Bài 2: PHÖÔNG TRÌNH ÑÖÔØNG THAÚNG

SOÁ TIEÁT: 4
I. MUÏC ÑÍCH YEÂU CAÀU
1. Kieán thöùc cô baûn:
- Hieåu vectô phaùp tuyeán, vectô chæ phöông cuûa ñöôøng thaúng
- Hieåu caùch vieát phöông trình toång quaùt, phöông trình tham soá cuûa ñöôøng
thaúng
- Hieåu ñöôïc ñieàu kieän hai ñöôøng thaúng caét nhau, song song, truøng nhau,
vuoâng goùc nhau
- Bieát coâng thöùc tính khoaûng caùch töø moät ñieåm ñeán moät ñöôøng thaúng,
goùc giöõa hai ñöôøng thaúng
2. Kyõ naêng:
- Vieát ñöôïc phöông trình toång quaùt, phöông trình tham soá cuûa ñöôøng thaúng
d ñi qua ñieåm M(x0;y0) vaø coù phöông cho tröôùc hoaëc ñi qua hai ñieåm cho
tröôùc
- Tính ñöôïc toïa ñoä cuûa vectô phaùp tuyeán khi bieát toïa ñoä cuûa vectô chæ
phöông cuûa moät ñöôøng thaúng vaø ngöôïc laïi
- Bieát chuyeån ñoåi giöõa hai loaïi phöông trình
- Söû duïng ñöôïc coâng thöùc tính khoaûng caùch töø moät ñieåm ñeán moät
ñöôøng thaúng
- Tính ñöôïc soá ño cuûa goùc giöõa hai ñöôøng thaúng
3. Troïng taâm: Vieát phöông trình ñöôøng thaúng, coâng thöùc tính goùc, khoaûng caùch
II. PHÖÔNG PHAÙP:
III. TIEÁN TRÌNH:
1. Kieåm tra baøi cuõ:
i. Haõy neâu moät daïng phöông trình ñöôøng thaúng maø em bieát ?
ii. Haõy cho bieát heä soá goùc cuûa ñöôøng thaúng coù phöông trình y = ax + b
iii. Ñöôøng thaúng naøo sau ñaây song song vôùi ñöôøng thaúng: y = 2x + 3
1
a) y = -2x + 1 b) y = x + 1 c) 2x – y – 12 = 0 d) y = 3
2
2. Giaûng baøi môùi:
HOAÏT ÑOÄNG 1
I. Vectô chæ phöông cuûa ñöôøng thaúng
1
Trong mp Oxy cho ñöôøng thaúng  laø ñoà thò cuûa haøm soá: y = x
2
a) treân  coù hoaønh ñoä laàn löôït laø 2 vaø 6
Tìm tung ñoä cuûa 2 ñieåm M0, M naèm
 
b) Cho vectô u = (2;1). Haõy chöùng toû M 0 M cuøng phöông vôùi u
GV: Treo hình 3.2 leân baûng, neâu caâu hoûi ñeå höôùng daãn HS thöïc hieän hoaït
ñoäng naøy
Hoaït ñoäng cuûa GV Hoaït ñoäng cuûa HS
+ Ñeå tìm tung ñoä cuûa moät Ta thay hoaønh ñoä vaøo
ñieåm khi bieát hoaønh ñoä vaø phöông trình cuûa ñöôøng
phöông trình ñöôøng thaúng ñi qua thaúng
noù ta caàn laøm nhöõng gì ?
+ Haõy tìm tung ñoä cuûa M0 vaø M 1 1
yM 0 = .2 = 1, yM = .6 = 3
2 2
+ Hai vectô cuøng phöông khi naøo ? Hai vectô cuøng phöông khi vectô naøy
  baèng t laàn vectô kia
 
M M
+ Tìm t thoûa: 0 = t u M M = (4;2) = 2.(2;1) = 2. u
 0
Ta noùi vectô u laø vtcp cuûa t=2
ñöôøng thaúng 
Ñònh nghóa
  
