proposed by Swenson and Terkla
CLASS II
arch with two free end
denture base
CLASS III
Edentulous space posteriorly
on one or both sides but
with teeth present anteriorly
and posteriorly to each space
CLASS IV
anterior edentulous space
with 5 or more anterior
teeth missing
COSTA’S CLASSIFICATION
By Eugene Costa in 1974 (Romania)
Terminologies used
Anterior- edentulous space in anterior dental arch
Lateral- edentulous space bounded both mesially
and distally by remaining teeth
Terminal- edentulous space not bounded distally
by remaining teeth
Spaces identified starting from right to left
‘A’ Anterior
‘L’ Lateral
‘T’ Terminal
OSBORNE-LAMMIE system
Proposed in 1974
-CLASS I: mucosa-borne
-CLASSII: tooth-borne
-CLASSIII: combination of I & II
WILD’S CLASIFICATION
3 classes:
CLASS I –Interruption of dental arch(bounded)
Inclined plane
Snowshoe principle
L beam effect
Lever: A simple machine consisting of a rigid bar
pivoted on a fixed point and used to transmit
force, as in raising or moving a weight at one
end by pushing down on the other.
Effort end lies on the point- Area where the artificial teeth are
located
(greatest vector in
apical direction)
a) Denture base moves away from
supporting tissues:
Counteracted by:
direct retainer and indirect retainer
b) Denture base moves towards the
supporting tissues:
Counteracted by:
• Occlusal rest
• Tissues of supporting ridge
2. Fulcrum on the sagittal plane:
Stabilizing
components
(reciprocal arm and
minor connector)
close adaptation of
denture base
CAUSES OF FAILURE OF CLASP RETAINED PARTIAL DENTURES:
Diagnosis and treatment planning
1. Inadequate diagnosis
2. Failure to use a surveyor properly during treatment planning
Mouth preparation procedures
1. Failure to properly sequence mouth preparation procedures
2. Inadequate mouth preparations
3. Failure to return supporting tissue to optimum health before impression
procedures
4. Inadequate impressions of hard and soft tissue
Design of the framework
1. Failure to use properly located and sized rests
2. Flexible or incorrectly located major and minor connectors
3. Incorrect use of clasp designs
4. Use of cast clasps that have too little flexibility, are too broad in tooth
coverage, and have too little consideration for esthetics
Laboratory procedures
1. Problems in master cast preparation a. Inaccurate impression
b. Poor cast-forming procedures c. Incompatible impression
materials and gypsum products
2. Failure to provide the technician with information to enable
the technician to execute the design
3. Failure of the technician to follow the design and written
instructions
Patient-dentist relationship
1.Failure of the dentist to provide adequate dental health care
information
2. Failure of the dentist to provide recall opportunities on a
periodic basis
3. Failure of the patient to exercise a dental health care
regimen and respond to recall
CONCLUSION
A removable partial denture designed and fabricated
so that it avoids the errors and deficiencies listed is
one that proves the partial denture can be made
functional, esthetically pleasing, and long lasting
without damage to the supporting structures. The
success or failure of a partial denture will depend
more than anything else upon the design used. The
design should conform to the requirement.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1.Mc Cracken;Removable Partial Prosthodontics 11th edn.