Biology Summary Sheet:
Biological Molecules- Proteins
-Made from long chains of Amino Acids
-Dipeptide is 2 Amino Acids
-Polypeptide is more than 2
Amino Acids joined by Peptide Bonds.
-Condensation reaction
-Water molecule released and covalent bond formed
-The reverse is a Hydrolysis reaction
-Adds a molecule of water to break the bond.
Making & breaking of peptide bonds is essential
-Eg Breaking proteins into AA in digestion.
Primary Structure
Sequence of Amino Acids in Polypeptide chain
Held together by peptide bonds
Secondary Structure
Hydrogen bonds form between amino acids to coil
it into a Alpha Helix or fold it into a Beta Pleated
Sheet.
Tertiary Structure
Coiled and folded further. For proteins with a
single polypeptide chains this is the final 3D
form.
4 kinds of bonds used:
-Ionic Interactions: Weak bonds between + & -
charges
-Disulfide bond: Bonds between 2 sulfur atoms
in cysteines
-Hydrophobic/Philic interactions: Phobic clump
together inside and philic face outwards. Effects
the folding.
-Hydrogen Bonds
Quaternary Structure
The final 3D structure for proteins made up of
more than 1 polypeptide chain
The way that the Polypeptide chains are
assembled
-All Amino Acids have the same general structure
-Carboxyl Group & Amino group.
-Both attached to a carbon atom.
-Difference is the Variable R group.
Hydrogen bonds are weak
bonds between a positive
hydrogen atom and a
negative Hydrogen atom in
different molecules.
Weak so lots are needed.
Haemoglobin
-Globular Protein
-Four Polypeptide subunits and a prosthetic group
-Iron containing Haem group that binds to oxygen
-Carries oxygen around the body in the blood
-Quaternary Structure
-Curled up so that hydrophilic side chains are on outside
-Hydrophobic face inwards.
-Water soluble so good for transport
-Round and compact
-Much of the molecule is wound into alpha helix structure.
Collagen
-Fibrous Protein
-Forms supportive tissue in animals
-Eg Bones and cartilage
-Needs to be strong
-Made of three polypeptide chains
-Tightly coiled into a strong Triple Helix.
-Strong Covalent bonds
-Minerals can bind into the Triple Helix increasing rigidity.
-Insoluble in water
-No Prosthetic group
-Much of the molecule consists of left handed helix
structures