Ñònh nghóa: Vectô u ñöôïc goïi laø vectô chæ phöông cuûa ñöôøng thaúng  neáu u  0 vaø

giaù cuûa u song song hoaëc truøng vôùi 
 
* Nhaän xeùt: + Neáu u laø moät vtcp cuûa  thì k u (k # 0) cuõng laø vtcp cuûa  . Do ñoù
moät ñöôøng thaúng coù voâ soá vtcp
+ Moät ñöôøng thaúng hoaøn toaøn ñöôïc xaùc ñònh neáu bieát moät ñieåm vaø
moät
vtcp cuûa noù
HOAÏT ÑOÄNG 2
II. Phöông trình tham soá cuûa ñöôøng thaúng
Trong mp Oxy cho ñöôøng thaúng  ñi qua ñieåm M 0  x0 ; y0  vaø coù vectô chæ phöông

u   u1 ; u2  . Tìm ñieàu kieän caàn vaø ñuû ñeå ñieåm M(x;y) thuoäc 
GV: Treo hình 3.3 leân baûng, neâu caâu hoûi ñeå höôùng daãn HS thöïc hieän hoaït
ñoäng naøy
Hoaït ñoäng cuûa GV Hoaït ñoäng cuûa HS
 
+ Neâu nhaän xeùt veà phöông cuûa Vectô M M cuøng phöông vôùi vectô u
 0
vectô M 0 M vaø vectô u
   
+ ÑK ñeå M 0 M cuøng phöông vôùi u M 0M = t u
   
+ M 0M = ? ; t u = ? M 0 M = (x – x0;y – y0), t u = (tu1;tu2)
+ ÑK ñeå hai vectô baèng nhau ? Hoaønh ñoä = hoaønh ñoä, tung ñoä =
   x  x0  tu1 tung ñoä
M 0M = t u  
 y  y0  tu2
 x  x0  tu1
  (*)
 y  y0  tu2
Heä (*) goïi laø pt tham soá cuûa ñt 
Ñònh nghóa
1)Ñònh nghóa: Trong mp Oxy, ñöôøng thaúng  ñi qua ñieåm M 0  x0 ; y0  vaø nhaän vectô
  x  x0  tu1
u   u1 ; u2  laøm vtcp coù phöông trình tham soá laø:  , t 
 y  y0  tu2
* Chuù yù: Neáu ñieåm M thuoäc  thì M coù toïa ñoä laø: M(x0 + tu1;y0 + tu2). ÖÙng vôùi
moãi giaù trò t ta ñöôïc moät ñieåm M thuoäc 
 x  5  6t
Ví duï: Cho ñöôøng thaúng d coù pt tham soá: 
 y  2  8t
a) Tìm moät vtcp cuûa d
b) Tìm 3 ñieåm thuoäc d
c) Cho A(1;1), tìm ñieåm M thuoäc d sao cho MA = 2
2) Lieân heä giöõa vectô chæ phöông vaø heä soá goùc cuûa ñöôøng thaúng

Hoaït ñoäng cuûa GV Hoaït ñoäng cuûa HS

  x  x0  tu1  x  x0
Cho ñt  coù pt tham soá:   x  x0  tu1  t
 y  y0  tu2    u1
 y  y0  tu2  y  y  tu
(*)  0 2
Vôùi u1 # 0. Haõy bieán ñoåi pt (*) veà u2
daïng Suy ra y =  x  x0   y0
u1
y = ax + b roài töø ñoù xaùc ñònh heä soá
goùc u2
Heä soá goùc laø k =
u1
 u2
Neáu ñöôøng thaúng  coù vtcp u   u1 ; u2  vôùi u1 # 0 thì  coù heä soá goùc k =
u1
 

Ví duï 1: Tìm heä soá goùc cuûa caùc ñt d1, d2, d3 coù vtcp laàn löôït laø u1  1; 3 ,

 
 
u2   0; 2  , u3   5;0
Ví duï 2: Vieát pt tham soá cuûa ñöôøng thaúng d ñi qua 2 ñieåm A(2;3), B(3;1). Tính heä soá
goùc cuûa d
HOAÏT ÑOÄNG 3
III. Vectô phaùp tuyeán cuûa ñöôøng thaúng
 x  5  2t 
Cho ñöôøng thaúng  coù phöông trình:  vaø vectô n   3; 2  . Haõy chöùng toû
 y  4  3t

n vuoâng goùc vôùi vtcp cuûa 
Hoaït ñoäng cuûa GV Hoaït ñoäng cuûa HS

+ Haõy xaùc ñònh vtcp cuûa  u   2;3
+ Hai vectô vuoâng goùc nhau khi naøo ?
Khi
 tích voâ höôùng cuûa chuùng = 0
 
+ Chöùng toû n vuoâng goùc vôùi u
 n . u = 3.2 + (-2).3 = 0
Vecô n nhö treân goïi laø vectô phaùp  
Suy ra n vuoâng goùc vôùi u
tuyeán cuûa ñt 
Ñònh nghóa
  
Ñònh nghóa: Vectô n ñöôïc goïi laø vectô phaùp tuyeán cuûa ñöôøng thaúng  neáu n  0 vaø

n vuoâng goùc vôùi vectô chæ phöông cuûa 
 
* Nhaän xeùt: + Neáu n laø moät vtpt cuûa  thì k n (k # 0) cuõng laø vtpt cuûa  . Do ñoù
moät ñöôøng thaúng coù voâ soá vtpt
+ Moät ñöôøng thaúng hoaøn toaøn ñöôïc xaùc ñònh neáu bieát moät ñieåm vaø
moät
vtpt cuûa noù
HOAÏT ÑOÄNG 4
IV. Phöông trình toång quaùt cuûa ñöôøng thaúng
Trong mp Oxy cho ñöôøng thaúng  ñi qua ñieåm M 0  x0 ; y0  vaø coù vectô phaùp tuyeán

n   a; b  . Tìm ñieàu kieän caàn vaø ñuû ñeå ñieåm M(x;y) thuoäc 
GV: Treo hình 3.5 leân baûng, neâu caâu hoûi ñeå höôùng daãn HS thöïc hieän hoaït ñoäng
naøy
Hoaït ñoäng cuûa GV Hoaït ñoäng cuûa HS
+ Neâu nhaän xeùt veà phöông cuûa
 
vectô n vuoâng goùc vôùi M 0M
 
n vaø vectô M 0 M 
 M 0 M = (x – x0;y – y0)
+ M 0M = ? Tích voâ höôùng cuûa chuùng = 0
 
+ Ñieàu kieän ñeå hai vectô vuoâng n . M 0 M = 0  a(x – x0) + b(y – y0) = 0
goùc ?  ax +by – ax0 – by0 = 0

+ n . M 0M = 0  ?
+ Neáu ta ñaët c = – ax0 – by0 thì ta coù
pt:
ax + by + c = 0 vaø goïi laø pt toång
quaùt cuûa ñöôøng thaúng Ñònh
nghóa
1) Ñònh nghóa: Phöông trình ax + by + c = 0 vôùi a, b khoâng cuøng baèng 0 ñöôïc goïi laø
phöông trình toång quaùt cuûa ñöôøng thaúng
* Nhaän xeùt: + Neáu ñöôøng thaúng  coù phöông trình ax + by + c = 0 thì  coù:

 Vectô phaùp tuyeán laø: n   a; b 

 Vectô chæ phöông laø: u = (-b;a)
 quaM 0  x0 , y0 
+ Ñöôøng thaúng  :   coù phöông trình toång quaùt laø:
VTPT : n   a; b 
a(x – x0) + b(y – y0) = 0
Ví duï: Laäp pt toång quaùt cuûa ñöôøng thaúng d ñi qua 2 ñieåm A(2;2), B(4;3)
Ví duï: Tìm toïa ñoä vectô chæ phöông cuûa ñöôøng thaúng coù phöông trình:3x +4y +5 = 0
GV: Treo hình 3.6, 3.7, 3.8, 3.9 ñeå giôùi thieäu caùc tröôøng hôïp ñaëc bieät sau:
2) Caùc tröôøng hôïp ñaëc bieät
Cho ñöôøng thaúng d coù phöông trình toång quaùt ax + by + c = 0 (1)
a) Neáu a = 0 thì (1) trôû thaønh y = -c/b. Khi ñoù d vuoâng goùc vôùi Oy taïi (0;-c/b)
b) Neáu b = 0 thì (1) trôû thaønh x = -c/a. Khi ñoù d vuoâng goùc vôùi Ox taïi (-c/a;0)
c) Neáu c = 0 thì (1) trôû thaønh ax + by = 0. Khi ñoù d ñi qua goác toïa ñoä O
x y
d) Neáu a, b, c ñeàu khaùc 0 thì (1) luoân ñöa ñöôïc veà daïng:   1 vaø phöông trình
a0 b0
naøy goïi laø phöông trình ñöôøng thaúng theo ñoaïn chaén . Ñöôøng thaúng naøy caét
Ox, Oy laàn löôït taïi A(a0;0), B(0;b0)
Ví duï: Veõ caùc ñöôøng thaúng coù phöông trình sau:
x y
d1:x = 2; d2:x – 2y = 0; d3:y + 1 = 0; d4:   1
8 4
HOAÏT ÑOÄNG 5
V. Vò trí töông ñoái cuûa hai ñöôøng thaúng
Cho hai ñöôøng thaúng: d1: a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 vaø d2: a2x + b2y + c2 = 0
Toïa ñoä giao ñieåm cuûa d1 vaø d2 laø nghieäm cuûa heä phöông trình:
a1x + b1 y + c1 = 0
 (*)
a 2 x + b 2 y + c 2 = 0
Ta coù caùc tröôøng hôïp sau:
1) Heä (*) coù moät nghieäm (x0;y0), khi ñoù d1 caét d2 taïi ñieåm M(x0;y0)
2) Heä (*) voâ nghieäm, khi ñoù d1 song song vôùi d2
3) Heä (*) coù voâ soá nghieäm, khi ñoù d1 truøng vôùi d2
Ví duï: Xeùt vò trí töông ñoái cuûa ñöôøng thaúng  : x – 2y + 1 = 0 vôùi moãi ñöôøng thaúng
sau: d1: -3x + 6y – 3 = 0, d2: y = -2x, d3: 2x + 5 = 4y
HOAÏT ÑOÄNG 6
VI. Goùc giöõa hai ñöôøng thaúng
Cho hình chöõ nhaät ABCD taâm I coù caùc caïnh AB = 1, AD = 3 . Tính soá ño caùc goùc

AID vaø DIC
GV: Veõ hình 3.13 leân baûng, neâu caâu hoûi ñeå höôùng daãn HS thöïc hieän hoaït ñoäng
naøy
 Hoaït ñoäng cuûa GV Hoaït ñoäng cuûa HS
Haõy tính ñoä daøi caïnh BD BD = AB 2  AD 2  4  2
Haõy tính cos ADB
AD 3
cos ADB = 
ADB = ? DB 2
ADB = 300

Töø ñoù haõy tính AID vaø DIC AID = 1800 – (300 + 300) = 1200
Treo hình 3.14 leân baûng vaø höôùng

DIC = 600
daãn HS ñi ñeán coâng thöùc tính goùc

1 : a1 x  b1 y  c1  0  
Cho 2 ñöôøng thaúng: coù vtpt laàn löôït laø n1 vaø n2
 2 : a2 x  b2 y  c2  0
 
n1.n2 a1a2  b1b2
Goïi  laø goùc giöõa 1 vaø  2 thì ta coù: cos     
n1 . n2 a1  b12 . a22  b22
2

Chuù yù:  

 1   2  n1  n2  a1a2  b1b2  0
 Neáu 1 vaø  2 laàn löôït coù phöông trình y = k1x + m1 vaø y = k2x + m2 thì:
1   2  k1.k2  1
HOAÏT ÑOÄNG 7
VII. Khoaûng caùch töø moät ñieåm ñeán moät ñöôøng thaúng
Trong maët phaúng Oxy cho ñöôøng thaúng  coù phöông trình ax + by + c = 0 vaø ñieåm
M0(x0;y0). Khoaûng caùch töø ñieåm M0 ñeán ñöôøng thaúng  kí hieäu d(M0,  ) ñöôïc tính
ax0  by0  c
bôûi coâng thöùc: d  M 0 ,   
a 2  b2
Ví duï: Tính khoaûng caùch töø ñieåm M(-2;1) vaø O(0;0) ñeán ñöôøng thaúng d coù phöông
trình 3x – 2y – 1 = 0
CUÛNG COÁ : Cho ñöôøng thaúng d coù phöông trình 3x + 4y + 1 = 0
a) Tìm moät vtpt vaø moät vtcp cuûa d
b) Tìm moät ñieåm thuoäc d vaø vieát pt tham soá cuûa d
c) Xeùt vò trí töông ñoái cuûa d vaø d': -2x + 3y + 3 = 0
d) Tính goùc giöõa d vaø d'
e) Tính khoaûng caùch töø ñieåm A(1;-2) ñeán ñöôøng thaúng d
DAËN DOØ: Laøm baøi taäp SGK trang 80, 81
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Bài 3: PHÖÔNG TRÌNH ÑÖÔØNG TROØN
SOÁ TIEÁT: 2
I. MUÏC ÑÍCH YEÂU CAÀU
1. Kieán thöùc cô baûn:
- Hieåu caùch vieát phöông trình ñöôøng troøn
2. Kyõ naêng:
- Vieát ñöôïc phöông trình ñöôøng troøn khi bieát taâm vaø baùn kính
- Xaùc ñònh ñöôïc taâm vaø baùn kính ñöôøng troøn khi bieát phöông trình
- Vieát ñöôïc phöông trình tieáp tuyeán taïi moät ñieåm thuoäc ñöôøng troøn
3. Troïng taâm: Vieát phöông trình ñöôøng troøn
II. PHÖÔNG PHAÙP:
III. TIEÁN TRÌNH:
1. Kieåm tra baøi cuõ:
i. Coâng thöùc tính khoaûng caùch giöõa 2 ñieåm A(xA;yA), B(xB;yB)
ii. Vieát phöông trình ñöôøng thaúng  ñi qua ñieåm M 0  x0 ; y0  vaø coù vectô

phaùp tuyeán n   a; b 
iii. Moät ñöôøng troøn ñöôïc xaùc ñònh khi bieát nhöõng yeáu toá naøo ?
2. Giaûng baøi môùi:
HOAÏT ÑOÄNG 1
I. Phöông trình ñöôøng troøn coù taâm vaø baùn kính cho tröôùc
Trong maët phaúng Oxy cho ñöôøng troøn (C) coù taâm I(a;b), baùn kính R. Tìm ñieàu kieän
caàn vaø ñuû ñeå ñieåm M(x;y) thuoäc (C)
GV treo hình 3.16 leân baûng, neâu caâu hoûi ñeå höôùng daãn HS thöïc hieän hoaït ñoäng
naøy
Hoaït ñoäng cuûa GV Hoaït ñoäng cuûa HS
Ñieåm M(x;y) thuoäc (C) khi naøo ? Khi IM = R
IM = ?
IM   x  a    y  b 
2 2

IM = R  ?
Pt (*) goïi laø phöông trình ñöôøng troøn
taâm I(a;b) baùn kính R Ñònh
IM = R   x  a   y  b
2 2
R
nghóa
  x  a    y  b  = R (*)
2 2 2

Ñònh nghóa: Trong mp Oxy ñöôøng troøn taâm I(a;b) baùn kính R coù phöông trình laø:
(x – a) 2 + (y – b)2 = R2
* Chuù yù : Ñöôøng troøn taâm O baùn kính R coù phöông trình: x2 + y2 = R2
Ví duï: Cho 2 ñieåm A(3;-4), B(-3;4). Vieát phöông trình ñöôøng troøn (C) nhaän AB laøm
ñöôøng kính
Hoaït ñoäng cuûa GV Hoaït ñoäng cuûa HS
Veõ ñöôøng troøn coù moät ñöôøng kính Taâm I laø trung ñieåm AB
laø AB vaø chæ ra taâm I cuûa ñöôøng => I(0;0)
troøn Baùn kính R = AB/2 = 5/2
Haõy xaùc ñònh baùn kính => (C): x2 + y2 = 25/4
Vieát phöông trình ñöôøng troøn (C)
* Nhaän xeùt: Phöông trình ñöôøng troøn (x – a)2 + (y – b)2 = R2 coù theå vieát döôùi daïng
x2 + y2 – 2ax – 2by + c = 0 trong ñoù c = a2 + b2 – R2
Ngöôïc laïi phöông trình x2 + y2 – 2ax – 2by + c = 0 laø phöông trình cuûa moät ñöôøng troøn
(C) khi vaø chæ khi a2 + b2 – c > 0. Khi ñoù (C) coù taâm I(a;b) vaø baùn kính R  a 2  b 2  c
Ví duï: Trong caùc phöông trình sau, phöông trình naøo laø phöông trình cuûa ñöôøng troøn
c) x2 + y2 – 2x – 6y + 20 = 0 a) 2x2 + y2 – 8x + 2y – 1 = 0
d) x2 + y2 + 6x + 2y + 10 = 0 b) x2 + y2 + 2x – 4y – 4 = 0
HOAÏT ÑOÄNG 2
II. Phöông trình tieáp tuyeán cuûa ñöôøng troøn
GV treo hình 3.17 leân baûng, neâu caâu hoûi ñeå höôùng daãn HS thöïc hieän hoaït ñoäng
naøy
Hoaït ñoäng cuûa GV Hoaït ñoäng cuûa HS
Goïi HS nhaéc laïi coâng thöùc vieát pt a(x – x0) + b(y – y0) = 0
ñöôøng thaúng ñi qua moät ñieåm vaø coù
vtpt cho tröôùc  qua M 0  x0 ; y0  vaø coù vtpt
Treân hình 3.17 ñöôøng thaúng  ñöôïc 
xaùc ñònh nhö theá naøo ? IM 0   x0  a; y0  b 
Vieát pt ñöôøng thaúng  ? (x0 – a)(x – x0) + (y0 – b)(y – y0) = 0

Cho ñöôøng troøn (C) coù taâm I(a;b) vaø ñieåm M 0  x0 ; y0  naèm treân (C). Tieáp tuyeán cuûa
(C) taïi M0 coù phöông trình: (x0 – a)(x – x0) + (y0 – b)(y – y0) = 0
Ví duï:Vieát pt tieáp tuyeán taïi ñieåm M(3;4) thuoäc ñöôøng troøn(C):(x – 1)2 + (y – 2)2 = 8
CUÛNG COÁ: + HS nhaéc laïi 2 daïng cuûa phöông trình ñöôøng troøn.
+ Caùch vieát phöông trình tieáp tuyeán taïi moät ñieåm thuoäc ñöôøng troøn
DAËN DOØ: Laøm BT trong SGK trang 83,84
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 Bài 4 : PHÖÔNG TRÌNH ÑÖÔØNG ELIP
SOÁ TIEÁT : 2
I. MUÏC ÑÍCH YEÂU CAÀU
1. Kieán thöùc cô baûn:
- Bieát ñònh nghóa elip, phöông trình chính taéc vaø hình daïng cuûa elip
2. Kyõ naêng:
- Töø phöông trình chính taéc cuûa elip xaùc ñònh ñöôïc ñoä daøi caùc truïc, tieâu
cöï, toïa ñoä caùc tieâu ñieåm, giao ñieåm cuûa elip vôùi caùc truïc toïa ñoä
3. Troïng taâm: Vieát phöông trình ñöôøng elip
II. PHÖÔNG PHAÙP:
III. TIEÁN TRÌNH:
1. Kieåm tra baøi cuõ:
i. Vieát phöông trình ñöôøng troøn (C) coù taâm I(1;-2), baùn kính R = 5
ii. Vieát phöông trình tieáp tuyeán cuûa (C) taïi ñieåm M(2;-4)
2. Giaûng baøi môùi:
HOAÏT ÑOÄNG 1
I. Ñònh nghóa ñöôøng elip
Hoaït ñoäng cuûa GV Hoaït ñoäng cuûa HS
Veõ hình 3.19 leân baûng vaø giaûi thích Nghe ñeå hieåu caùch veõ
caùch veõ cho HS nghe Hình dung tröïc quan hình daïng cuûa
Ñöôøng vöøaveõ treân baûng ñöôïc goïi ñöôøng elip. Tìm VD ñöôøng elip ñaõ
laø ñöôøng elip Ñònh nghóa gaëp trong cuoäc soáng haèng ngaøy
Cho hai ñieåm coá ñònh F1, F2 vaø moät ñoä daøi khoâng ñoåi 2a lôùn hôn F1F2. Elip laø taäp
hôïp caùc ñieåm M trong maët phaúng sao cho :
F1M + F2M = 2a
Caùc ñieåm F1, F2 goïi laø caùc tieâu ñieåm cuûa elip. Ñoä daøi F1F2 = 2c goïi laø tieâu cöï
cuûa elip
HOAÏT ÑOÄNG 2
II. Phöông trình chính taéc cuûa elip
Cho elip (E) coù caùc tieâu ñieåm F1, F2. Ñieåm M thuoäc elip khi vaø chæ khiF1M+F2M = 2a
Choïn heä truïc toïa ñoä Oxy sao cho F1(-c;0), F2(c;0). Khi ñoù ngöôøi ta chöùng minh ñöôïc :
x2 y 2
M  x; y    E   2  2  1 (1), trong ñoù b2 = a2 – c2
a b
Phöông trình (1) goïi laø phöông trình chính taéc cuûa elip
* Chuù yù: Töø ñaúng thöùc b2 = a2 – c2 suy ra b < a
HOAÏT ÑOÄNG 3
III. Hình daïng cuûa elip
GV treo hình 3.21 leân baûng, neâu caâu hoûi ñeå höôùng daãn HS thöïc hieän hoaït ñoäng
naøy
Hoaït ñoäng cuûa GV Hoaït ñoäng cuûa HS
Ñieåm M thuoäc (E) thì caùc ñieåm M1, M2,
M3 cuõng thuoäc (E). Do ñoù (E) coù caùc
truïc ñoái xöùng Ox, Oy vaø coù taâm ñoái
xöùng laø O Thay y = 0 vaøo phöông trình (1) ta coù
Tìm giao ñieåm cuûa (E) vôùi caùc truïc toïa x   a , suy ra (E) caét Ox taïi 2 ñieåm
ñoä ?
 A1  a;0  , A2  a;0  . Thay x = 0 vaøo
Caùc ñieåm A1, A2, B1, B2 goïi laø caùc ñænh
(1) ta ñöôïc y  b . Vaäy (E) caét Oy
cuûa elip. Ñoaïn thaúng A1A2 goïi laø truïc
lôùn, ñoaïn B1B2 goïi laø truïc nhoû cuûa elip taïi 2 ñieåm B1  0; b  , B2  0; b 

Toùm taét:
x2 y 2

Phöông trình chính taéc:   1, a  b
a2 b2

Quan heä giöõa a, b, c: b2 = a2 – c2

Tieâu ñieåm: F1(-c;0), F2(c;0)

Caùc ñænh: A1  a;0  , A2  a;0  , B1  0; b  , B2  0; b 

Ñoä daøi truïc lôùn: A1A2 = 2a

Ñoä daøi truïc nhoû: B1B2 = 2b

Tieâu cöï: F1F2 = 2c
x2 y 2
Ví duï 1: Cho elip (E):   1 . Haõy xaùc ñònh toïa ñoä caùc ñænh, tieâu ñieåm, tieâu cöï,
9 1
ñoä daøi caùc truïc vaø veõ (E)
Ví duï 2: Laäp phöông trình chính taéc cuûa elip (E) trong caùc tröôøng hôïp sau:
a) Ñoä daøi hai truïc laø 10 vaø 8
b) Ñoä daøi truïc lôùn baèng 12 tieâu cöï baèng 8
 1
c) (E) ñi qua 2 ñieåm: M(2;0) vaø N  3; 
 2
IV. Lieân heä giöõa ñöôøng troøn vaø ñöôøng elip
a) Töø heä thöùc b2 = a2 – c2 ta thaáy neáu tieâu cöï cuûa elip caøng nhoû thì b caøng gaàn
baèng a, töùc laø truïc nhoû caøng gaàn baèng truïc lôùn. Luùc ñoù elip coù daïng gaàn
nhö ñöôøng troøn
b) Trong maët phaúng Oxy cho ñöôøng troøn (C) coù phöông trình: x2 + y2 = a2. Vôùi moãi
x '  x

ñieåm M(x;y) thuoäc (C) ta xeùt ñieåm M'(x';y') sao cho:  b (0<b<a) thì taäp hôïp
 y '  a y
x '2 y '2
taát caû caùc ñieåm M' coù toïa ñoä thoûa maõn phöông trình 2  2  1 laø moät elip
a b
(E). Khi ñoù ta noùi ñöôøng troøn (C) ñöôïc co thaønh elip (E) (h.3.22)
CUÛNG COÁ: HS caàn naém ñöôïc daïng pt chính taéc cuûa elip vaø neâu ñöôïc caùc yeáu
toá lieân quan
DAËN DOØ: Laøm baøi taäp SGK trang 88
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CHỦ ĐỀ BÁM SÁT TRONG PHẦN NÀY :

PHƯƠNG PHÁP TỌA ĐỘ TRONG MẶT PHẲNG
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